{"id":191322,"date":"2026-09-07T07:25:37","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T07:25:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=191322"},"modified":"2026-09-07T07:29:24","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T07:29:24","slug":"kali","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/kali\/","title":{"rendered":"Kali"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"191322\" class=\"elementor elementor-191322 elementor-1996 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kali, duwies traddodiad Hind\u0175aidd<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kali yw duwies traddodiad Hind\u0175aidd.<\/p><p>Y duwies ddu amser a dinistr, amddiffynwraig a rhyddhawraig. Kali yw un o&#8217;r gwedd\u00adau mwyaf pwerus o Hind\u0175aeth, wyllt, ddidostur ac ar yr un pryd yn destun y parch dwysaf.<\/p><p>Gyda chroen du, tafod goch waedlyd yn hongian o&#8217;i cheg, cleddyf a chawg yn llawn penglogau cythreuliaid, mae&#8217;n ymgorffori&#8217;r egni dinistriol sydd ei angen i ddiddymu drygioni. Mae&#8217;n ffurf ofnadwy Shiva, priod y Dinistriwr, ac i lawer o gredinwyr y duwies uchaf ei hun, y *Shakti*, y grym cosmig.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Duw \/ Duwies: Grym uchaf personol wedi'i bersonoli o fewn pantheon diwylliant, gyda meysydd cyfrifoldeb clir, grymoedd natur, tynged, rhyfel, ffrwythlondeb. Addolir trwy gwltiau, offrymau a sefydliadau teml.\">Duwies<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/hindwaeth\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Bydoedd duwiau, asura ac amddiffyn Hind\u0175aidd, o'r Vedig hyd yr Tantrig.\">Hind\u0175aeth<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Ni chanfuwyd unrhyw benawdau ar y dudalen hon.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCynnwys\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_kali-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-193529\" alt=\"Kali - duwiau o draddodiad Hind\u0175aeth, hanesyddol-ddarluniadol\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_kali-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_kali-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_kali-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_kali.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kali<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ar fyrder: Kali<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Math:<\/strong> Prif dduwies Hind\u0175aidd, amlygiad llidiog o&#8217;r Fam Devi, dinistriwraig drygioni<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanrwydd duwiau crefydd neu ddiwylliant.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pantheon<\/span>: Hind\u0175aeth (yn enwedig Shaktisim, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Traddodiad crefyddol-ddefodol yn Hind\u0175aeth a Bwdhaeth gyda dysgeidiaeth am bolareddau egni.\">Tantra<\/span>), Bwdhaeth (mewn addasiad tantrig Tibetaidd)<br>Swyddogaeth: Dinistrio&#8217;r ego, amddiffyn rhag grymoedd cythreulig, marwolaeth ac ailenedigaeth<br>Prif briodoleddau: Cleddyf, penglog wedi&#8217;i dorri, cadwyn wddf o 51 penglog, ffedog o freichiau wedi&#8217;u torri, tafod goch yn ymwthio allan<br>Prif safleoedd cwlt: Kalighat (Kolkata), Dakshineswar (Bengal Orllewinol), Kamakhya (Assam), Mynydd Kailash<br>Gwedd o: Parvati, Durga, Mahakali (ffurf gosmig)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dosbarthiad hanesyddol<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cyfnod y Testunau<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae Kali wedi&#8217;i chadarnhau ers y <em>Devi-Mahatmyam<\/em> (yr 5.\/6. ganrif OC, rhan o&#8217;r Markandeya-Pur&acirc;&#7751;a) fel amlygiad llidiog o&#8217;r Devi. Yn y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Naratif traddodiadol am dduwiau, tarddiadau a threfn y byd.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> canolog, mae&#8217;n cael ei geni o dalcen dig Durga yn ystod y frwydr yn erbyn y cythraul Raktabija.<\/p><p>Prif gyfnod y traddodiad tantrig Kali (Vamacara): y 8fed&ndash;12fed ganrif OC. Yn hynod boblogaidd ym Mengal yn yr Hind\u0175aeth fodern, mae&#8217;r \u0175yl fawr <em>Kali Puja<\/em> (Hydref\/Tachwedd, ar yr un pryd \u00e2 Diwali) yn un o&#8217;r gwyliau Hind\u0175aidd rhanbarthol pwysicaf.<\/p><p>Yn y 19eg ganrif daeth yn fwy adnabyddus yn rhyngwladol drwy Sri Ramakrishna (offeiriad yn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adeilad a ddefnyddir ar gyfer addoli un duw neu fwy.\" tabindex=\"0\">deml<\/span> Kali Dakshineswar) a Chenhadaeth Ramakrishna. Yn astudiaethau crefyddol y Gorllewin, mae wedi&#8217;i derbyn yn aml fel <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Arwydd sy'n cynrychioli syniad neu ystyr.