{"id":191320,"date":"2026-09-07T07:25:37","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T07:25:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=191320"},"modified":"2026-09-07T07:29:24","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T07:29:24","slug":"shiva","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/shiva\/","title":{"rendered":"Shiva"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"191320\" class=\"elementor elementor-191320 elementor-1994 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shiva, duw'r traddodiad Hind\u0175aidd<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae Shiva yn dduw o&#8217;r traddodiad Hind\u0175aidd.<\/p><p><strong>Y dinistrydd a&#8217;r adnewyddwr, y duw dawnsio myfyrdod.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Duw \/ Duwies: Grym uchaf personol o fewn pantheon diwylliant, gyda meysydd cyfrifoldeb clir, megis grymoedd natur, tynged, rhyfel, ffrwythlondeb. Addolir trwy gwltiau, offrymau a sefydliadau teml.\">Duw<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/hindwaeth\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Bydoedd duwiau, asuraidd ac amddiffynnol Hind\u0175aidd, o'r cyfnod Fedaidd i'r tantrig.\">Hind\u0175aeth<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Ni chanfuwyd unrhyw benawdau ar y dudalen hon.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCynnwys\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 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24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_shiva-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-193528\" alt=\"Shiva \u2013 prif dduw Hind\u0175aidd dinistr ac aileni\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_shiva-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_shiva-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_shiva-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_shiva.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shiva<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae Shiva yn un o dri duw&#8217;r Trimurti, y drindod gosmig sy&#8217;n creu, cynnal a dinistrio&#8217;r bydysawd. Gyda&#8217;i drydydd llygad, sy&#8217;n troi bydoedd yn lludw, tryfer yn ei law a nadroedd am ei war, mae Shiva&#8217;n dawnsio&#8217;r *Nataraja*, y Ddawns Gosmig sy&#8217;n cymysgu amser, gofod a defnydd.<\/p><p>Duw eithafion: yr ascetig gwyllt yn ogof yr Himalaya, ac ar yr un pryd g\u0175r cariadus Parvati a thad Ganesha.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Proffil byr: Shiva<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Math:<\/strong> Prif dduwdod Hind\u0175aidd, dinistrydd a thrawsnewidiwr (Trimurti), noddwr asgetigion<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm duwiau crefydd neu ddiwylliant.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pantheon<\/span>: Hind\u0175aeth (yn enwedig Shaivaeth, un o&#8217;r ddwy brif enwad Hind\u0175aidd)<br>Swyddogaeth: dinistrio ac ailadeiladu&#8217;r bydysawd, dawns gosmig, ioga, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Traddodiad crefyddol-defodol yn Hind\u0175aeth a Bwdhaeth gyda dysgeidiaeth am bolaredd egni.\">Tantra<\/span><br>Priodoleddau prif: Trishula (tryfer), Damaru (drwm), trydydd llygad, nadroedd, cilgant y lleuad, arffedog croen teigr<br>Prif safleoedd cwlt: Varanasi (Kashi-Vishwanath), Mynydd Kailash (Tibet), Kedarnath, Rameswaram, y 12 Jyotirlingas<br>Prif ymddangosiadau: Nataraja (dawnsiwr cosmig), Bhairava (llidiog), Ardhanarishvara (androgynaidd), Lingam (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Arwydd sy'n cynrychioli syniad neu ystyr.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> di-ffurf)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Trosolwg<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cyfnod y Testunau<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae Shiva yn datblygu o&#8217;r duw storm ac iach\u00e2d Fedaidd <em>Rudra<\/em> (Rigveda, 1200&ndash;900 CC), yn yr emynau Fedaidd mae Rudra yn dal yn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bod a addolir fel duwdod o fewn crefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">dduwdod<\/span> ymylol ac ofnus. Cododd i fod yn brif dduwdod yn y <em>Pur\u00e2\u1e47as<\/em> (yn enwedig y <em>\u015aiva Pur\u00e2\u1e47a<\/em> a&#8217;r <em>Linga Pur\u00e2\u1e47a<\/em>, 4ydd&ndash;10fed ganrif OC).<\/p><p>Prif gyfnod blodeuo&#8217;r traddodiadau tantrig Shaiva o&#8217;r 8fed ganrif ymlaen (K\u00e2p\u00e2lika, K\u00e2l\u00e2mukha, Shaiva-Siddh\u00e2nta, ysgol Trikasamb\u00e2ndha o Shaivaeth Kashmir gydag Abhinavagupta). Yng ngwlad Tamil, corpws pwysig <em>N\u00e2yan\u00e2rs<\/em>-Bhakti (6ed&ndash;9fed ganrif). Heddiw, un o dri phrif dduwdod Hind\u0175aidd ynghyd \u00e2 Vishnu a Devi; mae&#8217;r traddodiad Shaiva yn cynnwys tua thraean o&#8217;r holl Hind\u0175iaid.