{"id":191205,"date":"2026-09-07T07:25:16","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T07:25:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=191205"},"modified":"2026-09-07T07:29:24","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T07:29:24","slug":"preta","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/preta\/","title":{"rendered":"Preta"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"191205\" class=\"elementor elementor-191205 elementor-1208\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Preta, ysbryd o draddodiad Bwdhaidd<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae Preta yn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gwedd ddigorff a briodolir iddi ddylanwad yn y byd.\" tabindex=\"0\">ysbryd<\/span> o draddodiad Bwdhaidd.<\/p><p><strong>Ysbryd newynog \u00e2 gwddf crau nodwydd, gwedd karmig y gybydd-dod.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Ysbryd: Endid anghorfforol neu led-gorfforol, ymadawedig, gwedduau natur, ysbrydion t\u0177 neu wylwyr trothwy. Yn gweithredu yn y bywyd bob dydd, yn aml ynghlwm \u00e2 lleoedd neu deuluoedd.\">Ysbryd<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/bwdhaeth\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Traddodiad Bwdhaidd gyda Bodhisattvau, dwyfolion gwarcheidiol, ysbrydion newynog a gwylwyr uffern.\">Bwdhaeth<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/ysbrydion-y-meirw\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Ymadawedig y mae eu hysbrydion yn parhau i weithredu yn y byd hwn, ysbrydion t\u0177, hynafiaid, meirwon aflonydd.\">Ysbryd y Meirw<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Ni chanfuwyd unrhyw benawdau ar y dudalen hon.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCynnwys\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg 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data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_preta-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-193579\" alt=\"Preta - Ysbrydion o Draddodiad Bwdhaeth, Darluniad Hanesyddol\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_preta-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_preta-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_preta-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_preta.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Preta<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae&#8217;r Preta (Pali: Peta) yn un o&#8217;r gwedduau mwyaf trawiadol yng <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Y syniad o adeiladwaith a threfn y byd o fewn diwylliant.\" tabindex=\"0\">nghosmoleg<\/span> Bwdhaeth. Ysbryd newynog \u00e2 bol chwyddedig a gwddf mor fain \u00e2 chrau nodwydd, sy&#8217;n gallu gweld a chwenychu, ond yn analluog i fwyta nac yfed.<\/p><p>Daeth y wedd i symboleiddio canlyniadau&#8217;r cybydd-dod karmig: pwy bynnag a wrthododd roi, a fu&#8217;n gybyddlyd, ac a ddwynodd elusen yn ystod ei fywyd, a aileinir yn fyd y Pretau ac a ddioddefa&#8217;r prinder cyfatebol.<\/p><p>Yn nhestunau&#8217;r Petavatthu (rhan o Ganon Pali), mae meistri Bwdhaidd yn adrodd am gyfarfyddiadau \u00e2 Pretau sy&#8217;n cyffesu eu gweithredoedd blaenorol. Mae&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Yn Hind\u0175aeth a Bwdhaeth, testun dysgeidiaeth ar ffurf gryno.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> Ullambana (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"'Cerbyd Mawr'; un o dri phrif draddodiad Bwdhaeth, gyda delfryd y Bodhisattva a myfyrdod athronyddol datblygedig.\">Mahayana<\/span>) yn adrodd sut mae Maudgalyayana yn gweld ei fam ymadawedig yng nghyflwr Preta, a sut nad yw&#8217;n gallu ei achub ond drwy nerth <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Rhodd i dduwdod i fynegi diolch, cais neu addoliad.\" tabindex=\"0\">offrwm<\/span> cyfunol y Sangha.<\/p><p>O&#8217;r naratif hwn y datblygodd G\u0175yl fyd-enwog yr Ysbrydion Newynog (Ullambana, yn Tsiein\u00ebeg Yulanpen, yn Siapaneeg Obon). Felly, yn wahanol i lawer o gythreuliau eraill, mae&#8217;r wedd hon yn gysylltiedig&#8217;n gl\u00f2s \u00e2 phraffig ritwal calendr y flwyddyn.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ar Gip: Preta<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Math:<\/strong> Ysbryd newynog, ailenedigaeth Fwdhaidd<br>Tarddiad: Canlyniad karmig cybydd-dod, cenfigen, trachwant, camddefnyddio elusen<br>Testunau: Petavatthu (Pali), <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Yn Hind\u0175aeth a Bwdhaeth, testun dysgeidiaeth ar ffurf gryno.