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> ffeministaidd ers y 1960au.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ardal Ledaeniad<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Prif ganolfannau addoli: <strong>Kalighat<\/strong> (Kolkata, Gorllewin Bengal, un o&#8217;r 51 <em>Shakti Pithas<\/em>, lle honnir i fys troed Sati ddisgyn), <strong>Teml Kali Dakshineswar<\/strong> (i&#8217;r gogledd o Kolkata, a ddaeth yn adnabyddus yn fyd-eang drwy Sri Ramakrishna), <strong>Kamakhya<\/strong> (Assam, prif ganolfan addoliad y Devi mislifol), <strong>Tarapith<\/strong> (Gorllewin Bengal, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Lle sanctaidd wedi'i gysegru i addoli duw.\" tabindex=\"0\">cysegrfan<\/span> tantrig), <strong>Vaitarna<\/strong> (Maharashtra).<\/p><p>Yn rhyngwladol: ym mhob cymuned ddiaspora Indiaidd fawr, yn enwedig yn UDA a Phrydain. Ers 1971 ym mhob <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adeilad a ddefnyddir ar gyfer addoli un duw neu fwy.\" tabindex=\"0\">teml<\/span> ISKCON gyda phafiliwn Devi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sail y Ffynonellau<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ffynonellau canolog: <em>Devi-Mahatmyam<\/em> (prif ffynhonnell, rhan o&#8217;r Markandeya-Pur\u00e2\u1e47a), <em>Kalika Pur\u00e2\u1e47a<\/em>, <em>Mahabhagavata Pur\u00e2\u1e47a<\/em>, testunau tantrig (<em>Mah\u00e2nirv\u00e2\u1e47a Tantra<\/em>, <em>Karpur\u00e2di Stotra<\/em>). Barddoniaeth Bhakti Kali Bengaleg o&#8217;r 18fed ganrif (Ramprasad Sen). Adroddiadau Sri Ramakrishna o&#8217;i brofiad Kali yn Dakshineswar (yn <em>Kathamrita<\/em> Mahendra Gupta).<\/p><p>Llenyddiaeth eilaidd: McDermott, <em>Mother of My Heart, Daughter of My Dreams<\/em>; McDaniel, <em>Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls<\/em>; Kinsley, <em>The Sword and the Flute<\/em>; Michaels, <em>Der Hinduismus<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enw a Fersiynau<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae Kali yn ddu fel y nos, ei chroen yn liw tywyll, absoliwt. Mae ei thafod, goch ddisglair fel gwaed, yn hongian o&#8217;i cheg agored. Mae&#8217;n gwisgo gyrlant o benglogau wedi&#8217;u torri o gythreuliaid, sgert o freichiau wedi&#8217;u torri.<\/p><p>Yn un llaw mae&#8217;n cwafrio cleddyf, yn y llaw arall gawg sy&#8217;n dal gwaed. Mae teigr neu lew yn gymar iddi&#8217;n aml. Er gwaethaf y darlun ofnadwy hwn: am ei gwddf mae Kali weithiau&#8217;n gwisgo ystum anwes dyner Shiva, ei gwir briod.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Disgrifiad<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kali yw&#8217;r duwies sy&#8217;n dinistrio er mwyn puro. Mae&#8217;n lladd y tueddiadau cythreulig yn y galon; mae&#8217;r gwedd yfed gwaed i&#8217;w deall yn feddaidd, mae&#8217;n yfed yr amhurdeb.<\/p><p>Nid ydynt sadistaidd, y rhai sy&#8217;n addoli Kali, ond yn ei gweld fel y cariad didostur sy&#8217;n dinistrio hen strwythurau i wneud lle i&#8217;r newydd. Mae&#8217;r Kali-Puja nosol yn dwyn credinwyr i&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adeilad sy'n gwasanaethu addoliad un neu fwy o dduwdodau.\" tabindex=\"0\">deml<\/span> i erfyn am ryddhad (<em>Moksha<\/em>). Mewn arferion tantrig addolir Kali fel y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bod a addolir yn dduwiol o fewn crefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">duwdod<\/span> uchaf.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Proffil: Kali<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Prif agweddau K\u00e2l\u00ee mewn cip. Mae&#8217;r meysydd isod yn crynhoi ei tharddiad, swyddogaeth, ymddangosiad, addoliad, symbolau a chymariaethau diwylliannol.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tarddiad<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Genir Kali yn y <em>Devi-Mahatmyam<\/em> o dalcen dig Durga wrth ymladd yn erbyn y cythraul <em>Raktabija<\/em> (&#8220;Had Gwaed&#8221;), a rhwng pob diferyn o&#8217;i waed y cyfyd cythraul newydd, dim ond tafod anferth Kali, sy&#8217;n dal pob diferyn cyn iddo gyrraedd y ddaear, sy&#8217;n gallu trechu&#8217;r cythraul.<\/p><p>Yn y crynhoad diwinyddol, ystyrir Kali fel <em>agwedd ddigofus Parvati<\/em>, ac felly gwraig Shiva. Yn y cynllun tantrig, hi yw&#8217;r ffurf uchaf o&#8217;r Egni Creadigol benywaidd (<em>Mahashakti<\/em>); yn Shaiviaeth Kashmir, hi yw&#8217;r symudiad <em>Spanda<\/em> ei hun. Kali yw un o&#8217;r deg <em>Mahavidya<\/em> (duwiesau doethineb mawr) ac yn gyntaf yn eu plith.