{"id":191154,"date":"2026-09-07T07:25:08","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T07:25:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=191154"},"modified":"2026-09-07T07:29:24","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T07:29:24","slug":"keres","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/keres\/","title":{"rendered":"Keres"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"191154\" class=\"elementor elementor-191154 elementor-841\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Keres, ysbryd o draddodiad Groeg<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Keres yw <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bod anghorfforol y priodolir dylanwad iddo yn y byd.\" tabindex=\"0\">ysbryd<\/span> o draddodiad Groeg.<\/p><p><strong>Cythreuliaid maes y gad, cenhadon marwolaeth <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm y chwedlau am dduwiau a drosglwyddwyd o fewn diwylliant.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytholeg<\/span> Roegaidd.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"dif-keres\">Keres ar Faes y Gad Hesiod<\/h2>\n<p>Y Keres yw <strong>cythreuliaid maes y gad<\/strong> yn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm y chwedlau am dduwiau a drosglwyddwyd o fewn diwylliant.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytholeg<\/span> Roegaidd, a ddaw, yn \u00f4l Hesiod (Tarian Herakles 248-257; Theogoni 211), o deulu Nyx ynghyd \u00e2 Thanatos a Hypnos. Maent yn <strong>ddu, \u00e2 chrafangau hir a dannedd rheibus, dillad wedi&#8217;u trwytho \u00e2 gwaed<\/strong>, ac maent yn hofran dros feysydd y gad ac yn cipio eneidiau&#8217;r rhyfelwyr sy&#8217;n marw.<\/p><p>Yn wahanol i&#8217;r Erinyau, nid ydynt yn ymlid troseddau moesol-gyfreithiol, ond yn ymgorffori <strong>trais ystadegol y rhyfel<\/strong>. Yn <em>Tarian Herakles<\/em> maent yn ymladd dros gyrff meirw fel adar rheibus.<\/p><p>Yn <strong>chwedl Pandora<\/strong>, mae&#8217;r Keres yn dianc o&#8217;r flwch a agorwyd gan Pandora fel ysbrydion clefyd a drygioni, ochr yn ochr \u00e2 llafur, gofid a chlefydau. Mae Pausanias yn adrodd am ddelweddau teml sy&#8217;n dangos y Keres fel ffigurau nos esgyrnog, llwglyd. Ffigurau cysylltiedig: y Moiraid (nyddwyr tynged), Eris (cynnen), Achlys (niwl marwolaeth).<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Ysbryd: Bod anghorfforol neu hanner-gorfforol, y meirw, bodau natur, ysbrydion t\u0177 neu warcheidwaid trothwy. Yn gweithredu ym mywyd bob dydd, yn aml yn gysylltiedig \u00e2 lleoedd neu deuluoedd.\">Ysbryd<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/groeg\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Crefydd a mytholeg Gwlad Groeg hynafol o'r cyfnod Mycenaidd hyd ddiwedd yr hen fyd.\">Groeg<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/ysbrydion-y-meirw\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Y meirw, y mae eu hysbrydion yn parhau i weithredu yn y byd hwn, ysbrydion t\u0177, cyndeidiau, meirw digartref.\">Ysbryd y Meirw<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Ni chanfuwyd unrhyw benawdau ar y dudalen hon.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCynnwys\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_griechenland_keres-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-193574\" alt=\"Keres - Ysbrydion o draddodiad Gwlad Groeg, darluniadol-hanesyddol\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_griechenland_keres-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_griechenland_keres-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_griechenland_keres-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_griechenland_keres.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Keres<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Y Keres yw&#8217;r cythreuliaid marwolaeth benywaidd o draddodiad Groeg. Maent fel arfer yn ymddangos yn gr\u0175p, yn dod i&#8217;r golwg dros feysydd y gad ac yn cyrchu eneidiau&#8217;r rhai sy&#8217;n marw. Disgrifiodd Homer nhw eisoes yn yr Iliad, a phenderfynodd Hesiod eu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Astudiaeth cynnwys delweddau a'u hystyr.