{"id":191186,"date":"2026-09-07T07:25:16","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T07:25:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=191186"},"modified":"2026-09-07T07:29:24","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T07:29:24","slug":"mahr","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/mahr\/","title":{"rendered":"Mahr"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"191186\" class=\"elementor elementor-191186 elementor-1032\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mahr, ysbryd o'r draddodiad Germanaidd<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mahr yw <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bod anghorfforol y priodolir dylanwad iddo yn y byd.\" tabindex=\"0\">ysbryd<\/span> o&#8217;r draddodiad Germanaidd.<\/p><p><strong>Y wasgwr nos fenywaidd, hen wedd wreiddiol wedi&#8217;i chadw yn ieithyddol.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Ysbryd: Bod anghorfforol neu led-gorfforol, meirw, ysbrydion natur, ysbrydion t\u0177 neu wardeiniaid trothwy. Yn gweithredu ym mywyd bob dydd, yn aml wedi'i gysylltu \u00e2 lleoedd neu deuluoedd.\">Ysbryd<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/germanaidd\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Byd cyn-Gristnogol o dduwiau ac ysbrydion Gogledd a Chanolbarth Ewrop.\">Germanaidd<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Ni chanfuwyd unrhyw benawdau ar y dudalen hon.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCynnwys\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_germanisch_mahr-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-193576\" alt=\"Mahr - Ysbrydion o&apos;r Traddodiad Germanaidd, darluniadol yn hanesyddol\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_germanisch_mahr-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_germanisch_mahr-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_germanisch_mahr-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_germanisch_mahr.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mahr<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae&#8217;r Mahr (neu&#8217;r Fahr, yn draddodiadol yn fenywaidd) yn gymeriad o gred werin Germanaidd, sy&#8217;n perthyn yn agos i&#8217;r Alp.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r ddau yn ysbrydion gwasgu&#8217;r nos, y ddau&#8217;n achosi hunllefau a <a class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/parlys-cwsg\/\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Cyflwr canfyddiadol lle mae'r ymwybyddiaeth yn deffro, ond mae'r corff yn dal wedi'i barlysu gan atonia REM; yn aml yn gysylltiedig \u00e2 rhithweledigaethau.\" style=\"color:inherit;text-decoration:none\">barlys cwsg<\/a>. Mae&#8217;r gwahaniaeth yn ieithyddol-hanesyddol: mae&#8217;r Mahr yn dod o haen h\u0177n, hen-Germanaidd (Germanaidd <em>*maran-<\/em>), a gofnodwyd yn yr hen Saesneg <em>m\u00e6re<\/em>, hen Norseg <em>mara<\/em>, a hen Almaeneg Uchel <em>mara<\/em>. Mae&#8217;r Saesneg <em>nightmare<\/em> a&#8217;r Ffrangeg <em>cauchemar<\/em> yn dal i gario&#8217;r gair hyd heddiw.<\/p><div><p><strong>Cymeriad benywaidd mewn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Trosglwyddo gwybodaeth a straeon dros genedlaethau.\" tabindex=\"0\">draddodiad<\/span> Nordig ac Almaeneg<\/strong><\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r Fahr yn ymddangos yn aml fel cymeriad nosol benywaidd yn y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Trosglwyddo gwybodaeth a straeon dros genedlaethau.