{"id":191204,"date":"2026-09-07T07:25:16","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T07:25:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=191204"},"modified":"2026-09-07T07:29:24","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T07:29:24","slug":"mara","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/mara\/","title":{"rendered":"Mara"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"191204\" class=\"elementor elementor-191204 elementor-1207\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mara, Duw traddodiad Bwdhaidd<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Y temtiwr wrth bren y Bodhi, arglwydd byd y synhwyrau.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"dif-mara\">Temtasiwn Mara o Bwda<\/h2>\n<p>Prif olygfa Mara yw <strong>temtasiwn y Bodhisattva Siddhartha<\/strong> o dan <strong>bren y Bodhi<\/strong> yn Bodhgaya. Adroddir tri chyfnod yn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Yn perthyn i gorpws ysgrythurol a gydnabyddir yn awdurdodol o fewn crefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">ganonaidd<\/span>: yn gyntaf, yr ymddangosiad gyda <strong>lluoedd o gythreuliaid<\/strong> (Trishna, Raga, Arati, chwant, blys, anfoddhad); yn ail, anfon ei <strong>dair merch<\/strong> (Tanha, Arati, Raga) ar ffurf hudolus; yn drydydd, yr her trwy amheuaeth ac hawl (&#8220;Pwy sy&#8217;n dyst i&#8217;th rinweddau?&#8221;).<\/p><p>Mae Siddhartha yn cyffwrdd \u00e2&#8217;r ddaear, y <em>bh\u016bmispar\u015ba-mudr\u0101<\/em>, a duwies y ddaear yn tystio i&#8217;w berffeithrwydd. Trechir Mara. Ei bedwar llu yw <em>k\u0101ma<\/em> (chwant), <em>arati<\/em> (anesmwythder), <em>k\u1e63ut-pip\u0101s\u0101<\/em> (newyn a syched), <em>t\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e47\u0101<\/em> (dyhead). Ym Mwdhaeth Mahayana, ehangir Mara i fod yn <strong>bedair Mara<\/strong>: Skandha-Mara (y pum cydiad), Klesha-Mara (rhithiau meddyliol), Mrityu-Mara (marwolaeth), Devaputra-Mara (temtasiwn nefol). Yn nhraddodiad Bwdhaeth, saif Mara yn erbyn y llwybr at ddeffroad fel duw temtasiwn.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Duw \/ Duwies: Grym goruchaf personol wedi'i bersonoli o fewn pantheon diwylliant, gyda cyfrifoldebau clir, grymoedd natur, tynged, rhyfel, ffrwythlondeb. Addolir trwy gwltiau, offrymau a sefydliadau teml.\">Duw<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/bwdhaeth\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Traddodiad Bwdhaidd gyda Bodhisattvau, dwyfoliaid gwarcheidiol, ysbrydion newyn a gwarcheidwaid uffern.\">Bwdhaeth<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/anti-dduwiau\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Grymoedd anhrefn a gwrthwynebwyr cosmig, gwrthwynebwyr o fewn deuoliaeth hanes crefyddol.\">Gwrth-Dduw<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Ni chanfuwyd unrhyw benawdau ar y dudalen hon.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCynnwys\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_mara-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-193701\" alt=\"Mara - Duwiau o draddodiad Bwdhaeth, darluniadol-hanesyddol\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_mara-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_mara-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_mara-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_mara.