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cynulleidfa darged Kali<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Distrywiwr popeth gau, popeth demonig ac anhrefnus, yn \u00f4l traddodiad hefyd distrywiwr hunanoldeb. Mewn ymarfer tantrig mae&#8217;n arf ar gyfer hunan-ryddhad drwy wynebu&#8217;r arswydus yn uniongyrchol (Kali fel yr agwedd ddigofus sy&#8217;n dangos i&#8217;r ymgeisydd ei farwolaeth a&#8217;i gyfyngiadau ei hun yn syth).<\/p><p>Nawddsantes y Vamacara-tantrigwyr (llwybr chwith, ymarfer tantrig eithafol). Amddiffyniad rhag ymosodiadau demonig a dylanwadau <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Arferion sy'n ceisio dylanwadu ar drefn pethau drwy weithredoedd neu ffurfiau arbennig.\" tabindex=\"0\">hud<\/span> du. Yn nhraddodiad Bhakti Bengali (Ramprasad, Ramakrishna) mae hi hyd yn oed yn dduwies-fam dyner er gwaethaf ei delweddaeth arswydus.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ffurf<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ffigwr benywaidd arswydus, glas tywyll neu ddu (<em>k\u00e2l\u00ee<\/em> = &#8220;y Wraig Ddu&#8221;), noeth neu&#8217;n gwisgo dim ond ffedog o groen teigr. Tri llygad (y trydydd ar y talcen). Pedwar braich neu fwy: yn ei dwylo mae <em>cleddyf<\/em> (yn aml Khadga crwm), <em>penglog wedi&#8217;i dorri i ffwrdd<\/em> (fel arfer eiddo cadfridog demonig), un mewn <em>varada-mudra<\/em> (ystum caniat\u00e1u), un mewn <em>abhaya-mudra<\/em> (ystum gwrthyrru ofn).<\/p><p>Mwclis o <em>51 penglog<\/em> (yn cyfateb i&#8217;r 51 llythrennau Sansgrit), sgert o <em>freichiau wedi&#8217;u torri i ffwrdd<\/em>. <em>Tafod coch estynedig<\/em> (y manylyn mwyaf adnabyddus). Gwallt hir a chymhleth.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;n sefyll neu&#8217;n dawnsio ar <em>Shiva<\/em> sy&#8217;n gorwedd yn anymwybodol (yn \u00f4l un traddodiad: mae&#8217;n sylwi ar ei g\u0175r o dan ei thraed ac yn cnoi ei thafod mewn cywilydd, dyna pam mae&#8217;r tafod yn ymestyn allan). Yn cael cwmni penglogau a bodau demonig.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Swyddogaeth<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Maes gweithredu:<\/strong> Gelwir ar Kali mewn argyfyngau amddiffynnol dwys, yn erbyn salwch, melltithio, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Arferion sy'n ceisio dylanwadu ar drefn pethau drwy weithredoedd neu ffurfiau arbennig.\" tabindex=\"0\">hud<\/span> du. Yn nhraddodiad Bengal mae&#8217;n <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bod a addolir fel duwiol o fewn crefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">dduwies<\/span> deuluol ganolog (<em>Kuldevi<\/em>). Prif \u0175yl: <em>Kali Puja<\/em> (Hydref\/Tachwedd, cyn belled o fawr yn Bengal \u00e2 Diwali yng ngogledd India).<\/p><p>Pujas dyddiol yn filoedd o demlau. Mae ymarferwyr tantrig yn cynnal defodau nosol mewn safleoedd amlosgi (<em>shmashana sadhana<\/em>). Yn nhraddodiadau ISKCON a ioga modern gelwir arni&#8217;n aml fel &#8220;Mam Bydysawdol&#8221;. Yn dderbyniadau ffeministaidd gorllewinol mae&#8217;n <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Arwydd sy'n cynrychioli syniad neu ystyr.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> o rym benywaidd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cyfryngau Amddiffynnol<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cleddyf (Khadga), penglog wedi&#8217;i dorri i ffwrdd, mwclis o 51 penglog, ffedog o freichiau wedi&#8217;u torri i ffwrdd, tafod coch estynedig, croen teigr, trydydd llygad, gwallt hir a chymhleth, cwpan-benglog (Kapala), Trishula. Planhigyn cysegredig: hibisgus (coch, ei blodyn ffefryn). Anifeiliaid cysegredig: siacal, br\u00e2n (mewn safleoedd amlosgi). Lliwiau cysegredig: du, coch gwaed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cymariaethau<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Durga<\/em> (Hind\u0175aeth, hi ei hun fel ei &bdquo;mam&ldquo; h\u0177n), <em>Parvati<\/em> (ffurf dyner), <em>Bhairava<\/em> (Hind\u0175aeth, cyfochrog gwrywaidd llidiog), <em>Mahakala<\/em> a <em>Yamantaka<\/em> (Bwdhaeth, addasiadau gwrywaidd tantrig), <em>Sechmet<\/em> (Yr Aifft, duwies lew wedi meddwi ar waed), <em>Ereshkigal<\/em> (Mesopotamia, duwies y byd tanddaearol), <em>Hekate<\/em> (Groeg, croesffyrdd, marwolaeth, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Arferion sy'n ceisio dylanwadu ar gwrs digwyddiadau drwy weithredoedd neu fformwl\u00e2u arbennig.\" tabindex=\"0\">hud<\/span>), <em>Hel<\/em> (Germanaidd, rheolwraig hanner-marw&#8217;r byd tanddaearol). Yn unigryw yn weithredol ym mytholeg y byd: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm y naratifau duwiol traddodiadol mewn diwylliant.