\" tabindex=\"0\">eiconograffeg<\/span>. Yn wahanol i ffigurau \u00e2 enwau unigol, mae&#8217;r Keres i raddau helaeth yn ddienw, yn ddosbarth yn hytrach na bod unigol.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;n nodweddiadol iddynt ymddangos lle bo marwolaeth yn digwydd yn sydyn a threisgar: mewn rhyfel, mewn pla, mewn trychineb tost. Maent yn ymgorffori marwolaeth dreisgar ei hun, a newidiodd eu nifer a&#8217;u ffurf yn unol \u00e2 hynny. Yn y derbyniad hynafol diweddar, deuant yn agosach at yr Erinyau; mae rhai awduron yn defnyddio&#8217;r termau&#8217;n gyfnewidiol.<\/p><div><p><strong>Y Keres yng <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cysyniad am adeiladwaith a threfn y byd o fewn diwylliant.\" tabindex=\"0\">nghosmoleg<\/span> Homeraidd<\/strong><\/p><p>Yn <em>Iliad<\/em> Homer 18.535, disgrifir y Keres fel bodau dieflig sy&#8217;n hofran dros feysydd y gad ac yn dwyn bywyd y meidrolion. Nid ydynt yn dduwiau ag <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm y gweithredoedd o ddefosiwn crefyddol a gyflwynir i dduw neu ffigur sanctaidd.\" tabindex=\"0\">addoliad<\/span> eu hunain, ond yn rymoedd offerynnol, tueddiadau wedi&#8217;u personoli tuag at farwolaeth a dinistr. Mae Homer yn eu henwi ar y cyd, byth yn unigol: maent yn gweithredu fel haid, ac mae eu presenoldeb yn arwyddo perygl marwolaeth uniongyrchol.<\/p><p>Mae <em>Gweithiau a Dyddiau<\/em> a&#8217;r <em>Theogoni<\/em> gan Hesiod yn eu dosbarthu fel merched y Nos, yn perthyn i Ker (swyddogaeth marwolaeth yn yr unigol). Yn y farddoniaeth epig gynnar hon, nid oes iddynt ffurf sefydlog o hyd, yn fwy o haniaeth na ymddangosiad. Mae eu swyddogaeth yn gosmig-anhepgorol: maent yn ymgorffori&#8217;r ffin rhwng bywyd a marwolaeth.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Proffil Byr: Keres<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Math:<\/strong> Cythreuliaid marwolaeth benywaidd, casglwyr eneidiau<br>Tarddiad: Nyx (Nos), Hesiod; neu o oes gyntaf y Greadigaeth<br>Testunau: Homer, Hesiod, peintiadau ar fasau<br>Cyfnod: Yr Oes Archaig hyd yr <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfnod pontio rhwng yr hen fyd a'r Oesoedd Canol, tua'r 3edd i'r 7fed ganrif.\" tabindex=\"0\">hen fyd diweddar<\/span><br>Lledaeniad: Byd diwylliannol Groeg<br>Amddiffyniad: Defodau claddu; nid oes hud amddiffynnol penodol, gan fod y Keres yn ymddangos lle bo marwolaeth eisoes yn bresennol<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cyd-destun<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cyfnod y Testunau<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sylwyd amdanynt gyntaf gan Homer (yr Iliad). Mae Hesiod (Theogoni, Tarian Herakles) yn datblygu eu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Astudiaeth cynnwys delweddau a'u hystyr.\" tabindex=\"0\">eiconograffeg<\/span>. Defnyddiodd y trasied\u00efwyr nhw fel metaffor darluniadol o farwolaeth. Yn y cyfnod clasurol diweddar a Helenistig, deuant yn agosach at yr Erinyau yn y llenyddiaeth.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ardal Ledaeniad<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Byd Groegaidd craidd. Nid oes hanes mudo unigol, mae&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Elfen gynnwys ailddigwyddol mewn celf neu naratif.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiff<\/span> yn parhau&#8217;n gysylltiedig \u00e2&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Trosglwyddiad gwybodaeth a chwedlau dros genedlaethau.\" tabindex=\"0\">traddodiad<\/span> Homeraidd-Hesiodaidd, ond mae&#8217;n parhau i ddylanwadu ar lenyddiaeth Rufeinig a Bysantaidd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sail y Ffynonellau<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Llenyddiaeth epig a thrasied\u00efol; disgrifiadau ar &#8220;Darian Herakles&#8221; Hesiod; yn eiconograffaidd ar beintiadau ar fasau. Yn wahanol i Lamia neu Empusa, nid oes diwylliant amwled gwerin yn eu herbyn.