{"id":191288,"date":"2026-09-07T07:25:36","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T07:25:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=191288"},"modified":"2026-09-07T07:29:24","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T07:29:24","slug":"schadzauber","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/schadzauber\/","title":{"rendered":"Melltithio"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"191288\" class=\"elementor elementor-191288 elementor-1930 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-am-schadz-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"am-schadz-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-am-schadz-herohl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"am-schadz-herohl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-am-schadz-c3ceb6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"am-schadz-c3ceb6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-am-schadz-96ae5e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"am-schadz-96ae5e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Schadzauber, arferiad hudol<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-am-schadz-e45238 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"am-schadz-e45238\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae&#8217;r <strong>trosolwg<\/strong> hwn yn cyflwyno arferion Schadzauber o wahanol ddiwylliannau yn gryno.<\/p><p>Mae Schadzauber yn cyfeirio at weithredoedd seremon\u00efol, hudol a fwriadwyd i achosi niwed, afiechyd neu anlwc yn fwriadol i drydydd person, o felltithion i hud clymu hyd at drosglwyddo afiechyd. Ceir tystiolaeth yn amrywio o&#8217;r llechi Maql\u00fa Babilonaidd cynnar, drwy gofnodion prawf gwrachyddiaeth canoloesol, hyd at waith maes ethnograffig yr ugeinfed ganrif yn Affrica a Oceania.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r arferiad yn cysylltu gweithred symbolaidd, gwrthrychau wedi&#8217;u melltithio, a mecanweithiau achosol seicosomatig neu fetaymerol gyda swyddogaeth cosbi cymdeithasol. Mae&#8217;r arferion hyn wedi&#8217;u dogfennu&#8217;n eang yn hanesyddol-ddiwylliannol ac wedi&#8217;u cofnodi&#8217;n ethnograffig mewn gwahanol ddiwylliannau.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-am-schadz-klsbdg e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"am-schadz-klsbdg\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-am-schadz-klshtm elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"am-schadz-klshtm\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Arferiad: Gweithred seremon\u00efol, hudol neu ysbrydol gyda nod diffiniedig, amddiffyn, niwed, effaith cariad, cysylltiad \u00e2 bodau neu feysydd gwybodaeth cosmig. Wedi'i ddogfennu'n hanesyddol grefyddol ers yr Oes Efydd.\">Arferiad<\/span><span class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Ffenomen drawsddiwylliannol, wedi'i chofnodi mewn nifer o ddiwylliannau gyda strwythurau perthynol.\">Trawsddiwylliannol<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-am-schadz-3f7485 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"am-schadz-3f7485\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-am-schadz-1c3036 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"am-schadz-1c3036\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Ni chanfuwyd unrhyw benawdau ar y dudalen hon.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCynnwys\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__am-schadz-1c3036\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__am-schadz-1c3036\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__am-schadz-1c3036\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-am-schadz-herorg e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"am-schadz-herorg\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-am-schadz-heroim iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"am-schadz-heroim\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/praktiken_schadzauber-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-193450\" alt=\"Schadzauber \u2014 arferion hudol niweidiol\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/praktiken_schadzauber-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/praktiken_schadzauber-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/praktiken_schadzauber-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/praktiken_schadzauber.