{"id":191270,"date":"2026-09-07T07:25:27","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T07:25:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=191270"},"modified":"2026-09-07T07:29:24","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T07:29:24","slug":"marduk","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/marduk\/","title":{"rendered":"Marduk"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"191270\" class=\"elementor elementor-191270 elementor-1880 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Marduk, duw traddodiad Mesopotamia<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Prif dduw Babilon a duw&#8217;r ymerodraeth ym mhantheon Babilonaidd, a ddyrchafodd o fod yn dduw dinas lleol i fod \u00e2&#8217;r awdurdod dwyfol uchaf. Mae Marduk yng nghanol trefn dduwiau Mesopotamia fel y buddugwr yn erbyn anhrefn a chr\u00ebwr y byd trefnus.<\/p><p>Mae ei ddyrchafiad o dduw dinas Babilon i brif dduw Babilonaidd yn adlewyrchu ehangiad gwleidyddol Babilon o dan Hammurabi ac wedi ei gofnodi&#8217;n lenyddol yn yr Enuma Elish, epig creu Babilonaidd.<\/p><p>Ystyrir Marduk yn ddofwr anhrefn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Y corff cyfan o chwedlau duwiau a drosglwyddwyd o fewn diwylliant.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytholeg<\/span> Mesopotamia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Duw \/ Duwies: Grym uchaf personolwyd mewn pantheon diwylliant, gyda meysydd cyfrifoldeb clir, grymoedd natur, tynged, rhyfel, ffrwythlondeb. Addolir trwy gwltiau, offrymau a sefydliadau teml.\">Duw<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/mesopotamia\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Crud crefydd ddogfennedig, Sumer, Acad, Babilon, Asyria (tua 3500 CC hyd 330 CC).\">Mesopotamia<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/duwiau-uchel\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Duwiau uchaf pantheon, sofraniaeth gosmig, agwedd creawdwr neu reolwr.\">Prif Dduwdod<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Ni chanfuwyd unrhyw benawdau ar y dudalen hon.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCynnwys\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_marduk-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-193621\" alt=\"Marduk - duwiau o draddodiad Mesopotamia, hanesyddol-ddangosol\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_marduk-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_marduk-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_marduk-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_marduk.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Marduk<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Proffil byr: Marduk<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Math:<\/strong> Prif dduw Mesopotamaidd, duw ymerodraeth Babilon<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm y duwiau mewn crefydd neu ddiwylliant.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pantheon<\/span>: Babilon (prif dduw pantheon Babilonaidd), Assur (yn eilaidd fel Bel)<br>Swyddogaeth: Creadigaeth, brenhiniaeth, storm, cyfiawnder, economi<br>Priodoleddau pennaf: draig adeiniog (Mu&scaron;hu&scaron;&scaron;u), rhaw (marru), coron het uchel<br>Prif ganolfannau addoli: Babilon (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adeilad a ddefnyddir i addoli un duw neu fwy.\" tabindex=\"0\">Teml<\/span> Esagila gyda sigwrat Etemenanki), Borsippa (mab Nabu)<br>Adnabyddiaeth seryddol: Iau (Salbatu)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cyd-destun<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cyfnod y Testunau<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae Marduk yn hysbys fel duwdod dinas leol ym Mabilon o gyfnod Babilonaidd Hen (dechrau&#8217;r 2il fileniwm CC). Y dyrchafiad mawr o dan Hammurabi (tua 1750 CC) i fod yn dduwdod ymerodraeth. Yn yr ymerodraeth Neo-Babilonaidd (Nabopolassar, Nebuchadnesar II) daeth yn brif dduw absoliwt.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r <em>Enuma Elish<\/em> (epig creu, 12fed ganrif CC) yn sefydlu Marduk fel cr\u00ebwr y byd o ddraig anhrefn Tiamat. Ei gymhlyg <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adeilad a ddefnyddir i addoli un neu fwy o dduwdodau.