{"id":191323,"date":"2026-09-07T07:25:37","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T07:25:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=191323"},"modified":"2026-09-07T07:29:24","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T07:29:24","slug":"yama","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/yama\/","title":{"rendered":"Yama"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"191323\" class=\"elementor elementor-191323 elementor-1997 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama, duw traddodiad yr Hind\u0175aeth<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Duw yn nhraddodiad yr Hind\u0175aeth yw Yama.<\/p><p><strong>Y meidrolyn cyntaf i farw, duw y meirw a barnwr yr eneidiau.<\/strong> Yama yw un o&#8217;r duwiau Indiaidd hynaf, nid drwg, ond mor anochel \u00e2 marwolaeth ei hun. Fel y dyn cyntaf i farw, daeth yn rheolwr y byd tu hwnt, y *Yamadharma*, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Yn yr Hind\u0175aeth dyletswydd a threfn gosmig; yn Fwdhaeth dysgeidiaeth y Bwdha.\">Dharma<\/span> marwolaeth.<\/p><p>Gyda&#8217;i ffon (*Danda*) a&#8217;i fyfflo ffyddlon *Nandi*, mae Yama&#8217;n crwydro&#8217;r byd, yn casglu eneidiau&#8217;r rhai sy&#8217;n marw ac yn eu harwain gerbron y llys. Yn yr Hind\u0175aeth nid <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bod ysbrydol y priodolir iddo effaith niweidiol neu ddeuol.\" tabindex=\"0\">gythraul<\/span> ydyw, ond grym angenrheidiol o drefn gosmig.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Duw \/ Duwies: Grym uchaf wedi'i bersonoli ym mhantheon diwylliant, gyda chyfrifoldebau clir dros rymoedd natur, tynged, rhyfel, ffrwythlondeb. Addolir trwy gwltiau, offrymau a sefydliadau teml.\">Duw<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/hindwaeth\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Bydoedd duwiau, asuraidd a diogelwch Hind\u0175aidd, o'r Fedaidd i'r tantrig.\">Hind\u0175aeth<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/duwiau-marwolaeth\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Duwiau'r isfyd a marwolaeth, rheolwyr y byd a ddaw, barnwyr y meirw, tywyswyr eneidiau.\">Duwdod y Meirw<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Ni chanfuwyd unrhyw benawdau ar y dudalen hon.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCynnwys\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_yama-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-193526\" alt=\"Yama - duwiau o draddodiad yr Hind\u0175aeth, hanesyddol-eglurhaol\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_yama-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_yama-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_yama-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_yama.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ar Gipolwg: Yama<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Math:<\/strong> Prif dduw Hind\u0175aidd-Bwdhaidd, barnwr y meirw a rheolwr y byd tanddaearol<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm duwiau crefydd neu ddiwylliant.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pantheon<\/span>: Hind\u0175aeth, Bwdhaeth (Yamaraja), Tibet (Yama-Dharmaraja)<br>Swyddogaeth: Y meidrolyn cyntaf i brofi marwolaeth; bellach barnwr pob enaid marw, arglwydd Naraka<br>Prif briodoleddau: Byfflo du fel marchogaeth, pastwn (Danda), rhaff (Pasha), Llyfr y Meirw<br>Prif fannau addoli: Temlau Yama yn Tamil Nadu, mynachlogydd Tibetaidd (dawns Cham), Japan (Enma-O)<br>Uniaethiad Bwdhaidd: Yamaraja (hefyd yn Tibet), Enma-O (Japan), Yeomra (Corea)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Trosolwg<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cyfnod y Testunau<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae Yama&#8217;n cael ei gofnodi yn y <em>Rigveda<\/em> (1200\u2013900 CC) fel y meidrolyn cyntaf, yr un a gerddodd y llwybr i fyd y meirw yn gyntaf ac sy&#8217;n rheoli yno. Yn y traddodiad epig diweddarach (<em>Mahabharata<\/em>) daw&#8217;n farnwr llym y meirw.