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mara<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mara yw ffigwr gwrthwynebus canolog traddodiad Bwdhaidd. Ei olygfa fwyaf adnabyddus yw&#8217;r noson cyn deffroad Bwda: o dan bren y Bodhi yn Bodhgaya, mae Mara yn anfon ei fyddin a&#8217;i dair merch, chwant, gwrthwynebiad, trachwant, i geisio troi&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Ym Mwdhaeth Mahayana, un sydd wedi ei oleuo ac sy'n gohirio ei ryddhad ei hun er lles y ddysgeidiaeth i eraill.\">Bodhisattva<\/span> oddi wrth oleuedigaeth.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Ym Mwdhaeth Mahayana, un sydd wedi ei oleuo ac sy'n gohirio ei ryddhad er lles y ddysgeidiaeth i eraill.\">Bodhisattva<\/span> yn cyffwrdd \u00e2&#8217;r ddaear fel tyst, mae&#8217;r ddaear yn ysgwyd, ac mae Mara yn cilio. Mae&#8217;r olygfa hon yn eiconograffig gyffredin yn fyd-eang ac yn ganolog yn ddiwinyddol.<\/p><p>Nid yw Mara yn wrth-dduw cosmig yn yr ystyr fonotheistig. Mae&#8217;n arglwydd y <em>Kamadhatu<\/em> (byd y synhwyrau), ffigwr Deva a ddaeth yn rwystr ar y llwybr trwy ymlyniad a balchder.<\/p><p>Yn \u00f4l dehongliad Bwdhaidd estynedig, mae pedwar Mara: Skandha-Mara (y cydiadau), Kleshamara (haleogrwydd meddyliol), Marana-Mara (marwolaeth), Devaputra-Mara (Deva-Mara, y ffigwr personol). Mae pob un ohonynt yn cynrychioli rhwystrau ar y llwybr at ryddhad. Mae hyn yn gwneud dysgeidiaeth Mara yn theori gynhwysfawr o&#8217;r cyfan sy&#8217;n sefyll yn ffordd yr ymarfer.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Proffil byr: Mara<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Math:<\/strong> Temtiwr, arglwydd byd y synhwyrau<br>Tarddiad: Deva o&#8217;r Kamadhatu; yn \u00f4l testunau eraill: syrthiodd oherwydd balchder<br>Pedwar Mara: Skandha, Klesha, Marana, Devaputra<br>Testunau: Canon Pali (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Y casgliad o ysgrythurau sanctaidd crefydd a gydnabyddir yn awdurdodol.\" tabindex=\"0\">Canon<\/span>) (Padhana Sutta), Lalitavistara, Jatakau<br>Cyfnod: 5ed ganrif CC hyd heddiw<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cyd-destun<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cyfnod y Testunau<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tystiolaeth ohono ers cyfnod Bwda (5ed ganrif CC). Canon Pali (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Y casgliad o ysgrythurau sanctaidd crefydd a gydnabyddir yn awdurdodol.\" tabindex=\"0\">Canon<\/span>) (3edd ganrif CC hyd 1af ganrif OC) gyda nifer o benodau am Mara. Mae sutrau <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"'Cerbyd Mawr'; un o dri phrif draddodiad Bwdhaeth, gyda delfryd y Bodhisattva a myfyrdod athronyddol datblygedig.\">Mahayana<\/span> yn ehangu&#8217;r stori (Lalitavistara, Saddharmapundarika). Mae <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"'Cerbyd Diemwnt'; ffurf tantrig ar Fwdhaeth Mahayana, yn bennaf yn Tibet, gyda ymarfer Yidam a thechneg mantra yn ganolog.\">Vajrayana<\/span> yn cyfannu Mara i mewn i ymarferion diogelu tantrig. Ymarfer Bwdhaidd modern ledled y byd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ardal Ledaeniad<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tarddiad yng Ngogledd India; yn ymledu gyda Bwdhaeth i Sri Lanka, De-ddwyrain Asia, Dwyrain Asia, Tibet ac i gymunedau Bwdhaidd byd-eang cyfoes. Delweddau lleol o Mara ledled Asia, arlunwaith mewn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adeilad a ddefnyddir i addoli un neu fwy o dduwiau.\" tabindex=\"0\">temlau<\/span> Gwlad Thai, thangkas Tibetaidd, argraffiadau pren Japaneaidd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sail y Ffynonellau<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Padhana Sutta (Sutta Nipata), Mara-Samyutta (Samyutta Nikaya), nifer o straeon Jataka, Lalitavistara (bywgraffiad Bwda <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Cerbyd Mawr; un o dri phrif draddodiad Bwdhaeth, gyda delfryd y Bodhisattva.