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> Ullambana, Jatakau<br>Cyfnod: 5ed ganrif CC hyd heddiw<br>G\u0175yl ganolog: G\u0175yl yr Ysbrydion Newynog \/ Ullambana \/ Obon<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Trosolwg<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cyfnod y Testunau<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yn y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Y casgliad o ysgrythurau sanctaidd crefydd a gydnabyddir yn awdurdodol.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ganon<\/span> Pali, fe&#8217;i datblygwyd o&#8217;r 3edd ganrif CC ymlaen gyda&#8217;r Petavatthu. Estyniad <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Y Cerbyd Mawr; un o dair prif draddodiad Bwdhaeth, gyda delfryd y Bodhisattva.\">Mahayana<\/span> drwy&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Mewn Hind\u0175aeth a Bwdhaeth, testun dysgeidiaeth ar ffurf gryno.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> Ullambana (o gyfnod cynnar y Cristnogaeth, cyfieithwyd i&#8217;r Tsiein\u00ebeg yn y 3edd ganrif OC). Sefydlwyd G\u0175yl y Bwganod Newynog yn Tsieina o gyfnod Tang ymlaen, ac yn Japan fel Obon o gyfnod Nara ymlaen. Mae&#8217;n parhau&#8217;n ddi-dor hyd heddiw.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ardal Ledaeniad<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Theravada: Sri Lanka, Gwlad Thai, Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia (yno&#8217;n gysylltiedig \u00e2 chwltiau hynafiaid lleol). Mahayana: Tsieina, Corea, Siapan, Fietnam (yno&#8217;n arbennig o fyw). <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"'Cerbyd Diemwnt'; ffurf dantrig ar Fahayana Bwdhaeth, yn bennaf yn Tibet, gyda phraffig Yidam a thechneg mantra yn ganolog.\">Vajrayana<\/span>: Tibet, Mongolia. Cymunedau Bwdhaidd Hwngaraidd, Mongolaidd, Casacstanaidd. Cymunedau diaspora modern ar draws y byd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sail y Ffynonellau<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Petavatthu (Pali, rhan o&#8217;r Khuddaka Nikaya), Vimanavatthu (fel gwrthran gyflenwol), <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Yn Hind\u0175aeth a Bwdhaeth, testun dysgeidiaeth ar ffurf gryno.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> Ullambana (Sansgrit\/Tsiein\u00ebeg), Jatakau, traddodiadau Llyfr y Meirw Tibetaidd, ethnograffeg fodern am \u0174yl yr Ysbrydion Newynog.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enw a Fersiynau<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Sansgrit:<\/strong> <em>preta<\/em>; Pali <em>peta<\/em>; benywaidd <em>pretani<\/em>.<br>Tsiein\u00ebeg: \u9913\u9b3c (<em>E Gui<\/em>, &#8220;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gwedd ddigorff a briodolir iddi ddylanwad yn y byd.\" tabindex=\"0\">ysbryd<\/span> newynog&#8221;).<br>Siapaneeg: <em>Gaki<\/em>.<br>Tibetaidd: <em>yidag<\/em>.<br>Geirdarddiad: o <em>pra-i<\/em> &#8220;cerdded o flaen&#8221;, yn wreiddiol &#8220;ymadawedig&#8221;, yn ddiweddarach yn benodol i ddosbarth yr ysbrydion newynog.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r term yn dangos y datblygiad hwn yn glir: yn y cyfnod Fedig, roedd <em>preta<\/em> yn cyfeirio&#8217;n syml at yr ymadawedig yn y cyfnod rhyngol cyn ailenedigaeth. Mae Bwdhaeth yn ei fanylu: mae rhai meirwon penodol yn troi&#8217;n ysbrydion newynog, yn dibynnu ar eu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Yn Hind\u0175aeth, Bwdhaeth a Jainiaeth, cyfraith canlyniad gweithred: mae pob gweithred yn dylanwadu ar fodolaethau dilynol.\">Karma<\/span>. O&#8217;r manylu hwn y daw dosbarth y Pretau.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nodweddion<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ymddangosiad<\/strong><\/p><p>Bol chwyddedig enfawr, ceg fach fach, gwddf mor denau \u00e2 chraith nodwydd, aelodau tenau. Yn newynog, yn syllu&#8217;n rheibus, yn aml \u00e2 cheg yn fflamio (mae unrhyw ddiod yn troi&#8217;n d\u00e2n). 36 dosbarth o Pretaod yn \u00f4l dieithroleg glasurol, pob un \u00e2 dioddefiannau penodol.<\/p><p><strong>Ymddygiad<\/strong><\/p><p>Yn chwilio&#8217;n barhaus am fwyd, ond yn methu bwyta. Wedi&#8217;i felltithio i fod yn newynog am byth. Yn gweld d\u0175r yn troi&#8217;n grawn; yn gweld bwyd yn llosgi. Yn cael ei ddenu gan arogl <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Rhodd i dduwdod i fynegi diolch, cais neu addoliad.\" tabindex=\"0\">offrwm<\/span>\u00adau.<\/p><p><strong>Maes gweithredu<\/strong><\/p><p>Pretaloka (byd y Pretaod) ei hun o fewn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Y syniad am strwythur a threfn y byd o fewn diwylliant.