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ardal Ledaeniad<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Prif safleoedd cwlt: <strong>Varanasi<\/strong> (Kashi, gyda <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adeilad a ddefnyddir i addoli un neu fwy o dduwdodau.\" tabindex=\"0\">deml<\/span> Kashi-Vishwanath, un o&#8217;r safleoedd sancteiddiaf yn Hind\u0175aeth, lle dywedir bod marw&#8217;n arwain yn uniongyrchol at Mok\u1e63a), <strong>Mynydd Kailash<\/strong> (yng ngorllewin Tibet, ei drigfan fytholegol), <strong>Kedarnath<\/strong> (Uttarakhand, Himalaya), <strong>Rameswaram<\/strong> (Tamil Nadu, un o bedwar safle pererindod Char-Dham).<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r <em>Deuddeg Jyotirlingas<\/em> yn ffurfio prif gadwyn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Person sy'n mynd ar daith grefyddol i safle sanctaidd.\" tabindex=\"0\">bererindod<\/span> a leolir ar draws India yn ddaearyddol: Somnath, Mallikarjuna, Mahakaleshwar (Ujjain), Omkareshwar, Kedarnath, Bhimashankar, Kashi-Vishwanath, Trimbakeshwar, Vaidyanath, Nageshwar, Rameshwar, Ghushmeshwar. Yng ngwlad Tamil, mae <strong>Chidambaram<\/strong>, canolfan gwlt Nataraja, yn ganolbwynt diwinyddol traddodiad Shaiva Tamil. Yn rhyngwladol, ym mhob <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adeilad a ddefnyddir i addoli un neu fwy o dduwdodau.\" tabindex=\"0\">deml<\/span> Hind\u0175aidd gydag addoliad Lingam.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sail y Ffynonellau<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Ffynonellau canolog: <em>Rigveda<\/em> (emynau Rudra, yn enwedig Rg.V. 2.33), y <em>\u015aiva Pur\u00e2\u1e47a<\/em>, <em>Linga Pur\u00e2\u1e47a<\/em>, <em>Skanda Pur\u00e2\u1e47a<\/em>, <em>K\u00fbrma Pur\u00e2\u1e47a<\/em>. Testunau tantrig: <em>Vij\u00f1\u00e2na Bhairava T\u00e2ntra<\/em>, <em>M\u00e2linivijayottara T\u00e2ntra<\/em>, <em>Svacchanda T\u00e2ntra<\/em>, <em>Netra T\u00e2ntra<\/em>. Bhakti Tamil: <em>Tev\u00e2ram<\/em> gan y tri N\u00e2yan\u00e2rs (Sambandar, Appar, Sundarar) a <em>Tiruv\u00e2cakam<\/em> gan Manikkav\u00e2cakar.<\/p><p>Shaivaeth Kashmir: <em>Tantr\u00e2loka<\/em> Abhinavagupta. Llenyddiaeth eilaidd: Doniger, <em>Asceticism and Eroticism in the Mythology of \u015aiva<\/em> (clasurol); Sanderson, <em>The \u015aaiva Age<\/em>; Kramrisch, <em>The Presence of \u015aiva<\/em>; Michaels, <em>Der Hinduismus<\/em>.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enw a Fersiynau<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Darlunnir Shiva fel duw \u00e2 gwddf glas, yn aml yn noeth neu wedi ei wisgo mewn croen teigr, gyda&#8217;i wallt wedi ei glymu mewn cwlwm, y mae lleuad cilgant ac afon Ganga yn llifo ohono. Mae ei drydydd llygad, yn fertigol ar ei dalcen, yn dod yn arf mewn dicter.<\/p><p>Yng ngwallt Shiva mae&#8217;r lleuad a&#8217;r Ganga ei hun yn byw. Mae&#8217;n cario tryfer (Trishula), drwm bach (Damaru), a nadroedd fel addurn. Y Lingam, ffurf annelwig, ffalig, yw ei brif symbol addoli. Mae&#8217;r lludw (Vibhuti) ar ei groen yn cyfeirio at ymwadiad a dinistr cosmig.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nodweddion<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae Shiva yn cynrychioli&#8217;r ymwybyddiaeth gosmig sy&#8217;n dinistrio&#8217;n greadigol er mwyn adnewyddu. Nid yw ei ddawns <em>Nataraja<\/em> yn greulon, ond yn angenrheidiol, heb ddinistr nid oes ailenedigaeth. Wrth fyfyrio, cyfatebir ioga-wyr ac asgetigion \u00e2 Shiva; <em>Om Namah Shivaya<\/em> yw&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Fformwla sillafol neu eiriol a adroddir yn ddefodol gydag effaith drawsnewidiol; canolog mewn traddodiadau Indiaidd, wedi ei addasu yn y Gorllewin fel arfer datganiad.\">mantra<\/span> canolog Shaivaeth.<\/p><p>Cynhelir Shivaratri, &#8220;Noson Shiva&#8221;, yn flynyddol gyda gwylnosau, dathliadau a chylchdroi&#8217;r Lingam. Mae&#8217;r Lingas mewn temlau fel Varanasi yn ganolfannau addoliad a phererindod dwys.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Proffil: Shiva<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Y prif agweddau ar Siva (\u015aiva) mewn cipolwg. Mae&#8217;r meysydd canlynol yn crynhoi ei darddiad, swyddogaeth, ymddangosiad, addoliad, symbolau a chymariaethau diwylliannol.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cyd-destun Diwylliannol<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mewn un traddodiad daeth Shiva o&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Yn Hind\u0175aeth, y bod absoliwt, ffurflaw, heb briodoleddau; yn yr Upanishadau fe'i hystyrir yn sail i bob ymddangosiad.\">Brahman<\/span> heb ei greu ei hun, ac mewn traddodiad arall mae&#8217;n fab i greadigaeth Brahma. Priod <em>Parvati<\/em>, a hynny hefyd yn ei hagweddau fel <em>Sati<\/em> (y wraig gyntaf), <em>Durga<\/em> (y ryfelwraig), <em>Kali<\/em> (y dinistrwraig ffyrnig). Tad i <em>Ganesha<\/em> pen-eliffant ac i dduw&#8217;r rhyfel <em>Skanda\/Murugan\/Kartikeya<\/em>. Trigfan: <em>Mynydd Kailash<\/em> yn yr Himalaya.