\" tabindex=\"0\">draddodiad<\/span> Nordig ac Almaeneg. Yn <em>Prosa-Edda<\/em> Snorri Sturluson (a ysgrifennwyd tua 1220), disgrifir ffigurau benywaidd chwedlonol-ddemonig, y mae eu natur yn amrywio rhwng duwies a chythreules.<\/p><p>Er nad yw&#8217;r Edda yn enwi&#8217;r Fahr yn benodol, mae&#8217;r ymweliadau nosol gan fodau benywaidd a ddisgrifir yn cyfateb i&#8217;r adroddiadau Mahr a ddogfennwyd yn ddiweddarach. Fe wnaeth traddodiad gwerin Sweden a&#8217;r Almaen yn y Cyfnod Modern Cynnar fireinio&#8217;r ffigwr hwn ymhellach.<\/p><p>Disgrifiodd Jacobus Sprenger a demonolegwyr eraill y Malleus Maleficarum gythreulesau nosol a fyddai&#8217;n ymweld \u00e2 dynion ac yn cydorwedd \u00e2 hwy. Mewn rhai achosion, adnabuwyd y bodau hyn fel M\u00e4hre neu Mahr, sy&#8217;n awgrymu parhad rhwng y traddodiad Nordig paganaidd a demonoleg Gristnogol.<\/p><p>Nid benthyciad o draddodiadau tramor oedd y Fahr, felly, ond cynnyrch lleol \u00e2 dyfnder hanesyddol ei hun.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ar Gipolwg: Mahr<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Math:<\/strong> Ysbryd gwasgu benywaidd y nos<br>Tarddiad: Hen haen Germanaidd (<em>*maran-<\/em>)<br>Testunau: Hen Norseg, hen Saesneg, Almaeneg Uchel Canol; Grimm, casgliadau ll\u00ean gwerin<br>Cyfnod: o&#8217;r canoloesoedd cynnar hyd heddiw (yn ieithyddol hyd at heddiw)<br>Amddiffyn: fel yn achos yr Alp, troed drudwen, esgidiau, dur, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Trosiad ieithyddol dyn tuag at dduw.\" tabindex=\"0\">gweddi<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Trosolwg<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cyfnod y Testunau<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Wedi&#8217;i dystio yn ieithyddol fel hen-Germanaidd (b\u00f4n cyffredin mewn Hen Norseg, Hen Saesneg, Hen Uchel Almaeneg). Tystiolaeth o&#8217;r Oesoedd Canol mewn llenyddiaeth a ffynonellau cyfreithiol. Wedi&#8217;i gofnodi&#8217;n gyfoethog yn y 19eg ganrif (Grimm). Yn fyw hyd heddiw yn y geiriau \u201enightmare&#8221; \/ \u201ecauchemar&#8221; \/ \u201eAlbtraum&#8221; (y gair olaf yn gyfystyr am y ddwy wedd).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ardal Ledaeniad<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yr holl diriogaeth Germanaidd, gydag enwau rhanbarthol: Mahr (Almaeneg), mare (Saesneg yn <em>nightmare<\/em>), mara (Norseg\/Swedeg), Mart\/M\u00e5rt, Mahrt, Iseldireg <em>nachtmerrie<\/em>. Trosglwyddwyd ymhellach i ieithoedd Rhamantaidd trwy&#8217;r Ffrangeg <em>cauchemar<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sail y Ffynonellau<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Testunau meddygol Hen Saesneg, sagau Hen Norseg (lladdir y Brenin Vanlandi gan Mara yn Ynglinga saga), ffynonellau cyfreithiol Canol Uchel Almaeneg, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanrwydd chwedlau duwiau a draddodwyd o ddiwylliant.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytholeg<\/span> Grimm, archifau gwerin y 19eg\/20fed ganrif.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enw<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Hen Norseg:<\/strong> <em>mara<\/em>, lluosog <em>marur<\/em>.<br>Hen Saesneg: <em>m\u00e6re<\/em>.<br>Hen Almaeneg Uchel: <em>mara<\/em>.<br>Ffurfiau modern: Nachtmahr, Nachtmar, Mart, M\u00e5rt, Mahrt, Saesneg <em>nightmare<\/em>, Ffrangeg <em>cauchemar<\/em>.<br>Perthynas: Alp (gwrywaidd, yn aml yn gyfystyr).<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r Ynglinga saga yn adrodd sut mae&#8217;r frenhines-swynwraig Sweden Hulda yn anfon Mara i erbyn y Brenin Vanlandi, sy&#8217;n cael ei sathru i farwolaeth yn ei wely wrth gysgu. Dyma un o&#8217;r tystiolaethau llenyddol hynaf, ac mae&#8217;n dangos grym marwol y ffigwr.