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enw a Fersiynau<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Groeg:<\/strong> <em>\u039a\u03ae\u03c1<\/em> (Ker, unigol), <em>\u039a\u1fc6\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2<\/em> (Keres, lluosog).<br>Etymoleg: cysylltiedig \u00e2 thermau am &#8220;ddinistr&#8221;, &#8220;trawiad tynged&#8221;.<\/p><p>Yn yr <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfnod diwylliant Groegaidd a Rhufeinig, tua 800 CC hyd 600 OC.\" tabindex=\"0\">hen fyd<\/span>, mae&#8217;r nifer yn amrywio. Yn \u00f4l Hesiod maent yn ddirifedi ac yn hydrin; defnyddia&#8217;r trasied\u00efwyr &#8220;Ker&#8221; hefyd yn drosiadol am farwolaeth ei hun. Nid oes unigolyn penodol ag enw a bywgraffiad, mae&#8217;r Keres yn parhau&#8217;n ddosbarth dienw.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Disgrifiad<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ymddangosiad<\/strong><\/p><p>Merched adeiniog mewn gwisgoedd tywyll, gyda dannedd hir a chrafangau \u00e2 staen gwaed. Disgrifiodd Hesiod eu dannedd fel gwyn a&#8217;u llygaid fel rhai llachar. Ymddangosant fel haid, yn aml yn cylchu dros feysydd y gad.<\/p><p><strong>Ymddygiad<\/strong><\/p><p>Maent yn cipio eneidiau&#8217;r rhai sy&#8217;n marw, yn yfed eu gwaed, ac yn ymrafael dros gyrff. Yn wahanol i Thanatos, sy&#8217;n dwyn marwolaeth dawel, mae&#8217;r Keres yn gynrychioliadau o farwolaeth dreisgar, waedlyd a chythryblus.<\/p><p><strong>Maes Dylanwad<\/strong><\/p><p>Meysydd y gad, lleoedd pla, trychinebau. Maent yn gweithredu lle mae pobl yn marw&#8217;n dorfol ac yn dreisgar. Yn amseroedd heddwch maent yn absennol i raddau helaeth.<\/p><p><strong>Tarddiad Mytholegol<\/strong><\/p><p>Yn \u00f4l Hesiod, merched Nyx ydynt, yn chwiorydd i&#8217;r Moirai a Thanatos. Mae rhai traddodiadau yn eu gwneud yn epilion Anhrefn (Chaos). Yn y ddau achos, maent yn perthyn i&#8217;r haen greu hynafol, nosol.<\/p><div><p><strong>Y Keres a Chysyniadau Llygredd ym Meddwl Platon a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Y ddysgeidiaeth wyddonol am Dduw a chred crefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">Diwinyddiaeth<\/span> Hellenistaidd<\/strong><\/p><p>Nid yw Platon yn defnyddio&#8217;r Keres yn uniongyrchol yn ei ddeialogau, ond mae cysyniad ysbrydion llygredd cthonig yn dylanwadu ar ei hierarchaeth demonau. Yn y <em>Politeia<\/em>, dosberthir ysbrydion is fel gweithredwyr trefn gosmig, yn debyg i&#8217;r Keres.<\/p><p>Gwahaniaethodd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Y ddysgeidiaeth wyddonol am Dduw a chred crefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">diwinyddiaeth<\/span> Hellenistaidd, yn enwedig yn y traddodiad orffig a neo-blatonaidd, rhwng dwyfoliaethau uwch a grymoedd demonig is, ac roedd y Keres yn rhengoedd ymhlith y rhai fel demonau marwolaeth.<\/p><p>Nid oeddent bellach yn cael eu deall fel priodoleddau brwydr Homeraidd yn unig, ond fel dosbarth ontolegol dilys: bodau a gyfryngai rhwng duwiau a phobl, gyda swyddogaethau arbenigol yng nghylchred bywyd a marwolaeth. O&#8217;r safbwynt hwn, daeth y Keres yn enghreifftiau o&#8217;r rhaniad demiwrgig o&#8217;r byd: roedd gan bob grym ei le cosmolegol ei hun.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Proffil: Keres<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yr elfennau pwysicaf am y Keres ar gip. Ceir manylion am yr enw, y disgrifiad, yr amddiffyniad a&#8217;r cymariaethau yn yr adrannau sy&#8217;n dilyn.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tarddiad y Keres<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Merched Nyx, y Nos. Chwiorydd i&#8217;r Moirai a Thanatos, yn perthyn i haen nosol, hynafol y creu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Targed y Keres<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Milwyr, cleifion pla, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Rhodd i dduwdod i fynegi diolch, cais neu addoliad.