{"id":191321,"date":"2026-09-07T07:25:37","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T07:25:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=191321"},"modified":"2026-09-07T07:29:24","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T07:29:24","slug":"mokosch","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/mokosch\/","title":{"rendered":"Mokosch"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"191321\" class=\"elementor elementor-191321 elementor-1995 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mokosch, duwies o'r traddodiad Slafaidd<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mokosch yw duwies y ddaear a nawddsantes cartrefi&#8217;r grefydd Slafaidd. Mae&#8217;n llywodraethu dros wlybaniaeth, ffrwythlondeb y pridd, crefft fenywaidd a diogelwch y teulu. Ceir tystiolaeth archaeolegol ohoni ac mae&#8217;n dal i fod yn ddylanwadol mewn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Y ddiwylliant gwerin traddodiadol gyda'i arferion, straeon a chaneuon.\" tabindex=\"0\">ll\u00ean gwerin<\/span> hyd heddiw. Fel duwies Slafiaid Dwyreiniol, mae Mokosch yn cyfuno ffrwythlondeb, d\u0175r a diogelu bywyd y cartref.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Duw \/ Duwies: Grym uchaf wedi'i bersonoli o fewn pantheon diwylliant, gyda meysydd cyfrifoldeb clir megis grymoedd natur, tynged, rhyfel a ffrwythlondeb. Yn cael ei addoli drwy gwltiau, offrymau a sefydliadau teml.\">Duwies<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/slafaidd\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mytholeg a chrefydd werin Slafaidd, wedi'i orlifo gan Gristnogaeth o'r 10fed ganrif ymlaen.\">Slafaidd<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Ni chanfuwyd unrhyw benawdau ar y dudalen hon.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCynnwys\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_slawisch_mokosch-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-193495\" alt=\"Mokosch - duwiau o&apos;r traddodiad Slafaidd, darlun hanesyddol-eglurhaol\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_slawisch_mokosch-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_slawisch_mokosch-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_slawisch_mokosch-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_slawisch_mokosch.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mokosch<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Disgrifir Mokosch yn ffynonellau cynradd (arysgrifau Novgorod, Cronicl Nestor) fel &#8216;duwies&#8217; heb ragor o briodoleddau. Mae&#8217;n gwarchod nyddu, gwehyddu a chrefft fenywaidd; ei harwydd sanctaidd yw&#8217;r ddaear wlyb. Yn nifer o ddiwylliannau Slafaidd mae&#8217;n parhau i fyw fel &#8216;Mokoscha&#8217; neu &#8216;Mara&#8217; mewn chwedlau gwerin.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ar Gip: Mokosch<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Math:<\/strong> Prif dduwies Slafaidd, duwies daear, mam a nyddwraig<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm duwiau crefydd neu ddiwylliant.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pantheon<\/span>: Slafaidd (yn enwedig Dwyrain Slafaidd)<br>Swyddogaeth: Daear, ffrwythlondeb benywaidd, nyddu tynged, amddiffyn cartref, agwedd d\u0175r<br>Priodoleddau prif: Olwyn nyddu, gwerthyd nyddu, cyrn (weithiau), pridd llaith, ffynhonnau d\u0175r<br>Prif safle addoli: Kiev (pantheon Wladimir cyn 988, yr unig dduwies fenywaidd ar y rhestr)<br>Ailenwi Cristnogol: Y Santes Paraskewa Pj\u00e1tnitsa (&#8220;y Santes Gwener&#8221;)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dosbarthiad hanesyddol<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cyfnod y Testunau<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mokosch (Rwsieg <em>Mokosch&#8217;<\/em>, Pwyleg <em>Mokosza<\/em>) yw&#8217;r dduwies Slafaidd fenywaidd bwysicaf. Ym mhantheon Wladimir (980 yn Kiev) hi oedd yr unig fenyw ochr yn ochr \u00e2 Perun, Khors, Dazhbog, Stribog a Simargl.