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nodweddion<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ymddangosiad<\/strong><\/p><p>Ffurf fenywaidd, fach, gyda gwallt hir a chudynnog. Gall gymryd ffurf anifail, cath, ci, corryn. Daw i mewn drwy dwll y clo, y simnai, agennau&#8217;r drws. Yn rhai rhanbarthau, disgrifir hi fel dynes ieuanc brydferth, mewn eraill fel hen wraig grebachlyd.<\/p><p><strong>Ymddygiad<\/strong><\/p><p>Mae&#8217;n eistedd ar frest y sawl sy&#8217;n cysgu, yn gwasgu, yn dwyn anadl, yn achosi cyflyrau hunllefus. Gall \u201efarchogaeth&#8221; ceffylau, ac erbyn y bore gwelir myngau cymysglyd (\u201eplethau Mahr&#8221;) ac anifeiliaid wedi eu llwyr flino. Yn yr achosion gwaethaf, gall arwain at farwolaeth (Ynglinga saga).<\/p><p><strong>Maes Dylanwad<\/strong><\/p><p>Ystafell gysgu, stabl geffylau. Ystyrir bod rhai nosweithiau penodol (diwrnodau ffiniol, nosweithiau Iau) yn arbennig o beryglus. Yn \u00f4l y gred werin, mae pobl \u00e2 chylchrediad gwan, ar \u00f4l bwyta pryd trwm, neu&#8217;n cysgu ar eu cefn, mewn mwy o berygl.<\/p><p><strong>Cyd-destun Mytholegol<\/strong><\/p><p>O&#8217;r cyfnod Germanaidd cynnar. Yn bosib yn gysylltiedig \u00e2&#8217;r syniad o enaid crwydrol (<em>mara<\/em> fel ffurf enaid fenywaidd wedi&#8217;i ymrannu, a fyddai&#8217;n crwydro liw nos). Yn nhraddodiad Slafaidd, ceir ffigurau tebyg iawn (Mora, Mura).<\/p><p><strong>Ymddangosiad a Symboliaeth<\/strong><\/p><p>Disgrifir y Mahriau fel cysgodion cyfnos a fyddai&#8217;n eistedd ar y sawl sy&#8217;n cysgu. Ar brydiau, ymddangosant fel bodau ellyllaidd. Gall yr Alb gymryd ffurf anifail, ceffyl, aderyn neu gath. Cyfyngder ac atal anadlu yw eu harwyddion nodedig. Ystyrir bod haearn yn amddiffyniad.<\/p><div><p><strong>Dewiniaeth a Thraddodiad Gwerin y Cyfnod Modern Cynnar<\/strong><\/p><p>Yn yr Almaeneg o&#8217;r 16eg i&#8217;r 18fed ganrif, roedd y Mahr yn gysylltiedig iawn \u00e2 dewiniaeth. Cyhuddwyd gwrachiod, ymhlith pethau eraill, o deithio liw nos fel Mahr ar bobl sy&#8217;n cysgu, achosi hunllefau, a hudo dynion.<\/p><p>Roedd y ffin rhwng ffurf fodolaeth ddemonig a gwrach a fyddai&#8217;n newid ei ffurf yn hudol yn aml yn amwys. Soniai traddodiadau pentref am wragedd a allai <em>deithio fel Mahr<\/em>, hynny yw, anfon eu henaid yn y ffurf hon tra bod y corff ffisegol yn cysgu.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Nid oedd y gred hon wedi&#8217;i chyfyngu i un rhanbarth yn unig, ond roedd yn eang ar draws y byd Almaeneg a Sgandinafia. Cofnododd Jakob Grimm yn ei waith <em>Deutsche <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm y chwedlau am dduwiau a drosglwyddwyd o fewn diwylliant.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mythologie<\/span><\/em> (1835) gannoedd o adroddiadau am y Mahr o wahanol ardaloedd, gan ddangos bod y traddodiad Mahr yn h\u0177n ac yn fwy cyffredin nag a awgrymai&#8217;r sylw academaidd cyfoes.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Proffil: Mahr<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Y prif nodweddion o&#8217;r Mahr ar un olwg.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cyd-destun Diwylliannol<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Haen Germanaidd gynnar; yn bosib ffurf enaid fenywaidd grwydrol. Yn ieithyddol, wedi&#8217;i gadw hyd heddiw yn \u201enightmare&#8221; a \u201ecauchemar&#8221;.