<\/p><p>Cymysgedd cymeriad unigryw yn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm y chwedlau am dduwiau a etifeddwyd o fewn diwylliant.\" tabindex=\"0\">fytholeg<\/span> byd cyfan: ar yr un pryd yn asgetig (<em>Mah\u00e2yog\u00ee<\/em>, yn myfyrio dros oesoedd) ac yn ddawnsiwr ecstatig (<em>Nataraja<\/em>); ar yr un pryd yn dduw dinistriol llidiog (agwedd Bhairava) ac yn \u0175r teuluol addfwyn a thosturiol (gyda Parvati a&#8217;r meibion).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gwrthrych gweithredu<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Distrywiwr yng nghysyniad y Trimurti, ond distryw fel <em>ail-greadigaeth angenrheidiol<\/em>: ar ddiwedd pob Mah\u00e2-Yuga mae Shiva&#8217;n dinistrio&#8217;r bydysawd trwy ei ddawns gosmig (T\u00e2\u1e47\u1e0dava), ac o&#8217;r lludw y cyfyd y byd nesaf. Nawddsant yr <em>ascetiaid<\/em> (<em>Sannyasi<\/em>, S\u00e2dhus, Aghoris), ioganwyr a thantrigwyr.<\/p><p>Yn nhraddodiad y Bhakti mae&#8217;n destun cariad duwiol personol (y N\u00e2yan\u00e2rs Tamil yw&#8217;r beirdd Shaiva-Bhakti enwocaf). Yn y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm y gweithredoedd addoli crefyddol a gyfeirir at dduw neu ffigwr sanctaidd.\" tabindex=\"0\">gwlt<\/span> Lingam fe&#8217;i haddolir fel agwedd egni ddiffurf, gyda&#8217;r <em>Lingam<\/em> (a&#8217;r <em>Yoni<\/em> fel sylfaen) yn symbol o&#8217;r egni creadigol digreu. Yng Nghashmir Shaiviaeth ef yw&#8217;r realiti ymwybyddiaeth eithaf (<em>Param\u00e2\u015biva<\/em>).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ymddangosiad<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yn ddynol ar ffurf g\u0175r asgetig \u00e2 chroen glas-lwyd (yn y traddodiad tantrig: wedi&#8217;i orchuddio \u00e2 lludw, &#8220;gwyn fel eira Kailash&#8221;). <em>Trydydd llygad<\/em> ar ei dalcen (llygad canfyddiad uwch, gydag ef y llosgodd Kama, duw cariad). <em>Lleuad newydd<\/em> yn ei wallt cudynnog (<em>jata<\/em>), sy&#8217;n dal llif afon Ganges (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Chwedl draddodiadol am dduwiau, tarddiadau a threfn y byd.\" tabindex=\"0\">chwedl<\/span> Ganga-Avatara\u1e47a). <em>Nadroedd<\/em> o amgylch ei wddf ac fel addurniad sanctaidd.<\/p><p><em>Trishula<\/em> (tryfer) a <em>Damaru<\/em> (drwm awrwydr, y mae ei sain yn creu&#8217;r bydysawd). <em>Ffedog o groen teigr<\/em>. Ar ffurf <strong>Nataraja<\/strong> fel ffigwr yn dawnsio&#8217;n gosmig o fewn cylch o d\u00e2n (<em>prabh\u00e2ma\u1e47\u1e0dala<\/em>): un goes yn codi, y llall yn sathru&#8217;r cor-gythraul Apasm\u00e2ra (anwybodaeth). Ar ffurf <strong>Ardhanarishvara<\/strong> mae&#8217;n androgynaidd, un hanner yn Shiva, y llall yn Parvati. Ar ffurf <strong>Bhairava<\/strong> mae&#8217;n ffyrnig gydag addurniadau o benglogau.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gweithgaredd<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Maes gweithredu:<\/strong> gelwir ar Shiva bob dydd gan gannoedd o filiynau o Hind\u0175iaid. Prif wyliau: <em>Maha-Shivaratri<\/em> (&#8220;noson fawr Shiva&#8221;, Chwefror\/Mawrth, un o wyliau mwyaf Hind\u0175aidd, a gedwir yn effro mewn temlau gyda defodau Abhi\u1e63eka i&#8217;r Lingam), <em>K\u00e2rttika Pur\u1e47im\u00e2<\/em>, <em>Pradosha Vrata<\/em> (ympryd bob dau fis ar y trydydd diwrnod ar ddeg y lleuad).<\/p><p>Yn Varanasi ystyrir marwolaeth yn fynediad uniongyrchol i Mok\u1e63a trwy&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Y gweithred o alw neu erfyn ar dduw neu b\u0175er.\" tabindex=\"0\">alwad<\/span> ddyddiol ar Shiva i glust y sawl sy&#8217;n marw. Arferion tantrig yn nhraddodiadau&#8217;r Aghori a&#8217;r K\u00e2p\u00e2lika (asgetigiaeth eithafol, defodau mynwentydd).<\/p><p>Mae addoli&#8217;r Lingam yn ganolog ym mhob <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adeilad a ddefnyddir i addoli un neu ragor o dduwiau.\" tabindex=\"0\">deml<\/span> Shiva, a golchir y Lingam \u00e2 d\u0175r, llaeth, m\u00eal, llaeth cnau coco a ghee (Abhi\u1e63eka <em>Pa\u00f1c\u00e2m\u1e5bta<\/em>). Yn Chidambaram mae&#8217;r brahmin Dik\u1e63itar wedi cynnal yr un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Trefn reolaidd o weithredoedd symbolaidd sydd \u00e2 phwysigrwydd crefyddol neu ddiwylliannol.\" tabindex=\"0\">ddefod<\/span> Nataraja ers dros 1000 o flynyddoedd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cyfryngau Amddiffynnol<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Trishula (tryfer), Damaru (drwm awrwydr), trydydd llygad, lleuad newydd yn y gwallt cudynnog, gwddwgles o nadroedd (yn arbennig Vasuki), ffedog o groen teigr, <em>Lingam<\/em> (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Arwydd sy'n cynrychioli syniad neu ystyr.