<\/p><p>Daw ei henw o <em>mokr-<\/em> (&#8220;llaith&#8221;), gan ei bod yn fam-ddaear laith. Prif gyfnod bri: cyn-Gristnogol. Goroesodd ei <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm y gweithredoedd addoli crefyddol ar gyfer duw neu ffigwr sanctaidd.\" tabindex=\"0\">cwlt<\/span> y Gristnogeiddio ar ffurf <em>Paraskewa Pj\u00e1tnitsa<\/em> (y Santes Gwener yng nghrefydd werin Uniongred Rwsiaidd), sydd hefyd yn noddwraig nyddwragedd ac yn geidwad ffynhonnau. Fe&#8217;i dogfennwyd yn ethnograffig yn y 19eg\/20fed ganrif; caiff ei haddoli eto yn y traddodiad rodnowierie modern.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ardal Ledaeniad<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Prif safle addoli: <strong>Kiev<\/strong> (pantheon Wladimir, 980&ndash;988). Yn ogystal, miloedd o gysegrfeydd lleol wrth ffynhonnau, ffynhonnau d\u0175r a llwyni derw hynafol. Yng nghrefydd werin Uniongred Rwsiaidd mae&#8217;n bresennol hyd heddiw dan yr enw <em>Paraskewa Pj\u00e1tnitsa<\/em>, gyda&#8217;i diwrnod (dydd Gwener) a chysegrfeydd wrth ffynhonnau. Yn y traddodiad rodnowierie modern (mudiad paganaidd Slafaidd Rwsiaidd, Pwylaidd ac Wcreinaidd) caiff ei haddoli&#8217;n ganolog eto, yn enwedig mewn defodau cychwyniad i fenywod.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sail y Ffynonellau<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Prif ffynonellau: <em>Cronicl Nestor<\/em> (rhestr pantheon Wladimir), caneuon gwerin Rwsiaidd a chasgliadau ethnograffig o&#8217;r 19eg ganrif (yn enwedig Afanasev), arferion gwerin ynghylch Paraskewa Pj\u00e1tnitsa. Llenyddiaeth eilaidd: V\u00e1\u0148a, <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm y chwedlau duwiau a drosglwyddwyd o ddiwylliant.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mytholeg<\/span> y Bobloedd Slafaidd<\/em>; Iv\u00e1nov\/Toporov; Hubbs, <em>Mother Russia. The Feminine Myth in Russian Culture<\/em>; Pittner, <em>Mytholeg Slafaidd<\/em>; Rybakov, <em>Pagan Worldview of the Ancient Slavs<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enw a ffurfiau ysgrifenedig<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Darlunnir Mokosch fel menyw lawn, ffrwythlon, \u00e2 sgwyddau llydan, gyda phwyslais erotig a chynhyrchiol ar y bol a&#8217;r bronnau, yn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Delwedd graffig sy'n cynrychioli meddwl haniaethol.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> o faeth a bywyd. Gwallt hir, melyn neu goch, yn aml wedi&#8217;i blethu. Mae ei dwylo&#8217;n weithredol a phroffesiynol, yn aml wedi&#8217;u dangos wrth nyddu neu wehyddu.<\/p><p>Y symbolau sanctaidd yw&#8217;r llin, y d\u0175r (yn enwedig ffynhonnau afonydd a ffynhonnau d\u0175r), y lleuad lawn neu gilgant, a&#8217;r werthyd nyddu. Ar ffigurynnau clai a ddarganfuwyd yn archaeolegol ymddangosant patrymau geometrig sy&#8217;n ffurfio cylchoedd cydganol a changhennau, yn drosiadau cyfoethog am dwf, cysylltedd a nyddu bywyd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nodweddion<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Roedd Mokosch yn llywyddu holl waith y menywod: nyddu, gwehyddu, gwn\u00efo, y crefftau llaw a gynhaliai ac a addurnai fywyd.