<\/p><p>Mabwysiadwyd gan Fwdhaeth fel <em>Yamaraja<\/em>, gyda chosmos uffernol ehangedig. Yn Tibet o&#8217;r 8fed ganrif OC ymlaen fel Yama-Dharmaraja yn pantheonau&#8217;r duwiau llidiog. Yn Nwyrain Asia fel Enma-O \/ Yeomra \/ Yanluo, gyda addasiadau lleol ym mhob achos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ardal Ledaeniad<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yn India mae temlau i Yama yn brin, gan fod y barnwr meirw yn cael ei ofni yn hytrach na&#8217;i garu&#8217;n gwltig. Y pwysicaf: teml Yamadharma yn Tamil Nadu, Yama-Mandirs yn Nepal. Yn Tibet mae&#8217;n ganolog i berfformiadau dawns Cham mynachlogydd Gelug (yn enwedig Drepung, Gand\u00e4n, Sera). Yn Japan ceir cerflun Enma-O ym mhob mynwent Fwdhaidd. Yng Nghorea: Yeomra yn nhraddodiad shamanaidd Mu-sok.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sail y Ffynonellau<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ffynonellau canolog: <em>Rigveda<\/em> X 14\u201318 (Yama fel y cyntaf i farw), <em>Atharvaveda<\/em>, <em>Mahabharata<\/em> (Llyfr I, Sabha-Parva: disgrifiad Yama-Sabh\u00e2), <em>Markandeya Purana<\/em>, <em>Garuda Purana<\/em> (disgrifiadau uffernol). Bwdhaidd: <em>Devadhamma-Sutta<\/em>, <em>Bardo Thodol<\/em> Tibetaidd. Llenyddiaeth eilaidd: O&#8217;Flaherty, <em>The Origins of Evil in Hindu Mythology<\/em>; Doniger, <em>Hindu Myths<\/em>; Lopez, <em>The Tibetan Book of the Dead<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enw<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Darlunnir Yama fel dyn croen-wyrdd neu gochlyd, yn aml mewn arfwisg frenhinol. Mae&#8217;n cario ffon (<em>Danda<\/em>), ei briodoledd o gosb a threfn, a rhaff-ddolen (<em>Pasha<\/em>) yn aml, i rwymo&#8217;r eneidiau.<\/p><p>Ei fyfflo <em>Nandi<\/em> yw ei anifail pwysicaf; ambell waith mae&#8217;n marchogaeth ceffylau hefyd neu&#8217;n cymysgu ymhlith y byw. Mewn testunau eiconograffig diweddarach mae ganddo wyneb gwyrdd neu ddu-lwyd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Disgrifiad<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama yw&#8217;r barnwr digamsyniol. Ni all unrhyw dwyll ei dwyllo. Pan ddaw diwedd bywyd, mae Yama&#8217;n dod yn bersonol, neu mae ei genhadwr Chitragupta yn cadw cyfrif, i n\u00f4l yr enaid. Yna cludir yr enaid i <em>Yamaloka<\/em>, lle pwyswyd ei weithredoedd (<em>Karma<\/em>).<\/p><p>Yn ddibynnol ar y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Yn yr Hind\u0175aeth, Bwdhaeth a Jainiaeth deddf canlyniad gweithred: mae pob gweithred yn effeithio ar fodolaethau dilynol.\">Karma<\/span>, digwydd cosb (<em>Naraka<\/em>) neu wobr (<em>Swarga<\/em>) cyn yr aileni nesaf. Bwriad rhwyfau ar gyfer y meirw (<em>Shraddha<\/em>) yw tawelu Yama a hyrwyddo&#8217;r eneidiau ymlaen yn gyflymach i&#8217;r bywyd nesaf.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Proffil: Yama<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yr agweddau pwysicaf o Yama ar gipolwg. Mae&#8217;r meysydd canlynol yn crynhoi tarddiad, swyddogaeth, ymddangosiad, addoliad, symbolau a chymariaethau.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tarddiad Yama<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mab i&#8217;r dduwdod haul Vivasvat (Surya) a Saranyu yw Yama, gefell brawd Yami. Yn y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Naratif traddodiadol am dduwiau, tarddiadau a threfn y byd.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> hynaf y dyn cyntaf i wynebu marwolaeth, ac felly&#8217;r un a gerddodd y llwybr i fyd y meirw yn gyntaf a sy&#8217;n rheoli ynddo yn awr.<\/p><p>Yn draddodiadau diweddarach priodwyd \u00e2&#8217;r wraig Dhumorna, mae ganddo ddwy gast (disgynyddion Sarama) fel gwylwyr llwybr. Mae ei gartref i&#8217;r de.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cynulleidfa Yama<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Y cyntaf i farw, felly brenin y meirw. <em>Dharmaraja<\/em> (Brenin y Ddyletswydd), barnwr sy&#8217;n penderfynu yn \u00f4l karma pob un a fu farw. Rheolwr y 21 uffern (Naraka) a&#8217;r gwobrau nefol. Yn Fwdhaeth yn ffurfiol geidwad y gyfraith gosmig (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Yn y crefyddau Indiaidd dysgeidiaeth a threfn gywir gweithredu.