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmoleg<\/span> Fwdhaidd, yn rhannu gofod \u00e2 byd y bodau dynol ond yn ei ganfod yn wahanol. Yn aml yn agos at hen leoedd byw. Yn Tsieina, yn \u00f4l traddodiad, yn cael eu &#8220;rhyddhau&#8221; o&#8217;r isfyd yn yr ail fis lleuad ar bymtheg.<\/p><p><strong>Dosbarthiad mytholegol<\/strong><\/p><p>Nid creadigaeth, ond canlyniad ailenedigaeth. O achos cybydd-dod, cenfigen, dwyn elusennau, camddefnyddio rhoddion crefyddol. Mae hyd bodolaeth Preta yn cael ei bennu gan bwysau karma, yn aml yn hir iawn, mae rhai testunau&#8217;n s\u00f4n am Kalpau.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Proffil: Preta<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Y prif nodweddion o&#8217;r Preta ar un olwg.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tarddiad<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ailenedigaeth karmaidd o gybydd-dod, cenfigen, camddefnydd o roddion. Nid creadigaeth, ond ffurf bodolaeth o fewn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Y syniad am strwythur a threfn y byd o fewn diwylliant.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmoleg<\/span> Fwdhaidd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Targed y Preta<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cyn-bobl \u00e2 chasgliadau karma negyddol. Mewn traddodiadau diweddarach, wedi&#8217;u cysylltu \u00e2 lleoedd a theuluoedd penodol (Pretaod hynafiaid).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ffurf<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Bol chwyddedig, ceg fach, gwddf mor denau \u00e2 chraith nodwydd, aelodau tenau. Ceg yn fflamio mewn rhai disgrifiadau. 36 dosbarth, pob un \u00e2&#8217;i ddioddefiant.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Swyddogaeth<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Newynog am byth, yn methu bwyta. Yn hela&#8217;r byw o gybydd-dod, yn cael ei ddenu gan <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Rhodd i dduwdod i fynegi diolch, cais neu addoliad.\" tabindex=\"0\">offrwm<\/span>\u00adau. Gall achosi salwch mewn cartrefi sy&#8217;n esgeuluso&#8217;r hynafiaid.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Amddiffyniad<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Rhoddion a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dilyniant trefnus o weithredoedd symbolaidd o arwyddoc\u00e2d crefyddol neu ddiwylliannol.\" tabindex=\"0\">defod<\/span> Ullambana (ar gyfer Pretaod a enwir), llafarganu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Yn Hind\u0175aeth a Bwdhaeth, testun dysgeidiaeth ar ffurf gryno.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> Ullambana, offrymu d\u0175r a reis. Yn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Cerbyd diemwnt; ffurf tantrig ar Fwdhaeth Mahayana, yn bennaf yn Tibet, gyda ymarfer Yidam yn ganolog.\">Vajrayana<\/span>: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dilyniant trefnus o weithredoedd symbolaidd o arwyddoc\u00e2d crefyddol neu ddiwylliannol.\" tabindex=\"0\">defod<\/span> Tsok gyda <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Rhodd i dduwdod i fynegi diolch, cais neu addoliad.\" tabindex=\"0\">offrwm<\/span>\u00adau a rennir i bob bod byw.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cymheiriaid y Preta<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>E Gui (Tsiein\u00ebeg), Gaki (Japaneeg), <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/edimmu\/\">Edimmu<\/a>, Pishacha, a ffigurau&#8217;r Purdan Cristnogol fel eneidiau trawsnewid strwythurol gysylltiedig.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Defod a G\u0175yl<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>G\u0175yl Ullambana\/Hungry Ghost<\/strong><\/p><p>Yn y seithfed mis lleuad (fel arfer Awst), yn \u00f4l yr <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Trosglwyddo gwybodaeth a naratifau dros genedlaethau.\" tabindex=\"0\">draddodiad<\/span>, mae pyrth yr isfyd yn agor a daw&#8217;r Pretaod i&#8217;r byd. Mae&#8217;r credinwyr yn cyflwyno <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Rhodd i dduwdod i fynegi diolch, cais neu addoliad.\" tabindex=\"0\">offrwm<\/span>\u00adau, yn llafarganu Sutrau, ac yn codi allorau. Mae traddodiadau Bwdhaidd a Taoaidd yn cyfuno i greu un o wyliau ffyddlondeb gwerin fwyaf Dwyrain Asia.<\/p><p><strong>Obon yn Japan<\/strong><\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r hynafiaid yn cael eu croesawu yn ystod cyfnod Obon (fel arfer 13-16 Awst). Dawnsiau Bon-Odori, tanau ger drysau ffrynt, ymweliadau \u00e2 beddau. Mae&#8217;r cysylltiad \u00e2 gwaredigaeth ffigwr y fam (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Naratif traddodiadol am dduwiau, tarddiadau a threfn y byd.