\" tabindex=\"0\">duwiaeth<\/span> fenywaidd sydd yr un pryd yn ofnadwy ac yn famol mewn un person.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Amddiffyniad ymarferol<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Defodau addoliad<\/strong><\/p><p>Kali (Sansgrit am &#8220;y Wraig Ddu&#8221;) yw ffurf arswydus y Devi\/Mahadevi. Prif safle addoliad yw <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adeilad a ddefnyddir i addoli un neu fwy o dduwiau.\" tabindex=\"0\">deml<\/span> Kalighat yn Calcutta (un o&#8217;r 51 Shakti Pitha). Mae&#8217;r Kali Puja blynyddol (mis Karthik, Hydref\/Tachwedd, yn Bengal) yn rhagori ar Diwali yn rhanbarthol o ran pwysigrwydd. Yn hanesyddol roedd addoliad tantrig yn cynnwys aberthu anifeiliaid (gafr\/byfflo d\u0175r), ond heddiw fe&#8217;i disodlir yn symbolaidd yn aml gan bwmpen (gweler Kinsley, <em>Hindu Goddesses<\/em>).<\/p><p><strong>Mantr\u00e2u ac ymbiliadau<\/strong><\/p><p>Y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sillaf neu fformwla gysegredig a ailadroddir yn Hind\u0175aeth a Bwdhaeth.\" tabindex=\"0\">mantra<\/span> bija Kali &#8220;Kr\u012bm&#8221; yn ogystal \u00e2&#8217;r fformwla hirach &#8220;Om Kr\u012bm K\u0101lik\u0101yai Nama\u1e25&#8221; yw&#8217;r prif fformwl\u00e2u tantrig. Adroddir y <em>Devi-Mahatmya<\/em> (yn y Markandeya Purana, tua&#8217;r 6ed ganrif), yn arbennig penodau 7-8 (dyfodiad Kali o dalcen Durga, y goruchafiaeth dros Raktabija), yn ystod Navaratri. Mae caneuon defosiynol Bengali Ramprasad (18fed ganrif) yn rhan safonol o&#8217;r repertoire gwerin.<\/p><p><strong>Amwletau a symbolau amddiffynnol<\/strong><\/p><p>Defnyddir onyx du neu garnelian du fel carreg Kali. Defnyddir <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Diagram geometregol a ddefnyddir yn ddefodol mewn Hind\u0175aeth a Bwdhaeth.\" tabindex=\"0\">yantra<\/span> trikona (triongl wyneb i waered gyda bindu) fel symbol amddiffynnol geometregol ar blatiau copr. Defnyddir cadwyni penglog (Mundamala, a ddehonglir yn symbolaidd yn aml fel 50 llythyren Sansgrit) fel tlws. Hibisgus coch (japa) yw ei blodyn cysegredig, a gyflwynir mewn pujas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kali, cymariaethau mewn diwylliannau eraill<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Mae grym gwyllt Kali yn debyg i Hecate Groeg hynafol neu&#8217;r Morr\u00edgan yn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Casgliad o chwedlau am dduwiau a draddodwyd o fewn diwylliant.\" tabindex=\"0\">fytholeg<\/span> Geltaidd, duwiesau brwydr a throsglwyddiad. Yn yr Ocwltiaeth Ewropeaidd, cymherir Kali weithiau \u00e2 Lilith neu ffigyrau tywyll o Fair.<\/p><p>Mae ei di-drugaredd yn dwyn i gof Medusa neu&#8217;r Furies, grym benywaidd nad oes modd ei ddofi. Nid yw&#8217;n fod drwg, fodd bynnag, ond dicter cyfiawn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Y syniad am adeiladwaith a threfn y byd o fewn diwylliant.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmoleg<\/span> ei hun.<\/p><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpad78138 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpad78138\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpaec404b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpaec404b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Chwedl Kali a'r cythraul Raktabija<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp91585cf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp91585cf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcd54d0e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpcd54d0e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Y ffynhonnell fytholegol bwysicaf ar gyfer Kali yw&#8217;r <em>Devi Mahatmya<\/em>, testun o gylch y <em>Markandeya Purana<\/em>, a luniwyd tua&#8217;r 6ed ganrif OC ac a ystyrir yn ysgrythur sylfaenol i addoliad y Dduwies. Ynddo, ymddengys Kali yn ystod brwydr y Dduwies yn erbyn lluoedd y cythreuliaid. Mae&#8217;r bennod dyngedfennol yn ymwneud \u00e2&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bod ysbrydol y priodolir iddo effaith niweidiol neu amwys.\" tabindex=\"0\">cythraul<\/span> Raktabija.<\/p><p>Roedd gan Raktabija y gallu fod, o bob diferyn o&#8217;i waed a gyffyrddai \u00e2&#8217;r ddaear, y byddai <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bod ysbrydol y priodolir iddo effaith niweidiol neu amwys.\" tabindex=\"0\">cythraul<\/span> newydd tebyg iddo&#8217;n codi. Yn y frwydr yn erbyn y dduwies Durga a&#8217;i chynorthwywyr, amlhaodd ei hun felly&#8217;n ddiddiwedd: roedd pob clwyf a achoswyd iddo yn creu gwrthwynebwyr newydd.