\" tabindex=\"0\">teml<\/span> <em>Esagila<\/em> gyda&#8217;r sigwrat <em>Etemenanki<\/em> (&#8220;T\u0175r Babel&#8221;) oedd un o ryfeddodau&#8217;r byd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfnod diwylliant Groeg a Rhufain, o tua 800 CC hyd 600 OC.\" tabindex=\"0\">Hen Fyd<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ardal Ledaeniad<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Prif ganolfan addoli oedd <strong>Babilon<\/strong> gyda <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adeilad a ddefnyddir i addoli un duw neu fwy.\" tabindex=\"0\">theml<\/span> <em>Esagila<\/em> a sigwrat <em>Etemenanki<\/em>. Yn ogystal, Borsippa (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adeilad a ddefnyddir i addoli un duw neu fwy.\" tabindex=\"0\">teml<\/span> ei fab Nabu), Sippar, Ninefe (yn eilaidd).<\/p><p>Y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gorymdaith grefyddol ddifrifol.\" tabindex=\"0\">orymdaith<\/span> flynyddol <em>Akitu<\/em> (G\u0175yl y Flwyddyn Newydd, ym mis Nisan) oedd g\u0175yl fwyaf Babilon, teithiai Marduk mewn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gorymdaith grefyddol ddifrifol.\" tabindex=\"0\">orymdaith<\/span> ddifrifol trwy&#8217;r ddinas, ac adnewyddai&#8217;r brenin ei fandad. Gyda chyfnod yr Achaemeniaid a&#8217;r Seleuciaid daeth dirywiad; erbyn y 1af ganrif OC diflannodd y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm y gweithredoedd addoli crefyddol tuag at dduw neu ffigwr cysegredig.\" tabindex=\"0\">gwlt<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sail y Ffynonellau<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ffynonellau canolog: <em>Enuma Elish<\/em> (epig y creu, 7 llechen), <em>Stele Hammurabi<\/em> (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Slab carreg neu bren unionsyth wedi'i arysgrifio neu'i addurno.\" tabindex=\"0\"><\/span>trosglwyddiad grym Marduk), epig <em>Erra<\/em>, arysgrifau brenhinol Neo-Fabilonaidd (Nabopolassar, Nebuchadnesar II, Nabonidus). Llenyddiaeth eilaidd: Lambert, <em>Babylonian Creation Myths<\/em>; Sommerfeld, <em>Der Aufstieg Marduks<\/em>; Bott\u00e9ro, <em>La plus vieille religion<\/em>; Black\/Green, <em>Gods, Demons and Symbols<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enw a ffurfiau ysgrifenedig<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Acadaidd:<\/strong> Marduk (MAR.DUK mewn cwneifform), tarddiad posibl: &#8220;llo Utu&#8221; neu &#8220;mab y goleuni&#8221;, mae&#8217;r etymoleg yn ddadleuol. Epithetau: <em>Bel<\/em> (&#8220;Arglwydd,&#8221; y term safonol diweddarach, yn arbennig yn y cyfnod Heleneg), <em>Merodach<\/em> (trawslythrenniad Groeg), <em>Lugal-dimmer-ankia<\/em> (cyfatebiaeth Sumeraidd: &#8220;brenin duwiau&#8217;r wlad&#8221;).<\/p><p>Y 50 enw diwinyddol: Yn yr Enuma Elish rhoddir 50 enw i Marduk, pob un yn ymgymryd \u00e2 swyddogaethau duwiau Babilonaidd eraill, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Arwydd sy'n cynrychioli syniad neu ystyr.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> o&#8217;i oruchafiaeth. Derbyniad Beiblaidd: &#8220;Bel&#8221; yn Jeremeia a Daniel; &#8220;Merodach&#8221; fel enw eilun mewn ffynonellau Heleneg.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Disgrifiad<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ymddangosiad<\/strong><\/p><p>Fel arfer darlunnir Marduk fel g\u0175r mewndeg, barfog, yn eistedd ar orsedd neu&#8217;n cerdded, mewn gwisg frenhinol. Gwisga&#8217;r goron gyrniog (<em>agus<\/em>) fel arwydd o&#8217;i dduwdod. Amgylchynir ei ben gan gylch o belydrau.<\/p><p>Yn ei ddwylo mae&#8217;n dal y rhaw <em>Marru<\/em>, offeryn creu a threfn, neu deyrnwialen. Y ddraig Mushhushshu (a elwir hefyd Sirrush), anghenfil \u00e2 saith pen, coesau blaen llew a choesau \u00f4l hwyaden, yw ei anifail marchogaeth neu ysbryd gwarcheidiol.<\/p><p><strong>Natur a Gweithredoedd<\/strong><\/p><p>Nid cr\u00ebwr cynwreiddiol yw Marduk, ond y trefnwr a fu&#8217;n dod \u00e2 threfn i&#8217;r anhrefn. Yn yr Enuma Elish mae&#8217;n ymladd yn erbyn y dduwies gyntefig Tiamat, ei threchu, a chreu&#8217;r nefoedd a&#8217;r ddaear o&#8217;i chorff. Trwy hyn sefydla&#8217;r weledigaeth gosmig o drefn.<\/p><p>Ef yw ceidwad cyfiawnder, barnwr y duwiau, a gwarchodwr trefn ddynol. Fel duw dinas Babilon, siapiodd y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfres reolaidd o weithredoedd symbolaidd o arwyddoc\u00e2d crefyddol neu ddiwylliannol.