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> Mulian\/Maudgalyayana) yn llawn emosiwn.<\/p><p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dilyniant trefnus o weithredoedd symbolaidd o arwyddoc\u00e2d crefyddol neu ddiwylliannol.\" tabindex=\"0\">Defod<\/span> beunyddiol<\/strong><\/p><p>Yn Theravada: offrwm d\u0175r i&#8217;r Pretaod yn ystod pryd Pindapata. Yn Vajrayana: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Rhodd i dduwdod i fynegi diolch, cais neu addoliad.\" tabindex=\"0\">offrwm<\/span> mwg Sur, a &#8220;Bwydo&#8217;r Pretaod&#8221; yn feunyddiol fel rhan o&#8217;r arfer offrymu. Yn Mahayana: cyflwyno enwau perthnasau ymadawedig i fynachlogydd ar gyfer llafarganu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Yn Hind\u0175aeth a Bwdhaeth, testun dysgeidiaeth ar ffurf gryno.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> yn rheolaidd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cyfochredd a'r Cyfoes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ysbrydion newyn traws-ddiwylliannol<\/strong><\/p><p>Mae E Gui (Tsieina) a Gaki (Japan) yn gyfieithiadau uniongyrchol ac yn yr un ffigwr yn ei ffurf Dwyrain Asiaidd. Mae Pishacha (Hind\u0175aeth) yn rhannu&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Elfen gynnwys sy'n ailymddangos mewn celf neu naratif.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiff<\/span> newyn gyda&#8217;r nodwedd bwyta cyrff. Mae <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/edimmu\/\">Edimmu<\/a> a Lemures Rhufeinig yn eneidiau trawsnewid strwythurol gysylltiedig.<\/p><p><strong>Dehongliad seicolegol ac ecolegol:<\/strong> Mae athrawon Bwdhaidd modern (Thich Nhat Hanh) yn dehongli&#8217;r Pretaod yn seicolegol hefyd: cyflwr o anfodlonrwydd tragwyddol er gwaethaf meddiannau materol. Yn ecolegol, darllenir y Preta fel delwedd o ddefnydd anniwall, ffigwr addysgol effeithiol iawn heddiw.<\/p><p><strong>Diwylliant poblogaidd:<\/strong> Mae anime a manga Japaneaidd yn dyfynnu motiffau Gaki yn rheolaidd. Mae G\u0175yl yr Hungry Ghost wedi&#8217;i fasnacheiddio, ond yn parhau&#8217;n bwysig yn grefyddol. Mewn ffantasi Gorllewinol, addasir Pretaod fel math o fwystfil ar wah\u00e2n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26fd4bd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp26fd4bd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2ca3f66 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2ca3f66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sail bodolaeth y Preta yn y meddwl karma<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb5a782f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpb5a782f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf49c5ef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpf49c5ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ystyrir yr ailenedigaeth fel <em>preta<\/em> (Pali <em>peta<\/em>) yng nghosmos Bwdhaidd yn ganlyniad i gr\u0175p clir o weithredoedd. Mae testunau fel yr <em>Petavatthu<\/em>, casgliad o un a hanner cant o stor\u00efau ysbrydion yn y Khuddaka Nikaya o&#8217;r Canon Pali, yn priodoli genedigaeth yn y byd ysbrydion newynog yn bennaf i ariangarwch, trachwant, gwrthod elusen ac amddifadu bwyd rhag y rheiny mewn angen.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r gosb yn adlewyrchu&#8217;r trosedd: mae&#8217;r sawl nad oedd yn rhoi dim mewn bywyd yn dioddef fel bod \u00e2 gwddf mor fain \u00e2 nodwydd a bol enfawr, byth yn cael digon.<\/p><p>Nid damwain yw&#8217;r adlewyrchiad hwn, ond mynegiant o&#8217;r ddysgeidiaeth Fwdhaidd fod effaith karma yn cyfateb i natur y rheswm. Mae&#8217;r <em>Petavatthu<\/em> yn adrodd am ferched a roddodd fwyd wedi&#8217;i ddifetha i westeion ac sydd nawr yn gorfod bwyta crawn a baw eu hunain, neu am ddyn a sarhaodd fynachod ac sydd nawr yn crwydro \u00e2 cheg yn pydru.<\/p><p>Mae esboniad Dhammapala, yr <em>Petavatthu-atthakatha<\/em>, yn cysylltu pob stori \u00e2 throsedd penodol, gan droi&#8217;r casgliad yn llyfr moesol.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r cyfyngiad amser yn bwysig. Yn wahanol i enedigaeth yn uffern, sy&#8217;n ymestyn dros gyfnodau anferth ond eto cyfyngedig, ystyrir bod bodolaeth fel preta yn gyflwr y gellir ei fyrhau drwy karma da sy&#8217;n weddill neu drwy drosglwyddo teilyngdod gan y byw.<\/p><p>Felly, mae&#8217;r byd ysbrydion newynog yn dal safle canolig ymhlith y chwe maes bodolaeth, rhwng bodau uffern ac anifeiliaid. Mae&#8217;n le o brinder, nid o boenydio gweithredol.