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharma<\/span>) o safbwynt rhesymeg canlyniad gweithred. Yn Tibet fel duwdod llidiog mae hefyd yn amddiffynnydd traddodiad yr ysgol yn erbyn negyddiaeth.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ymddangosiad Yama<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yn draddodiad yr Hind\u0175aeth: ffigwr croen-tywyll (gwyrdd-glas-ddu) ag addurniadau lliwgar, yn ei law <em>Danda<\/em> (pastwn y llys) a <em>Pasha<\/em> (rhaff-ddolen y mae&#8217;n dal yr eneidiau ynddi), yn marchogaeth byfflo du.<\/p><p>Gwisg goch. Yn Tibet fel <em>Yama-Dharmaraja<\/em>: pen byfflo, tri llygad, aureol fflamllyd, addurn asgwrn, coron wallt gwaedog, yn dal cwpan penglog a chleddyf. Yn cael ei ddisgwyl gan ei chwaer Yami a llu o wasanaethyddion.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gweithgaredd<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Maes gweithredu:<\/strong> Anaml y gelwir ar Yama yn uniongyrchol am amddiffyniad yn India, mae&#8217;n cael ei ofni fel y llym. Ond mewn defodau angladdol mae&#8217;n ganolog, ac mae&#8217;r perthnasau&#8217;n gofyn am driniaeth drugarog o&#8217;r ymadawedig.<\/p><p>Yn y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Ym Bwdhaeth Tibet, y cyflwr trawsnewidiol rhwng dwy fodolaeth; mae'r Bardo Th\u00f6dol yn disgrifio'r cyfnod ar \u00f4l marwolaeth.\">Bardo<\/span> Thodol (Llyfr y Meirw Tibetaidd) mae&#8217;n ymddangos i&#8217;r ymadawedig yn y cyflwr <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Ym Bwdhaeth Tibet, y cyflwr trawsnewidiol rhwng dwy fodolaeth; mae'r Bardo Th\u00f6dol yn disgrifio'r cyfnod ar \u00f4l marwolaeth.\">Bardo<\/span> fel ffigwr sy&#8217;n profi. Yn Japan mae Enma-O yn brif ffigwr defodau angladdol Bwdhaidd-werinol ac yn ganolog ym mhob mynwent. Yn ddawnsfeydd Cham Tibet ymddengys fel gwisgwr mwgwd dychrynllyd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cyfryngau Amddiffynnol<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Byfflo du (anifail marchogaeth), Danda (pastwn), Pasha (dolen), Llyfr y Meirw, Drych Karma (Karma-Darpana), Cwpan penglog (Tibetaidd), Pen byfflo (Tibetaidd), aureole yn wenfflam, trydydd llygad. Planhigion: asphodelos du. Cyfeiriad sanctaidd: De.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cymariaethau<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Yamaraja<\/em> (Bwdhaeth), <em>Yama-Dharmaraja<\/em> (Tibet), <em>Enma-O<\/em> (Japan), <em>Yeomra<\/em> (Corea), <em>Yanluo<\/em> (Tsieina, Cyntaf o&#8217;r Deg Brenin Uffern), <em>Hades<\/em> (Groeg, Brenin y Byd Tanddaearol), <em>Pluto<\/em> (Rhufain), <em>Anubis\/Osiris<\/em> (Yr Aifft, hebryngwr y meirw + barnwr y meirw), <em>Hel<\/em> (Germanaidd, rheolwraig y byd tanddaearol), <em>Mictlantecuhtli<\/em> (Astecaidd). Mae&#8217;r gwreiddyn Indo-Ewropeaidd yn amlwg yn y b\u00f4n Yama-Yima-Yumis (Yama Vedig, Yima Afestaidd, Yumis Baltaidd).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ymarfer amddiffynnol<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Defodau addoli<\/strong><\/p><p>Caiff Yama ei addoli mewn defodau t\u0177 Vedig trwy offrymau (Havis), llaeth, menyn, grawn mewn gwyliau coff\u00e1u cyndeidiau (Pinda-Daan). Mae&#8217;r Rigveda 10.14 yn cofnodi fformwl\u00e2u addoli ar gyfer marwolaeth deilwng. Yn y ddefod angladdol Hind\u0175aidd caiff <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sillaf neu fformwla sanctaidd sy'n cael ei hadrodd dros ac eto mewn Hind\u0175aeth a Bwdhaeth.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mantra<\/span> Yama ei hadrodd cyn yr amlosgi. Ymarfer cyfoes: myfyrdodau ar wely angau neu mewn gwyliau coff\u00e1u cyndeidiau er anrhydedd i&#8217;r brenin <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Yng nghrefyddau India, y ddysgeidiaeth a'r drefn gywir o weithredu.