\">Mahayana<\/span>), traddodiad esboniadau Tibetaidd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enw a Fersiynau<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Sansgrit a Pali:<\/strong> <em>M\u0101ra<\/em>.<br>Cyfenwau: Papiyas (&#8220;y gwaethaf&#8221;), Kanha (&#8220;y du&#8221;), Namuci (&#8220;yr un nad yw&#8217;n gollwng&#8221;), Antaka (&#8220;marwolaeth&#8221;).<br>Pedwar Mara (dysgeidiaeth y Pedwar Mara): Skandha-Mara (y cydiadau fel rhwystr), Kleshamara (haleogrwydd meddyliol), Marana-Mara (marwolaeth), Devaputra-Mara (y Mara personol).<br>Dwyrain Asia: Tsiein\u00ebeg \u9b54 (<em>Mo<\/em>), Japaneeg <em>Ma<\/em>.<\/p><p>Mae dysgeidiaeth y Pedwar Mara yn gwneud Mara yn fwy na ffigwr personol yn unig: mae&#8217;n system sy&#8217;n disgrifio popeth sy&#8217;n rhwystro&#8217;r llwybr. Mae hyn yn athronyddol gyfoethog dros ben, ac yn egluro pam nad oes angen trechu Mara yn syml, ond ei orchfygu trwy ddirnadaeth.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nodweddion<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ymddangosiad<\/strong><\/p><p>Fel deva prydferth y Kamadhatu mewn urddas lawn, ieuanc, disglair. Yn ei ymosodiad ar Bwdha: ar gefn eliffant, gyda byddin fawr, wedi&#8217;i amgylchynu gan ferched. Ffurf ddirfawr: erchyll, gydag arfau, yn chwythu t\u00e2n. Mae&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Astudiaeth o gynnwys delweddau a'u hystyr.\" tabindex=\"0\">eiconograffeg<\/span> yn amrywio yn \u00f4l traddodiad ac episod.<\/p><p><strong>Ymddygiad<\/strong><\/p><p>Nid trais, ond temtiad seicolegol. Mae&#8217;n anfon ysgogiadau synhwyrus, ofn, hunanamheuaeth, balchder, hunandosturi. Mae ei dair merch, Tanha (chwant), Arati (gwrthgasedd), a Raga (trachwant), yn dangos y ffyrdd ymosodol nodweddiadol.<\/p><p><strong>Maes gweithredu<\/strong><\/p><p>Byd cyfan y synhwyrau (Kamadhatu) yw ei deyrnas. Mae ei rym yn ymestyn cyn belled \u00e2 bod bodau&#8217;n glynu at bethau synhwyrus. Ar drothwyon deffroad, yn foment y Goeden Fodhi neu wrth fyfyrdod uwch, mae&#8217;n dangos ei hun yn arbennig o weithredol.<\/p><p><strong>Trefniad mytholegol<\/strong><\/p><p>Mae&#8217;n deva, nid <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bod ysbrydol y priodolir iddo effaith niweidiol neu amwys.\" tabindex=\"0\">gythraul<\/span> yn yr ystyr Orllewinol. Mae ei ffigur yn cyfuno safle cosmolegol (Arglwydd y Kamadhatu) \u00e2 swyddogaeth seicolegol (cynrychiolydd pob rhwystr). Mewn rhai traddodiadau, ar \u00f4l ei drechu, daw hyd yn oed yn ddisgybl i Bwdha ac yn cael tr\u00f6edigaeth.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Proffil: Mara<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yr agweddau pwysicaf ar Mara ar un olwg.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tarddiad Mara<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Deva&#8217;r Kamadhatu, Arglwydd byd y synhwyrau. Mewn rhai testunau, syrthiodd o ganlyniad i falchder. Yn nysgeidiaeth estynedig: Pedwar Mara fel damcaniaeth gyflawn o rwystrau.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perthnasol i<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pob bod sy&#8217;n glynu at bethau synhwyrus. Arbennig o weithredol ymysg myfyrwyr uwch ac ar drothwyon deffroad.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ymddangosiad<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Deva prydferth mewn urddas; ar gefn eliffant gyda byddin; gyda thair merch (chwant, gwrthgasedd, trachwant). Yn ddirfawr hefyd fel rhyfelwr erchyll.