<\/p><p>Roedd noson 1 Tachwedd (yn debyg i Samhain mewn diwylliannau eraill) yn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Yn perthyn i'r dwyfol, ac felly wedi'i dynnu allan o ddefnydd bob dydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctaidd<\/span> iddi, ei g\u0175yl ei hun; ar y noson hon ni ch\u00e2i neb nyddu, gan fod Mokosch ei hun yn gwehyddu edafedd y blynyddoedd i ddod. Roedd ei <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Rhodd i dduwdod i fynegi diolch, dymuniad neu addoliad.\" tabindex=\"0\">offrymau<\/span> yn fach ac yn ddiymhongar: sypiau o lin, caws, llaeth, bara.<\/p><p>Cydnabuwyd hi am gynaeafau toreithiog a genedigaethau llwyddiannus, a rhoddwyd diolch iddi. Roedd y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm y gweithredoedd defosiynol crefyddol ar gyfer duwdod neu ffigwr sanctaidd.\" tabindex=\"0\">cwlt<\/span> yn un a&#8217;i wraidd yn benodol fenywaidd, menywod a arweiniai&#8217;r seremon\u00efau, ac ymatalient dynion yn fwriadol.<\/p><p>Ar \u00f4l Cristnogeiddio, trawsffurfiwyd Mokosch i fod y Gwener Sanctaidd (mewn rhai traddodiadau) neu Enedigaeth Mair, ond o dan yr wyneb Cristnogol arhosodd hi&#8217;n fyw: gwedd\u00efai menywod h\u0177n arni pan dorrid llinyn y bogail, a sibrydent ei henw dros lin.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Proffil: Mokosch<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Prif elfennau Mokosch ar gip. Mae&#8217;r meysydd canlynol yn crynhoi tarddiad, swyddogaeth, ymddangosiad, addoliad, symbolau a chyfochrogion diwylliannol.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tarddiad Mokosch<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mokosch yw&#8217;r fam-ddaear wlyb (<em>Mat&#8217; Syra Zemlja<\/em>, &#8220;Mam-ddaear wlyb&#8221; mewn fformwl\u00e2u gwerin Rwsiaidd, yn aml wedi&#8217;i ddefnyddio&#8217;n gyfystyr). Nid yw ei safle achyddol yn y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm duwiau crefydd neu ddiwylliant.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span> Slafaidd wedi&#8217;i sefydlu&#8217;n gyson; mewn rhai damcaniaethau hi yw priod Perun (p\u00e2r cyflenwol taran-a-daear), mewn eraill priod Veles (p\u00e2r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Yn perthyn i'r ddaear neu'r isfyd; mewn crefydd hynafol y duwiau a'r ysbrydion o'r dyfnder (Hades, yr Erinyes, Demeter chthonia).\">cythonig<\/span>-gwlyb). Mam sawl hanner-dduwies (Dolja a Nedolja, &#8220;Tynged&#8221; ac &#8220;Anhap&#8221;).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cynulleidfa darged Mokosch<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mam-ddaear a nawddoges ffrwythlondeb benywaidd. <em>Nyddwraig Tynged<\/em>, hi sy&#8217;n nyddu edafedd bywyd bob unigolyn (yn debyg i&#8217;r Moirae neu&#8217;r Norns). Nawddoges y nyddwragedd, y gwehyddwragedd, y brodwragedd (o bwys canolog yng ngwaith t\u0177 traddodiadol menywod Slafaidd). Nawddoges ffynhonnau a phyllau. Yn y cwlt gwerin personol, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Y weithred o alw ar dduwdod neu allu, ar ffurf gofyn neu dyngu.\" tabindex=\"0\">gwahoddir<\/span> ei chymorth mewn poenau geni, cyn priodas, ac mewn argyfyngau bywyd benywaidd. Yn rodnowierie fodern hi yw&#8217;r brif dduwies mewn cynulliadau bl\u00f3t menywod.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Darluniad<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fe&#8217;i portreedir yn nodweddiadol fel ffigwr benywaidd matronaidd \u00e2 gwallt tywyll hir, mewn gwisg lys Slafaidd wedi&#8217;i brodio&#8217;n gyfoethog (hi yw nawddoges y grefft frodio). Yn aml mae ganddi <em>troell nyddu<\/em> neu <em>cogail<\/em> yn ei llaw.