\" tabindex=\"0\">offrymau<\/span> anffawd a thrychineb. Maent yn ymddangos lle mae marwolaeth yn dreisgar ac yn sydyn.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ymddangosiad y Keres<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Merched adeiniog, gwisg dywyll, dannedd hir, crafangau gwaedlyd. Fel haid, yn aml yn cylchu dros feysydd y gad.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Effaith y Keres<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Maent yn cipio eneidiau, yn yfed gwaed, ac yn ymrafael dros gyrff. Nid ydynt yn dwyn marwolaeth newydd, ond yn traflyncu&#8217;r hyn a ddigwyddodd yn barod.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Amddiffyniad rhag y Keres<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nid oes hud amddiffynnol penodol; mae&#8217;r Keres yn rhan o farwolaeth ei hun. Yr unig amddiffyniad yw osgoi maes y gad, lleoedd pla, sefyllfaoedd treisgar.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cymariaethau'r Keres<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Erinyes (trawsnewidiad llithrig), Valkyrjar (Germanaidd), Gall\u00fb (Mesopotamaidd), Tzitzimime (Aztecaidd), motiffau&#8217;r Rhawd Marwolaeth.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Demonoleg yn Bywyd Bob Dydd<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Rhwygolion Amddiffynnol<\/strong><\/p><p>Nid yw Keres unigol yn cael eu cyfarch nac eu gwrthsefyll; maent yn perthyn i farwolaeth, sy&#8217;n annegotiadwy. Yn ddefodol, mae angladd cywir a galar y meirw yn bwysig, gan reoleiddio&#8217;r hyn nad yw&#8217;r Keres yn ei reoleiddio: urddas ffarwelio.<\/p><p><strong>Swynion<\/strong><\/p><p>Nid oes swynion penodol yn erbyn y Keres. Mewn papyri hud a defixiones, gall &#8220;Keres&#8221; ymddangos fel term am anffawd fformwla melltith, ond nid fel derbynwyr unigol.<\/p><p><strong>Amuledau a Symbolau Amddiffynnol<\/strong><\/p><p>Amddiffyniad cyffredinol yn erbyn marwolaeth trwy apotropaia (Gorgoneion, ffalys, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cred gyffredin bod golwg genfigennus person arall yn gallu achosi niwed.\" tabindex=\"0\">llygad ddrwg<\/span>). Nid oes amuledau penodol ar gyfer y Keres. Mae osgoi&#8217;r sefyllfaoedd lle mae&#8217;r Keres yn ymddangos yn cynnig gwell amddiffyniad.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Y Keres, Cymariaethau mewn Diwylliannau Eraill<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Rhufain:<\/strong> Mae&#8217;r Dirae\/Furiae yn cymryd r\u00f4l y dialyddesau, tra bod y Keres, fel ffigyrau marwolaeth pur, yn llai amlwg yn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm duwiau crefydd neu ddiwylliant.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span> Rufeinig. Yn hynny o beth, mae Mors (Marwolaeth) yn cymryd y swyddogaeth yn unigol.<\/p><p><strong>Traddodiad Germanaidd:<\/strong> Mae&#8217;r Valkyrjar yn cipio&#8217;r meirw o&#8217;r maes gad. Yn strwythurol yn agos berthynol, ond mewn fframwaith diwinyddol gwahanol.<\/p><p><strong>Mesopotamia a thu hwnt:<\/strong> Mae gweithredwyr Gall\u00fb yr isfyd yn berthynol yn swyddogaethol, er mewn fframwaith mytholegol tra gwahanol. Yn nifer o ddiwylliannau, ceir cenhadon marwolaeth sy&#8217;n ymddangos mewn haid ac yn cipio eneidiau.<\/p><div><p><strong>Y Keres mewn Papyri <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Arferion sy'n ceisio dylanwadu ar drefn digwyddiadau trwy weithredoedd neu fformwl\u00e2u arbennig.\" tabindex=\"0\">Hud<\/span> ac Ymarfer Hudol<\/strong><\/p><p>Yn y papyri hudol Hellenistaidd (PGM), ni elwir ar y Keres yn uniongyrchol yn aml, ond mae cysyniad ysbrydesau marwolaeth a llygredd yn treiddio testunau <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Fformwla iaith y bwriedir achosi anffawd i berson neu beth.\" tabindex=\"0\">melltith<\/span> hudol. Mae papyri sy&#8217;n cynnwys melltithion rhwygo, sychu neu barlysu yn aml yn galw ar rymoedd cthonig anhysbys y mae eu swyddogaeth yn cyfateb i&#8217;r Keres: gwahanu, dinistrio, dwyn bywiogrwydd.