{"id":191304,"date":"2026-09-07T07:25:36","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T07:25:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=191304"},"modified":"2026-09-07T07:29:24","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T07:29:24","slug":"nergal","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/nergal\/","title":{"rendered":"Nergal"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"191304\" class=\"elementor elementor-191304 elementor-1962 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nergal, duw o draddodiad Mesopotamia<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nergal yw duw o draddodiad Mesopotamia.<\/p><p><strong>Duw rhyfel, dygwr pla, cyd-lywodraethwr y byd tanddaearol.<\/strong> Nergal yw&#8217;r duw dwbl arswydus o Mesopotamia, uwchben wyneb rhyfel a haint, isod y llywodraeth dywyll ar Irkalla wrth ochr Ereshkigal.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;n dechrau fel bod solar, gwyllt, ond trwy ei briodas \u00e2 brenhines y byd tanddaearol daw&#8217;n rhan ofnadwy ond angenrheidiol o&#8217;r drefn gosmig. Lle mae Nergal yn torri allan, daw pla, rhyfel a galwad y meirw yn eu sgil.<\/p><p>Mae Nergal, fel duw rhyfel, yn gyd-lywodraethwr y byd tanddaearol ochr yn ochr ag Ereshkigal. Fel duw rhyfel a rheolwr y byd tanddaearol ochr yn ochr ag Ereshkigal, mae Nergal yn cyfrif fel un o&#8217;r dduwiau mwyaf ofnus yn Mesopotamia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Duw \/ Duwies: Grym goruchaf personol mewn pantheon diwylliant, gyda chyfrifoldebau clir, grymoedd natur, tynged, rhyfel, ffrwythlondeb. Addolir trwy gwltiau, offrymau a sefydliadau teml.\">Duw<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/mesopotamia\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Crud crefydd ddogfennedig, Sumer, Akkad, Babilon, Asyria (tua 3500 CC hyd 330 CC).\">Mesopotamia<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/duwiau-marwolaeth\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Duwiau'r byd tanddaearol a marwolaeth, rheolwyr y byd arall, beirniaid y meirw, arweinwyr eneidiau.\">Duwdod y Meirw<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Ni chanfuwyd unrhyw benawdau ar y dudalen hon.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCynnwys\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_nergal-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-193521\" alt=\"Nergal - Duwiau o draddodiad Mesopotamia, arddangosiadol hanesyddol\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_nergal-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_nergal-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_nergal-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_nergal.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nergal<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Trosolwg cyflym: Nergal<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Math:<\/strong> Prif dduwdod Mesopotamia, duw pla, rhyfel a&#8217;r byd tanddaearol<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanrwydd dduwiau crefydd neu ddiwylliant.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pantheon<\/span>: Sumer, Akkad, Babilon (yn bresennol yn barhaus)<br>Swyddogaeth: pla a chlefyd, rhyfel, llywodraeth y byd tanddaearol (priod Ereshkigal)<br>Priodoleddau prif: pastwn pen-llew, cleddyf dwbl, saith gymar-ddemon pla<br>Prif fannau cwlt: Kuthu (prif fan cwlt), Babilon, Ur<br>Adnabyddiaeth seryddol: Mawrth (Salbatanu)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cyd-destun<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cyfnod y Testunau<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae Nergal wedi&#8217;i dystiolaethu ers cyfnod hen Akkadaidd (3ydd mileniwm CC). Adroddir ei <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Naratif traddodiadol am dduwiau, tarddiadau a threfn y byd.