<\/p><p>Yn ddarluniadau hynafol iawn portreedir hi gyda <em>chyrn<\/em> (mae&#8217;n debyg cyrn tarw, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Arwydd sy'n cynrychioli syniad neu ystyr.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> ffrwythlondeb y ddaear, cysylltiad \u00e2 thraddodiad y fam-dduwies Indo-Ewropeaidd). Croen brown (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Arwydd sy'n cynrychioli syniad neu ystyr.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> daear). Mewn celf rodnowierie fodern fe&#8217;i portreedir yn nodweddiadol fel brenhines matronaidd y ddaear gyda sypyn \u0177d a chogail.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Swyddogaeth<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Maes gweithredu:<\/strong> Galwyd ar Mokosch yn feunyddiol yng nghwlt cartref hen y Slafiaid, gwedd\u00efai bob nyddwraig arni cyn cychwyn ei gwaith. Roedd <em>dydd Gwener<\/em> yn ddiwrnod sanctaidd iddi (mewn llawer o ranbarthau Slafaidd roedd nyddu ar ddydd Gwener yn tab\u0175, oherwydd byddai&#8217;n aflonyddu ar edafedd Mokosch).<\/p><p>Dogfennwyd arferion gwerin yn ymwneud \u00e2 Paraskewa Pjatnitsa (ail-ddehongliad Cristnogol) hyd ganrif yr 20fed: pererindodau at ffynhonnau, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Trosglwyddo gwrthrych, lle neu bobl i'r sanctaidd trwy weithred grefyddol.\" tabindex=\"0\">bendithio<\/span> gwaith brodio, gwahoddiadau genedigaeth. Yn draddodiad rodnowierie fodern, bl\u00f3t cychwyniad menywod a bendithio cartrefi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ffyrdd o amddiffyn<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Troell nyddu, cogail, edafedd, cyrn (mewn darluniadau hynafol), gwisg lys wedi&#8217;i brodio&#8217;n gyfoethog, daear wlyb, ffynnon, pydew. Planhigion sanctaidd: llin (y defnydd ar gyfer ei nyddu), cywarch, barlys. Anifeiliaid sanctaidd: dafad (gwl\u00e2n), corryn (nyddu). Diwrnod sanctaidd: dydd Gwener.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bodau Cysylltiedig<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Paraskewa Pjatnitsa<\/em> (Uniongred Rwsiaidd, ail-ddehongliad Cristnogol), <em>Mat&#8217; Syra Zemlja<\/em> (Rwsiaidd, cysyniad &#8220;Mam-ddaear wlyb&#8221;, yn aml wedi&#8217;i uniaethu \u00e2 Mokosch), <em>Demeter<\/em> (Groeg, mam-ddaear), <em>Ceres<\/em> (Rhufain), <em>Gaia<\/em> (Groeg, hen-ddaear), <em>P\u1e5bthiv\u00ee<\/em> (Hind\u0175aeth, mam-ddaear), <em>Frigg<\/em> (Germanaidd, agwedd nyddwraig), <em>Inari<\/em> (Japan, duwies reis, cyfochredd rhannol), <em>Pachamama<\/em> (Inca). Yn swyddogaethol: mae holl dduwiesau&#8217;r ddaear a&#8217;r nyddu yn rhannu agweddau \u00e2 Mokosch.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mokosch, cyfochrogion mewn diwylliannau eraill<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae Mokosch yn cyfateb i Demeter Roegaidd (duwies grawn) a Gaia (duwies daear), i Nertus Germanaidd, ac i Tellus Rufeinig. Mae&#8217;r fam-ddaear fenywaidd yn batrwm archdeipiol cyffredinol; gorwedd unigrywiaeth Mokosch yn ei chysylltiad uniongyrchol \u00e2 chrefft, nid yw&#8217;n famol mewn ffordd haniaethol ond yn weithredol goncrit.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Traddodiad Iddewig:<\/strong> Mae Lilith a&#8217;r Shekhinah yn rhannu agweddau o fenyweidd-dra, cartref a chysylltiad daearol \u00e2 Mokosch, er bod Shekhinah yn cyfateb yn fwy i&#8217;r dimensiwn trosgynnol.<\/p><p><strong>Byd Groeg-Rufeinig:<\/strong> Mae Demeter a Hera yn ymgorffori daear a chartref; Demeter gyda thyfu cnydau a ffrwythlondeb, Hera gydag awdurdod teuluol, y ddwy elfen wedi&#8217;u cyfuno yn Mokosch.