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharma<\/span>.<\/p><p><strong>Swyngyfareddau a galwadau<\/strong><\/p><p>Y ddyfyniad Yama glasurol o Rigveda 10.14.1-2: \u201eYame pathivratah &#8230; &#8220;, \u201eGan grwydro gyda Yama yn ysbryd y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Yng nghrefyddau India, y ddysgeidiaeth a'r drefn gywir o weithredu.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharma<\/span> &#8230;&#8221;. Ceir mantras i orchfygu ofn marwolaeth yn y Katha-Upanishad (deialog Nachiketa gydag Yama). Mae Tantroleg Tibetaidd yn cynnwys Yamantaka (gorchfygiad Yama) mewn galwadau ar drosgynnu llwyr.<\/p><p><strong>Amuledau a symbolau amddiffynnol<\/strong><\/p><p>Mae symbolau Yama yn anghyffredin fel <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gwrthrych a wisgir, a briodolir iddo effaith amddiffynnol yn erbyn drygioni.\" tabindex=\"0\">amulet<\/span> cludadwy; mae&#8217;r cysylltiad yn fwy cysyniadol. Mae sgarabau hanesyddol o&#8217;r Aifft, sy&#8217;n dwyn cyfochredd Yama \u00e2&#8217;r duw meirwon Anubis, yn dystiolaeth o orgyffwrdd diwylliannol. Ceir tystiolaeth archeolegol o addoliad Yama mewn testunau defodol Vedig ac arysgrifau mewn temlau Indiaidd o&#8217;r 3edd ganrif CC, ond nid ar ffurf amuledau gwrthrychol.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama, cyfochredd mewn diwylliannau eraill<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Mae Yama yn debyg i Hades y Groegiaid, Dis Pater y Rhufeiniaid, a Osiris yr Aifft, pob un ohonynt yn dduwiau&#8217;r byd tanddaearol a&#8217;r farn.<\/p><p>Gyda Chitragupta, ei gyfrifydd, mae Yama yn atgoffa o&#8217;r syniad Cristnogol am Sant Pedr gyda llyfr yr eneidiau. Yn wahanol i dduwiau marwolaeth y Gorllewin, nid gwrthwynebwr drygionus yw Yama, ond swyddog cosmig y mae ei ddyfarniad yn deg ac yn anochel.<\/p><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1b125fc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp1b125fc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3cfb1a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp3cfb1a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Y chwedl am y meidrolyn cyntaf<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1f925c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp1f925c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8613854 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp8613854\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nid yw&#8217;r haen hynaf o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Trosglwyddiad gwybodaeth a naratifau dros genedlaethau.\" tabindex=\"0\">draddodiad<\/span> Indiaidd yn adnabod Yama fel barnwr sy&#8217;n cosbi, ond fel y person cyntaf a fu&#8217;n marw. Mae&#8217;r degfed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Diagram cylchol sy'n cynrychioli'r bydysawd mewn Hind\u0175aeth a Bwdhaeth.\" tabindex=\"0\">mandala<\/span> o&#8217;r <em>Rigveda<\/em> yn cynnwys sawl emyn sy&#8217;n cynnal y syniad hwn.<\/p><p>Yn <em>Rigveda<\/em> 10.14 caiff Yama ei alw fel yr un a ddarganfu&#8217;r llwybr i&#8217;r byd a ddaw gyntaf, ac a&#8217;i agorodd wrth wneud hynny ar gyfer pob cenhedlaeth i ddod. Cyfrifir ef yno fel mab i dduw&#8217;r haul Vivasvant, ac felly&#8217;n perthyn i&#8217;r ddynolryw ei hun.<\/p><p>Emyn sy&#8217;n destun dadl arbennig yw <em>Rigveda<\/em> 10.10, y deialog rhwng Yama a&#8217;i efaill Yami. Mae Yami yn pwyso ar Yama i uno \u00e2 hi er mwyn i&#8217;r ddynolryw barhau, ond mae Yama&#8217;n ei gwrthod, gan gyfeirio at y gwaharddiad ar losgach rhwng brodyr a chwiorydd ac at y duwiau gwyliadwrus.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Mae ymchwil, er enghraifft gan Stephanie Jamison a Joel Brereton yn eu cyfieithiad o&#8217;r Rigveda o 2014, yn darllen yr emyn hwn fel myfyrdod ar derfynau&#8217;r berthynas deuluol a ganiateir, nid fel esboniad tarddiadol o&#8217;r ddynolryw.