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wmd-s1 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"wmd-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wmd-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"wmd-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"wmd-h1\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Term a Gwahaniaethu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-am-wmdt1-bw e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"am-wmdt1-bw\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wmd-t1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"wmd-t1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gellir gwahaniaethu Schadzauber o hud cariad, hud iachau, neu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Arferion sy'n ceisio ymyrryd \u00e2 threfn pethau drwy weithredoedd neu fformiwl\u00e2u arbennig.\" tabindex=\"0\">hud<\/span> seremon\u00efol arall gan fod y <strong>bwriad yn niweidiol<\/strong>. Mae&#8217;r arferion yn aml yn ffurfiol debyg (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dilyniant trefnus o weithredoedd symbolaidd gydag ystyr grefyddol neu ddiwylliannol.\" tabindex=\"0\">seremoni<\/span>, gwrthrych, fformiwla), ond mae&#8217;r nod yn eu gwahaniaethu: niwed yn lle iach\u00e2d neu glymu.<\/p><p>Gwahaniaeth pwysig: mae Schadzauber wedi&#8217;i wahardd a&#8217;i wrthwynebu&#8217;n benodol mewn nifer fawr o ddiwylliannau, nid yn gyfrinachol, ond wedi&#8217;i gydnabod yn ideolegol fel peryglus ac amhur. Mae hyn yn ei wahaniaethu o hud cyfreithlon ac yn cynnal cynnal diwylliannol y normau yn erbyn niwed.<\/p><p>Termau perthynol: Malefizium (theolegol-Gristnogol), gwrachyddiaeth (Ewropeaidd cynnar-fodern), ond mae&#8217;r termau hyn wedi&#8217;u llwytho&#8217;n ideolegol. Mae Schadzauber yn fwy niwtral ac yn disgrifio&#8217;r ffenomen yn annibynnol ar gollfarn ranbarthol.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wmd-s2 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"wmd-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wmd-h2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"wmd-h2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"wmd-h2\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enghreifftiau Diwylliannol-Hanesyddol<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-am-wmdt2-bw e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"am-wmdt2-bw\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wmd-t2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"wmd-t2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae <strong>defixiones o&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfnod diwylliant Gwlad Groeg a Rhufain, o gwmpas 800 CC hyd 600 OC.\" tabindex=\"0\">Hen Fyd<\/span><\/strong> (Lladin: <em>defixio<\/em>) yn lechi plwm neu ddarnau crochenwaith y cerfiwyd melltithion arnynt, yn aml yn erbyn cystadleuwyr, cariadon neu wrthwynebwyr mewn achosion cyfreithiol. Mae miloedd wedi&#8217;u darganfod yn archeolegol, yn enwedig o Athen, Rhufain a&#8217;r Aifft.<\/p><p>Byddai defixio glasurol yn dweud rhywbeth fel: &#8220;Rwy&#8217;n clymu geg fy ngwrthwynebwr cyfreithiol a&#8217;i galon yn erbyn fy ngelyn.&#8221; C\u00e2nt eu claddu&#8217;n aml mewn beddau neu leoedd sanctaidd, wedi&#8217;u cyfeirio at y byd tanddaearol.<\/p><p>Mae gwrachyddiaeth Ewropeaidd (Oesoedd Canol hyd Ewrop cynnar-fodern) yn cynnwys Schadzauber fel realiti craidd: llygaid sy&#8217;n clwyfo, sylweddau sy&#8217;n lladd gwartheg, ffigurau cwyr neu glai sy&#8217;n cael eu tyllu. Dogfennodd y treialon gwrachod filoedd o arferion o&#8217;r fath, ond mae&#8217;n parhau&#8217;n ddadleuol pa un a gawsant eu cyflawni&#8217;n wirioneddol neu a oeddent yn ddychmygol.<\/p><p>Arferion Affricanaidd (wedi&#8217;u dogfennu&#8217;n dda yn ethnograffig yn Ne Affrica, Gorllewin Affrica): gall dewiniaid drosglwyddo afiechyd drwy wrthrychau (esgyrn anifeiliaid wedi&#8217;u claddu, gwallt dynol) neu swyn. Mae arferion o&#8217;r fath yn ddiwylliannol real ac wedi&#8217;u sefydliadu mewn cyd-destunau traddodiadol (cosbi gan bentref, hynafiaid).<\/p><p>Arferion Islamaidd: Crybwyllir <em>Sihr<\/em> (dewiniaeth) yn y Cwran ac ymhelaethir arno mewn Hadith a thestunau Islamaidd diweddarach. Mae&#8217;n cynnwys Schadzauber ac fe&#8217;i deellir fel niwed ysbrydol, nid seicolegol ond fel dylanwad grymoedd anweledig.<\/p><div><h3>Gwreiddiau Mesopotamaidd ac Eifftaidd: Maqlu a Defixiones<\/h3><p>Nid yw hud niweidiol yn ffenomen fodern, ond mae wedi&#8217;i ddogfennu eisoes yn llechi Acadaidd <em>Maqlu<\/em> (mileniwm 1af CC), casgliad o swynion gwrth-wrachyddiaeth. Mae&#8217;r llechi&#8217;n cynnwys fformiwl\u00e2u ar gyfer gwahardd gwrachod a diarfogi eu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Arferion sy'n ceisio ymyrryd \u00e2 threfn pethau drwy weithredoedd neu fformiwl\u00e2u arbennig.