<\/p><p>Mae moeseg Fwdhaidd yn tynnu dysgeidiaeth ddwbl o hyn. Ar un llaw, mae delwedd y pretas yn rhybuddio rhag ariangarwch. Ar y llaw arall, mae&#8217;n sail i&#8217;r arfer canolog o roi (<em>dana<\/em>): ystyrir haelioni fel y llwybr sy&#8217;n arwain i ffwrdd o&#8217;r byd ysbrydion newynog.<\/p><p>Felly nid delwedd o arswyd yn bennaf yw&#8217;r preta, ond ffigwr addysgiadol sy&#8217;n dangos yn eglur y berthynas rhwng gweithred a chanlyniad.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9f2f2ce e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp9f2f2ce\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf68fe07 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpf68fe07\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">G\u0175yl yr Ysbrydion a throsglwyddo teilyngdod<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp11fbd0f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp11fbd0f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6817619 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp6817619\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae gofalu&#8217;n ddefodol am yr ysbrydion newynog yn un o&#8217;r arferion hynaf a mwyaf cyffredin yn Bwdhaeth. Ceir ei sail ganonaidd yn y <em>Tirokudda Sutta<\/em> o&#8217;r Khuddaka Nikaya, lle mae&#8217;r Bwdha yn esbonio bod rhoddion a roddir i&#8217;r gymuned fynachaidd yn enw perthnasau ymadawedig yn gallu bod o fudd i&#8217;r berthnasau a aileneddwyd fel pretas.<\/p><p>Gelwir y mecanwaith trosglwyddo teilyngdod (<em>pattidana<\/em>): mae&#8217;r person byw yn creu teilyngdod drwy weithred dda ac yn ei gyflwyno&#8217;n benodol i&#8217;r person marw, sy&#8217;n falch ohono a thrwy hynny&#8217;n cael rhyddhad.<\/p><p>O&#8217;r syniad hwn datblygodd G\u0175yl fawr yr Ysbrydion yn Nwyrain Asia.<\/p><p>Yn Tsieina fe&#8217;i gelwir <em>Yulanpen<\/em> ac a gynhelir yn y seithfed mis lleuad, ac yn Siapan fel <em>Obon<\/em>.<\/p><p>Sail y wyl yw&#8217;r <em>Yulanpen-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Yn Hind\u0175aeth a Bwdhaeth, testun addysgiadol ar ffurf gryno.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span><\/em>, sy&#8217;n adrodd hanes y mynach Maudgalyayana: mae&#8217;n gweld gyda gwelediad goruwchnaturiol ei fam ymadawedig yn dioddef fel ysbryd newynog ac nid yw&#8217;n gallu ei achub ar ei ben ei hun, ond dim ond drwy <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Y gwrthrych neu'r bwyd penodol a gyflwynir i dduwdod.\" tabindex=\"0\">offrwm<\/span> cyffredin gan y gymuned fynachaidd gyfan ar ddiwedd tymor y glaw.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r \u0175yl felly&#8217;n cysylltu ffyddlondeb plentynnaidd \u00e2 rhesymeg iachawdwriaeth Fwdhaidd.<\/p><p>Yn ymarferol, gosodir bwyd, diodydd ac arian symbolaidd yn ystod yr \u0175yl, adroddir sutras a chynheuir lampau. Yn fyd Bwdhaidd Theravada Sri Lanka a De-ddwyrain Asia, ceir rhoddion elusen cyfatebol i fynachod yn enw&#8217;r meirw, yn aml ar y seithfed dydd, ar \u00f4l tri mis ac ar \u00f4l blwyddyn.<\/p><p>Mae Bwdhaeth Tibet yn adnabod <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dilyniant rheoledig o weithredoedd symbolaidd \u00e2 arwyddoc\u00e2d crefyddol neu ddiwylliannol.\" tabindex=\"0\">defod<\/span> y <em>sur<\/em>, offrwm mwg o fwyd wedi&#8217;i losgi, y credir bod ei arogl yn maethu&#8217;r ysbrydion newynog, gan nad yw eu gwddf cyfyng yn gallu llyncu bwyd solet.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r defodau hyn yn dangos nad ffigwr addysgiadol pell yw&#8217;r preta ym Mwdhaeth fyw, ond bod yn fodolaeth y ceir perthynas barhaus \u00e2 hi. Mae&#8217;r person marw yn parhau i fod yn rhan o&#8217;r teulu, a&#8217;i ofalu yw dyletswydd y rhai a adawyd ar \u00f4l.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe6c2679 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpe6c2679\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp463f07c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp463f07c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Y darlun eiconograffig yn Olwyn y Bywyd<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb0d1ef8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpb0d1ef8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp072efc4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp072efc4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ceir y ddelwedd fwyaf cyffredin o&#8217;r ysbrydion newynog yn y <em>bhavachakra<\/em>, Olwyn y Bywyd Fwdhaidd, sy&#8217;n addurno mynedfa llawer o fynachlogydd Tibetaidd. Mae&#8217;r cylch wedi&#8217;i rannu&#8217;n chwe adran, ac mae un ohonynt yn dangos byd y pretas.