<\/span><\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r tebygrwydd ieithyddol i&#8217;r Yima Iranaidd hynafol yn nodedig, gan ei fod yntau&#8217;n ymddangos yn yr <em>Avesta<\/em> fel y brenin cyntaf ac arglwydd noddfa dan y ddaear. Mae&#8217;r ddau enw&#8217;n tarddu o wreiddyn Indo-Iranaidd sy&#8217;n golygu &#8216;gefell&#8217;.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r ieitheg gymharol Indo-Ewropeaidd, ymhlith eraill yng ngwaith Bruce Lincoln, wedi gweld yn hyn olion chwedl gyffredin am greu a marwolaeth, lle mae&#8217;r person cyntaf yn dod hefyd yn y marw cyntaf ac yn rheolwr y cyndeidiau.<\/p><p>Mae Yama diweddarach yr epigau a&#8217;r Puranau, sy&#8217;n rheoli dros byllau uffern a chyfrifo gweithredoedd, yn ddatblygiad sylweddol o&#8217;r ffigwr cynnar hwn.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5e6d19f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp5e6d19f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5d9ad8e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp5d9ad8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Teyrnas Yama a chyfrifo gweithredoedd<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp960b1b5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp960b1b5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5504436 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp5504436\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yn y llenyddiaeth epig a phura\u1e47ig, mae Yama&#8217;n newid o fod yn Arglwydd y cynafiaid gwynfydedig i fod yn weinyddwr byd tu hwnt cymhleth. Mae ei drigfan, <em>Yamaloka<\/em> neu <em>Yamapura<\/em>, yn \u00f4l y rhan fwyaf o&#8217;r testunau, wedi ei lleoli yn y de, a dyna pam mai&#8217;r de a gyfrifir yn gyfarwyddyd nefol Yama mewn daearyddiaeth ddefodol.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r <em>Garuda Purana<\/em>, testun canolog i&#8217;r syniadau am farwolaeth a llwybr yr enaid, yn disgrifio taith yr ymadawedig ar draws yr afon losgddu <em>Vaitarani<\/em> hyd at orsedd Yama.<\/p><p>Wrth ochr Yama saif <em>Chitragupta<\/em>, ysgrifennydd sy&#8217;n cofnodi pob gweithred a wna person mewn cofrestr.<\/p><p>Darllenir y llyfr hwn, a elwir yn amlaf <em>Agrasandhani<\/em>, ar adeg marwolaeth, a bydd Yama&#8217;n penderfynu ar y llwybr pellach yn \u00f4l ei gynnwys. Daeth Chitragupta yng ngogledd India yn hendaid llwyth yr ysgrifenyddion Kayastha, sy&#8217;n ei anrhydeddu fel eu cyndad. Yma gwelir sut y gall ffigwr mytholegol greu hunaniaeth gymdeithasol.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r cosbau yn uffernau Yama, y <em>Naraka<\/em>, wedi eu catalogio yn y <em>Garuda Purana<\/em> ac mewn rhannau o&#8217;r <em>Manusmriti<\/em>, ac wedi eu cysylltu \u00e2 troseddau penodol. Yr hollbwysig, fodd bynnag, yw nad ydynt yn \u00f4l y ddysgeidiaeth glasurol yn leoedd tragwyddol.<\/p><p>Maent yn orsafoedd yng nghylchred yr ailenedigaeth, ac ar \u00f4l talu am ganlyniadau gweithredoedd drwg, aiff llwybr yr enaid yn ei flaen.<\/p><p>Felly, mae Yama&#8217;n llai o dduw damnedigaeth derfynol nag swyddog cyfraith gosmig. Mae ei ail enw <em>Dharmaraja<\/em>, Brenin <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Yn y crefyddau Indiaidd, y ddysgeidiaeth a threfn gywir gweithredu.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharma<\/span>, yn mynegi hynny&#8217;n union: mae&#8217;n gweithredu trefn, nid yn ei dyfeisio.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp681dbb8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp681dbb8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5666882 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp5666882\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama yn y Bhagavadgita a'r Katha-Upanishad<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2ae4b61 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2ae4b61\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9e65f84 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp9e65f84\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae dwy destun glasurol yn rhoi i Yama r\u00f4l y tu hwnt i fod yn farnwr yn unig. Yn y <em>Katha-Upanishad<\/em>, mae Yama yn athro. Mae&#8217;r Brahmin ifanc Nachiketas yn cael ei addo i Farwolaeth gan ei dad mewn dicter, ac yn aros dridiau o flaen t\u0177 Yama.