\" tabindex=\"0\">fyth<\/span> canolog, y briodas \u00e2 brenhines y byd tanddaearol <em>Ereshkigal<\/em>, yn epig <em>Nergal ac Ereshkigal<\/em> (fersiwn canol-Asyriaidd, tua 14eg ganrif CC). Yn y cyfnod hen Fabiloniaidd caiff ei ddatblygu ymhellach o ran ei nodweddion rhyfelgar; yn Ymerodraeth Newydd Babilon fel noddwr brenhiniaeth hefyd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ardal Ledaeniad<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Prif fan cwlt oedd <strong>Kuthu<\/strong> (heddiw Tell Ibrahim, i&#8217;r gogledd o Babilon), y &bdquo;ddinas Nergal&ldquo;, mynedfa i&#8217;r byd tanddaearol yn \u00f4l cred Fabiloniaidd. Yn ogystal Babilon (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adeilad a ddefnyddir i addoli un neu fwy o dduwdodau.\" tabindex=\"0\">teml<\/span> yng nghyfadeilad Esagila), Ur, Susa (Elamitaidd), Mari. Yn y traddodiad Biblaidd caiff ei grybwyll fel <em>Nergal<\/em> (2 Frenhinoedd 17,30), yn y rhestr o dduwiau a ddaeth y deiliedigion Asyriaidd i Samaria.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sail y Ffynonellau<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ffynonellau canolog: epig <em>Nergal ac Ereshkigal<\/em> (fersiynau canol-Asyriaidd a Babiloniaidd hwyr), <em>Epig Erra<\/em> (Nergal fel Erra\/dygwr pla), amryw destunau swynion (<em>Maqlu<\/em>, <em>Shurpu<\/em>), arysgrifau o Kuthu a Babilon. Llenyddiaeth eilaidd: Lambert, <em>Babylonian Wisdom Literature<\/em>; Cagni, <em>L&#8217;epopea di Erra<\/em> (argraffiad safonol); Bott\u00e9ro, <em>La plus vieille religion<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enw a Fersiynau<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Darlunnir Nergal mewn dwy agwedd: uwchben fel rhyfelwr cyhyrog, barfog gyda helmed, gwaywffon ac arfau, o&#8217;i amgylch fflamau neu symbolau pla. Isod, yn Irkalla, mae&#8217;n dal gorsedd dywyll wrth ochr Ereshkigal.<\/p><p>Ei anifail arwyddluniol yw&#8217;r llew neu ffigwr hybrid-ddemonig. Ei liw yw coch, coch rhyfel a chlefyd. Mae <em>Namtar<\/em> (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bod ysbrydol y priodolir dylanwad niweidiol neu amwys iddo.\" tabindex=\"0\">demon<\/span> y pla) yn ei gyd-deithio, yn ogystal ag ysbrydion haint sy&#8217;n marcio ei lwybr.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nodweddion<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae Nergal yn rheoli&#8217;r cydbwysedd rhwng bywyd a marwolaeth trwy ryfel a haint. Mewn achosion o glefyd, gelwid arno, nid i wella, ond i&#8217;w dawelu, er mwyn iddo dynnu&#8217;r pla yn \u00f4l. Mewn rhyfel gwedd\u00efai rhyfelwyr ato am nerth buddugoliaeth, ond ofnent hefyd ei anwadalwch.<\/p><p>Cynhaliwyd ei \u0175yl fawr yn Kutha, lle byddai offeiriaid yn cyflwyno <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Rhodd i dduwdod i fynegi diolch, cais neu addoliad.\" tabindex=\"0\">offrymau<\/span> i leddfu ei ddigofaint. Trwy&#8217;i briodas ag Ereshkigal, daw Nergal yn warantwr trefn y byd tanddaearol hefyd, nid dinistrydd yn syml, ond grym angenrheidiol yn nrefn y cosmos.<\/p><h3>Ymddangosiad a symbolaeth<\/h3><p>Darlunnir <em>Nergal<\/em> fel g\u0175r cyhyrog gyda mwng llew neu wyneb llew, yn aml wedi&#8217;i amgylchynu gan d\u00e2n. Gall ei groen fod yn goch neu&#8217;n frown tywyll, ac mae&#8217;n cario arfau, cleddyf, bwyell neu fwa, sy&#8217;n dangos ei natur ryfelgar.<\/p><p>Mae neidr yn aml yn ymddolennu am ei gorff neu ei fraich. Gall ei ben fod ag wyneb dwbl, un wyneb tuag at y byd uchod (duw rhyfel) ac un tuag at y byd tanddaearol (brenin y byd tanddaearol). Y llew a&#8217;r sgorpion yw ei anifeiliaid cysegredig. T\u00e2n a gwaed yw ei liwiau symbolaidd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Proffil: Nergal<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Y prif nodweddion o Nergal ar gip. Mae&#8217;r meysydd canlynol yn crynhoi tarddiad, swyddogaeth, ymddangosiad, addoliad, symbolau a chymariaethau.