\" tabindex=\"0\">hud<\/span> drwy wrth-seremon\u00efau a th\u00e2n. Yn gyfochrog, mae testunau Eifftaidd fel Llyfr y Meirw yn dangos strategaethau i wrthsefyll y <em>Hechetiu<\/em> (gwrachod drwg y byd tanddaearol).<\/p><p>Yn y byd Groegaidd-Rufeinig, o&#8217;r bumed ganrif CC ymlaen, datblygodd y <em>Defixiones<\/em>, llechi melltith o blwm neu grochenwaith, lle byddai unigolion preifat yn galw ar dduwiau a chythreuliaid i barlysu, melltithio neu ladd cystadleuydd.<\/p><p>Y brif argraffiad safonol yw Auguste Audollent, <em>Defixionum Tabellae<\/em> (1904); mae David Jordan wedi crynhoi cyflwr yr ymchwil yn ei <em>Survey of Greek Defixiones<\/em> (1985).<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wmd-s3 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"wmd-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wmd-h3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"wmd-h3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"wmd-h3\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sail y Ffynonellau<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-am-wmdt3-bw e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"am-wmdt3-bw\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wmd-t3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"wmd-t3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Diffodedigion (defixiones) <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfnod diwylliant Groeg a Rhufain, tua 800 CC hyd 600 OC\" tabindex=\"0\">Hynafiaeth<\/span>: darganfyddiadau archeolegol yn Mainz, Athen, yr Aifft (casgliadau papyrws). Golygiadau gan Audollent a chatalogau diweddarach. Dewiniaeth Ewropeaidd: <a class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/hexenhammer-malleus-maleficarum\/\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"'Morthwyl y Gwrachod' gan Heinrich Kramer a Jakob Sprenger (1487); prif lawlyfr erlid gwrachod y cyfnod modern cynnar.\" style=\"color:inherit;text-decoration:none\">Malleus Maleficarum<\/a>, cofnodion achosion llys gwrachod (yn enwedig Bamberg, Trier, Salem), traethodau demonoleg. Ethnograffeg Affricanaidd: Evans-Pritchard, Marwick, Mary Douglas. Ffynonellau Islamaidd: y Cwran, casgliadau Hadith, gweithiau ysgolheigaidd diweddarach. Swyngyfaredd werin Ewropeaidd: Kittredge, Thomas Keith.<\/p><div><h3>Yr Oesoedd Canol a&#8217;r Cyfnod Modern Cynnar: Diwinyddiaeth achosion llys gwrachod a demonoleg<\/h3><p>Dehonglai Cristnogaeth ganoloesol swyngyfaredd niweidiol fel cyfamod \u00e2&#8217;r diafol. Dadleuai diwinyddion fel Tomas o Acwin (<em>Summa Theologiae<\/em>, 13eg ganrif) a allai person orchymyn cythreuliaid o gwbl, ynteu ai dim ond gweithredu fel cosb gan Dduw a gaent hwy.<\/p><p>Gyda dyfodiad achosion llys gwrachod y cyfnod modern cynnar (16eg\u201318fed ganrif), daeth swyngyfaredd niweidiol yn gyhuddiad o drosedd cyfalaf; y gwaith mwyaf dylanwadol yn y traddodiad hwn yw&#8217;r <em>Malleus Maleficarum<\/em> (Heinrich Kramer, 1486).<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Cynigiodd yr Chwilys ac awdurdodau Protestannaidd lwyfan cyfreithlon i wrthdaro rhwng cymdogion: mae buwch yn marw, plentyn yn mynd yn s\u00e2l, cynhaeaf yn methu, ac erlidir y wraig a amheuir am swyngyfaredd niweidiol. Dengys Robin Briggs (<em>Witches and Neighbors<\/em>, 1996) fod llawer o&#8217;r cyhuddedig yn gyfarwydd mewn gwirionedd ag arferion defodol, tra bod eraill yn gwbl ddieuog.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wmd-s4 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"wmd-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wmd-h4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"wmd-h4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"wmd-h4\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ystyr Heddiw \/ Bodau Cysylltiedig<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-am-wmdt4-bw e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"am-wmdt4-bw\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wmd-t4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"wmd-t4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Mewn cyd-destunau modern, mae swyngyfaredd niweidiol yn cael ei asesu&#8217;n wahanol o fewn symudiadau Neo-baganaidd ac arferion Low-Magic, mae rhai yn ei wrthod (Rheol y Wicca: \u201eHarm none&#8221;), tra bod eraill yn ei ystyried yn foesol niwtral. Yn seicolegol, eglurir ei effeithiolrwydd trwy effeithiau nocebo (niwed disgwyliedig) neu gosbi cymdeithasol. Mewn diwylliannau \u00e2 chred hudol ddofn, mae&#8217;r effeithiau&#8217;n aros yn real, waeth beth fo&#8217;r fframwaith esboniadol gorllewinol.