<\/p><p>Fel iawndal, mae Yama&#8217;n rhoi tri dymuniad iddo. Y trydydd yw&#8217;r cwestiwn beth sy&#8217;n digwydd i berson ar \u00f4l marwolaeth.<\/p><p>Yn gyntaf, mae Yama&#8217;n ceisio tynnu sylw Nachiketas \u00e2 chyfoeth a hirhoedledd, ond mae&#8217;r llanc yn dyfalbarhau. Yna mae Yama&#8217;n ei ddysgu i wahaniaethu rhwng y pleserus a&#8217;r buddiol, ac yn ei hyfforddi ynghylch yr Hunan anfarwol, yr <em>Atman<\/em>. Yma, yn baradocsaidd, mae duw marwolaeth yn gyfryngwr y gwybodaeth sy&#8217;n trechu marwolaeth.<\/p><p>Yn y <em>Bhagavadgita<\/em>, ym mhennod deg, lle mae Krishna&#8217;n rhestru ei ffurfiau dwyfol amrywiol, mae&#8217;n dweud ei fod yn Yama ymhlith y rhai a lywodraetha neu farna.<\/p><p>Trwy hynny, gosodir Yama ymhlith cynrychiolwyr uchaf ei ddosbarth ei hun. Mae&#8217;r datganiad hwn yn tanlinellu nad grym dieflig yw Yama yn yr Hind\u0175aeth glasurol, ond grym trefnus a chyfreithlon.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r traddodiad testunol hwn wedi dylanwadu&#8217;n fawr ar y ffordd y mae astudiaethau crefyddol yn asesu Yama. Tra bod portreadau poblogaidd yn ei leihau i arswyd, mae Indolegwyr fel Wendy Doniger yn pwysleisio bod Yama yn llenyddiaeth Sansgrit yn ymddangos hefyd fel athro, fel cyfiawn, ac fel awdurdod anhepgor. Yn y golwg hon, nid gwrthwyneb i drefn yw marwolaeth, ond yn rhan ohoni.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1a6dd18 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp1a6dd18\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe3ae724 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpe3ae724\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Eiconograffeg a lledaeniad y tu hwnt i India<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb513861 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpb513861\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5b64d2c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp5b64d2c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mewn celf weledol, darlunnir Yama fel arfer \u00e2 chroen tywyll, yn amlach na pheidio gwyrdd neu las, wedi&#8217;i wisgo mewn coch, gyda byfflo fel ei fowntfa.<\/p><p>Yn ei ddwylo mae&#8217;n cario dolen, y <em>Pasha<\/em>, y mae&#8217;n tynnu&#8217;r enaid o&#8217;r corff \u00e2 hi, a hefyd yn amlach na pheidio, ffon neu bastwn, y <em>Danda<\/em>. Mae&#8217;r nodweddion hyn yn sefydlog mewn cerfluniau teml ac mewn peintiadau bach ers yr Oesoedd Canol.<\/p><p>Fel un o&#8217;r <em>Lokapalas<\/em>, ceidwaid cyfeiriadau&#8217;r byd, ymddengys Yama yn gyson ar wal allanol deml i&#8217;r ochr ddeheuol.<\/p><p>Trwy Fwdhaeth, cyrhaeddodd Yama Tibet, Tsieina, Japan a Dwyrain Asia&#8217;r De, a newidiodd yn y broses. Yn y traddodiad Tibetaidd, fel <em>Shinje<\/em>, mae&#8217;n Arglwydd Barn y Meirwon a hefyd yn destun stori addysgol ei hun, lle mae&#8217;r Bodhisattva Manjushri yn ei orchfygu ar ffurf <em>Yamantaka<\/em>, Concwerwr Yama.<\/p><p>Yn Tsieina daeth i fod yn <em>Yanluo<\/em>, pennaeth y deg Brenin Uffern (gweler <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/yanluo\/\">Yanluo<\/a>), ac yn Japan yn <em>Enma<\/em>. Mae&#8217;r ymfudo hwn yn dangos sut y gallodd duw Indiaidd ddod yn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Delwedd graffig sy'n cynrychioli meddwl haniaethol.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> pan-Asiaidd o farn y meirwon anllygredig.<\/p><p>Yn India heddiw, mae Yama&#8217;n parhau&#8217;n bennaf mewn defodau angladdol, mewn llenyddiaeth marwolaeth, ac yn yr \u0175yl <em>Yama Dvitiya<\/em> neu <em>Bhai Dooj<\/em>, sy&#8217;n cyfeirio at berthynas Yama \u00e2&#8217;i chwaer Yami.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r chwaer yn gwledda ei brawd ac yn gofyn am fywyd hir iddo. Trwy hynny, mae <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Elfen gynnwys ailddigwyddol mewn celf neu naratif.