\" tabindex=\"0\">ddefod<\/span> gyhoeddus, yn enwedig G\u0175yl Blwyddyn Newydd Akitu, lle&#8217;r ailddatganwyd ei oruchafiaeth yn flynyddol.<\/p><p><strong>Ymddangosiad a Symboliaeth<\/strong><\/p><p>Darlunnir <em>Marduk<\/em> fel g\u0175r grymus, barfog, gyda choron uchel (y <em>Marru<\/em>) a gwisgoedd sy&#8217;n dangos ei awdurdod brenhinol. Cariai deyrnwialen aur, ac amgylchynir ef yn aml gan aurau euraidd neu arianaidd.<\/p><p>Wrth ei ochr mae&#8217;n cario&#8217;r cleddyf tanllyd neu arfau rhyfel eraill. Ar ei ffurf greadigol, darlunnir ef yn aml gyda math o olau neu egni creadigol. Ei anifail sanctaidd yw&#8217;r ddraig <em>Tiamat<\/em> (neu&#8217;r ddraig bum pen <em>Ushum<\/em>), <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Arwydd sy'n cynrychioli syniad neu ystyr.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> o&#8217;i oruchafiaeth dros rym anhrefnus.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Proffil: Marduk<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Y prif nodweddion am Marduk mewn cipolwg. Mae&#8217;r meysydd canlynol yn crynhoi ei darddiad, swyddogaeth, ymddangosiad, addoliad, symbolau a chymariaethau.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Traddodiad<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Marduk yw mab <em>Ea<\/em> (Enki, duw&#8217;r d\u0175r) a <em>Damkina<\/em>. Yn yr <em>Enuma Elish<\/em> ef yw arwr y genhedlaeth ifanc o dduwiau, sy&#8217;n ymladd yn erbyn y dduwies gyntefig <em>Tiamat<\/em> (draig anhrefn) a&#8217;i threchu, ac o&#8217;i chorff mae&#8217;n creu&#8217;r nefoedd a&#8217;r ddaear.<\/p><p>Tad <em>Nabu<\/em> (duw&#8217;r ysgrifenwyr), priod <em>Sarpanitu<\/em>. Wrth ddyrchafu i fod yn dduwdod ymerodrol, derbynia&#8217;r <em>50 enw<\/em>, sy&#8217;n priodoli iddo swyddogaethau&#8217;r holl dduwiau eraill (cyfundrefniad theogonaidd).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Swyddogaeth Marduk<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Duw ymerodraeth Babilon, roedd pob brenin yn derbyn ei rym o law Marduk. Cr\u00ebwr y byd (yn yr Enuma Elish), gwarant y drefn gosmig. Noddwr economi a llesiant Babilon. Duw storm a thymhorau (yn ei r\u00f4l leol wreiddiol). Yn y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanwaith y gweithredoedd addoli crefyddol ar gyfer duwdod neu ffigwr sanctaidd.\" tabindex=\"0\">gwlt<\/span> personol, hefyd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Y weithred o ymbil neu alw ar dduwdod neu rym.\" tabindex=\"0\">alwad<\/span> am amddiffyniad rhag salwch, trosedd a gormesu cythreulig; ystyriwyd ei seren (Iau) yn arwydd lwc dda.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Darluniad<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ffurf ddyneiddiol fel g\u0175r barfog gyda diadem uchel si\u00e2p het a gwisg hir aml-haenog. Priodoleddau nodweddiadol: <em>rhaw<\/em> (marru, ei arwyddlun, yn wreiddiol offeryn ffermwr, wedyn yn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Arwydd sy'n cynrychioli syniad neu ystyr.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> y cr\u00ebwr), bwa, saethau, cleddyf. Anifail cyfeillgar: y ddraig <em>Mushhushshu<\/em> (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Creadur sy'n cyfuno nodweddion gwahanol fywolion.\" tabindex=\"0\">creadur cymysg<\/span> neidr-llew-aderyn), y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Arwydd sy'n cynrychioli syniad neu ystyr.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> Marduk mwyaf adnabyddus, ar Borth Ishtar ym Babilon. Ar gerfluniau Babilonaidd Newydd, dangosir ef yn aml yn sefyll gyda rhaw yn ei law.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Addoliad Marduk<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Maes Gweithredu:<\/strong> Fel prif dduw Babilon, gelwid ar Marduk ym mhob maes, o&#8217;r mandad brenhinol hyd yr <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gorymdaith grefyddol seremon\u00efol.\" tabindex=\"0\">orymdaith<\/span> flynyddol Akitu, hyd at amddiffyniad personol. Roedd Esagila&#8217;n gyrchfan pererindod o&#8217;r ymerodraeth gyfan.<\/p><p>Cadarnhawyd y brenin yn ei r\u00f4l trwy&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfres reolaidd o weithredoedd symbolaidd o arwyddoc\u00e2d crefyddol neu ddiwylliannol.\" tabindex=\"0\">ddefod<\/span> flynyddol Akitu: cai ei ddarostwng gan yr archoffeiriad, ac yna ei ailosod yn ei swydd gan law Marduk. Y prif ddefodau personol: gwedd\u00efau ymbil mewn salwch, gwedd\u00efau amddiffynnol mewn argyfwng personol.