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cyd-destun Diwylliannol<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae Nergal yn fab i Enlil a Ninlil, brawd Ninurta. Yn y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Naratif traddodiadol am dduwiau, tarddiadau a threfn y byd.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> canolog <em>Nergal ac Ereshkigal<\/em> mae&#8217;n teithio i&#8217;r byd tanddaearol; ar \u00f4l amryw wrthdaro a chyfryngu daw&#8217;n briod brenhines y byd tanddaearol ac yn rhannu&#8217;r llywodraeth \u00e2 hi, ond dim ond hanner y flwyddyn (agwedd dymhorol: yn ystod gwres yr haf, pan fo&#8217;r pla ar led).<\/p><p>Yn epig <em>Erra<\/em> mae&#8217;n gweithredu ar ei liwt ei hun fel grym pla anghyfyngedig.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cynulleidfa Nergal<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dygwr pla ac amddiffynnwr rhag pla (swyddogaeth ddwbl fel Apolo a Sekhmet). Noddwr twymyn gwres canol yr haf (Akkadaidd <em>idi\u0161a<\/em>). Duw rhyfel a brwydrau. Fel adnabyddiaeth Mawrth mae hefyd yn bwysig yn seryddol, dehonglir ei seren (Mawrth) yn nhestunau omen Babilonaidd fel un a ddaw ag anlwc. Duw amddiffynnol brenhiniaeth yn nhraddodiad Babilonaidd-Asyriaidd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ffurf<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yn anthropomorffig fel g\u0175r rhyfelgar gyda diadem het uchel, gwisg hir. Nodweddiadol: <em>pastwn pen-llew<\/em> a chleddyf dwbl. Yn aml wedi&#8217;i ddisgwyl gan y <em>Sebitti<\/em>, saith cythraul pla. Ar rai seliau ar ffurf llew neu fel <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bod sy'n cyfuno nodweddion sawl creadur.\" tabindex=\"0\">creadur cymysg<\/span> dyn-llew. Lliw croen coch neu goch tywyll (twymyn pla, seren Mawrth). Yn oes Neo-Fabilonaidd fe&#8217;i darlunnir hefyd gyda cherbyd tarw.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Swyddogaeth<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Maes dylanwad:<\/strong> Galwyd ar Nergal mewn cyfnodau pla ac cyn brwydrau, roedd ei brif \u0175yl haf yn cyd-daro \u00e2 thymor blynyddol y pla. Cododd brenhinoedd stel\u00e2u cyn brwydrau. Mewn defodau lledrith fe&#8217;i galwyd arno gymaint ag y&#8217;i hofnid (swyddogaeth ddeuol). Roedd Kuthu yn nod pererindod ar gyfer defodau&#8217;r meirw ac iach\u00e2d. Yn y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm y gweithredoedd o addoli crefyddol tuag at dduw neu ffigwr sanctaidd.\" tabindex=\"0\">cwlt<\/span> personol hefyd yn amddiffynnydd rhag troseddwyr a lladron ffordd fawr.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cyfryngau Amddiffynnol<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pastwn pen-llew, cleddyf dwbl, coron uchel, saith cythraul cydymaith (Sebitti), <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bod sy'n cyfuno nodweddion sawl creadur.\" tabindex=\"0\">creadur cymysg<\/span> ar ffurf llew, seren goch (Mawrth), gwres canol haf. Planhigion: melon chwerw, planhigion celynnog. Rhif sanctaidd: 7 (y Sebitti).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cyfochrau Nergal<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Erra<\/em> (Acadaidd, agweddau union yn debyg fel dwyn pla, ei epig ei hun), <em>Resheph<\/em> (Ffenicia\/Ugarit, pla a rhyfel), <em>Apollo<\/em> (Groeg, agwedd ddeuol fel dwyn pla ac iachawr), <em>Mawrth<\/em> (Rhufain, wedi&#8217;i uniaethu&#8217;n seryddol ac yn rhyfelgar), <em>Sechmet<\/em> (Yr Aifft, dwyn pla ac iachawraig), <em>Indra<\/em> (Hind\u0175aeth, rhyfel a brwydr gosmig), <em>Tyr<\/em> (Germanig, duw rhyfel).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Amddiffyniad ymarferol<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div><h3>Defodau apotrop\u00e4ig yn erbyn Nergal<\/h3><p>Roedd grym dinistriol Nergal (pla, colledion rhyfel, tynged y byd tanddaearol) yn cael ei reoli yn y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm y gweithredoedd o addoli crefyddol tuag at dduw neu ffigwr sanctaidd.