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r confensiwn eiconograffig yn sefydlog: aelodau main, bol chwyddedig, gwddf hir a main a cheg fach iawn, yn aml mor fach \u00e2 chrau nodwydd. Mae&#8217;r anatomeg hon yn gwneud y gosb yn weladwy&#8217;n gorfforol, mae&#8217;r newyn yn anddiwallol gan nad yw&#8217;r corff yn gallu amsugno&#8217;r bwyd.<\/p><p>Yn aml, mae&#8217;r peintiadau&#8217;n dangos Bwdha yn ymddangos i&#8217;r pretas ac yn cynnig iddynt ddysgeidiaeth iachaol neu fwyd. Mae&#8217;r ffigwr hwn fel arfer yn goch neu felyn, ac mae&#8217;n awgrymu nad yw&#8217;r llwybr at ryddid wedi cau&#8217;n llwyr, hyd yn oed ym myd yr ysbrydion newynog.<\/p><p>Mae tirlun byd y pretas yn ymddangos fel gwastadedd sych, sychedig, gyda afonydd o bryd i bryd sy&#8217;n troi&#8217;n grawn, gwaed, neu d\u00e2n wrth i&#8217;r ceisio yfed.<\/p><p>Mae testunau Tibetaidd yn rhannu&#8217;r ysbrydion newynog ymhellach. Mae dosbarthiad cyffredin yn gwahaniaethu pretas \u00e2 rhwystrau allanol, na allant ganfod bwyd o gwbl, pretas \u00e2 rhwystrau mewnol, lle mae&#8217;r corff yn atal amsugno, a pretas y mae&#8217;r bwyd ei hun yn boen iddynt. Ceir y system hon, er enghraifft, yn <em>Addurn Gemwaith Rhyddid<\/em> Gampopa o&#8217;r ddeuddegfed ganrif.<\/p><p>Yn gelfyddyd Dwyrain Asia, ymddengys ysbrydion newynog hefyd y tu allan i Olwyn y Bywyd. Mae rholyn llun Siapaneaidd <em>Gaki-zoshi<\/em> o gyfnod Heian, sydd heddiw mewn amgueddfeydd yn Tokyo a Kyoto, yn dangos mewn cyfres o olygfeydd ysbrydion newynog sy&#8217;n aros mewn mynwentydd, ceudyllau a lleoedd offrymu, gan fyw ymhlith pobl gyffredin heb i neb sylwi arnynt.<\/p><p>Ystyrir y rholyn hwn yn brif waith paentio Siapaneaidd o&#8217;r Oesoedd Canol, ac mae&#8217;n dystiolaeth pa mor gonr\u00e9t roedd y cysyniad wedi ei wreiddio ym mywyd bob dydd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp653e979 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp653e979\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf700548 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpf700548\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gwreiddiau cyn-Fwdhaidd a'r preta fedig<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa99ec33 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa99ec33\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8d0367b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp8d0367b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nid o darddiad Bwdhaidd yw&#8217;r term <em>preta<\/em>, ond daw o eirfa grefyddol h\u0177n India. Yn llythrennol mae&#8217;n golygu&#8217;r un a fu&#8217;n mynd o&#8217;i flaen neu&#8217;r un a ymadawodd, wedi&#8217;i lunio o&#8217;r rhagddodiad <em>pra<\/em> a gwreiddyn sy&#8217;n golygu mynd.<\/p><p>Yn y testunau Vedig a Hind\u0175aidd cynnar, mae <em>preta<\/em> i ddechrau yn dynodi&#8217;n syml y person a fu farw&#8217;n ddiweddar, sydd mewn cyflwr canolradd cyn dod, drwy&#8217;r defodau angladdol, yn <em>pitr<\/em>, hynny yw yn hynafiad.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r trawsnewid hwn wedi&#8217;i reoli&#8217;n fanwl yn y drefn ddefodol Hind\u0175aidd. Bwriad y rhefeddau <em>shraddha<\/em>, y bwyd-offrymau i&#8217;r meirw, yw troi&#8217;r Preta anesmwyth yn aelod trefnus o gymuned yr hynafiaid.<\/p><p>Os na chynhelir y defodau hyn, neu os bydd rhywun yn marw farwolaeth ddrwg, gall y trancedig aros fel Preta di-orffwys. Yn \u00f4l y ddealltwriaeth hon, felly, nid maes bodolaeth ar wah\u00e2n yw&#8217;r Preta, ond cyfnod canolradd peryglus sy&#8217;n rhaid ei gwblhau drwy <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfres drefnus o weithredoedd symbolaidd sydd ag arwyddoc\u00e2d crefyddol neu ddiwylliannol.\" tabindex=\"0\">ddefod<\/span> gywir.<\/p><p>Mabwysiadodd Bwdhaeth y term, ond ail-luniodd ef. O fod yn gyflwr canolradd dros dro, daeth yn un o&#8217;r chwe maes bodolaeth sefydlog yng nghylch yr aileni, y maes y genir rhywun yn llwyr i mewn iddo drwy garma penodol.<\/p><p>Cadwyd y cysylltiad \u00e2&#8217;r defodau angladdol, ond newidiodd ei bwyslais: o&#8217;r dyletswydd i greu hynafiad, i&#8217;r posibilrwydd o drosglwyddo teilyngdod i fod dioddefus.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r gwreiddyn cyffredin hwn yn esbonio pam mae arferion angladdol Hind\u0175aidd a Bwdhaidd yn debyg yn aml, ac yn anodd eu gwahanu yn y crefyddoldeb byw yn Ne Asia.