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Symbolau Marduk<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Rhaw (marru), diadem uchel si\u00e2p het, bwa, saethau, cleddyf, y ddraig Mushhushshu (anifail cyfeillgar), <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adeilad sy'n gwasanaethu addoliad un neu fwy o dduwdodau.\" tabindex=\"0\">deml<\/span> Esagila, zikkurat Etemenanki, disg haul asgellog (mewn rhai traddodiadau). Planhigyn sanctaidd: y tamarisc. Seren sanctaidd: Iau. Rhif sanctaidd: 50 (enwau Marduk).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cymariaethau<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Bel<\/em> (cyfarchiad Asyriaidd, yn syml yn golygu &#8220;Arglwydd&#8221;), <em>Ashur<\/em> (Asyria, cymar Asyriaidd fel duw ymerodrol), <em>Anu<\/em> (Mesopotamia, tad h\u0177n y pantheon), <em>Iuppiter Optimus Maximus<\/em> (Rhufain, adnabyddir yn seryddol \u00e2 Iau), <em>Zeus<\/em> (Groeg, cymhariaeth duw ymerodrol a tharanau), <em>Indra<\/em> (Hind\u0175aeth, brenin y duwiau gyda tharanau a mellt), <em>Thor<\/em> (Germanig, yn rhannol), <em>Hadad\/Adad<\/em> (Mesopotamia, agwedd duw tymhorau).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Addoliad yn Bywyd Bob Dydd<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Roedd Marduk yn duw cwlt gwladwriaethol yn bennaf, nid <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bod a addolir yn dduwiol o fewn crefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">dduwdod<\/span> gwaredigaeth bersonol na dirgelion. Yn y gofod cyhoeddus roedd ei addoliad yn nodedig: apeliai cyhoeddiadau brenhinol at <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyflwyno bendith ac amddiffyniad, yn aml mewn ffurf ieithyddol sefydlog.\" tabindex=\"0\">fendith<\/span> Marduk, cytundebau a wnaed dan lygad Marduk, a chyfeiriai fformwl\u00e2u llw ato fel gwyliedydd.<\/p><p>Yn yr aelwyd breifat, chwaraeai Marduk ran lai canolog. Roedd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Yr agwedd a'r arfer crefyddol byw a brofir gan berson.\" tabindex=\"0\">defosiwn<\/span> personol yn tueddu at ysbrydion gwarcheidiol, y dduwies Ishtar, neu&#8217;r duw meddyginiaeth Gula.<\/p><p>Er hynny, roedd gan lawer o Fabiloniaid enwau&#8217;n cynnwys &#8220;Marduk&#8221; (e.e. Merodach-Baladan: &#8220;Marduk a roddodd fab&#8221;), yn adlewyrchu integreiddiad diwinyddol Marduk yn feddylfryd bob dydd. Yng ngwyl Akitu, gwyl y Flwyddyn Newydd, dathlai&#8217;r ddinas a&#8217;r wlad adnewyddiad teyrnasiaeth fydol Marduk; roedd cymryd rhan yn y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gorymdaith grefyddol seremon\u00efol.\" tabindex=\"0\">orymdaith<\/span> yn ddyletswydd i bob Babiloniad.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Marduk, cyfochrogion mewn diwylliannau eraill<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Traddodiad Groegaidd:<\/strong> Zeus fel prif dduwdod a rheolwr y nefoedd a threfn. Nid y ddau yw crewyr cyntefig, ond trefnwyr anhrefn ar \u00f4l brwydr y Titaniaid. Mae swyddogaeth y taranfollt yn gryfach yn achos Zeus, ond mae&#8217;r ddau&#8217;n rhannu&#8217;r agwedd o drefn gyfreithiol gosmig.<\/p><p><strong>Traddodiad Fedig a Hind\u0175aidd:<\/strong> Indra fel duw taranau ac arweinydd y Dewiaid. Mae <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Elfen gynnwysiadol sy'n ailymddangos mewn celf neu naratif.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiff<\/span> y frwydr yn erbyn draig (Indra yn erbyn Vritra) yn elfen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Naratif traddodiadol am dduwiau, tarddiadau, a threfn y byd.\" tabindex=\"0\">fytholegol<\/span> gyfochrog sylfaenol. Mae Indra hefyd yn cario taranfollt (Vajra) ac yn geidwad y drefn gosmig (Rta).<\/p><p><strong>Traddodiad Eifftaidd:<\/strong> Ra fel duw&#8217;r haul ac amddiffynnydd Maat (trefn y byd). Tra bod Marduk yn dofi anhrefn trwy naratif brwydr yn erbyn gelyn, yn achos Ra digwydd hyn yn y daith nosol gylchol (brwydr yn erbyn y sarff Apophis). Mae&#8217;r model diwinyddol, duwdod creawdwr fel trefnwr, yn debyg.<\/p><p><strong>Traddodiad Hethiaidd:<\/strong> Teschub fel duw&#8217;r tywydd a phrif dduwdod, adnabyddus o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Naratif traddodiadol am dduwiau, tarddiadau, a threfn y byd.