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiff<\/span> yn dychwelyd mewn arferiad gwerin a oedd eisoes yn bresennol yn yr hymn Fedaidd hynaf, deialog yr efeilliaid.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpbdd2ba4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpbdd2ba4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp77afc58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp77afc58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hanes ymchwil a dadl ddehongli<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf7f3b26 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpf7f3b26\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp019c46c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp019c46c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dechreuodd yr astudiaeth wyddonol o Yama yn y 19eg ganrif gyda darganfyddiad Ewropeaidd y <em>Rigveda<\/em>. Roedd indolegwyr cynnar fel Hermann Oldenberg ac Abel Bergaigne yn dadlau ynghylch a oedd Yama yn wreiddiol ddyn cyntefig a ddyrchafwyd i statws duw, ai duwdod marwolaeth ydoedd o&#8217;r cychwyn cyntaf.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r ddadl hon yn gysylltiedig yn agos \u00e2&#8217;r cwestiwn sut i ddyddio a dehongli emynau 10.10 a 10.14.<\/p><p>Yn yr 20fed ganrif, symudodd astudiaethau Indo-Ewropeaidd cymharol y ffocws at y berthynas rhwng Yama a&#8217;r Yima Iranaidd. Ail-luniodd Georges Dum\u00e9zil, ac ymchwilwyr eraill yn ei olyniaeth, o hyn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Naratif traddodiadol am dduwiau, tarddiadau a threfn y byd.\" tabindex=\"0\">fyth<\/span> Indo-Iranaidd, o bosibl Indo-Ewropeaidd, am y marwolyn cyntaf a ddaeth yn rheolwr y meirwon.<\/p><p>Mae Bruce Lincoln wedi dadlau yn <em>Death, War, and Sacrifice<\/em> fod cynllun creu cyffredin yn sail i Yama a ffigyrau cysylltiedig, lle mae&#8217;r lladdiad cyntaf yn trefnu&#8217;r byd.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;n parhau i fod yn ddadleuol i ba raddau y dylid gwahanu Yama Fedaidd cynnar oddi wrth Yama Puranaidd diweddarach. Mae rhai ymchwilwyr yn gweld datblygiad parhaus, mae eraill yn pwysleisio toriad rhwng brenin y cyndeidiau&#8217;r cyfnod cynnar a gweinyddwr uffern y testunau clasurol.<\/p><p>Mae tarddiad yr ysgrifennydd Chitragupta hefyd yn aneglur, gan ei fod yn absennol o&#8217;r haenau hynaf ac mae&#8217;n debyg iddo gael ei ychwanegu&#8217;n ddiweddarach, o bosibl o dan ddylanwad grwpiau cymdeithasol penodol. Mae&#8217;r sail dystiolaethol yn gorfodi gofal yma: mae llawer o&#8217;r hyn a ystyrir yn ddarlun sefydlog o Yama yn ganlyniad haenu canrifoedd o wahanol draddodiadau testunol.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cysylltiadau pellach<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/yamaraja\/\">Yamaraja, mabwysiadu Bwdhaidd<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/yama-barnwr-y-meirw\/\">Yama-farnwr y meirwon (Bwdhaeth)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/enma-o\/\">Enma-O, ffurf Japaneaidd<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/yeomra\/\">Yeomra, ffurf Cor\u00ebaidd<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/hades\/\">Hades, cymhareb Groegaidd<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/hindwaeth\/\">Hind\u0175aeth, trosolwg y pantheon<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/duwiau-marwolaeth\/\">Duwdodau&#8217;r meirwon, is-gategori<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Llenyddiaeth (dewis)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>O&rsquo;Flaherty, Wendy Doniger: <em>The Origins of Evil in Hindu Mythology<\/em>. Berkeley 1976.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Doniger, Wendy: <em>Hindu Myths. A Sourcebook<\/em>. London 1975.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Lopez, Donald S.: <em>The Tibetan Book of the Dead. A Biography<\/em>. Princeton 2011.<\/span><\/li><li>Rigveda X 14&ndash;18 (nifer o gyfieithiadau).