<\/p><p>Llenwodd y maes brwydr \u00e2 Raktabijas dirifedi. Yn y sefyllfa anobeithiol hon, ymddengys Kali, a grewyd, yn \u00f4l un fersiwn, o dalcen crychlyd Durga mewn dicter.<\/p><p>Mae Kali&#8217;n datrys y broblem yn yr unig ffordd effeithiol: dalia waed Raktabija \u00e2&#8217;i thafod estynedig a llyncu&#8217;r cythreuliaid a gr\u00ebwyd o&#8217;r gwaed hwnnw cyn iddynt allu amlhau. Fel hyn, gellir lladd y Raktabija gwreiddiol heb i gythreuliaid newydd dyfu drachefn.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r chwedl hon yn egluro nifer o nodweddion eiconograffig Kali, yn arbennig y tafod estynedig. Dengys hyn hefyd swyddogaeth theolegol y ffigwr: Kali yw&#8217;r grym sy&#8217;n ymyrryd lle mae&#8217;r moddion trefnus yn methu. Gweithreda gyda radicaliaeth sy&#8217;n dileu&#8217;r broblem hyd at ei gwraidd, yn hytrach na thrwy gymedroldeb.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7989371 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp7989371\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf7fc47f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpf7fc47f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Eiconograffeg Kali a'i dehongliad<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1aa7ece e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp1aa7ece\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3d87502 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp3d87502\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae gan Kali un o&#8217;r eiconograffegau mwyaf nodedig a manwl-ddehonglwyd o Hind\u0175aeth. Portreedir hi \u00e2 chroen tywyll, yn aml ddu neu las-dywyll dwfn, o ble deillia ei henw, sy&#8217;n gysylltiedig \u00e2&#8217;r gair Sansgrit <em>kala<\/em>, a all olygu du a hefyd amser.<\/p><p>Fel arfer mae&#8217;n noeth neu wedi ei gwisgo \u00e2 sgert o freichiau wedi eu torri, a gwisga gadwyn o benglogau wedi eu torri. Yn ei phedwar braich, deil yn nodweddiadol gleddyf a phen wedi ei dorri, tra bod y ddwy law arall yn dangos ystumiau o ddiofynder a rhoi bendithion.<\/p><p>Y motiff delweddol mwyaf adnabyddus yw Kali&#8217;n sefyll neu&#8217;n dawnsio ar gorff estynedig y duw Shiva, a&#8217;i thafod wedi ei estyn. Dehonglir y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Elfen gynnwys ailddigwyddol mewn celf neu chwedl.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiff<\/span> hwn mewn amrywiol ffyrdd yn y traddodiad.<\/p><p>Yn \u00f4l dehongliad cyffredin, ni allai Kali ymdawelu yn ei berw brwydr a bygythiodd y bydysawd cyfan. Gorweddodd Shiva o dan ei thraed felly, a phan sathrodd Kali ar ei g\u0175r, rhewodd mewn cywilydd ac estynodd ei thafod.<\/p><p>Yn ddehongliad athronyddol y traddodiad tantrig, mae&#8217;r ddelwedd yn dwyn ystyr wahanol. Mae Kali&#8217;n cynrychioli&#8217;r egni gweithredol, <em>shakti<\/em>, a Shiva&#8217;r ymwybyddiaeth lonydd a phur. Mae eu bod ynghyd yn dangos nad ydynt yn wirioneddol ond gyda&#8217;i gilydd: mae ymwybyddiaeth heb egni yn segur, ac egni heb ymwybyddiaeth yn berw dall.<\/p><p>Dehonglir y penglogau wedi eu torri fel egoau ymwrthodedig y credinwyr, a&#8217;r cleddyf fel yr offeryn a dorra anwybodaeth. Nid darlun braw pur, felly, yw&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Astudiaeth o gynnwys delweddau a'u hystyr.\" tabindex=\"0\">eiconograffeg<\/span>, ond system ddwys o ystyron a esbonnir yn y ddysgeidiaeth.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpbc75ca4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpbc75ca4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe074dbd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpe074dbd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kali yn y Tantra ac ym addoliad y Fam yn Bengal<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp997156a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp997156a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf043442 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpf043442\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae gan Kali ddau gyd-destun crefyddol gwahanol ond cysylltiedig. Un ohonynt yw&#8217;r Tantra, mudiad esoterig lle mae Kali yn cael ei chyfrif fel un o&#8217;r duwiesau uchaf. Yn y traddodiad tantrig, yn enwedig yn ysgol y deg <em>Mahavidyas<\/em>, y duwiesau gwybodaeth fawr, saif Kali yn y lle cyntaf.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r arfer tantrig yn chwilio am y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bod a addolir fel duw o fewn crefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">dduwdod<\/span> yn union yn y pethau y mae&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Yr agwedd a'r arferiad crefyddol byw a wireddir gan berson.