\" tabindex=\"0\">fyth<\/span> Kumarbi, yn rhannu&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Elfen gynnwysiadol sy'n ailymddangos mewn celf neu naratif.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiff<\/span> brwydr yn erbyn draig gyda Marduk. Mae brwydr Teschub yn erbyn y sarff Illuyanka yn gyfochrog i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Naratif traddodiadol am dduwiau, tarddiadau, a threfn y byd.\" tabindex=\"0\">fyth<\/span> Tiamat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6874574 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp6874574\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb3658ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpb3658ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enuma Elisch: yr epig greadigaeth Fabilonaidd<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3f37203 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp3f37203\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa527e77 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa527e77\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Y ffynhonnell bwysicaf am statws Marduk yw epig greadigaeth Fabilonaidd, a elwir yn <em>Enuma Elisch<\/em> (&#8220;Pan uchod&#8221;) ar \u00f4l ei geiriau agoriadol. Mae wedi ei gadw ar saith tabled clai, yn dod yn bennaf o lyfrgell y brenin Asyriaidd Assurbanipal yn Ninefe, ond yn cadw deunydd h\u0177n.<\/p><p>Ceir dadl am amser union ei chyfansoddi; mae tystiolaeth gref dros ei chyfansoddi yn yr ail fileniwm CC, o bosibl yng nghyfnod Babilonaidd Hen neu Ganol.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r epig yn adrodd sut y daw&#8217;r duwiau i fod o&#8217;r dyfroedd cynoesol, a gynrychiolir gan <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/tiamat\/\">Tiamat<\/a> ac Apsu. Pan mae Tiamat yn cyhoeddi rhyfel yn erbyn y duwiau iau ac yn ffurfio byddin o anghenfilod, nid oes un o&#8217;r hen dduwiau&#8217;n meiddio ei herio. Mae Marduk yn cynnig ei wasanaeth, ond yn hawlio brenhiniaeth uchaf ymhlith y duwiau fel gwobr.<\/p><p>Mae cynulliad y duwiau&#8217;n rhoi&#8217;r safle hwn iddo. Mae Marduk yn trechu Tiamat mewn brwydr unigol, yn hollti ei chorff, ac yn llunio nefoedd a daear o&#8217;r haneri. O waed Kingu, arweinydd duwiau&#8217;r ochr arall, cr\u00ebir dynolryw i wasanaethu&#8217;r duwiau. I gloi, mae&#8217;r duwiau&#8217;n adeiladu dinas Babilon i Marduk gyda&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adeilad a ddefnyddir i addoli un neu fwy o dduwdodau.\" tabindex=\"0\">deml<\/span> Esagila.<\/p><p>Felly, mae <em>Enuma Elisch<\/em> yn llai o adroddiad creadigaeth niwtral ac yn fwy o gyfiawnhad diwinyddol ar gyfer rhagoriaeth Babilon a Marduk. Mae&#8217;n egluro pam y trefnir y byd fel y mae, a pham y dylai Babilon yn benodol fod ei chanolbwynt.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r seithfed tabled yn cynnwys, i raddau helaeth, litani o hanner cant o enwau Marduk, lle rhoddir iddo swyddogaethau duwiau eraill.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpab7c6b1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpab7c6b1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp922795f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp922795f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Esagila ac Etemenanki: teml Marduk a T\u0175r Babel<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf75bb56 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpf75bb56\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd1621ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpd1621ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Roedd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm y gweithredoedd o addoliad crefyddol ar gyfer duw neu ffigwr sanctaidd.\" tabindex=\"0\">cwlt<\/span> Marduk yn gysylltiedig yn ddaearyddol \u00e2 Babilon. Prif deml y duw oedd <em>Esagila<\/em>, sef &#8220;y T\u0177 y mae ei Ben yn Uchel&#8221;. Wrth ei hymyl safai&#8217;r t\u0175r gris <em>Etemenanki<\/em>, &#8220;T\u0177 Sylfaen y Nefoedd a&#8217;r Ddaear&#8221;, sigwrat a ystyrid yn gyswllt rhwng y sfferau.<\/p><p>Ystyrir <em>Etemenanki<\/em> gan ysgolheigion fel y patrwm real tebygol ar gyfer chwedl Feiblaidd T\u0175r Babel.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r gweddillion archaeolegol wedi eu difrodi&#8217;n ddrwg gan ddymchwel <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfnod diwylliant Groegaidd a Rhufeinig, tua 800 CC hyd 600 OC.