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Targedau<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pobl sy&#8217;n cysgu (ar eu cefn, ar \u00f4l bwyta pryd trwm), ceffylau yn y stabl. Ystyrir bod rhai nosweithiau ffiniol yn arbennig o beryglus.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ymddangosiad y Mahr<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Benywaidd, fach, gwallt hir a chudynnog. Gallu i newid ffurf i anifail (cath, corryn). Yn rhanbarthol, dynes brydferth neu hen wraig.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Swyddogaeth<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yn gwasgu, yn dwyn anadl, yn achosi hunllefau. Yn &#8220;marchogaeth&#8221; ceffylau. Gall fod yn farwol mewn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Trosglwyddo gwybodaeth a straeon dros genedlaethau.\" tabindex=\"0\">draddodiad<\/span> llenyddol (Ynglinga saga).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Amddiffyniad<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fel gyda&#8217;r Alb: troed y Drude, esgidiau \u00e2&#8217;u pen i lawr o flaen y gwely, cyllell o dan y gobennydd. Yn ogystal: llyfr emynau neu psalter o dan y gobennydd, arwydd y groes wrth fynd i&#8217;r gwely.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cymariaethau<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Alb (perthynas agos), Mora\/Mura Slafaidd, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/lilu-a-lilitu\/\">Lil\u016b a Lil\u012btu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/lilith\/\">Lilith<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/empusa\/\">Empusa<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/striga\/\">Striga<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Amddiffyn a Dehongli<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ymarfer Amddiffynnol<\/strong><\/p><p>Yn union yr un fath \u00e2&#8217;r amddiffyniad rhag yr Alb: troed y Drude, esgidiau \u00e2&#8217;u pen i lawr, cyllell o dan y gobennydd, psalter neu Feibl o dan y pen. Yn rhanbarthol: ysgub \u00e2&#8217;r blew tuag i fyny yn y cornel, doli wellt wrth y stabl.<\/p><p><strong>Amddiffyn Ceffylau<\/strong><\/p><p>Yn y stabl, i wrthsefyll y \u201emarchogaeth&#8221; gan y Mahr: drych-Alp (darn drych ar wddf y ceffyl), amwletiau wedi&#8217;u bendithio, llusern stabl ynghyn. Ystyriwyd plethau&#8217;r Mahr yn y bore fel arwydd clir o ymweliad Mahr.<\/p><p><strong>Dehongliad Modern<\/strong><\/p><p>Fel yr Alb, deellir y Mahr heddiw fel ffenomen <a class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/parlys-cwsg\/\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Cyflwr effro gyda atonia cyhyrol REM; dehonglir yn fyd-eang fel profiad ysbrydion (Mahr, Old Hag, Kanashibari) \u2013 gellir ei esbonio'n niwrolegol.\" style=\"color:inherit;text-decoration:none\">parlys cwsg<\/a>. Mae ymchwil werinol (David Hufford ac eraill) wedi dangos bod ffenomenoleg y profiad yn sefydlog ar draws diwylliannau; mae&#8217;r delweddau mytholegol yn amrywio, ond mae&#8217;r profiad ei hun yn aros yr un fath.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cymharoldebau a Derbyniad<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p><strong>Cyfochrogau Pan-Germanaidd a Slafaidd<\/strong><\/p><p>Alp yn yr ardal Almaeneg, <em>mare<\/em> yn Saesneg, <em>mara<\/em> yn Llychlynnaidd, <em>mora<\/em>\/<em>mura<\/em> yn yr ardal Slafaidd. Mae pob un yn awgrymu haen Indo-Ewropeaidd gyffredin, neu hyd yn oed h\u0177n.<\/p><p><strong>Cyfochrogau <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfnod diwylliant Groeg a Rhufain, tua 800 CC hyd 600 OC.