\" tabindex=\"0\">ddefosiwn<\/span> gyffredin yn eu hosgoi, ac mae&#8217;n agos\u00e1u at Kali trwy ddefodau a gyflawnir mewn lleoedd megis mannau llosgi cyrff. Mae&#8217;r arfer hwn yn dibynnu ar gyflwyniad a chyfarwyddyd gan athro, ac nid yw ar gyfer y cyhoedd yn gyffredinol.<\/p><p>Yr ail gyd-destun yw&#8217;r addoliad gwerin a defosiynol, yn bennaf yn Bengal, Assam ac India ddwyreiniol. Yma gelwir ar Kali fel <em>Ma Kali<\/em>, Mam Kali. Enillodd y traddodiad hwn fynegiant arbennig trwy&#8217;r bardd a&#8217;r canwr Ramprasad Sen yn y 18. ganrif.<\/p><p>Mae ei ganeuon yn cyfarch Kali mewn t\u00f4n nad yw&#8217;n gwadu&#8217;r agwedd erchyll, ond sy&#8217;n rhoi blaenoriaeth i&#8217;r gofal cariadus, mamol. Yn y 19. ganrif, siapiodd y mystig Ramakrishna, offeiriad wrth <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adeilad a ddefnyddir i addoli un neu fwy o dduwiau.\" tabindex=\"0\">deml<\/span> Kali yn Dakshineswar ger Kolkata, y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Yr agwedd a'r arferiad crefyddol byw a wireddir gan berson.\" tabindex=\"0\">ddefosiwn<\/span> hon mewn modd penderfynol.<\/p><p>Uchafbwynt cwlt Kali Bengalaidd yw&#8217;r \u0175yl <em>Kali Puja<\/em>, a gynhelir ar noson lloer newydd mis Kartik, yn aml yn agos at yr \u0175yl oleuadau. Mae mannau cwlt enwog yn cynnwys <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adeilad a ddefnyddir i addoli un neu fwy o dduwiau.\" tabindex=\"0\">deml<\/span> Kalighat yn Kolkata a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adeilad a ddefnyddir i addoli un neu fwy o dduwiau.\" tabindex=\"0\">deml<\/span> Dakshineswar.<\/p><p>Nid yw&#8217;r ffaith bod yr un dduwies yn cael ei addoli fel grym tantrig ofnadwy ac fel mam a alwir arni&#8217;n dyner yn wrthddywediad, ond yn fynegiant o&#8217;r gred bod y gwirionedd terfynol yn cwmpasu&#8217;r ddwy ochr.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp812a6de e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp812a6de\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpdfb273f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpdfb273f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Amser, marwolaeth a rhyddhad: theoleg Kali<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp07c4971 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp07c4971\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd63a1fa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpd63a1fa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae Kali yn gysylltiedig yn ddiwinyddol yn agos \u00e2&#8217;r syniad o amser. Ystyr y gair <em>kala<\/em>, o le mae ei henw&#8217;n deillio, yw amser, ac ystyrir Kali fel y grym sy&#8217;n difa pob peth a ddaw i fodolaeth mewn amser.<\/p><p>Yn y ddehongliad hwn, mae&#8217;n llai o fod ymhlith bodau eraill ac yn fwy o realiti sylfaenol: y grym sy&#8217;n penderfynu dod i fod a darfod. Dehonglir ei lliw tywyll yn gyfatebol, gan fod pob lliw yn ymdoddi i&#8217;r du, felly mae popeth a gr\u00ebwyd yn ymdoddi i Kali.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r cysylltiad hwn ag amser a marwolaeth yn egluro pam na ddylid deall Kali fel dim ond ffigwr ofn. Yn nysgeidiaeth Hind\u0175aidd, glynu wrth y darfodedig, wrth yr hunan, ac wrth fyd yr ymddangosiadau, sydd wrth wraidd dioddefaint.<\/p><p>Kali, sy&#8217;n toddi popeth, felly yw&#8217;r rhyddhawraig yn ogystal yn y dehongliad diwinyddol: nid oes malais yn tarddu o&#8217;i dinistr, yn hytrach mae&#8217;n rhyddhau&#8217;r person o&#8217;r hyn sy&#8217;n ei rwymo. Bwriedir i&#8217;w hymddangosiad wynebu&#8217;r addolwr \u00e2 ffaith y darfodedigrwydd, yn hytrach na&#8217;i wthio i&#8217;r cefndir.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r cysylltiad \u00e2&#8217;r man llosgi cyrff, sef ei chartref mewn llawer o ddarluniau, yn perthyn i&#8217;r un cyd-destun. Y lle lle mae cyrff yn llosgi yw&#8217;r lle lle mae&#8217;r gwirionedd am ddarfodedigrwydd yn dod yn amlwg yn uniongyrchol. Mae&#8217;r arfer tantrig yn chwilio am Kali yn union yno, gan fod y sicrwydd cyffredin yn chwalu yno.<\/p><p>Yn nhermau astudiaethau crefydd, mae Kali felly&#8217;n enghraifft drawiadol o sut y gall ffigwr, a ymddengys ar yr olwg gyntaf i beidio \u00e2 chynrychioli dim ond dychryn, gael swyddogaeth benodol a chadarnhaol o fewn ei system ddiwinyddol. Yr ofn yw&#8217;r llwybr i mewn i ddirnadaeth, nid nod ynddo&#8217;i hun.