\" tabindex=\"0\">clasurol<\/span> a ymyriadau modern, ond mae disgrifiadau <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfnod diwylliant Groegaidd a Rhufeinig, tua 800 CC hyd 600 OC.\" tabindex=\"0\">clasurol<\/span>, er enghraifft gan Herodotus, ynghyd \u00e2 thestunau cuneiform, yn caniat\u00e1u ail-lunio bras. Cafodd y brenin Babilonaidd Nebucadnesar II adeiladu&#8217;r safle yn helaeth yn y 6ed ganrif CC.<\/p><p>Yn yr Esagila safai <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cynrychioliad delweddol o dduw a addolir yn y deml neu'r cysegr.\" tabindex=\"0\">delw gwltaidd<\/span> Marduk. Roedd y ddelw hon wedi ei chysylltu&#8217;n gymaint ag hunaniaeth y ddinas fel bod ei chymryd gan elynion, gan yr Hethiaid ac yn ddiweddarach yr Asyriaid, yn cael ei ystyried yn drychineb genedlaethol; roedd ei dychwelyd yn fuddugoliaeth.<\/p><p>Nid delwedd yn unig oedd y ddelw, ond ystyrid hi&#8217;n bresenoldeb real y duw, un a g\u00e2i ei gofalu, ei gwisgo a&#8217;i bwydo.<\/p><p>Roedd gan Babilon hefyd y <em>Ffordd Brosesiwn<\/em>, a arweiniai drwy Borth Ishtar enwog, wedi&#8217;i orchuddio \u00e2 brics gwydrog a ffigyrau anifeiliaid. Ar hyd y ffordd hon symudai <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gorymdaith grefyddol seremon\u00efol.\" tabindex=\"0\">gorymdaith<\/span> delwau&#8217;r duwiau ar \u0175yl Blwyddyn Newydd. Roedd pensaern\u00efaeth fawreddog Babilon felly&#8217;n llwyfan a chefndir i gwlt Marduk, nid cefndir syml yn unig.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3ede43e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp3ede43e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0a5ee8a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp0a5ee8a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">G\u0175yl Blwyddyn Newydd Akitu: defod, brenhiniaeth ac adnewyddiad cosmig<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7a1665f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp7a1665f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp33d71f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp33d71f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Prif gylch gwyliau cwlt Marduk oedd g\u0175yl <em>Akitu<\/em>, g\u0175yl Blwyddyn Newydd Babilonaidd, a gynhelid yn y gwanwyn dros gyfnod o oddeutu unarddeg diwrnod. O&#8217;r cyfnod diweddar mae testunau defodol wedi goroesi sy&#8217;n disgrifio trefn rhai o&#8217;r dyddiau unigol, er yn anghyflawn.<\/p><p>Un o&#8217;r elfennau y mae cofnod ohonynt yw adrodd yr <em>Enuma Elish<\/em> gerbron <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cynrychioliad delweddol o dduw a addolir yn y deml neu'r cysegr.\" tabindex=\"0\">ddelw gwltaidd<\/span> Marduk. Trwy hynny c\u00e2i buddugoliaeth y duw dros anhrefn ei ail-fyw&#8217;n litwrgaidd: ailadroddai&#8217;r \u0175yl ac ymgadarnhau trefn y byd. Adnabyddus yw hefyd olygfa lle mae&#8217;n rhaid i&#8217;r brenin sefyll gerbron y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cynrychioliad delweddol o dduw a addolir yn y deml neu'r cysegr.\" tabindex=\"0\">ddelw gwltaidd<\/span>.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r archoffeiriad yn tynnu ymaith arwyddluniau brenhinol y brenin, yn ei daro ar ei wyneb ac yn ei orfodi i dystio nad yw wedi gwneud unrhyw gam \u00e2 neb. Dim ond wedyn y mae&#8217;n cael yr arwyddluniau&#8217;n \u00f4l. Roedd y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dilyniant trefnedig o weithredoedd symbolaidd o arwyddoc\u00e2d crefyddol neu ddiwylliannol.\" tabindex=\"0\">ddefod<\/span> hon yn clymu&#8217;r frenhiniaeth ddaearol wrth Marduk ac yn ei gosod dan reolaeth ddwyfol.<\/p><p>Elfen arall oedd yr <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gorymdaith grefyddol seremon\u00efol.\" tabindex=\"0\">orymdaith<\/span> fawr, pryd y cludid delwau&#8217;r duwiau o demlau gwahanol ddinasoedd i Babilon ac i d\u0177 g\u0175yl y tu allan i&#8217;r ddinas. Trwy hynny dangosai&#8217;r \u0175yl ar y pryd flaenoriaeth Marduk a Babilon dros safleoedd cwltaidd eraill Mesopotamia.<\/p><p>Bu ysgolheictod cynharach, wedi ei ddylanwadu gan yr hyn a elwir yr Ysgol Myth-a-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dilyniant trefnedig o weithredoedd symbolaidd o arwyddoc\u00e2d crefyddol neu ddiwylliannol.