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gweithgaredd<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nid trwy drais, ond trwy awgrym: ofn, amheuaeth, chwant, balchder. Yn seicolegol gyfrwys, mae&#8217;n adnabod pob person.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Amddiffyniad<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ystum Tystio&#8217;r Ddaear (Bhumisparsha-Mudra), llafarganu testunau Paritta, Metta-Bhavana (myfyrdod caredigrwydd), doethineb ac ymwybyddiaeth ofalgar fel amddiffyniad sylfaenol. Nid dinistr, ond gwelediad clir.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cyfochrogion<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/satan\/\">Satan<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/iblis\/\">Iblis<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/apophis\/\">Apophis<\/a>, y duw cariad Hind\u0175aidd Kama.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ymddygiad Bob Dydd<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ymarfer seremon\u00efol<\/strong><\/p><p>Llafarganu Paritta (Theravada) mewn eiliadau critigol. Ratana Sutta (&#8220;Sutta y Gemau&#8221;) a Karaniya Metta Sutta fel testunau amddiffynnol canolog. Yn nhraddodiad Mahayana, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Y weithred o alw ar dduwdod neu rym trwy weddi neu ddefod.\" tabindex=\"0\">galw<\/span> ar Bodhisattvau (Avalokiteshvara, Manjushri) yn erbyn dylanwadau Mara.<\/p><p><strong>Ymarfer myfyriol<\/strong><\/p><p>Nid amddiffyniad yw&#8217;r &#8220;amddiffyniad&#8221; pwysicaf yn erbyn Mara, ond gwelediad clir. Ymwybyddiaeth ofalgar (sati), craffter (vipassana), caredigrwydd (metta), mae&#8217;r tri hyn yn chwalu grym Mara am nad ydynt yn ymateb i&#8217;r temtasiynau. Ystum Tystio&#8217;r Ddaear Bwdha yw&#8217;r ddelwedd wreiddiol o&#8217;r ymarfer hwn.<\/p><p><strong>Trawsffurfiad Vajrayana<\/strong><\/p><p>Yn nhraddodiadau tantrig, nid yw egni Mara yn cael ei ymladd, ond ei drawsffurfio trwy dduwdodau myfyriol dirfawr (Yamantaka, Heruka). Mae ffigur y gwarcheidwad dirfawr yn gysylltiedig yn strwythurol ag egni Mara, ond ar ffurf wedi&#8217;i thrawsnewid.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cymharoldebau a Derbyniad<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Cyfochrogion crefyddol:<\/strong> Mae Satan ac Iblis yn rhannu swyddogaeth y temtiwr. Y gwahaniaeth: mae Mara&#8217;n gweithredu o fewn system <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Yn Hind\u0175aeth, Bwdhaeth a Jaindaeth, y gyfraith o achos ac effaith: mae pob gweithred yn effeithio ar fodolaethau dilynol.\">Karma<\/span>, nid fel duw gwrthwynebus cosmig. Mae ei r\u00f4l yn strwythurol angenrheidiol, nid drwg mewn ystyr absoliwt.<\/p><p><strong>Dehongliad seicolegol:<\/strong> Mae athrawon Bwdhaidd modern (Bhikkhu Bodhi, Stephen Batchelor) yn darllen Mara yn bennaf yn seicolegol: sym o&#8217;r gwrthwynebiadau mewnol yn erbyn y llwybr. Mae hyn yn ei wneud yn berthnasol yn uniongyrchol i fyfyrwyr heddiw.<\/p><p><strong>Celf a diwylliant poblogaidd:<\/strong> Golygfa ymosodiad Mara yw un o&#8217;r motiffau delweddol pwysicaf mewn Bwdhaeth ledled y byd. Mewn delweddau o Gandhara (2il-5ed ganrif) hyd Borobudur ac at manga Japaneaidd modern. Mewn gemau fideo a nofelau ffantasi, mae Mara&#8217;n ffigur sefydlog.