<\/p><p><strong>Traddodiad Germanaidd:<\/strong> Mae Frau Holle a Frigg yn llywodraethu&#8217;r cartref, y grefft nyddu, a bendithion daearol, swyddogaethau y mae Mokosch yn eu rhannu. Mae parhad rhethreg werin yn awgrymu duwies-ddaear Indo-Ewropeaidd.<\/p><p><strong>Hind\u0175aeth:<\/strong> Mae Prithvi, duwies y ddaear, a Lakshmi, duwies cyfoeth, yn uno swyddogaethau tebyg i Mokosch, daear, ffrwythlondeb, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyflwyno lles ac amddiffyniad, yn aml ar ffurf ieithyddol sefydlog.\" tabindex=\"0\">bendith<\/span> ar gyfer cartref a chrefft.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3e8eda2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp3e8eda2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0d92f39 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp0d92f39\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mokosch yn y groniclau a delw dduwiau Kiev<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd4b9a47 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpd4b9a47\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e147d5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2e147d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mokosch yw&#8217;r unig <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bod a addolir fel duw o fewn crefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">dduwies<\/span> fenywaidd a enwir yn y ffynhonnell ysgrifenedig bwysicaf am grefydd Slafiaid y Dwyrain cyn Cristnogaeth.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r <em>Groniclau Nestor<\/em>, a elwir hefyd yn <em>Hanes y Blynyddoedd a Fu<\/em>, yn adrodd bod y tywysog Wladimir o Kiev, ym mlwyddyn 980, yn fyr cyn ei dr\u00f6edigaeth ei hun i Gristnogaeth, wedi gorchymyn codi delwau o dduwiau yn Kiev. Yn rhestr y duwiau hyn, ochr yn ochr \u00e2 Perun, Chors, Dazhbog, Stribog a Simargl, mae Mokosch yn ymddangos hefyd.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r cyfeiriad hwn yn arwyddocaol iawn, gan ei fod yn dangos nad ffigwr o ofergoeliaeth wledig yn unig oedd Mokosch, ond y cafodd ei chynnwys yn addoliad swyddogol duwiau Rus Kiev.<\/p><p>Ar y llaw arall, mae&#8217;r ffynhonnell yn broblematig: cafodd y crynicl ei ysgrifennu gan fynachlogwyr Cristnogol yn y ddeuddegfed ganrif, hynny yw dros ganrif ar \u00f4l y digwyddiadau a ddisgrifir. Nid oedd gan yr awduron unrhyw ddiddordeb mewn portreadu paganiaeth mewn goleuni caredig, ac nid yw&#8217;n sicr pa mor dda roeddent yn deall yr hen grefydd o hyd.<\/p><p>Nid yw&#8217;r crynicl yn dweud dim manylach am safle Mokosch o fewn y pantheon hwn. Mae ysgolheigion wedi tynnu casgliadau o&#8217;i safle yn y rhestr, o destunau gwahardd eglwysig diweddarach, ac o draddodiadau gwerin.<\/p><p>Mae llyfrau penyd ac bregethau eglwysig y canrifoedd dilynol yn enwi Mokosch dro ar \u00f4l tro fel un o&#8217;r addoliadau gwaharddedig, sy&#8217;n awgrymu bod ei <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm y gweithredoedd addoliadol crefyddol i dduw neu ffigwr sanctaidd.\" tabindex=\"0\">chwlt<\/span> yn parhau&#8217;n fyw am amser hir ar \u00f4l Cristnogeiddio, yn arbennig ymhlith menywod ac yng nghefn gwlad.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5eb6232 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp5eb6232\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp85beed5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp85beed5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yr Etymoleg a Nyddu fel Thema Bywyd<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp18bcb14 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp18bcb14\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa03b5b4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa03b5b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae tarddiad yr enw Mokosch yn destun dadl ieithyddol, ac mae ysgolheigion wedi cynnig sawl dehongliad. Mae un esboniad cyffredin yn ei gysylltu \u00e2&#8217;r gwreiddyn Slafaidd am \u201egwlyb\u201c neu \u201ellaith\u201c, a fyddai&#8217;n gwneud Mokosch yn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bod a addolir fel duw o fewn crefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">dduwies<\/span> gysylltiedig \u00e2 lleithder, daear a ffrwythlondeb.