\" tabindex=\"0\">cwlt<\/span> Mesopotamaidd yn bennaf yn y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adeilad a ddefnyddir i addoli un duw neu fwy.\" tabindex=\"0\">deml<\/span> E-meslam yn Kuthu drwy <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Rhodd i dduw i fynegi diolch, deisyfiad neu addoliad.\" tabindex=\"0\">aberthau<\/span> misol trefnedig, cwrw, defaid, arogldarth Erin (cedrwydd). Mae&#8217;r cyfresi lledrith \u0160urpu a Maql\u00fb (Lambert, <em>Babylonian Wisdom Literature<\/em>) yn tystio i ddefodau t\u00e2n puro yn erbyn afiechyd a achoswyd gan Nergal: eneiniwyd y claf ag olew llin, a llosgwyd ffigwr clai (Nergal-bin).<\/p><h3>Fformwl\u00e2u lledrith<\/h3><p>Mae&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Y weithred o alw ar dduw neu rym mewn deisyfiad neu lw.\" tabindex=\"0\">alwad<\/span> \u201eNergal pi-im-\u0161u-bal-li-ta&#8221; (Nergal, gad i&#8217;r gair droi!) i&#8217;w chael yn y gyfres Wrth-Wrachyddiaeth Acadaidd (Maql\u00fb VII, 32-46). Yn Epig Erra Acadaidd (Tabled I, 100-150) mae cynulliad y duwiau ei hun yn galw ar Nergal i ymatal. Adroddwyd emyn y deml \u201eE-meslam \u0161u\u02bfgar-ra&#8221; adeg lloer newydd er mwyn lliniaru ei weithgarwch.<\/p><h3>Amuledau a symbolau amddiffynnol<\/h3><p>Claddwyd ffigyrau clai apotrop\u00e4ig \u00e2 phen llew (anifail Nergal) wrth drothwyon drysau (gw. Wiggermann, <em>Mesopotamian Protective Spirits<\/em>). Mae seliau silindr yn dangos y \u201e<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Arwydd sy'n cynrychioli syniad neu ystyr.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> Nergal&#8221;, baner llew dwbl a theyrnwialen fotwm; mae stel\u00e2u amddiffyn rhag pla Acadaidd o Ur (3ydd mileniwm CC, bellach yn yr Amgueddfa Brydeinig) yn dwyn arysgrifau at Nergal fel gwarant amddiffyn.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nergal, cyfochrau mewn diwylliannau eraill<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae Nergal yn debyg i Ares (Groeg) o ran ei agwedd ryfelgar, ac mae&#8217;n rhannu \u00e2 Hades neu Plwton yr arglwyddiaeth dros y byd tanddaearol. Mae&#8217;n gysylltiedig ag Apollo drwy&#8217;r ffyrnigrwydd solar, disglair.<\/p><p>Mewn diwylliannau Indiaidd, gellid gweld cyfochrau \u00e2 Rudra neu Yama, duwiau gwyllt sy&#8217;n cynnal trefn drwy ddinistr. Mae ei weithred ddeuol fel dinistriwr uwchben a rheolwr islaw yn ei wneud yn un o&#8217;r duwdodau seicolegol fwyaf cymhleth o&#8217;r hen fyd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb75b108 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpb75b108\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp53527b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp53527b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nergal fel Arglwydd y Byd Tanddaearol<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp314942d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp314942d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp086173b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp086173b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae Nergal yn un o dduwiau pwysicaf pantheon Mesopotamia, ac am gyfnod hir yn gysylltiedig yn agos \u00e2&#8217;r byd tanddaearol. Ei brif safle cwlt oedd dinas Kutha yn ne Mesopotamia, lle roedd yn dduw&#8217;r ddinas. Enw&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adeilad a ddefnyddir i addoli un duw neu fwy.\" tabindex=\"0\">deml<\/span> yn Kutha oedd E-meslam, a galwyd ar Nergal ei hun yn aml gyda&#8217;r llysenw sy&#8217;n cyfeirio at y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adeilad a ddefnyddir i addoli un duw neu fwy.\" tabindex=\"0\">deml<\/span> hon.<\/p><p>Y ffynhonnell fythegol bwysicaf ar gyfer teyrnasiad Nergal dros y byd tanddaearol yw <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Naratif traddodiadol am dduwiau, tarddiadau a threfn y byd.