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> egni diffurf, y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Arwydd sy'n cynrychioli syniad neu ystyr.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> Shiva pwysicaf oll), tarw <em>Nandi<\/em> (anifail marchogaeth, bob amser wrth fynedfa temlau Shiva), <em>vibh\u00fbti<\/em> (lludw sanctaidd, tair rhesen ar y talcen), gleiniau gweddi <em>Rudr\u00e2k\u1e63a<\/em> (hadau&#8217;r pren sanctaidd).<\/p><p>Planhigion sanctaidd: pren <em>Bilva<\/em> (Aegle marmelos, credir bod ei ddail yn arbennig o annwyl gan Shiva), Datura, y pren banyan. Lludw sanctaidd o safleoedd amlosgi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cyfochrogion<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Rudra<\/em> (rhagflaenydd Fedig), <em>Bhairava<\/em> (agwedd ffyrnig, tudalen ar wah\u00e2n), <em>Mahakala<\/em> (Bwdhaeth, addasiad <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"'Cerbyd Diemwnt'; ffurf dantrig ar Fwdhaeth Mahayana, yn bennaf yn Tibet, gyda ymarfer Yidam a thechneg Mantra yn ganolog.\">Vajrayana<\/span> fel duw amddiffynnol ffyrnig), <em>Pashupati<\/em> (rhagflaenydd posib o Ddyffryn yr Indus ar seliau cynhanesyddol o Mohenjo-Daro), <em>Dionysos<\/em> (Groeg, agwedd ecstatig-ddinistriol, dawns, traddodiad gwin), <em>Hades-Plouton<\/em> (Groeg, agwedd ddeuol <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Yn perthyn i'r ddaear neu'r isfyd; yn y grefydd hynafol, duwiau ac ysbrydion y dyfnder (Hades, yr Erinyes, Demeter chthonia).\">cthonig<\/span>-ffrwythlon), <em>Wotan-Odin<\/em> (Germanaidd, brenin-iogi unllygeidiog), <em>Cernunnos<\/em> (Celtaidd, duw&#8217;r fforest asgetig \u00e2 chyrn). Yn swyddogaethol: mae&#8217;r holl brif dduwiau distrywiol-adnewyddol, a&#8217;r holl dduwiau athrawiaethol asgetig-tantrig, yn rhannu agweddau Shiva.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ymarfer amddiffynnol<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Defodau addoli<\/strong><\/p><p>Mae Shiva, ochr yn ochr \u00e2 Vishnu, yn brif dduw yr Hind\u0175aeth (Trimurti). Mae addoliad dyddiol yn cynnwys <em>abhisheka<\/em> (tywallt llaeth, m\u00eal, iogwrt, ghee a d\u0175r, y <em>panchamrita<\/em>, dros y Linga) a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Rhodd i dduwdod i fynegi diolch, cais neu addoliad.\" tabindex=\"0\">offrymau<\/span> o ddail bilva ar y Linga.<\/p><p>Mahashivaratri (ym mis Phalguna, Chwefror\/Mawrth) yw ei \u0175yl fwyaf, gyda gwylnos dros nos ac ymprydio (gw. Doniger, <em>Hindu Myths<\/em>). Ei brif gyrchfan bererindod yw Varanasi (Kashi Vishvanath); mae&#8217;r deuddeg cysegrle Jyotirlinga (Somnath, Mahakaleshwar, Kedarnath ac eraill) yn siapio&#8217;r ddefosiwn ranbarthol.<\/p><p><strong>Mantrau a galwadau<\/strong><\/p><p>Y Mahamrityunjaya-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sillaf neu fformwla sanctaidd a adroddir dro ar \u00f4l tro yn yr Hind\u0175aeth a Bwdhaeth.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mantra<\/span> (Rigveda 7.59.12), \u201eOm Tryambakam Yajamahe&#8221;, yw mantra iach\u00e2d ac amddiffyn mwyaf enwog India. Adroddir y Panchakshara-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sillaf neu fformwla sanctaidd a adroddir dro ar \u00f4l tro yn yr Hind\u0175aeth a Bwdhaeth.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mantra<\/span> \u201eOm Namah Shivaya&#8221; (Yajurveda) 108 gwaith mewn ailadrodd <em>japa<\/em> gyda mala Rudraksha. Mae&#8217;r Shiva-Stuti o&#8217;r Lingapurana yn safon litwrgaidd.<\/p><p><strong>Amwletau a symbolau amddiffynnol<\/strong><\/p><p>Gleiniau Rudraksha (hadau ffrwyth Eleocarpus, \u201eDagrau Shiva&#8221;) mewn cadwyni mala o 27\/54\/108 glain. Gosodir Vibhuti (lludw sanctaidd) ar y talcen fel tri streipen llorweddol (<em>tripundra<\/em>). Trishula (tryfforch), Damaru (drwm si\u00e2p awrwydr) a&#8217;r Linga ei hun yn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Lluosog Apotropaicon: gwrthrychau ac arwyddion a fwriedir i wrthsefyll drwg.\" tabindex=\"0\">apotropaia<\/span> eiconig.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shiva, cyfochrau mewn diwylliannau eraill<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Mae r\u00f4l Shiva fel distrywiwr ac adnewyddwr yn debyg i Chronos y Groegiaid neu Loki yn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm chwedlau duwiau traddodiadol diwylliant.\" tabindex=\"0\">fytholeg<\/span> Norsaidd, duwiau ymddatodiad. Mae ei asgetigiaeth yn atgoffa rhywun o Hermes Trismegistos y traddodiad alcemegol.<\/p><p>Mewn mudiadau esoterig modern, ystyrir Shiva yn aml fel <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Arwydd sy'n cynrychioli syniad neu ystyr.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> trawsnewidiad mewnol a nerth ysbrydol. Mae&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sillaf neu fformiwla sanctaidd a ailadroddir mewn Hind\u0175aeth a Bwdhaeth.