<\/p><p>Mae dehongliad arall, a gynigiwyd gan yr ieithydd Roman Jakobson, yn cysylltu&#8217;r enw \u00e2 geiriau am nyddu a phlethu, hynny yw \u00e2&#8217;r weithred o brosesu llin a gwl\u00e2n.<\/p><p>Nid yw&#8217;r ddau ddehongliad yn gwrthddweud ei gilydd, gan fod Mokosch yn ymddangos yn draddodiad gwerin Slafaidd yn agos gysylltiedig \u00e2 nyddu a gwehyddu. Ystyrid hi fel gwarcheidwad menywod a&#8217;u gwaith llaw, ac ar y pryd yn oruchwyliwr caeth.<\/p><p>Mae cred werin adnabyddus yn dweud nad oedd caniat\u00e2d i nyddu ar ddydd Gwener, y diwrnod a briodolwyd iddi; os gwneid hynny er hynny, gallai Mokosch ddod liw nos, drysu&#8217;r edafedd, neu gosbi&#8217;r nyddwraig. Yn rhai ardaloedd, dywedid bod menyw anweledig yn cyffwrdd \u00e2&#8217;r gwaith a adawyd yn ystod y nos.<\/p><p>Mewn llawer o ddiwylliannau, mae nyddu&#8217;n gysylltiedig \u00e2&#8217;r syniad o dynged, gan fod y llinyn yn ddelwedd hen am hanes bywyd. Ni ellir profi&#8217;n bendant o&#8217;r ffynonellau ai duwies dynged mewn ystyr gaeth oedd Mokosch yn wreiddiol, ond mae&#8217;r cwlwm agos \u00e2&#8217;r llinyn a&#8217;r edafedd yn awgrymu haenen ystyr o&#8217;r fath.<\/p><p>O safbwynt astudiaethau crefyddol, mae Mokosch felly&#8217;n enghraifft o sut mae <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bod a addolir fel duw o fewn crefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">duwies<\/span> yn cael ei diffinio gan weithred benodol, feunyddiol, ac yn parhau o&#8217;r herwydd yn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Y ffordd o fyw a'r ymarfer crefyddol byw a phrofiadol.\" tabindex=\"0\">ddefosiwn<\/span> byw pobl. Ceir ffigyrau cysylltiedig yn amgylchedd ehangach <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/slafaidd\/\">traddodiad Slafaidd<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa870f58 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpa870f58\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0664f51 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp0664f51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O'r Cwlt Pagan i'r Santes Paraskeva<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp79c7502 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp79c7502\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd2b6324 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpd2b6324\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Un o&#8217;r datblygiadau mwyaf goleuedig yn hanes Mokosch yw&#8217;r ffordd y cyfunwyd hi&#8217;n rhannol \u00e2 santes Gristnogol ar \u00f4l tr\u00f6edigaeth Slafiaid y Dwyrain. Mae ysgolheigion yn nodi bod llawer o swyddogaethau a phriodoleddau Mokosch wedi trosglwyddo i&#8217;r Santes Paraskeva, a ddaeth yn adnabyddus mewn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Y crefyddoldeb a fyw yn y bywyd bob dydd, yn aml ochr yn ochr \u00e2'r ddysgeidiaeth swyddogol.\" tabindex=\"0\">ddefosiwn gwerin<\/span> Uniongred fel <em>Paraskeva Pjatniza<\/em>. Mae&#8217;r llysenw <em>Pjatniza<\/em> yn golygu&#8217;n llythrennol \u201edydd Gwener\u201c.