<\/li><li>Walde, Christine (Gol.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (cofnod &bdquo;Yama&ldquo;).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Gweithiau safonol pellach yn y <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/llenyddiaeth\/\">Rhestr Lyfryddiaeth<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9bd3732 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9bd3732\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-599231e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"599231e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<h2>Cwestiynau Cyffredin am Yama<\/h2>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Pwy yw Yama yn Bwdhaeth?<\/h3><p>Yn Bwdhaeth, Yama yw rheolwr teyrnas uffern (Naraka) a barnwr y meirw. Yn wahanol i&#8217;r ddealltwriaeth orllewinol, nid lle o gosb dragwyddol yw&#8217;r uffern Fwdhaidd, ond lle ailenedigaeth am gyfnod cyfyngedig, pan fydd rhywun wedi talu ei karma yno, caiff ei aileni.<\/p><p>Mae Yama&#8217;n cwestiynu pob person marw am ei weithredoedd bywyd, ac mae Bwdhaeth Mahayana yn adnabod llys cyfan o farnwyr uffern sy&#8217;n ei gynorthwyo. Disgrifir teyrnasoedd Yama gyda manylder anhygoel yn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Y syniad o strwythur a threfn y byd o fewn diwylliant.\" tabindex=\"0\">gosmoleg<\/span> Fwdhaidd (testunau Abhidharma).<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Sut mae Yama yn Bwdhaeth yn wahanol i&#8217;r Yamaraja Hind\u0175aidd?<\/h3><p>Mae&#8217;r ddwy ffigwr yn rhannu&#8217;r un tarddiad yn Yama Fedaidd (Rigveda 10,14), y marwolyn cyntaf a ddaeth hefyd yn arglwydd y meirw. Yn Hind\u0175aeth, parhaodd Yama fel y prif dduw barnwrol a dderbyniai bob enaid.<\/p><p>Yn Bwdhaeth, daeth Yama yn ffigwr aml-wynebog: yn Theravada yn fwy o gysyniad, yn Mahayana ac yn arbennig yn Bwdhaeth Tibetaidd yn arglwydd uffern personol gyda <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Astudiaeth o gynnwys delweddau a'u hystyr.\" tabindex=\"0\">eiconograffeg<\/span> gymhleth (yn aml gyda phen tarw, agwedd Yama o&#8217;r enw Dharmaraja). Yn Tibet, mae&#8217;r dawnswyr cythreulig teithiol (g\u0175yl Cham) yn aml yn portreadu Yama.<\/p><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Wer ist Yama im Buddhismus?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Yn Bwdhaeth, Yama yw rheolwr teyrnas uffern (Naraka) a barnwr y meirw. Yn wahanol i'r ddealltwriaeth orllewinol, nid lle o gosb dragwyddol yw'r uffern Fwdhaidd, ond lle ailenedigaeth am gyfnod cyfyngedig, pan fydd rhywun wedi talu ei karma yno, caiff ei aileni.Mae Yama'n cwestiynu pob person marw am ei weithredoedd bywyd, ac mae Bwdhaeth Mahayana yn adnabod llys cyfan o farnwyr uffern sy'n ei gynorthwyo. Disgrifir teyrnasoedd Yama gyda manylder anhygoel yn cosmoleg Fwdhaidd (testunau Abhidharma).\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Wie unterscheidet sich Yama im Buddhismus vom hinduistischen Yamaraja?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Mae'r ddwy ffigwr yn rhannu'r un tarddiad yn Yama Fedaidd (Rigveda 10,14), y marwolyn cyntaf a ddaeth hefyd yn arglwydd y meirw. Yn Hind\u0175aeth, parhaodd Yama fel y prif dduw barnwrol a dderbyniai bob enaid.Yn Bwdhaeth, daeth Yama yn ffigwr aml-wynebog: yn Theravada yn fwy o gysyniad, yn Mahayana ac yn arbennig yn Bwdhaeth Tibetaidd yn arglwydd uffern personol gyda eiconograffeg gymhleth (yn aml gyda phen tarw, agwedd Yama o'r enw Dharmaraja). Yn Tibet, mae'r dawnswyr cythreulig teithiol (g\u0175yl Cham) yn aml yn portreadu Yama.\"}}]}<\/script>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1731,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Yama","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Yama \u2013 Duw y Meirw a Barnwr yn yr Hind\u0175aeth","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Yama, duw y meirw a barnwr yn yr Hind\u0175aeth. Ffon a byfflo Nandi, Yamaloka, Llys Karma a gwreiddiau Fedaidd. 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