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp445c0e5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp445c0e5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp51c9530 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp51c9530\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kali yn y dderbyniad a'r ymchwil Orllewinol<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp09884b7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp09884b7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7411ede elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp7411ede\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Prin fod unrhyw <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bod a addolir fel duw o fewn crefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">dduwdod<\/span> Hind\u0175aidd wedi cael ei hadnabod yn y Gorllewin gymaint, ac ar yr un pryd wedi cael ei chamddeall yn fwy aml, na Kali.<\/p><p>Roedd y canfyddiad trefedigaethol o&#8217;r 19. ganrif yn aml yn ei lleihau i epitome o ddychryn, ac yn ei chysylltu mewn modd synhwyrusgar \u00e2 throseddoldeb Thuggee, cysylltiad y mae ymchwil ddiweddarach wedi ei gyfrif fel un a chwyddwyd yn ddirfawr ac a liwiwyd yn ideolegol. Siapiodd y darlun gwyredig hwn ddelwedd Kali mewn diwylliant poblogaidd Gorllewinol am amser hir.<\/p><p>Dechreuodd yr ymgysylltiad academaidd o ddifrif yn ail hanner yr 20. ganrif yn bennaf. Cyflwynodd ysgolheigion astudiaethau crefydd megis David Kinsley astudiaethau a wnaeth Kali yn ddealladwy yng nghyd-destun diwinyddiaeth y duwiesau Hind\u0175aidd, yn hytrach na&#8217;i thrin fel rhyfeddod syml.<\/p><p>Mireiniwyd y darlun ymhellach gan waith diweddarach, er enghraifft gan Rachel Fell McDermott ar <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Yr agwedd a'r arferiad crefyddol byw a wireddir gan berson.\" tabindex=\"0\">ddefosiwn<\/span> Kali Bengalaidd ac ar Ramprasad Sen, neu gyfrolau casgliadol a archwiliodd Kali o wahanol safbwyntiau.<\/p><p>Yn gyfochrog \u00e2 hyn, cododd meddiannu Gorllewinol o Kali mewn cyd-destunau ysbrydol a ffeministaidd o&#8217;r 1970au ymlaen, lle dehonglwyd hi fel <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Arwydd sy'n cynrychioli syniad neu ystyr.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> o rym benywaidd ac fel gwrth-ddarlun i ddelweddau merched a ddofwyd.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r dderbyniad hwn yn ddiddorol o safbwynt astudiaethau crefydd, ond mae&#8217;n creu tensiwn \u00e2 phwysigrwydd Kali o fewn yr Hind\u0175aeth fyw, lle mae hi yn gyntaf oll yn destun addoliad seremon\u00efol pendant, ac nid yn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Arwydd sy'n cynrychioli syniad neu ystyr.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> haniaethol. Mae ymchwil felly&#8217;n rhybuddio i wahaniaethu&#8217;n ofalus rhwng y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bod a addolir fel duw o fewn crefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">dduwdod<\/span> yn y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanrwydd y gweithredoedd addoliad crefyddol ar gyfer duw neu ffigwr sanctaidd.\" tabindex=\"0\">cwlt<\/span> Hind\u0175aidd a&#8217;i hail-ddehongliadau Gorllewinol.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;n rhaid i unrhyw un a fyn ddeall Kali ddechrau gyda&#8217;r ffynonellau Indiaidd, y temlau a&#8217;r arfer byw, ac nid gyda&#8217;i hadlewyrchiad Gorllewinol.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cysylltiadau pellach<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/durga\/\">Durga, ei ffurf h\u0177n<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/shiva\/\">Shiva, ei phriod, yn aml yn gorwedd wrth ei thraed<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/bhairava\/\">Bhairava, cymar gwrywaidd llidiog<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/mahakala\/\">Mahakala, addasiad Bwdhaidd tantrig gwrywaidd<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/sekhmet\/\">Sechmet, cymar Eifftaidd meddw ar waed<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/hindwaeth\/\">Hind\u0175aeth, trosolwg pantheon<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/duwiau\/\">Duwiau, trosolwg dosbarthiadau<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Llenyddiaeth ymchwil<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>McDermott, Rachel Fell: <em>Mother of My Heart, Daughter of My Dreams. K\u00e2l\u00ee and Um\u00e2 in the Devotional Poetry of Bengal<\/em>. Oxford 2001.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>McDaniel, June: <em>Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls. Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal<\/em>. Oxford 2004.