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r trosglwyddiad hwn yn hawdd ei ddeall o safbwynt hanes crefyddol. Roedd Mokosch yn gysylltiedig \u00e2 dydd Gwener, \u00e2 gwarchod menywod, \u00e2 nyddu a gwehyddu, ac \u00e2 d\u0175r.<\/p><p>Cymerodd y Santes Paraskeva drosodd yr un maes bron: ystyrid hithau hefyd fel gwarcheidwad menywod, gwaith llaw a dydd Gwener, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Wedi'i drosglwyddo i'r sanctaidd trwy weithred grefyddol, ac felly wedi'i godi allan o'r cyffredin.\" tabindex=\"0\">cysegrwyd<\/span> ffynhonnau a ffynhonnau d\u0175r iddi hithau, ac roedd y gwaharddiad rhag nyddu ar ei diwrnod yn berthnasol iddi hi hefyd.<\/p><p>Cymerodd y santes Gristnogol felly le&#8217;r dduwies bagan, heb ddisodli ei swyddogaethau&#8217;n gyfan gwbl.<\/p><p>Cofnodwyd prosesau trosglwyddo o&#8217;r fath yn fwy nag unwaith yng Nghristnogeiddio Ewrop, a ch\u00e2nt eu dehongli gan ysgolheigion fel tystiolaeth bod anghenion crefyddol yn parhau, hyd yn oed pan fydd fframwaith y ffydd swyddogol yn newid.<\/p><p>Ar gyfer ail-lunio Mokosch, mae&#8217;r cysylltiad \u00e2 Paraskeva yn gyfrwng amhrisiadwy: gan fod y ffynonellau uniongyrchol mor brin, mae&#8217;r straeon a&#8217;r arferion ynghylch y Santes Paraskeva yn caniat\u00e1u casgliadau anuniongyrchol am broffil gwreiddiol y dduwies.<\/p><p>Ar yr un pryd, mae ysgolheigion yn rhybuddio am ofal, gan y gall syniadau nad oes a wnelont \u00e2 Mokosch gymysgu \u00e2 chwlt y santes. Mae gwahanu&#8217;r ddwy haen hyn yn parhau i fod yn dasg fethodolegol agored.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0aad629 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp0aad629\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpdc85c9d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpdc85c9d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sail y Ffynonellau, Ail-luniad a Chyfyngiadau Gwybodaeth<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp69caf79 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp69caf79\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfabff6a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpfabff6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae Mokosch yn perthyn i&#8217;r ffigurau lle mae gochelgarwch gwyddonol yn arbennig o bwysig. Mae&#8217;r sail sicr yn fain: y s\u00f4n unigryw yn Chronicl Nestor, ychydig o destunau gwaharddiad eglwysig sy&#8217;n cofnodi ei henw, a thraddodiad llafar eang ond a gofnodwyd yn hwyr am y gwaharddiad ar ddydd Gwener a&#8217;r nyddu. Ailadeiladu yw&#8217;r gweddill i gyd.<\/p><p>Mae rhan o&#8217;r llenyddiaeth boblogaidd yn portreadu Mokosch fel dduwies fawr y ddaear a mamolaeth, yn gyfatebiaeth Slafaidd i dduwiesau benywaidd mawr diwylliannau eraill. Mae portreadau o&#8217;r fath yn mynd ymhell y tu hwnt i&#8217;r hyn y mae&#8217;r ffynonellau&#8217;n ei ganiat\u00e1u.<\/p><p>Maent yn seiliedig yn rhannol ar <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm y chwedlau duwiau a drosglwyddwyd o ddiwylliant.\" tabindex=\"0\">fytholeg<\/span> gymharol, ac yn rhannol ar ddyheadau modern am <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bod a addolir fel duwiol o fewn crefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">dduwdod<\/span> benywaidd nerthol.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r ymchwil academaidd o safon, megis y gwaith ar grefydd Slafaidd yng nghylch Aleksander Gieysztor neu&#8217;r trosolygon critigol mwy diweddar, yn pwysleisio i&#8217;r gwrthwyneb fod llawer yn parhau&#8217;n anghyfannedd ynghylch statws union Mokosch, ei pherthynas \u00e2&#8217;r duwiau eraill a maint ei chwlt.