\" tabindex=\"0\">Clasurol<\/span><\/strong><\/p><p>Mae <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/lilu-a-lilitu\/\">Lil\u016b a Lil\u012btu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/lilith\/\">Lilith<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/empusa\/\">Empusa<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/striga\/\">Striga<\/a> yn rhannu strwythur a swyddogaeth \u00e2&#8217;r Mahr. Mae&#8217;r ffigwr nosol benywaidd sy&#8217;n pwyso ar y sawl sy&#8217;n cysgu yn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Elfen gynnwys sy'n ailymddangos mewn celf neu naratif.\" tabindex=\"0\">fotiff<\/span> byd-eang.<\/p><p><strong>Dylanwad<\/strong><\/p><p><em>Nachtmahr<\/em> F\u00fcssli (1781) yw&#8217;r gwaith gweledol mwyaf adnabyddus. Mae barddoniaeth Heine ac Erlk\u00f6nig Goethe yn ymhelaethu ar y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Elfen gynnwys sy'n ailymddangos mewn celf neu naratif.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiff<\/span>. Mae llenyddiaeth a ffilmiau arswyd modern yn codi&#8217;r ffigwr yn rheolaidd.<\/p><p><strong>Parhad a dylanwad:<\/strong> Mae traddodiad y Mahr yn parhau mewn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"System grefyddol lle mae arbenigwyr yn cyfathrebu \u00e2 byd yr ysbrydion.\" tabindex=\"0\">shamaniaeth<\/span> fodern. Priodolir rhannau o ffenomenau hunllef iddo. Ym seicoleg orllewinol, mae&#8217;r alb yn ffenomen drawsddiwylliannol. Yn ffantasi, mae mahrau&#8217;n aml yn drics-ffigyrau tebyg i ellyllon. Mae diwylliant yr alp yn parhau&#8217;n fyw yn Bafaria.<\/p><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer><div><p><strong>Natur Gorfforol a Dieflig y Mahr<\/strong><\/p><p>Mae <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Elfen gynnwys sy'n ailymddangos mewn celf neu naratif.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiff<\/span> sy&#8217;n ailymddangos yn yr adroddiadau yn bresenoldeb corfforol amwys y Mahr. Mae rhai naratifau&#8217;n s\u00f4n am fod diriaethol, gwraig denau ag ewinedd hir a wyneb gwelw, sy&#8217;n gwneud symudiadau tagu.<\/p><p>Mae adroddiadau eraill yn awgrymu presenoldeb ysbrydol neu ddi-afael, math o ffurf ofn a fewnoleiddiwyd, sy&#8217;n gwrthsefyll gwrthrychiad corfforol. Mae&#8217;r amwysedd hwn yn gwneud y Mahr yn ddim yn hollol ysbrydol nac yn hollol gorfforol, ond yn hytrach ar y ffin rhwng y ddwy.<\/p><p>Cafodd y cwestiwn a ddylid deall y Mahr fel bod dieflig, fel amlygiad o ofn dynol, neu fel canlyniad anhwylder cysgu meddygol, atebion gwahanol o fewn astudiaethau ll\u00ean gwerin. Mae <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Y disgyblaeth academaidd sy'n astudio crefyddau'n gymharol a heb ymrwymiad ffydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">astudiaethau crefyddol<\/span> cyfoes yn cydnabod yr amwysedd hwn heb ei ddatrys, ac yn trin y Mahr fel cynnyrch diwylliannol \u00e2 swyddogaethau cymdeithasol a seicolegol gwirioneddol.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf76f55e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpf76f55e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp607ca10 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp607ca10\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Y Mahr a'r gair Ewropeaidd am hunllef<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpee16b4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpee16b4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp91fe14d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp91fe14d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae&#8217;r <em>Mahr<\/em> yn ieithyddol un o&#8217;r bodau ysbrydol mwyaf arwyddocaol yn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Trosglwyddo gwybodaeth a naratifau dros genedlaethau.