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ddefod<\/span>, yn hoff o weld yn \u0175yl <em>Akitu<\/em> ddrama am dduw&#8217;n marw ac atgyfodi. Ystyrir y dehongliad hwn heddiw yn orbwyslais a heb sail ddigonol. Mae&#8217;r darlleniad synhwyrol yn pwysleisio bod yr \u0175yl yn cadarnhau ar yr un pryd drefn y cosmos, safle Babilon a chyfreithlondeb y brenin.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe942edb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpe942edb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc69cf80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpc69cf80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O dduw dinas i dduw ymerodraeth: dyrchafiad hanesyddol Marduk<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp779b35e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp779b35e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6af0f46 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp6af0f46\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yn wreiddiol nid oedd Marduk yn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bod a addolir fel dwyfol o fewn crefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">dduw<\/span> o bwys. Yn y ffynonellau hynaf ymddengys fel duw lleol dinas Babilon, dinas nad oedd o unrhyw bwys yn y cyfnod cynnar-ddynastig. Mae ei ddyrchafiad yn gysylltiedig yn agos \u00e2 dyrchafiad gwleidyddol Babilon.<\/p><p>Rhoddwyd y gwthiad penderfynol gan deyrnasiad Hammurabi yn yr 18fed ganrif CC, pan ddaeth Babilon i fod y grym llywodraethol dros Mesopotamia. Parhaodd y broses i symud ymlaen wedi hynny hefyd.<\/p><p>Yn ddiwinyddol, cafodd Marduk ei roddi&#8217;n raddol \u00e2 swyddogaethau a berthynai gynt i dduwiau eraill, yn arbennig i&#8217;r hen frenin-dduwiau Swmeraidd <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/enlil-duw-storm-ac-arglwydd-y-pantheon\/\">Enlil<\/a> ac i dduw doethineb <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/enki\/\">Ea<\/a>, sy&#8217;n ymddangos yn yr epig fel tad Marduk.<\/p><p>Rhestr enwau tabled saith yr <em>Enuma Elish<\/em> yw&#8217;r ddyfais ddiwinyddol ar gyfer y trosglwyddiad hwn: trwy dderbyn enwau, a thrwy hynny natur, duwiau eraill, daw Marduk yn grynhoad y pantheon. Mae rhai ysgolheigion yn s\u00f4n am duedd tuag at fonolatri, heb i Babilon erioed gyrraedd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Y gred mewn un duw yn unig.\" tabindex=\"0\">fonotheistiaeth<\/span>.<\/p><p>Enw arall Marduk yn aml oedd yn syml <em>Bel<\/em>, &#8220;Arglwydd&#8221;, teitl sydd hefyd yn ymddangos yn y Beibl Hebraeg fel <em>Bel<\/em>, er enghraifft gan y proffwydi Jeremeia ac Eseia, a wnaeth wawdio&#8217;r duw Babilonaidd.<\/p><p>Ei fab oedd duw ysgrifenyddiaeth <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/nabu\/\">Nab\u00fb<\/a> o Borsippa, a&#8217;i ddyrchafiad ei hun a gyd-redai \u00e2 dyrchafiad Marduk. Mae&#8217;r canfyddiad hanesyddol felly&#8217;n dangos yn amlwg pa mor agos yr oedd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Y disgyblaeth academaidd sy'n ymwneud \u00e2 Duw a chred crefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">diwinyddiaeth<\/span> a gwleidyddiaeth grym yn gydgysylltiedig ym Mesopotamia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cysylltiadau pellach<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/enki\/\">Ea\/Enki, Tad<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/nabu\/\">Nabu, Mab<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/tiamat\/\">Tiamat, Dduwies Anhrefn wedi&#8217;i Gorchfygu<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/anu\/\">Anu, Hen Dad y Pantheon<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/mesopotamia\/\">Mesopotamia, Trosolwg Pantheon<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/duwiau-uchel\/\">Duwiau Uwch, Isgategori<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/duwiau\/\">Duwiau, Trosolwg Dosbarth<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Llenyddiaeth (dewis)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Lambert, Wilfred G.: <em>Babylonian Creation Myths<\/em>. Winona Lake 2013.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Sommerfeld, Walter: <em>Der Aufstieg Marduks. Die Stellung Marduks in der babylonischen Religion des zweiten Jahrtausends v. Chr.<\/em>. Neukirchen-Vluyn 1982.<\/span><\/li><li>Walde, Christine (Gol.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (lema &bdquo;Marduk&ldquo;).