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa5b4d88 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpa5b4d88\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb5d02f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpb5d02f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Y Temtiad o dan y Goeden Fodhi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp761498e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp761498e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp96af027 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp96af027\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Y bennod ganolog yn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Naratif traddodiadol am dduwiau, tarddiadau a threfn y byd.\" tabindex=\"0\">chwedloniaeth<\/span> Mara yw ei ymosodiad ar y Bwdha, oedd heb ddeffro eto, y Bodhisattva Siddhartha Gautama, y noson cyn ei ddeffroad o dan y goeden ffigys ger Bodhgaya.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r naratif hwn wedi&#8217;i gofnodi mewn nifer o destunau, gan gynnwys y <em>Padhana Sutta<\/em> o Ganon Pali, ac yn fanwl mewn cofiannau bywyd diweddarach fel y <em>Buddhacarita<\/em> gan Ashvaghosha a&#8217;r <em>Lalitavistara<\/em>.<\/p><p>Mae Mara&#8217;n sylweddoli bod y Bodhisattva ar fin cael ei ddeffroad ac y bydd yn dianc rhag ei rym dros fyd genedigaeth a marwolaeth. Mae&#8217;n gyrru ei fyddinoedd yn gyntaf, cynulliad ofnadwy o ffigurau dirfawr, sy&#8217;n ymosod ag arfau, storm, t\u00e2n a thywyllwch.<\/p><p>Ond mae pob taflegryn yn troi&#8217;n flodau wrth gyrraedd y Bodhisattva sy&#8217;n myfyrio. Yna mae Mara&#8217;n anfon ei ferched, a elwir mewn rhai testunau Tanha, Arati a Raga (chwant, anfodlonrwydd, trachwant), i demtio&#8217;r ascetig, ond mae hynny&#8217;n methu hefyd.<\/p><p>Yn y diwedd, mae Mara&#8217;n herio hawl y Bodhisattva i feddiannu sedd y deffroad. Mae&#8217;r Bodhisattva&#8217;n cyffwrdd \u00e2&#8217;r ddaear gyda&#8217;i law dde ac yn ei galw i dystio i&#8217;w ragoriaethau a gasglwyd dros aneirif fywydau. Mae&#8217;r ddaear yn tystio iddo, mae Mara wedi&#8217;i drechu ac yn ymgilio.<\/p><p>Daeth yr ystum hwn, <em>bhumisparsha mudra<\/em>, ystum tystio&#8217;r ddaear, yn y ffurf fwyaf cyffredin o ddarlunio&#8217;r Bwdha ym mhob celf Fwdhaidd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa43bb8d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpa43bb8d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0af113c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp0af113c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mara fel egwyddor seicolegol yn y ddysgeidiaeth ganonaidd<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp920e0d7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp920e0d7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp97daf06 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp97daf06\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yn y testunau hynaf o Ganon Pali, nid ffigwr naratif yn unig yw Mara, ond hefyd cysyniad athrawiaethol. Daw&#8217;r gair <em>mara<\/em> o&#8217;r gwreiddyn am farw, ac mae&#8217;n golygu&#8217;n llythrennol yr Un sy&#8217;n Lladd neu Farwolaeth. Mae Mara yn ymgorffori pob peth sy&#8217;n clymu bodau i gylch geni a marw.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r traddodiad esboniadol yn gwahaniaethu rhwng sawl agwedd neu fath o Mara. Yn eu plith y sonnir am Mara fel <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bod a addolir fel dwyfol o fewn crefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">duwdod<\/span> (<em>devaputta-mara<\/em>), Mara fel y pum gr\u0175p bodolaeth (<em>khandha-mara<\/em>), Mara fel y llygredigaethau meddyliol (<em>kilesa-mara<\/em>), a Mara fel marwolaeth ei hun (<em>maccu-mara<\/em>).<\/p><p>Felly mae Mara yn wrthwynebwr pendant ac ar yr un pryd yn god ar gyfer y grymoedd mewnol sy&#8217;n atal rhyddhad.