\" tabindex=\"0\">mantra<\/span> <em>Om Namah Shivaya<\/em> yn hysbys ledled y byd mewn cylchoedd ioga.<\/p><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4973181 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp4973181\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e313a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2e313a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shiva fel Nataraja: dawns y byd<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa6fd70e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa6fd70e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfc5206b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpfc5206b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Un o ffurfiau amlygiad Shiva sydd fwyaf adnabyddus a theologol ddwys yw <em>Nataraja<\/em>, brenin y ddawns. Datblygwyd y ffurf hon yn arbennig yn Ne India, a chafodd ei ffurf glasurol weledol mewn efydd gan linach Chola rhwng y 9fed a&#8217;r 13eg ganrif. Mae&#8217;r efyddau Nataraja yn perthyn i weithiau pwysicaf hanes celf India.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r ddarluniad yn ddelwedd theolegol gyfansawdd trylwyr. Mae Shiva&#8217;n dawnsio o fewn cylch o fflamau sy&#8217;n cynrychioli&#8217;r bydysawd. O dan ei droed dde mae&#8217;n sathru corrach, sy&#8217;n cynrychioli anwybodaeth. Mae un o&#8217;i ddwylo yn dal drwm bach, y mae ei guriad yn nodi rhythm y greadigaeth.<\/p><p>Mae llaw arall yn dal fflam, arwydd y dadfeiliad a&#8217;r dinistr. Mae llaw arall yn dangos ystum di-ofn, ac mae&#8217;r bedwaredd law yn cyfeirio at y droed a godwyd, sy&#8217;n addo rhyddhad.<\/p><p>Yn y ddelwedd hon un mae pum gweithred Shiva, a briodolir iddo gan <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Y ddysgeidiaeth wyddonol am Dduw a chredoau crefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">theoleg<\/span> Hind\u0175aidd, yn cael eu crynhoi: creadigaeth, cynhaliad, dadfeiliad, cuddiad a rhyddhad. Nid symudiad yn unig felly yw&#8217;r ddawns, ond mynegiant o&#8217;r broses gosmig barhaus lle mae dod-i-fod a darfod ynghlwm yn anwahanadwy.<\/p><p>Trafododd yr hanesydd celf Ananda Coomaraswamy y dehongliad hwn yn fanwl mewn ysgrif a gafodd sylw mawr yn ddechrau&#8217;r 20fed ganrif. Prif fan cwlt y ffurf amlygiad hon yw&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adeilad a ddefnyddir ar gyfer addoli un neu ragor o dduwdodau.\" tabindex=\"0\">deml<\/span> fawr yn Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, a ystyrir fel y lle y perfformiodd Shiva&#8217;r ddawns hon.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpaeb46c1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpaeb46c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4f80a42 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp4f80a42\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Y Lingam: prif symbol cwltig Shiva<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp746bbf0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp746bbf0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9e69fe3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp9e69fe3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yn wahanol i lawer o dduwiau Hind\u0175aidd eraill, nid yw Shiva yn cael ei addoli mewn temlau yn bennaf ar ffurf ddynol, ond ar ffurf y <em>Lingam<\/em>, sef carreg gan amlaf silindrog gyda phen crwn.<\/p><p>Fel arfer saif y Lingam ar sylfaen o&#8217;r enw <em>yoni<\/em>. Yn \u00f4l y traddodiad, mae&#8217;r cyfuniad hwn yn cynrychioli cydweithrediad yr egwyddor wrywaidd a benywaidd, sef Shiva a&#8217;r Dduwies.<\/p><p>Bu dehongli&#8217;r Lingam yn destun trafod maith. Roedd yr ysgolheictod gorllewinol cynnar yn ei ddeall yn bennaf fel <span class=\"iwg-fachbegyn\" data-tooltip=\"Arwydd sy'n cynrychioli syniad neu ystyr.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> ffalig. Mae&#8217;r traddodiad Hind\u0175aidd ei hun, ynghyd \u00e2 rhan o&#8217;r ysgolheictod diweddarach, yn pwysleisio haen arall o ystyr: yn Sansgrit, mae&#8217;r gair <em>linga<\/em> hefyd yn golygu arwydd neu nodwedd.<\/p><p>Felly, y Lingam yw arwydd Shiva, ffurf fwriadol ddi-ddelw sy&#8217;n mynegi, drwy hynny&#8217;n union, natur ddiderfyn a thu hwnt i bob ffurf y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegyn\" data-tooltip=\"Bod a addolir fel duw o fewn crefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">dduwdod<\/span>. Yn \u00f4l chwedl o&#8217;r <em>Lingapurana<\/em>, ymddangosodd Shiva fel colofn olau ddiddiwedd, na allai Brahma na Vishnu ganfod ei dechrau na&#8217;i diwedd. Mae&#8217;r Lingam yn atgof o&#8217;r golofn ddigyfyngiad honno.<\/p><p>Ceir Lingamau ar sawl ffurf, o rai wedi&#8217;u cerfio&#8217;n gywrain mewn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegyn\" data-tooltip=\"Adeilad a ddefnyddir i addoli un neu ragor o dduwiau.