\" tabindex=\"0\">chwedl<\/span> Nergal ac Ereschkigal, sydd wedi goroesi mewn sawl fersiwn, gan gynnwys un fyrrach o Amarna ac un fwy manwl o gyfnod diweddarach.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Naratif traddodiadol am dduwiau, tarddiadau a threfn y byd.\" tabindex=\"0\">chwedl<\/span> yn adrodd sut mae Nergal yn disgyn i&#8217;r byd tanddaearol, teyrnas y dduwies Ereschkigal. Ar \u00f4l cymhlethdodau sy&#8217;n amrywio yn \u00f4l y fersiwn, daw Nergal yn \u0175r i Ereschkigal ac felly&#8217;n gyd-lywodraethwr neu lywodraethwr y byd tanddaearol.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r stori hon yn esbonio sut y daeth Nergal, a oedd yn wreiddiol \u00e2 nodweddion eraill hefyd, yn barhaol gysylltiedig \u00e2 theyrnas y meirw. Mae ysgolheigion yn trafod a oedd Nergal yn dduw&#8217;r byd tanddaearol o&#8217;r cychwyn cyntaf, neu a ddatblygodd y swyddogaeth hon dros gwrs yr <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Trosglwyddo gwybodaeth a naratifau dros genedlaethau.\" tabindex=\"0\">draddodiad<\/span>.<\/p><p>Peth nodedig yw nad oedd Nergal, er ei gysylltiad \u00e2 marwolaeth, yn dduw dychryn yn unig. Fe dderbyniodd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm y gweithredoedd o addoli crefyddol tuag at dduw neu ffigwr sanctaidd.\" tabindex=\"0\">gwlt<\/span> rheolaidd, galwyd arno, a bu mewn perthynas sefydlog \u00e2 duwiau eraill. Nid oedd crefydd Mesopotamaidd yn adnabod gwahaniad pendant rhwng grymoedd a addolid a rhai a ofnid. Bydd pwy bynnag sydd am ddilyn llywodraethwraig y byd tanddaearol ei hun yn dod o hyd i ochr arall y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Naratif traddodiadol am dduwiau, tarddiadau a threfn y byd.\" tabindex=\"0\">chwedl<\/span> yn <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/ereshkigal\/\">Ereschkigal<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp23c6516 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp23c6516\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d79aec elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2d79aec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nergal fel duw rhyfel a haint<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa91f230 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa91f230\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp95d778c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp95d778c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ochr yn ochr \u00e2&#8217;i r\u00f4l fel llywodraethwr yr isfyd, roedd gan Nergal ail broffil, wedi&#8217;i gysylltu&#8217;n agos \u00e2&#8217;r cyntaf: roedd yn dduw marwolaeth dreisgar, rhyfel, haint a gwres dinistriol yr haf. Mae&#8217;r agweddau hyn yn gysylltiedig&#8217;n rhesymegol, gan fod pob un ohonynt yn dwyn marwolaeth ar raddfa fawr, a marwolaeth yn arwain i deyrnas Nergal.<\/p><p>Yn hymnau a swynion, ymddengys Nergal fel grym dychrynllyd sy&#8217;n dwyn pla a thwymyn. Cysylltai syniadaeth Mesopotamia rai clefydau \u00e2 gweithred dduwiol, a Nergal oedd un o&#8217;r duwiau a ystyriwyd yn gyfrifol am epidemigau.<\/p><p>Ar y llaw arall, gellid ei alw arno i wrthsefyll y peryglon hynny&#8217;n union, sef patrwm nodweddiadol o grefydda Mesopotamia: gall yr un grym sy&#8217;n dwyn drwg ei gadw draw hefyd.<\/p><p>Fel duw rhyfel, c\u00e2i Nergal ei alw gan frenhinoedd a osododd eu hymgyrchoedd o dan ei nawdd. Mae arysgrifau brenhinol yn ei enwi ymhlith y duwiau a r\u00f4i fuddugoliaeth i&#8217;r llywodraethwr ac a orchfygai&#8217;r gelynion. Yn y swyddogaeth hon, safai&#8217;n rhannol ochr yn ochr \u00e2, neu mewn cystadleuaeth \u00e2, duwiau rhyfel eraill fel Ninurta, y mae&#8217;n rhannu rhinweddau ag ef mewn rhai testunau.<\/p><p>Yn seryddol, cysylltwyd Nergal \u00e2&#8217;r blaned Mawrth, a oedd, oherwydd ei liw cochlyd, yn cael ei gysylltu yn ddehongliad Mesopotamia \u00e2 gwaed, rhyfel ac anffawd.