<\/p><p>Arferion cysylltiedig: <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/swynion-cariad\/\">Swyngyfaredd cariad<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/hudoledd-waed\/\">Hudoliaeth waed<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/necromantiaeth\/\">Necromantiaeth<\/a> (fel offer niweidio), <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/melltith\/\">Melltith<\/a>.<\/p><h3>Traddodiad <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfnod diwylliant Groeg a Rhufain, o tua 800 CC hyd 600 OC.\" tabindex=\"0\">Hynafiaeth<\/span><\/h3><p>Swyngyfaredd niweidiol yw&#8217;r ffurf ar arfer hudol sydd wedi&#8217;i dogfennu orau yn hanesyddol-ddiwylliannol. Mae&#8217;r defixiones hynafol, tabledi plwm \u00e2 thestunau melltithio arnynt, a osodwyd mewn ffynhonnau, ffynhonnau d\u0175r neu feddau, wedi goroesi mewn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Trosglwyddo gwybodaeth a naratifau dros genedlaethau.\" tabindex=\"0\">draddodiad<\/span> archeolegol mewn sawl mil o esiamplau.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Y golygiadau casgliadol pwysicaf yw&#8217;r Tabellae Defixionum (Audollent 1904) a&#8217;r golygiadau diweddarach gan Daniel Ogden (&#8220;Greek and Roman Necromancy&#8221;, 2001) a Christopher Faraone. Mae&#8217;r defixiones yn cynnig cipolwg uniongyrchol prin ar arfer <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Arferion sy'n ceisio dylanwadu ar drefn pethau trwy weithredoedd neu fformwl\u00e2u arbennig.\" tabindex=\"0\">hud<\/span> pob dydd y byd hynafol, ni chawsant eu llunio gan hudolwyr proffesiynol, ond gan unigolion cyffredin mewn sefyllfaoedd gwrthdaro penodol.<\/span><\/p><h3>Trosiadau Canoloesol<\/h3><p>Yn yr Oesoedd Canol Cristnogol, mae&#8217;r traddodiad swyngyfaredd niweidiol yn symud o&#8217;r gofod cyhoeddus i hud gwerin. Mae cofnodion treialon gwrachod y Cyfnod Modern Cynnar yn dogfennu cysyniadau cyfoethog o swyngyfaredd niweidiol, swynion clymu, defodau melltithio, niwed cydymdeimladol trwy ffigurau cwyr neu eiddo personol.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Faint o hyn oedd arfer hanesyddol a faint oedd construct o sefyllfa&#8217;r croesholi sy&#8217;n destun ymchwil wrachyddiaeth fodern (Stuart Clark, &#8220;Thinking with Demons&#8221; 1997; Wolfgang Behringer, &#8220;Hexen und Hexenprozesse in Deutschland&#8221; 1988).<\/span><\/p><h3>Hud gwerin ledled y byd<\/h3><p>Mae cysyniadau swyngyfaredd niweidiol wedi&#8217;u tystiolaethu ar draws diwylliannau mewn bron pob cymdeithas sydd wedi&#8217;i dogfennu&#8217;n dda o safbwynt hanes crefyddol, o gysyniadau gwrachod Affricanaidd trwy arferion tebyg i Voodoo Asiaidd hyd draddodiadau swyngyfaredd niweidiol brodorol Americanaidd.<\/p><p>Nid yn unig ledaeniad diwylliannol y mae ymchwil yn ei weld yn y cysondeb hwn, ond swyddogaeth seicolegol gyffredinol: mae swyngyfaredd niweidiol yn ffurf esboniadol ac ymyriadol ar gyfer gwrthdaro ac anghyfiawnder lle nad yw dulliau cyfreithiol neu gymdeithasol uniongyrchol yn gweithio.<\/p><h3>Asesiad moesegol a chyfreithiol<\/h3><p>Roedd swyngyfaredd niweidiol yn aml yn drosedd yn y systemau cyfreithiol hynafol a chanoloesol, gwaharddodd y Lex Cornelia Rufeinig (1af ganrif CC) yr arfer yn benodol, ac felly hefyd gyfraith eglwysig ganoloesol.<\/p><p>Yn y systemau cyfreithiol modern, nid yw&#8217;r arfer ei hun yn drosedd (gan ei fod yn cael ei ystyried yn aneffeithiol), ond gellir erlyn niwed diriaethol sy&#8217;n deillio o swyngyfaredd niweidiol (difrod eiddo, bygythiad, stelcio) yn droseddol ac yn sifil. O safbwynt iWell Guard, mae swyngyfaredd niweidiol yn arfer y dylid ei wrthod yn glir yn foesegol, rydym yn adrodd amdano fel ffenomen hanes crefyddol heb argymhelliad defnydd.<\/p><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><p><strong>Llenyddiaeth safonol (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Y wyddoniaeth sy'n astudio crefyddau'n gymharol heb ymrwymiad crefyddol.\" tabindex=\"0\">Astudiaethau Crefyddol<\/span> Cymharol):<\/strong><\/p><\/div><\/footer><div><h3>Defodau gwrth-wrachyddiaeth a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Arferion sy'n ceisio dylanwadu ar drefn pethau trwy weithredoedd neu fformwl\u00e2u arbennig.