\" tabindex=\"0\">deml<\/span>, hyd at gerrig naturiol, heb eu llunio \u00e2 llaw dyn, a ystyrir yn arbennig o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegyn\" data-tooltip=\"Yn perthyn i'r dwyfol, ac felly wedi'i wahanu o ddefnydd bob dydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">gysegredig<\/span>, hyd at y deuddeg <em>Jyotirlinga<\/em>, y lingamau golau, sydd wedi&#8217;u gwasgaru ar draws India ac a ystyrir yn gysegrleoedd Shivaidd pwysicaf.<\/p><p>Yn addoliad dyddiol y deml, anrhydeddir y Lingam \u00e2 d\u0175r, llaeth, dail y goeden Bilva, ac offrymau eraill. Nid yw&#8217;n <span class=\"iwg-fachbegyn\" data-tooltip=\"Arwydd sy'n cynrychioli syniad neu ystyr.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> haniaethol felly, ond canolbwynt concrid ar gyfer arfer defodol byw a beunyddiol.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpda063b5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpda063b5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpbaddc2a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpbaddc2a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yr Asgetig ar Gailash: Nodweddion Shiva<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8eba809 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp8eba809\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd7a7d91 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpd7a7d91\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae Shiva yn cyfuno yn ei ffurf nodweddion a ymddengys ar yr olwg gyntaf yn anghymarus. Y mae&#8217;r asgetig mawr, <em>Mahayogi<\/em>, sy&#8217;n aros yn ddi-syflyd mewn myfyrdod ar Fynydd Cailash yn yr Himalaya, ei gorff wedi&#8217;i orchuddio \u00e2 lludw, ei wallt wedi&#8217;i dorchi&#8217;n gudynnau anhrefnus.<\/p><p>Ar yr un pryd, y mae&#8217;n dad teuluol, wedi ei briodi \u00e2&#8217;r Dduwies Parvati ac yn dad i&#8217;r meibion Ganesha a Skanda. Y mae&#8217;n arglwydd yr anifeiliaid gwyllt a&#8217;r diffeithwch, yn gwisgo neidr fel addurn a chroen teigr, ond y mae hefyd yn byw yng nghanol ei deulu.<\/p><p>Nid gwrthddywediad yn y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Y trosglwyddo gwybodaeth a chwedlau dros genedlaethau.\" tabindex=\"0\">draddodiad<\/span> yw&#8217;r tensiwn hwn, ond yn hytrach mae&#8217;n rhan hanfodol o wraidd diwinyddol y ffigwr. Saif Shiva am orchfygu&#8217;r gwrthdrawiadau cyffredin.<\/p><p>Ef yw&#8217;r un a yf wenwyn ac eto nid yw&#8217;n marw: yn y stori am gorddi M\u00f4r y Llaeth, mae Shiva&#8217;n llyncu gwenwyn y byd sy&#8217;n bygwth dinistrio&#8217;r greadigaeth, ac yn ei ddal yn \u00f4l yn ei wddf, a droir yn las o&#8217;r herwydd, ac o hyn deillia ei lysenw <em>Nilakantha<\/em>, y Gwddf-las.<\/p><p>Yn ei nodweddion sefydlog ceir y trident, arwydd y cilgant lleuad yn ei wallt, y trydydd llygad ar ei dalcen a&#8217;i olwg yn medru difa, a&#8217;r afon sanctaidd Ganges, a ddisgyn i&#8217;r ddaear dros ei ben yn \u00f4l y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Y trosglwyddo gwybodaeth a chwedlau dros genedlaethau.\" tabindex=\"0\">draddodiad<\/span>, wedi&#8217;i arafu gan ei wallt, rhag i nerth y d\u0175r ddinistrio&#8217;r ddaear.<\/p><p>Ei anifail cludo yw&#8217;r tarw Nandi. Yn llu&#8217;r nodweddion hyn, dengys Shiva ei hun fel <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bod a addolir fel duwiol o fewn crefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">dduwdod<\/span> sy&#8217;n cyfuno&#8217;r peryglus a&#8217;r amddiffynnol, y gwyllt a&#8217;r trefnedig, y marwolaeth a&#8217;r rhyddhad, oll mewn un ffurf.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3deafac e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp3deafac\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe0713c3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpe0713c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shaiaeth: Shiva fel y Gwirionedd Uchaf<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe3d59a0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpe3d59a0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9cacd33 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp9cacd33\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O fewn Hind\u0175aeth ceir mudiad crefyddol eang sy&#8217;n addoli Shiva nid fel un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegyn\" data-tooltip=\"Bod a addolir fel duw o fewn crefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">dduwdod<\/span> ymhlith eraill, ond fel y gwir realiti eithaf: Shaifiaeth. Nid yw&#8217;r mudiad hwn yn undod cyson, ond yn hytrach yn cynnwys nifer helaeth o ysgolion rhanbarthol ac athronyddol wahanol a ddatblygodd dros ganrifoedd.<\/p><p>Ysgol bwysig yw Shaifiaeth Kashmir, traddodiad athronyddol a luniwyd yng ngogledd India rhwng y 9fed a&#8217;r 11eg ganrif, gyda Abhinavagupta yn brif feddyliwr iddi. Mae&#8217;n deall y realiti cyfan fel datblygiad o un ymwybyddiaeth, a gyfatebir \u00e2 Shiva.