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r ddamcaniaeth, a ddaeth yn gyffredin ers yr ugeinfed ganrif, am brif chwedl Slafaidd lle mae Mokosch yn cyflawni r\u00f4l sefydlog fel priod neu wrthwynebydd Perun, hithau&#8217;n cael ei hystyried yn ddamcaniaethol. Datblygwyd y ddamcaniaeth hon yn bennaf gan Wjatscheslaw Iwanow a Wladimir Toporow, ond mae&#8217;n destun dadl oherwydd ehangder ei rhagdybiaethau.<\/p><p>Yn wyddonol felly, mae Mokosch yn achos dysgu am gyfyngiadau ailadeiladu: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bod a addolir fel duwiol o fewn crefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">duwdod<\/span> y mae ei bodolaeth a&#8217;i harwyddoc\u00e2d cwltig yn sicr, ond na ellir amlinellu ei phroffil pendant ond yn ofalus ac amlinellol. Bydd y sawl a fyn wybod mwy am y maes ffynonellau anodd hwn yn dod o hyd i esiamplau pellach o&#8217;r broblem hon yn adran <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/slafaidd\/\">mytholeg Slafaidd<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cysylltiadau pellach<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/perun\/\">Perun, priod yn \u00f4l un traddodiad<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/veles\/\">Veles, priod yn \u00f4l un traddodiad, p\u00e2r cthonaidd-llaith<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/marena\/\">Marena, duwies Slafaidd cthonaidd berthynol<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/svarog\/\">Svarog, duw Slafaidd perthynol<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/demeter\/\">Demeter, cyfatebiaeth Groegaidd o&#8217;r fam-ddaear<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/slafaidd\/\">Slafaidd, trosolwg pantheon<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/duwiau-uchel\/\">Uchel-dduwiau, isgategori<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ffynonellau a llenyddiaeth<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li>V&aacute;&#328;a, Zden&#283;k: <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm y chwedlau duwiau a drosglwyddwyd o ddiwylliant.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mythologie<\/span> und G&ouml;tterwelt der slawischen V&ouml;lker<\/em>. Stuttgart 1992.<\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Iv&aacute;nov, Vja&#269;eslav \/ Toporov, Vladimir: <em>Issledovanija v oblasti slavjanskich drevnostej<\/em>. Moskau 1974.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Hubbs, Joanna: <em>Mother Russia. The Feminine Myth in Russian Culture<\/em>. Bloomington 1988.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Pittner, Manfred: <em>Slawische <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm y chwedlau duwiau a drosglwyddwyd o ddiwylliant.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mythologie<\/span><\/em>. K&ouml;ln 2009.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Rybakov, Boris A.: <em>Yazychestvo drevnih slavyan<\/em> (&bdquo;Paganiaeth yr Hen Slafiaid&ldquo;). Moskau 1981.<\/span><\/li><li>Walde, Christine (Hg.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (Lemma &bdquo;Mokosch&ldquo;).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1762,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Mokosch","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Mokosch \u2013 duwies ffrwythlondeb Slafiaid Dwyreiniol","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Mokosch, noddwraig menywod a chynhalwraig llin a ffrwythlondeb yn y grefydd Slafaidd Ddwyreiniol.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"1","wesen_kultur":"slawisch","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-191321","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site 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