\" tabindex=\"0\">draddodiad<\/span> Germanaidd. Mae ei henw&#8217;n bresennol yn y gair Saesneg <em>nightmare<\/em>, y gair Ffrangeg <em>cauchemar<\/em>, ac mewn nifer o eiriau Ewropeaidd eraill am hunllef. Mae&#8217;r olion hyn yn dangos bod y syniad o ysbryd pwyso benywaidd sy&#8217;n bygwth y sawl sy&#8217;n cysgu yn y nos yn eang iawn yn Ewrop orllewinol, gyda gwreiddiau dwfn.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r deulu geiriol wedi ei ddogfennu&#8217;n dda ar draws yr ieithoedd Germanaidd, yn yr Almaeneg Uchel Hen, yn Saesneg Hen fel <em>m\u00e6re<\/em>, ac yn Norseg Hen fel <em>mara<\/em>. Mae&#8217;r llenyddiaeth Norseg Hen yn cynnwys naratif trawiadol yn <em>Ynglinga saga<\/em> Snorri Sturluson: mae&#8217;r brenin Vanlandi&#8217;n cael ei wasgu i farwolaeth gan <em>mara<\/em>, a sathrodd yn gyntaf ar ei goesau, ac yna ar ei ben.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r darn hwn yn perthyn i&#8217;r tystiolaethau llenyddol manwl hynaf o&#8217;r syniad, ac yn dangos y gallai&#8217;r Mahr fod wedi ei ystyried yn fygythiad marwol eisoes yn yr Oesoedd Canol.<\/p><p>Mae ymchwil ieithyddol wedi cynnig gwahanol ddehongliadau o&#8217;r gwreiddyn, gan gynnwys cysylltiad \u00e2 berf sy&#8217;n golygu &#8220;malu&#8221; neu &#8220;gwasgu&#8217;n ddarnau&#8221;, sy&#8217;n gweddu&#8217;n dda i swyddogaeth ysbryd pwyso. Nid oes etymoleg gwbl ddiogel. Ond mae maint daearyddol a chronolegol eang y gair yn sicr.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r Mahr felly&#8217;n esiampl o sut y gall bod ysbrydol gael dylanwad trwy iaith sy&#8217;n para llawer hirach na&#8217;i gefndir ffydd gwreiddiol. Mae&#8217;r sawl sy&#8217;n s\u00f4n am hunllef heddiw yn defnyddio, heb wybod hynny, enw hen ysbryd pwyso.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp599ff74 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp599ff74\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcaa6cd3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpcaa6cd3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Y Mahr rhwng bod ysbrydol ac enaid a anfonwyd allan<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5ca891c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp5ca891c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp888ab8f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp888ab8f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nid yw <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Trosglwyddo gwybodaeth a naratifau dros genedlaethau.\" tabindex=\"0\">traddodiad<\/span> ll\u00ean gwerin y Mahr yn unffurf, ond mae&#8217;n cyfuno dwy fodel esboniadol wahanol. Yn \u00f4l y cyntaf, mae&#8217;r Mahr yn fod ysbrydol ar wah\u00e2n sy&#8217;n dod o&#8217;r tu allan ac yn bygwth y sawl sy&#8217;n cysgu.<\/p><p>Yn \u00f4l yr ail, mae&#8217;r Mahr yn enaid neu ewyllys a anfonwyd allan gan berson byw. Yn yr ail ddehongliad hwn, mae person, yn aml heb wybod hynny ei hun, yn poenydio person arall yn ei gwsg trwy i ran ohono adael y corff a chrwydro fel Mahr.<\/p><p>O&#8217;r syniad hwn deilliodd patrymau naratif penodol. Mae math cyffredin o adroddiad yn s\u00f4n bod y Mahr yn mynd i mewn i&#8217;r ystafell gysgu trwy dwll bach, er enghraifft twll cwlwm mewn pren. Os caiff y twll ei stopio, ni all ddod allan mwyach ac mae&#8217;n cael ei ddal.