<\/p><p>Roedd y cysylltiad hwn yn sefydlog i&#8217;r graddau iddo barhau, drwy gyfryngiad Groeg-Rufeinig, hyd i draddodiadau seryddol diweddarach. Gw\u00eal yr ymchwil yn y cysylltiad \u00e2 Mawrth enghraifft dda o sut y mabwysiadodd a threfnodd arsylwi&#8217;r s\u00ear gan Mesopotamia gynnwys mytholegol.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc32216d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpc32216d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpee082c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpee082c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Eiconograffeg a thystiolaeth ddefnyddiol<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp592a0ef e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp592a0ef\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp728b57d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp728b57d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nid yw&#8217;r darlun gweledol o Nergal yn hollol bendant mewn pob achos, gan fod eiconograffeg dduwiau Mesopotamia yn aml yn seiliedig ar briodoleddau yn hytrach na nodweddion wynebol unigol. Mae&#8217;r ymchwil yn adnabod Nergal yn bennaf drwy symbolau a chreaduriaid cydymaith penodol.<\/p><p>Priodoledd nodweddiadol Nergal yw pastwn neu wialen gam, wedi&#8217;i addurno mewn rhai achosion \u00e2 dwy ben llew. Y llew yw un o&#8217;i anifeiliaid symbolaidd pwysicaf, ac mae&#8217;n tanlinellu ei gymeriad treisgar, ysglyfaethus. Ar seliau a chreiriau, ymddengys ar brydiau fel <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bod a addolir fel un dwyfol o fewn crefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">duw<\/span> arfog, yn cerdded.<\/p><p>Mae lle arbennig i gerflun clai enwog a gysylltir yn aml, ond nid heb ddadl, \u00e2 chylch Nergal: y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Darlun plastig a naddwyd allan o wyneb, wedi'i godi'n amlwg.\" tabindex=\"0\">grafwaith<\/span> Burney, fel y&#8217;i gelwir, neu Frenhines y Nos, tabled o deracota o gyfnod cynnar Babilonaidd sy&#8217;n dangos dduwies asgellog gyda thraed adar rhwng dwy lew a dwy dylluan.<\/p><p>Mae dynodiad y ffigwr hwn yn destun dadl yn yr ymchwil, gyda chynigion yn cynnwys Ereshkigal ac Ishtar ymhlith eraill. Beth bynnag, mae&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Darlun plastig a naddwyd allan o wyneb, wedi'i godi'n amlwg.\" tabindex=\"0\">grafwaith<\/span> yn cyfeirio at fyd delweddol yr isfyd a&#8217;r grym nosol, byd y perthyn Nergal iddo hefyd.<\/p><p>O ran tystiolaeth ddefnyddiol, mae <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm y gweithredoedd addoliadol crefyddol tuag at dduw neu ffigwr sanctaidd.\" tabindex=\"0\">gwlt<\/span> Nergal yn cael ei ddogfennu gan arysgrifau teml, offrymau, testunau swyn ac arysgrifau brenhinol dros nifer o ganrifoedd. Mae hanes hir ei deml yn Kutha a lledaeniad ei enw mewn enwau personol yn dangos nad ffigwr diwinyddol ymylol oedd Nergal, ond <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bod a addolir fel un dwyfol o fewn crefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">duw<\/span> a oedd yn bresennol yn y bywyd bob dydd, y credid bod ganddo b\u0175er dros fywyd a marwolaeth.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3f3c96f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp3f3c96f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf6a3842 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpf6a3842\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nergal yn y traddodiad Beiblaidd a hanes yr ymchwil<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7cbb0dc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp7cbb0dc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp92b609a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp92b609a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Llwyddodd Nergal i gyrraedd hyd yn oed y Beibl Hebraeg. Yn Ail Lyfr y Brenhinoedd, mewn cyswllt \u00e2&#8217;r bobloedd a ailsefydlwyd yn Samaria ar \u00f4l cwymp y Deyrnas Ogleddol, adroddir bod pobl Cutha wedi dod \u00e2 Nergal fel eu duw a&#8217;i barhau i&#8217;w addoli.