<\/p><p>Cyfeiriad pwysig arall yw&#8217;r Shaiva Siddhanta, sy&#8217;n arbennig o gyffredin yn ne India, ac a ddatblygodd ei ddysgeidiaeth ei hun ar berthynas Duw, yr enaid, a&#8217;r byd. Yn ogystal, bu grwpiau asgetig, weithiau ynysig o ran cymdeithas, a&#8217;r cynharaf ohonynt wedi&#8217;u tystio eisoes yn ystod canrifoedd cynnar ein hoes.<\/p><p>Mudiad pwysig o fewn Shaifiaeth de India oedd y Nayanar, sef gr\u0175p o seintiau barddol o&#8217;r canoloesoedd cynnar, y mae eu hemynau yn iaith Tamil yn canu clod i Shiva mewn t\u00f4n o ymroddiad personol.<\/p><p>Casglwyd eu caneuon ac maent yn parhau i fod yn rhan o repertoire litwrg\u00efaidd temlau Shivaidd de India hyd heddiw. Mae Shaifiaeth yn dangos nad ffigwr mytholegol yn unig yw Shiva, ond gwrthrych <span class=\"iwg-fachbegyn\" data-tooltip=\"Y ddysgeidiaeth wyddonol am Dduw a chred crefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">ddiwinyddiaeth<\/span> ac athroniaeth fanwl.<\/p><p>I&#8217;w ddilynwyr, ef yw sylfaen a nod pob peth, ac mae amrywiaeth yr ysgolion yn dangos pa mor wahanol y dehonglwyd y gred sengl hon dros hanes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4286f88 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp4286f88\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3aa6d6a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp3aa6d6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Y Ffynonellau: o'r Rudra Vedaidd i Oes y Puranau<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3b6167d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp3b6167d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfade2ec elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpfade2ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae gan gymeriad Shiva hanes hir sy&#8217;n bosibl ei ddilyn yn y ffynonellau. Yn yr ysgrifau hynaf, y Ved\u00e2u, nid yw&#8217;r enw Shiva yn ymddangos eto fel enw duw yn yr ystyr diweddarach. Yn wreiddiol mae&#8217;r gair <em>shiva<\/em> yn golygu ffafriol, trugarog, ac mae&#8217;n ymddangos fel ansoddair.<\/p><p>Er hynny, mae un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bod a addolir fel duwiol o fewn crefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">dduwdod<\/span> fedig yn dwyn nodweddion a fyddai&#8217;n dod yn nodweddiadol o Shiva yn ddiweddarach: y duw Rudra, cymeriad brawychus sy&#8217;n gysylltiedig \u00e2 stormydd, afiechyd a&#8217;r anialwch, un yr oedd pobl yn ceisio ei dawelu drwy <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Y weithred o alw ar dduwdod neu allu drwy weddi neu ymbil.\" tabindex=\"0\">ymbil<\/span>. Yn union o fewn ymbiliadau tawelu o&#8217;r fath y cafodd Rudra ei ddisgrifio \u00e2&#8217;r ansoddair <em>shiva<\/em>.<\/p><p>O&#8217;r gwreiddyn vedig hwn, ac yn \u00f4l pob tebyg o draddodiadau eraill nad oeddent yn vedig, datblygodd cymeriad clasurol Shiva dros ganrifoedd lawer. Cam pwysig ar y llwybr hwn yw&#8217;r <em>Shvetashvatara-Upanishad<\/em>, lle mae Rudra-Shiva eisoes yn ymddangos fel y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bod a addolir fel duwiol o fewn crefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">dduwdod<\/span> uchaf.<\/p><p>Ceir yr adroddiadau mytholegol manylaf yn yr epigau, yn arbennig y <em>Mahabharata<\/em>, ac yn y Puranas, corff eang o lenyddiaeth a gyfansoddwyd rhwng dechrau a diwedd yr Oesoedd Canol. Mae testunau fel y <em>Shivapurana<\/em> a&#8217;r <em>Lingapurana<\/em> yn crynhoi&#8217;r deunydd mytholegol.<\/p><p>Mae rhai ysgolheigion wedi awgrymu ymhellach fod gwreiddiau&#8217;n mynd yn \u00f4l hyd at Ddiwylliant yr Indus, gan gyfeirio at s\u00ealiau penodol sy&#8217;n dangos ffigwr yn eistedd wedi ei amgylchynu gan anifeiliaid. Fodd bynnag, mae&#8217;r dehongliad hwn yn hynod ddadleuol ac nid oes modd ei brofi.<\/p><p>Y peth sicr yw bod cymeriad Shiva yn ganlyniad proses hir lle daeth hen dduwdodau, traddodiadau rhanbarthol a myfyrdod diwinyddol ynghyd. I ddeall Shiva yn hanesyddol, rhaid rhoi sylw i&#8217;r haenau hyn, heb daflunio&#8217;n ddiofal y cymeriad cyflawn a geir yn y Puranas yn \u00f4l i&#8217;r cyfnodau cynharaf.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cysylltiadau pellach<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/ganesha\/\">Ganesha, mab (pen eliffant)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/bhairava\/\">Bhairava, ei agwedd ddig ei hun<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/mahakala\/\">Mahakala, addasiad tantrig-bwdhaidd<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/kali\/\">Kali, cymar benywaidd dig (agwedd Parvati)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/durga\/\">Durga, cymar benywaidd rhyfelgar (agwedd Parvati)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/hindwaeth\/\">Hind\u0175aeth, trosolwg pantheon<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/duwiau-uchel\/\">Uwch-dduwdodau, is-gategori<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/duwiau\/\">Duwiau, trosolwg dosbarthiadau<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Llenyddiaeth ymchwil<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Doniger, Wendy: <em>Asceticism and Eroticism in the Mythology of &Saacute;iva<\/em>. London 1973 (gwaith safonol).