<\/p><p>Yn y bore, ceir person yn y fan honno, yn aml wraig, sy&#8217;n cael ei datgelu fel y Mahr. Mewn rhai fersiynau, mae&#8217;r g\u0175r yn priodi&#8217;r wraig hon, ond cyn gynted ag y caiff y twll a stopiwyd unwaith ei agor eto, mae hi&#8217;n diflannu ar hyd yr un llwybr.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r naratifau hyn yn cysylltu&#8217;r Mahr yn agos \u00e2 chredoau gwrachyddiaeth a syniadau am enaid symudol rhydd. Mae ymchwil astudiaethau crefyddol a ll\u00ean gwerin yn gweld cydgyfeiriad o wahanol haenau yn hyn: hen syniad am ysbryd pwyso nosol, syniad am enaid a anfonwyd allan, a chred wrachyddiaeth y Cyfnod Modern Cynnar.<\/p><p>Nid yw&#8217;r Mahr, felly, yn fod wedi ei ddiffinio&#8217;n glir \u00e2 bywgraffiad sefydlog, ond yn hytrach yn bwynt cyswllt lle mae gwahanol gredoau&#8217;n croesi. Mae&#8217;r amlhaenedd hwn yn arbennig o gynhyrchiol i astudio credoau ysbrydol gwerinol.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpaac957d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpaac957d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp91fb037 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp91fb037\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Y dioddefwyr a farchogwyd: Mahr, anifail a dyn<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp75a2800 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp75a2800\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa41a19d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa41a19d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae un llinyn arbennig o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Trosglwyddo gwybodaeth a chwedlau dros genedlaethau.\" tabindex=\"0\">draddodiad<\/span> y Mahr yn ymwneud nid \u00e2 phobl, ond \u00e2 da byw. Mewn rhannau helaeth o&#8217;r ardal ieithyddol Almaenig a Sgandinafia, ystyrid y Mahr hefyd yn bla ar geffylau.<\/p><p>Ceffyl a safai yn y stabl yn y bore wedi ei flino, yn chwyslyd ac \u00e2 mwng anniben, tybid ei fod wedi&#8217;i farchogaeth gan y Mahr yn y nos. Roedd y cudynnau clymog, anniben ym mwng y ceffyl yn cael eu galw&#8217;n <em>gudynnau&#8217;r Mahr<\/em> neu dermau tebyg, ac yn cael eu dehongli fel prawf gweladwy o&#8217;r ymweliad nosol.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r syniad hwn yn esbonio arsyllfa amaethyddol wirioneddol: gall ceffylau&#8217;n wir fod yn chwyslyd a chael mwng anniben dros nos, boed hynny o achos salwch, aflonyddwch neu barasitiaid.<\/p><p>Yng nghyd-destun cred y Mahr, deuai&#8217;r arsylwad hwn yn gadarnhad o ymweliad ysbrydol. O hyn deilliai mesurau amddiffynnol yn y stabl: byddid yn hongian gwrthrychau penodol, yn crafu arwyddion ar y pren, neu&#8217;n ymddiried yn blanhigion amddiffynnol i gadw&#8217;r Mahr draw.<\/p><p>Mewn rhai ardaloedd, aeth y term am y mwng anniben mor bell \u00e2 chael ei drosglwyddo i olwg dynol, sef gwallt wedi mynd yn glymau na ellid eu datod. Mae ymchwil werin-astudiaethol wedi dogfennu&#8217;n dda sut y lledodd y syniad am y Mahr o&#8217;r ystafell wely i&#8217;r stabl, ac o brofiad parlys cwsg i arsylwi ar anifail.<\/p><p>Mae hyn yn dangos yn eglur sut y gall patrwm esboniadol, unwaith y&#8217;i sefydlwyd, ymledu i gwmpasu ffenomenau newydd yn barhaus. Yr hyn a esboniai&#8217;r Mahr yn wreiddiol oedd ofn mygu dyn yn y nos. Yr hyn a esboniai hefyd oedd cyfres o arsylwadau trawiadol eraill, anesboniedig, a oedd yn gweddu i&#8217;r un fframwaith dehongliadol.