\" tabindex=\"0\">hud<\/span> amddiffynnol<\/h3><p>Yn baralel \u00e2 swyngyfaredd niweidiol, datblygodd arferion amddiffynnol (gwrthweithiol). Roedd <em>Brauchpraxis<\/em> yr ardal Almaeneg, wedi&#8217;i dogfennu gan Willem de Bl\u00e9court ac awduron eraill o&#8217;r ymchwil ethnograffig i wrachyddiaeth, yn gweithio \u00e2 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfarch bendith ac amddiffyniad, yn aml mewn ffurf ieithyddol sefydlog.\" tabindex=\"0\">bendithion<\/span>, perlysiau iachaol a gwrth-felltithion i niwtraleiddio niwed gwrachod.<\/p><p>Yng nghyd-destun Affricanaidd, mae Nganga a diflaniaid yn gweithredu&#8217;n debyg: maent yn diagnosio swyngyfaredd niweidiol ac yn ei dorri gyda gwrth-hud a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfarch neu apelio erfyniol at dduwdod neu b\u0175er.\" tabindex=\"0\">ap\u00eal<\/span> at hynafiaid. Mae&#8217;r dimensiwn moesegol hwn yn dylanwadu ar ymwybyddiaeth grefyddol hyd heddiw: mae <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Arferion sy'n ceisio dylanwadu ar drefn pethau trwy weithredoedd neu fformwl\u00e2u arbennig.\" tabindex=\"0\">hud<\/span> dilys yn cael ei anelu yn erbyn swyngyfaredd niweidiol annilys. Gweler hefyd <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/melltith\/\">Melltith<\/a> ac <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/anrhefiad-endidiau-dieflig\/\">Ap\u00eal<\/a>.<\/p><\/div>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Mwy o weithiau safonol yn y <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/llenyddiaeth\/\">Llyfryddiaeth<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcb-schadzau-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgcb-schadzau-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cb-schadzauber\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcb-schadzau-inner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgcb-schadzau-inner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcb-schadzau-h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgcb-schadzau-h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard a thraddodiadau amddiffyn<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcb-schadzau-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcb-schadzau-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Ar draws pob diwylliant sydd wedi&#8217;i ddogfennu, gellir dod o hyd i wrthrychau amddiffynnol a wisgwyd gan bobl ar y corff, o swynoglau <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/pazuzu\/\">Pazuzu<\/a> yn Mesopotamia, drwy&#8217;r <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/hamsa\/\">Hamsa<\/a> yn ardal M\u00f4r y Canoldir, i&#8217;r <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/mezuzah\/\">Mezuzah<\/a> ar bostiau drysau Iddewig ac at fedalau amddiffynnol Cristnogol. Mae iWell Guard yn adleisio&#8217;r traddodiad hwn mewn pensaern\u00efaeth ddefnyddiau gyfoes, wedi&#8217;i wneud yn yr Almaen, 41 haen, aur pur, platinwm, arian. Hawl dychwelyd o 30 diwrnod.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcb-schadzau-b iwg-cb-button iwg-cb-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgcb-schadzau-b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=hub-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mwy am yr iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mwy am yr iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgcb-schadzau-b .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgcb-schadzau-b .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgcb-schadzau-b .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgcb-schadzau-b .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgcb-schadzau-b .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcb-schadzau-d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcb-schadzau-d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Gall profiadau personol amrywio. Nid yw&#8217;n ddyfais feddygol. Ni roddir unrhyw addewid iach\u00e2d.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2302,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Melltithion Schadzauber","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Schadzauber ar gip olwg | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Term cyffredinol am arferion hudol sy'n bwriadu niweidio person: o afiechyd i anlwc hyd at niwed i berthynas.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-191288","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO 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