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Sanderson, Alexis: <em>The &Saacute;aiva Age<\/em>. In: <em>Genesis and Development of Tantrism<\/em>. Tokyo 2009.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Kramrisch, Stella: <em>The Presence of &Saacute;iva<\/em>. Princeton 1981.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Lorenzen, David N.: <em>The K&acirc;palikas and K&acirc;l&acirc;mukhas<\/em>. Berkeley 1972.<\/span><\/li><li>Sambandar, Appar, Sundarar: <em>Tev&acirc;ram<\/em>; Manikkav&acirc;cakar: <em>Tiruv&acirc;cakam<\/em> (Bhakti Tamil, cyfieithiadau ar gael).<\/li><li>Walde, Christine (Gol.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (cofnod &bdquo;&Saacute;iva&ldquo;).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Rhagor o weithiau safonol yn y <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/llenyddiaeth\/\">Rhestr Lyfryddiaeth<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52a9727 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"52a9727\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ea6358 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3ea6358\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<h2>Cwestiynau cyffredin am Shiva<\/h2>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Pwy yw&#8217;r duw Shiva yn Hind\u0175aeth?<\/h3><p>Mae Shiva yn un o dri duw pennaf Hind\u0175aeth, ynghyd \u00e2 Brahma (y Creawdwr) a Vishnu (y Cynhaliwr). Shiva yw&#8217;r Dinistriwr, ond yn \u00f4l y ddealltwriaeth Hind\u0175aidd mae dinistr yn angenrheidiol ar gyfer adnewyddiad, mae&#8217;n dadwneud y bydysawd ar ddiwedd oes-fyd er mwyn i fyd newydd gael ei greu.<\/p><p>Prif briodoleddau Shiva: y tryfer (Trishul), y drwm (Damaru), y trydydd llygad (llygad gwybodaeth), y sarff am ei wddf (Vasuki) a&#8217;r cilgant lleuad yn ei wallt. Mae&#8217;n myfyrio ar Fynydd Kailash.<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Beth yw dawns Shiva (Nataraja)?<\/h3><p>Mae Shiva Nataraja (Arglwydd y Ddawns) yn un o ffurfiau pwysicaf Shiva, y dawnsiwr cosmig sydd, yn ei ddawns Tandava, yn creu, cynnal a dinistrio&#8217;r bydysawd yr un pryd.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r cerfluniau efydd enwog o gyfnod Chola (y 10fed-12fed ganrif) yn ei ddangos \u00e2 phedwar braich o fewn cylch o fflamau, yn dawnsio ar y corrach Apasmara (anwybodaeth). Mae ystyr i bob ystum: y droed a godwyd yn cynrychioli rhyddhad, y corrach a wasgwyd i&#8217;r llawr yn cynrychioli anwybodaeth wedi&#8217;i dinistrio. Mae&#8217;r ddawns yn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Delwedd weladwy sy'n cynrychioli syniad haniaethol.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> o&#8217;r rhythm cosmig.<\/p><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Wer ist der Gott Shiva im Hinduismus?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Shiva ist einer der drei Hauptg\u00f6tter des Hinduismus, neben Brahma (Sch\u00f6pfer) und Vishnu (Erhalter). Shiva ist der Zerst\u00f6rer, aber im hinduistischen Verst\u00e4ndnis ist Zerst\u00f6rung notwendig f\u00fcr Erneuerung, er l\u00f6st das Universum am Ende eines Weltzeitalters auf, damit es neu erschaffen werden kann.Shivas Hauptattribute: Dreizack (Trishul), Trommel (Damaru), das dritte Auge (Wissens-Auge), die Schlange um den Hals (Vasuki) und der Mondsichel im Haar. Er meditiert auf dem Berg Kailash.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Was ist der Tanz des Shiva (Nataraja)?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Shiva Nataraja (Herr des Tanzes) ist eine der wichtigsten Shiva-Formen, der kosmische T\u00e4nzer, der in seinem Tandava-Tanz das Universum zugleich schafft, erh\u00e4lt und zerst\u00f6rt.Die ber\u00fchmten Bronze-Skulpturen aus der Chola-Zeit (10.-12. Jh.) zeigen ihn vierarmig im Flammenring, tanzend auf dem Zwerg Apasmara (Unwissenheit). Jede Geste hat Bedeutung: der erhobene Fu\u00df ist Befreiung, der niedergedr\u00fcckte Zwerg ist die zerst\u00f6rte Unwissenheit. Der Tanz ist Sinnbild des kosmischen Rhythmus.\"}}]}<\/script>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1730,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Shiva","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Shiva \u2013 Dinistrydd ac Adnewyddwr y Trimurti","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Shiva, Dinistrydd ac Adnewyddwr y Trimurti Hind\u0175aidd. 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