<\/p><p>Dengys hyn hefyd nad o ddim y tarddodd y Preta Bwdhaidd, ond fod syniad Indiaidd hen wedi&#8217;i blannu mewn system gosmolegol newydd. Rhaid i&#8217;r sawl a fyn ddeall y ffigwr hwn ystyried y sawl haenen hon: y cynhanes Vedig a&#8217;r ailddehongliad Bwdhaidd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp77bf53f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp77bf53f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp083baac elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp083baac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lledaeniad a newid yng nghwltur Bwdhaidd Asia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0b61d6b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp0b61d6b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8c34744 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp8c34744\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gyda lledaeniad Bwdhaeth, ymfudodd hefyd y syniad am yr ysbryd newynog, ac addasodd i amodau lleol. Yng ngwledydd Theravada, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Gwlad Thai, Laos a Cambodia, arhosodd y cysylltiad \u00e2 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Casgliad o destunau crefyddol a gydnabyddir yn awdurdodol.\" tabindex=\"0\">chanon<\/span> Pali a&#8217;r <em>Petavatthu<\/em> yn gryf.<\/p><p>Yma, ymdoddodd y syniad am y Preta yn rhannol \u00e2 chredoau ysbrydion cynhenid, megis y <em>phi<\/em> Thai, felly nid yw&#8217;r ysbryd newynog Bwdhaidd bob amser wedi&#8217;i wahaniaethu&#8217;n glir oddi wrth feirw di-orffwys eraill.<\/p><p>Yn Tsieina, cyfarfu&#8217;r syniad \u00e2 diwylliant hynafiaid a oedd eisoes yn ddatblygedig iawn. Cysylltwyd yr ysbryd newynog, <em>egui<\/em> yn Tsiein\u00ebeg, yn agos \u00e2&#8217;r pryder am feirw a esgeuluswyd neu heb blant. Y sawl heb ddisgynyddion i gyflwyno <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Rhodd i dduwdod i fynegi diolch, cais neu addoliad.\" tabindex=\"0\">offrwm<\/span> sy&#8217;n wynebu&#8217;r perygl o ddod yn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bod anghorfforol y priodolir dylanwad iddo yn y byd.\" tabindex=\"0\">ysbryd<\/span> newynog.<\/p><p>Daeth G\u0175yl yr Ysbrydion yn y seithfed mis yn un o wyliau pwysicaf y flwyddyn, pan agorir pyrth yr isfyd a chrwydra&#8217;r ysbrydion. Yma cyfunodd athrawiaeth iachawdwriaeth Bwdhaidd ag elfennau Daoaidd a chrefyddol werinol.<\/p><p>Systemateiddiodd Bwdhaeth Tibet yr ysbrydion newynog yn ei destunau ar y llwybr graddol, a datblygodd ffurf ddefodol ei hun gyda&#8217;r offrwm mwg <em>sur<\/em>. Mae ffigwr y <em>yidak<\/em>, sef enw Tibetaidd y Preta, wedi&#8217;i wreiddio&#8217;n gryf yn yr ymwybyddiaeth gyffredin, gan fod yr Olwyn Fywyd yn weladwy wrth fynedfa bob mynachlog.<\/p><p>Yn Japan, yn olaf, cafodd yr ysbryd newynog ffurf o bwys hanesyddol-gelfyddydol gyda&#8217;r <em>Gaki-zoshi<\/em>, ac erys yn bresennol yn \u0174yl Obon. Daeth y term <em>gaki<\/em> hyd yn oed yn air sarhaus llafar yn Japaneg fodern am blentyn glwth neu ddrwg, tystiolaeth i ba raddau y treiddiodd y syniad crefyddol i&#8217;r iaith bob-dydd.<\/p><p>Dengys yr amrywiaeth ddiwylliannol hon nad arhosodd y Preta yn ffigwr athrawiaethol anhyblyg, ond daeth yn elfen fyw, addasol o fyd Bwdhaidd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cysylltiadau pellach<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dolenni mewnol argymhellir:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/bwdhaeth\/\">Bwdhaeth<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/mara\/\">Mara<\/a>, Yamad\u016bta, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/naraka-gwarcheidwaid\/\">Gwarcheidwaid Naraka<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/dakini\/\">Dakini<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/gui\/\">Gui<\/a> (Tsieina), <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/pishacha\/\">Pishacha<\/a> (Hind\u0175aeth), cyflelthiadau<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/edimmu\/\">Edimmu<\/a> (Edimmu fel cynsail motiff)<\/li><li>G\u0175yl Ullambana\/Obon<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ffynonellau a llenyddiaeth<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Detholiad o weithiau canolog ar y Preta:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Gehman, Henry S.: <em>Petavatthu. Stories of the Departed<\/em>. Oxford 1942.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Smith, Robert J.: <em>Ancestor Worship in Contemporary Japan<\/em>. Stanford 1974.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Cuevas, Bryan J.: <em>Travels in the Netherworld. Buddhist Popular Narratives of Death and the Afterlife in Tibet<\/em>. Oxford 2008.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Gombrich, Richard: <em>Precept and Practice<\/em>. Oxford 1971.