<\/p><p>Yn <em>Samyutta Nikaya<\/em> ceir nifer o gyfarfyddiadau byr lle mae Mara yn ymddangos i&#8217;r Bwda neu i&#8217;w fynachod a&#8217;i lleianod, gan geisio eu drysu, eu tynnu sylw neu eu harwain at amheuaeth. Mae agwedd y ffigyrau deffroedig yn nodedig: maent yn adnabod Mara yn syml, yn siarad ag ef, ac wrth wneud hynny mae&#8217;n colli ei rym.<\/p><p>Yn aml mae&#8217;r traddodiad Theravada yn darllen y golygfeydd hyn fel alegor\u00efau o gyflyrau mewnol. Mae&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Y ddisgyblaeth academaidd sy'n ymchwilio i grefyddau yn gymharol ac heb ymrwymiad ffydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">wyddoniaeth grefyddol<\/span> yn tanlinellu bod y lefel fytholegol a&#8217;r lefel seicolegol, yn y Bwdhaeth gynnar, heb eu gwahanu, ond yn cael eu deall fel dwy ochr i&#8217;r un peth.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc0e6bee e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpc0e6bee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp660c692 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp660c692\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Safle Mara yng nghosmoleg Bwdhaidd<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc2284b1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpc2284b1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp89354b4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp89354b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O fewn y byd-olwg Bwdhaidd, nid gwrthwynebwr o&#8217;r tu allan i&#8217;r byd yw Mara, ond rhan ei hun o gosmos yr aileni. Ystyrir ef yn arglwydd nef uchaf byd y synhwyrau, ac yn \u00f4l rhai testunau yn drigolyn nef <em>Paranirmita-vasavartin<\/em>. Mae Mara felly&#8217;n fod grymus \u00e2 bywyd hir a nerth mawr, ond nid yw&#8217;n dragwyddol nac wedi ei ryddhau.<\/p><p>Eglurir ei ddiddordeb mewn atal deffroad gan y safle hon. Cyhyd \u00e2 bod bodau yn parhau yng nghylch yr aileni, maent yn parhau o fewn tiriogaeth Mara. Mae&#8217;r sawl a gyflawna ryddhad yn dianc rhag y llywodraeth hon. Nid yw Mara felly&#8217;n ddrygioni absoliwt yn ystyr deuoliaeth gosmig, ond yn rym o fewn y byd cyflyrol sy&#8217;n amddiffyn ei diriogaeth ei hun.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r cyfansoddiad hwn yn gwahaniaethu&#8217;n glir rhwng Bwdhaeth a chrefyddau deuolaidd, lle mae egwyddor drygioni yn wynebu daioni fel grym cyfartal. Mae Mara yn rymus, ond yn ei hanfod yn oresgynadwy, ac nid dinistrio gelyn yw ei drechu, ond dianc yn syml o&#8217;i ddylanwad.<\/p><p>Mae ymchwil wedi nodi bod traddodiadau diweddarach, yn arbennig o fewn Mahayana, wedi manylu ar r\u00f4l Mara, ac ar brydiau&#8217;n dysgu y gallai bod deffroedig ymateb i Mara gyda thrugaredd, gan ei fod yntau&#8217;n fod sy&#8217;n dioddef o fewn cylch bodolaeth.<\/p><p>Ceir cyfatebiaeth bell \u00e2&#8217;r ffigwr temtiwr mewn crefyddau eraill, er enghraifft yn y ffigwr y mae <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/archangel-mihangel\/\">testunau Cristnogol<\/a> yn ei adnabod fel gwrthwynebwr, ond mae&#8217;r dosbarthiad cosmolegol yn hollol wahanol.