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Mwy o weithiau safonol yn y <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/llenyddiaeth\/\">Rhestr Llyfryddiaeth<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-wv-marduk-faq-9f83f8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"wv-marduk-faq-9f83f8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-wv-marduk-faq-col-1313dd\" data-id=\"wv-marduk-faq-col-1313dd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wv-marduk-h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"wv-marduk-h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cwestiynau Cyffredin am Marduk<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wv-marduk-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"wv-marduk-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<details class=\"iwg-faq-item\">\n  <summary><strong>Pwy oedd y duw Marduk?<\/strong><\/summary>\n  <p>Marduk oedd prif dduw pantheon Babilon a chredir iddo fod yn gr\u00ebwr y byd yn \u00f4l y gred Fabilonaidd. Mae&#8217;r Enuma Elish, chwedl greu Babilon, yn adrodd sut y trechodd Marduk Tiamat, y ddreigan f\u00f4r gyntefig, a llunio&#8217;r nefoedd a&#8217;r ddaear o&#8217;i chorff. Cymerodd Marduk drosodd swyddogaeth y duw Sumeraidd Enlil yn y cyfnod \u00f4l-Acadaidd.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n<details class=\"iwg-faq-item\">\n  <summary><strong>Beth yw G\u0175yl Marduk?<\/strong><\/summary>\n  <p>Y \u0175yl bwysicaf i Marduk oedd yr Akitu, g\u0175yl Blwyddyn Newydd Babilon yn y gwanwyn. Yn ei chyfnod, adroddwyd y chwedl greu Enuma Elish yn gyhoeddus, cariwyd delw Marduk o&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adeilad a ddefnyddir i addoli un dduw neu ragor.\" tabindex=\"0\">deml<\/span> Esagila mewn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gorymdaith grefyddol ffurfiol.\" tabindex=\"0\">gorymdaith<\/span> drwy Fabilon, a chadarnhawyd y brenin unwaith eto yn ei swydd. Roedd yr Akitu yn siapio blwyddyn Babilon.<\/p>\n<\/details>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wv-marduk-s elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"wv-marduk-s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Pwy oedd y duw Marduk?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Marduk oedd prif dduw pantheon Babilon a chredir iddo fod yn gr\u00ebwr y byd yn \u00f4l y gred Fabilonaidd. Mae'r Enuma Elish, chwedl greu Babilon, yn adrodd sut y trechodd Marduk Tiamat, y ddreigan f\u00f4r gyntefig, a llunio'r nefoedd a'r ddaear o'i chorff. Cymerodd Marduk drosodd swyddogaeth y duw Sumeraidd Enlil yn y cyfnod \u00f4l-Acadaidd.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Beth yw G\u0175yl Marduk?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Y \u0175yl bwysicaf i Marduk oedd yr Akitu, g\u0175yl Blwyddyn Newydd Babilon yn y gwanwyn. Yn ei chyfnod, adroddwyd y chwedl greu Enuma Elish yn gyhoeddus, cariwyd delw Marduk o'r deml Esagila mewn gorymdaith drwy Fabilon, a chadarnhawyd y brenin unwaith eto yn ei swydd. Roedd yr Akitu yn siapio blwyddyn Babilon.\"}}]}<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1635,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Marduk","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Marduk \u2013 Duw Ymerodraeth Babilon a Ddofwr Anhrefn","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Y dyrchafiad o dduw dinas i dduw ymerodraeth, y fuddugoliaeth dros Tiamat, teml Esagil, g\u0175yl Akitu, y 50 enw, y ddraig Mushhushshu.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"3","wesen_kultur":"mesopotamien","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-191270","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Marduk \u2013 Duw Ymerodraeth Babilon a Ddofwr Anhrefn<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Y dyrchafiad o dduw dinas i dduw ymerodraeth, y fuddugoliaeth dros Tiamat, teml Esagil, g\u0175yl Akitu, y 50 enw, y ddraig Mushhushshu.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/marduk\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Marduk\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Y dyrchafiad o dduw dinas i dduw ymerodraeth, y fuddugoliaeth dros Tiamat, teml Esagil, g\u0175yl Akitu, y 50 enw, y ddraig Mushhushshu.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/marduk\/\" \/>\n<meta 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