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r nodyn cryno hwn yn ddadlennol o safbwynt hanes crefydd, gan ei fod yn dangos pa mor agos y parhaodd y duw yn gysylltiedig \u00e2&#8217;i ddinas, a sut y symudai cwltiau ynghyd \u00e2&#8217;r poblogaethau.<\/p><p>Yn yr ymchwil fodern, mae Nergal wedi cael ei astudio ers dadgodio&#8217;r ysgrifen cwneiffurf yn y 19eg ganrif. Dosbarthodd yr Asyrolegwyr cynnar ef yn gyflym fel duw&#8217;r Byd Isaf a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bod a addolir fel duwiol o fewn crefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">dduwdod<\/span> Mawrth.<\/p><p>Mae ymchwil ddiweddarach wedi mireinio&#8217;r darlun ac wedi tynnu sylw at gymhlethdod y ffigwr. Nid yw&#8217;n bosibl lleihau Nergal i un swyddogaeth yn unig; mae&#8217;n cyfuno&#8217;r Byd Isaf, rhyfel, pla a gwres yr haul i broffil cydgysylltiedig.<\/p><p>Un pwynt a drafodir yw perthynas Nergal \u00e2 duwiau eraill, y caiff ei uniaethu neu ei gysylltu \u00e2 nhw&#8217;n rhannol yn y ffynonellau, er enghraifft Erra, duw&#8217;r pla a&#8217;r dinistr, y mae gwaith llenyddol ar wah\u00e2n, Epig Erra, yn ymroddedig iddo.<\/p><p>Nid yw&#8217;n eglur yn derfynol yn yr ymchwil ai oedd Erra a Nergal yn wahanol yn wreiddiol, neu&#8217;n ddau enw ar gyfer yr un grym.<\/p><p>Mae arwyddoc\u00e2d Nergal o safbwynt astudiaethau crefydd yn gorwedd yn y ffaith fod ynddo y syniad Mesopotamaidd yn dod yn ddiriaethol, sef nad yw marwolaeth, trais a grym natur y tu allan i&#8217;r drefn ddwyfol, ond eu bod yn cael eu gweinyddu gan <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bod a addolir fel duwiol o fewn crefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">dduwdod<\/span> ddynodedig y gellir ei alw arni.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cysylltiadau pellach<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/ereshkigal\/\">Ereshkigal, priod yn y Byd Isaf<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/mesopotamia\/\">Mesopotamia, Trosolwg y Pantheon<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/duwiau-marwolaeth\/\">Duwdodau&#8217;r Meirw, Is-gategori<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/duwiau\/\">Duwiau, Trosolwg Dosbarthiadau<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ffynonellau a llenyddiaeth<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Cagni, Luigi: <em>L&rsquo;epopea di Erra<\/em>. Rhufain 1969 (rhifyn safonol).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Lambert, Wilfred G.: <em>Babylonian Wisdom Literature<\/em>. Rhydychen 1960.<\/span><\/li><li>Walde, Christine (gol.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (lema &bdquo;Nergal&ldquo;).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Rhagor o weithiau safonol yn y <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/llenyddiaeth\/\">Rhestr Lyfryddiaeth<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1736,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Nergal","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Nergal \u2013 Duw Rhyfel a Rheolwr y Byd Tanddaearol yn Mesopotamia","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Nergal, duw rhyfel a rheolwr y byd tanddaearol yn Mesopotamia. Teml yn Kutha, priodas gydag Ereshkigal, cyd-lywodraethwr Irkalla a threfn marwolaeth.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"4","wesen_kultur":"mesopotamien","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-191304","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Nergal \u2013 Duw Rhyfel a Rheolwr y Byd Tanddaearol yn Mesopotamia<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Nergal, duw rhyfel a rheolwr y byd tanddaearol yn Mesopotamia. 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