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cysylltiadau pellach<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cysylltiadau mewnol argymhellir:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/bwdhaeth\/\">Bwdhaeth<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/preta\/\">Preta<\/a>, Yamad\u016bta, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/naraka-gwarcheidwaid\/\">Gwarcheidwaid Naraka<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/dakini\/\">Dakini<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/satan\/\">Satan<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/iblis\/\">Iblis<\/a> (cyfatebiaethau temtiwr)<\/li><li>Deffroad y Bwda o dan Goeden y Bodhi<\/li><li>Athrawiaeth y Pedwar Mara (Skandha, Klesha, Marana, Devaputra)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Llenyddiaeth ymchwil<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Detholiad o weithiau canolog ar Mara:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Boyd, James W.: <em>Satan and M\u0101ra. Christian and Buddhist Symbols of Evil<\/em>. Leiden 1975.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Ling, T. O.: <em>Buddhism and the Mythology of Evil<\/em>. London 1962.<\/span><\/li><li>Nyanaponika Thera: <em>The Four Nutriments of Life<\/em>. Kandy 1981.<\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Walshe, Maurice: <em>The Long Discourses of the Buddha<\/em>. Boston 1995 (cyf. Digha Nikaya).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Rhys Davids, Thomas W.: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sacred-texts.com\/bud\/sbe11\/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Buddhist Suttas<\/a><\/em>. Oxford 1881.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Rhagor o weithiau safonol yn y <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/llenyddiaeth\/\">Rhestr Lyfryddiaeth<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b29ad2f e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b29ad2f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9b50593 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9b50593\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<h2>Cwestiynau Cyffredin am Mara<\/h2>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Pwy yw Mara yn y traddodiad Bwdhaidd?<\/h3><p>Mara (Sansgrit am farwolaeth, y temtiwr) yw ymgorfforiad temtasiwn, ymlyniad bydol a marwolaeth ym Mwdhaeth.<\/p><p>Safodd Mara yn erbyn y Bwda o dan y Goeden Bodhi a cheisiodd ei rwystro rhag cyrraedd goleuedigaeth, gyda byddinoedd o gythreuliaid, gyda&#8217;i dair merch (Trachwant, Anfodlonrwydd, Pleser) ac gyda&#8217;r cyhuddiad nad oedd gan y Bwda hawl i oleuedigaeth. Cyffyrddodd y Bwda \u00e2&#8217;r ddaear, a alwodd fel tystiolaeth, a threchodd Mara trwy gadernid.<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Beth yw&#8217;r pedwar Mara ym Mwdhaeth?<\/h3><p>Mae&#8217;r athrawiaeth Fwdhaidd yn gwahaniaethu pedwar agwedd o Mara: (1) Skandha-Mara, y temtasiwn trwy&#8217;r pum gr\u0175p bodolaeth (corff, teimlad, canfyddiad, ffurfiannau meddyliol, ymwybyddiaeth); (2) Klesha-Mara, y temtasiwn trwy amhurdebau (trachwant, casineb, twyll); (3) Mrtyu-Mara, marwolaeth ei hun; (4) Devaputra-Mara, y temtiwr nefol (y ffigwr personol). Mae&#8217;n rhaid mynd trwy&#8217;r pedair ar y llwybr tuag at ryddhad.<\/p><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Pwy yw Mara yn y traddodiad Bwdhaidd?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Mara (Sansgrit am farwolaeth, y temtiwr) yw ymgorfforiad temtasiwn, ymlyniad bydol a marwolaeth ym Mwdhaeth. 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Mae'n rhaid mynd trwy'r pedair ar y llwybr tuag at ryddhad.\"}}]}<\/script>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1554,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Mara temtiwr Bwdhaidd","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Mara \u2013 Duw traddodiad Bwdhaidd","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Mara yw ffigwr gwrthwynebus canolog traddodiad Bwdhaidd. 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