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Kinsley, David: <em>The Sword and the Flute. K\u00e2l\u00ee and K\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e47a, Dark Visions of the Terrible and the Sublime in Hindu Mythology<\/em>. Berkeley 1975.<\/span><\/li><li>Devi-Mahatmyam (nifer o gyfieithiadau).<\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Coburn, Thomas B.: <em>Encountering the Goddess. A Translation of the Dev\u00ee-M\u00e2h\u00e2tmya<\/em>. Albany 1991.<\/span><\/li><li>Walde, Christine (gol.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (cofnod \u201eK\u00e2l\u00ee\u201c).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Rhagor o weithiau safonol yn y <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/llenyddiaeth\/\">rhestr lyfryddiaeth<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a0d6b7 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7a0d6b7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2e501e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a2e501e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<h2>Cwestiynau cyffredin am Kali<\/h2>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Pwy yw&#8217;r dduwies Kali yn Hind\u0175aeth?<\/h3><p>Kali (o kala, amser, du) yw un o&#8217;r dduwiesau mwyaf pwerus yn Hind\u0175aeth, y ffurf erchyll ar y dduwies fawr (Mahadevi).<\/p><p>Yn eiconograffigol, yn nodweddiadol mae ganddi bedwar braich neu fwy, cleddyf yn ei dwylo a phen wedi&#8217;i dorri i ffwrdd o gythraul, cadwyn wddf o benglogau, cadach o freichiau wedi&#8217;u torri i ffwrdd, y dafod wedi&#8217;i hymestyn, a chroen du neu las tywyll. Fel arfer saif Kali ar Shiva, ei phriod, sydd wedi taflu ei hun oddi tani i atal ei llid dinistriol.<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Beth mae symbolaeth ymddangosiad brawychus Kali yn ei olygu?<\/h3><p>Mae&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Y ddysgeidiaeth am gynnwys delweddau a'u hystyr.\" tabindex=\"0\">eiconograffeg<\/span> erchyll yn cario ystyr ysbrydol: Kali yw dinistrydd rhith (Maya) a chydiadau&#8217;r ego. Mae&#8217;r cleddyf yn torri anwybodaeth ymaith, y pennau wedi&#8217;u torri i ffwrdd yw&#8217;r cwlwm ego sydd wedi&#8217;i ollwng, ac mae&#8217;r gadwyn benglogau&#8217;n cynrychioli llythrennau&#8217;r wyddor Sansgrit, iaith fel grym cosmig.<\/p><p>Y dafod wedi&#8217;i hymestyn yw ystum cywilydd (mae hi&#8217;n sylweddoli ei bod yn sefyll ar Shiva). Yn Tantra, Kali yw&#8217;r rhyddhawraig; mae&#8217;n dinistrio o gariad at wirionedd, heb unrhyw ddrygioni.<\/p><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Pwy yw'r dduwies Kali yn Hind\u0175aeth?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Kali (o kala, amser, du) yw un o'r dduwiesau mwyaf pwerus yn Hind\u0175aeth, y ffurf erchyll ar y dduwies fawr (Mahadevi).Yn eiconograffigol, yn nodweddiadol mae ganddi bedwar braich neu fwy, cleddyf yn ei dwylo a phen wedi'i dorri i ffwrdd o gythraul, cadwyn wddf o benglogau, cadach o freichiau wedi'u torri i ffwrdd, y dafod wedi'i hymestyn, a chroen du neu las tywyll. Fel arfer saif Kali ar Shiva, ei phriod, sydd wedi taflu ei hun oddi tani i atal ei llid dinistriol.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Beth mae symbolaeth ymddangosiad brawychus Kali yn ei olygu?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Mae'r eiconograffeg erchyll yn cario ystyr ysbrydol: Kali yw dinistrydd rhith (Maya) a chydiadau'r ego. Mae'r cleddyf yn torri anwybodaeth ymaith, y pennau wedi'u torri i ffwrdd yw'r cwlwm ego sydd wedi'i ollwng, ac mae'r gadwyn benglogau'n cynrychioli llythrennau'r wyddor Sansgrit, iaith fel grym cosmig.Y dafod wedi'i hymestyn yw ystum cywilydd (mae hi'n sylweddoli ei bod yn sefyll ar Shiva). Yn Tantra, Kali yw'r rhyddhawraig; mae'n dinistrio o gariad at wirionedd, heb unrhyw ddrygioni.\"}}]}<\/script>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1728,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Kali","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Kali \u2013 Duwies Dinistr ac Amser yn Hind\u0175aeth","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Kali, duwies dinistr ac amser yn Hind\u0175aeth. Cleddyf, gyrlant o benglogau, egni Shakti a'i haddoliad yn Shaktisim a Bengal.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"4","wesen_kultur":"hinduismus","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-191322","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Kali \u2013 Duwies Dinistr ac Amser yn Hind\u0175aeth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Kali, duwies dinistr ac amser yn Hind\u0175aeth. 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