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cysylltiadau pellach<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dolenni mewnol a argymhellir:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/germanaidd\/\">Germanaidd<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/alp\/\">Alp<\/a> (y berthynas agosaf), <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/draugr\/\">Draugr<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/nix\/\">Nix<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/troll\/\">Troll<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/lilu-a-lilitu\/\">Lil\u016b a Lil\u012btu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/lilith\/\">Lilith<\/a><\/li><li>Ymchwil <a class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/parlys-cwsg\/\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Cyflwr effro gyda atoni cyhyrol REM; dehonglwyd yn fyd-eang fel profiad ysbrydol (Mahr, Old Hag, Kanashibari) - eglurir yn niwrolegol.\" style=\"color:inherit;text-decoration:none\">Parlys Cwsg<\/a><\/li><li>F\u00fcssli, \u201eDer Nachtmahr\u201c<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Llenyddiaeth (dewis)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Detholiad o weithiau canolog ar y Mahr:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Hufford, David J.: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pennpress.org\/9780812213058\/the-terror-that-comes-in-the-night\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Terror That Comes in the Night<\/a><\/em>. Philadelphia 1982.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Roscher, Wilhelm Heinrich: <em>Ephialtes<\/em>. Leipzig 1900.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Grimm, Jacob: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deutsche_Mythologie\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Deutsche Mythologie<\/a><\/em>. Berlin 1875, 78.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Kvideland, Reimund \/ Sehmsdorf, Henning: <em>Scandinavian Folk Belief and Legend<\/em>. Minneapolis 1988.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Rhagor o weithiau safonol yn y <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/llenyddiaeth\/\">Rhestr Lyfryddiaeth<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-mahr-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-mahr-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-mahr\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-mahr-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-mahr-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">Mae&#8217;r arfer amddiffynnol a ddisgrifir yma yn ddehongliad astudiaethau crefydd o draddodiadau hanesyddol. Mae iWell Guard yn cysylltu \u00e2&#8217;r llinyn hanesyddol-ddiwylliannol hwn o wrthrychau amddiffynnol a wisgir, ac yn cynrychioli ffurf gyfoes ohono. <a href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">Mwy am yr iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1681,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Mahr","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Mahr - Y Wasgwr Nos Fenywaidd","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Mahr, wasgwr nos fenywaidd o'r draddodiad Germanaidd. Hen wedd wreiddiol wedi'i chadw yn ieithyddol, yn gysylltiedig \u00e2'r pwyso ar y frest a'r hunllef.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"3","wesen_kultur":"germanisch","wesen_klasse":"geister","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-191186","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Mahr - Y Wasgwr Nos Fenywaidd<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Mahr, wasgwr nos fenywaidd o&#039;r draddodiad Germanaidd. 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