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Rhagor o weithiau safonol yn y <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/llenyddiaeth\/\">Rhestr Lyfryddol<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-preta-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-preta-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-preta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-preta-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-preta-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">Mae&#8217;r arfer amddiffynnol a ddisgrifir yma yn ddehongliad astudiaethau crefydd o draddodiadau hanesyddol. Mae iWell Guard yn cysylltu \u00e2&#8217;r llinyn hanesyddol-ddiwylliannol hwn o wrthrychau amddiffynnol a wisgir, ac yn cynrychioli ffurf gyfoes ohono. <a href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">Mwy am yr iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7efee16 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7efee16\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2508526 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2508526\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<h2>Cwestiynau Cyffredin am Preta<\/h2>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Beth yw Pretas ym Mwdhaeth?<\/h3><p>Mae Preta (Sansgrit am y Rhai Amrywiol, yn Nhibeteg Yi-dvags) yn ysbrydion newyn ym Mwdhaeth, sef un o&#8217;r chwe pharth bodolaeth adenedigaeth. Maent yn wesyn \u00e2 boliau anferth a chegau bach iawn neu wddf mor gul \u00e2 nodwydd: ni allant fyth deimlo&#8217;n llawn, gan fod pob bwyd yn troi&#8217;n lludw cyn gynted ag y daw i&#8217;w ceg.<\/p><p>Yn y Bhavachakra (olwyn bywyd Tibetaidd), fe&#8217;u darlunnir yn nodweddiadol yn eiconograffig. Achos karmig: cybydd-dod, trachwant, hunanoldeb yn ystod bywyd. Pwy bynnag a wrthododd fwyd i eraill mewn bywyd, fe adenir fel Preta newynog yn y bywyd nesaf.<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Beth yw G\u0175yl Fwdhaidd y Bwganod Newynog?<\/h3><p>Mae G\u0175yl y Bwganod Newynog (Yulanpen mewn Tsiein\u00ebeg, Obon mewn Japaneeg, Baekjung mewn Cor\u00ebeg) yn un o wyliau pwysicaf Bwdhaeth boblogaidd yn Nwyrain Asia, a gynhelir yn y seithfed mis lleuad. Fe&#8217;i seiliwyd ar hanes Maudgaly\u0101yana, disgybl i&#8217;r Bwda, a ddaeth o hyd i&#8217;w fam ym mharth y Preta ond na allai ei bwydo&#8217;n uniongyrchol.<\/p><p>Dysgodd y Bwda iddo y byddai offrymau a roddir drwy&#8217;r Sangha (cymuned y mynachod) ar ddiwedd y encilfa law yn cyrraedd yr ysbrydion newyn. O hyn y datblygodd yr \u0175yl fawr yn Nwyrain Asia, gydag offrymau i&#8217;r ymadawedig, perfformiadau dawns (Bon Odori), a nofio symbolaidd llusernau.<\/p><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Beth yw Pretas ym Mwdhaeth?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Mae Preta (Sansgrit am y Rhai Amrywiol, yn Nhibeteg Yi-dvags) yn ysbrydion newyn ym Mwdhaeth \\u2014 un o'r chwe pharth bodolaeth adenedigaeth. Maent yn wesyn \\u00e2 boliau anferth a chegau bach iawn neu wddf mor gul \\u00e2 nodwydd: ni allant fyth deimlo'n llawn, gan fod pob bwyd yn troi'n lludw cyn gynted \\u00e2 y daw i'w ceg. Yn y Bhavachakra (olwyn bywyd Tibetaidd), fe'u darlunnir yn nodweddiadol yn eiconograffig. Achos karmig: cybydd-dod, trachwant, hunanoldeb yn ystod bywyd \\u2014 pwy bynnag a wrthododd fwyd i eraill mewn bywyd, fe adenir fel Preta newynog yn y bywyd nesaf.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Beth yw G\\u0175yl Fwdhaidd y Bwganod Newynog?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Mae G\\u0175yl y Bwganod Newynog (Yulanpen mewn Tsiein\\u00ebeg, Obon mewn Japaneeg, Baekjung mewn Cor\\u00ebeg) yn un o wyliau pwysicaf Bwdhaeth boblogaidd yn Nwyrain Asia \\u2014 a gynhelir yn y seithfed mis lleuad. Fe'i seiliwyd ar hanes Maudgaly\\u0101yana, disgybl i'r Bwda, a ddaeth o hyd i'w fam ym mharth y Preta ond na allai ei bwydo'n uniongyrchol. Dysgodd y Bwda iddo y byddai offrymau a roddir drwy'r Sangha (cymuned y mynachod) ar ddiwedd y encilfa law yn cyrraedd yr ysbrydion newyn. O hyn y datblygodd yr \\u0175yl fawr yn Nwyrain Asia, gyda offrymau i'r ymadawedig, perfformiadau dawns (Bon Odori), a nofio symbolaidd llusernau.\"}}]}<\/script>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1678,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Preta","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Preta - Ysbryd Newynog \u00e2 Gwddf Crau Nodwydd","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Mae'r Preta (Pali: Peta) yn un o'r gwedduau mwyaf trawiadol yng nghosmoleg Bwdhaeth. 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