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r papyri yn dangos bod gan ddewiniaid yr <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfnod trawsnewid rhwng yr hen fyd a'r Oesoedd Canol, tua'r 3edd i'r 7fed ganrif.\" tabindex=\"0\">Hen Oes Ddiweddar<\/span> ddamcaniaeth wahaniaethol am rymoedd is; nid oedd pob un yn ddrwg, ond roedd pob un yn arbenigol. Roedd y Keres yn perthyn i&#8217;r dosbarth o rymoedd angenrheidiol nad oedd angen moesoldeb, gan fod eu tasg yn deillio o&#8217;r bensaern\u00efaeth gosmig.<\/p><p>Nid oedd dewin a oedd am achosi salwch neu wanhau yn galw ar rymoedd o&#8217;r fath fel gelynion, ond fel offer technegol, a oedd eu defnydd yn rhagdybio cyfiawnhad moesegol.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8602301 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp8602301\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7b7edad elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp7b7edad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Y Keres yn Homer: Marwolaeth ar Faes y Gad<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpbfea484 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpbfea484\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp74cc2f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp74cc2f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Daw yr enghreifftiau hynaf a dwysaf o&#8217;r Keres o&#8217;r epigau Homeraidd, yn bennaf o&#8217;r <em>Iliad<\/em>. Yno, nid personoliadau haniaethol yw&#8217;r Keres, ond maen nhw&#8217;n gysylltiedig yn agos \u00e2 phrofiad marwolaeth dreisgar mewn rhyfel.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r gair Groegaidd <em>k\u0113r<\/em> yn cyfeirio i ddechrau at dynged marwolaeth a bennwyd i berson, y distryw a ddaw i&#8217;w gyfarfod. Yn y lluosog, ymddengys y Keres fel ffigurau ysbrydol sy&#8217;n dwyn neu&#8217;n ymgorffori&#8217;r farwolaeth hon.<\/p><p>Un rhan enwog yw pwyso&#8217;r tynghedau marwolaeth: yn y bedwaredd g\u00e2n ar bymtheg o&#8217;r <em>Iliad<\/em>, mae Zeus yn gosod Keres Achilleus a Hector ar ei glorian, a&#8217;r dynged drymaf sy&#8217;n suddo tua&#8217;r Byd Isaf, gan bennu marwolaeth Hector.<\/p><p>Yma mae&#8217;r Ker yn cyfateb bron yn hollol i dynged bersonol yr arwr. Mewn rhan arall, yn y ddeunawfed g\u00e2n, ymddengys Ker erchyll ar darian Achilleus, yng nghanol berw&#8217;r frwydr, mewn gwisg waedlyd, yn llusgo&#8217;r gelain a&#8217;r clwyfedigion o&#8217;r ymladd wrth eu traed.<\/p><p>O&#8217;r rhannau hyn deillia darlun dwbl. Ar un llaw, tynged marwolaeth unigol y Ker sydd wedi&#8217;i phennu hyd yn oed adeg genedigaeth; sonia Achilleus am ddwy Ker y gall ddewis rhyngddynt, un fer a llawn clod, a&#8217;r llall hir a di-glod. Ar y llaw arall, mae&#8217;r Keres yn fe\u00efynau gweithredol, gwaedlyd sy&#8217;n crwydro maes y gad.<\/p><p>Bu ymchwilwyr yn dadlau&#8217;n hir ynghylch a oes yma ddwy syniadaeth wahanol, neu ai agweddau o&#8217;r un peth ydynt. Mae llawer i awgrymu bod y Groegiaid yn gallu profi marwolaeth fel mesur wedi&#8217;i bennu ac fel grym ymosodol yr un pryd, heb weld gwrthdaro rhyngddynt.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpbd673b2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpbd673b2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0a14da8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp0a14da8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Keres, Moirai a Thanatos: gwahaniaethu rhwng grymoedd marwolaeth cysylltiedig<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp890fc3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp890fc3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp209632e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp209632e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae&#8217;r Keres yn sefyll ym meddwl y Groegiaid ochr yn ochr \u00e2 grymoedd eraill sy&#8217;n ymwneud \u00e2 marwolaeth a thynged, ac nid oedd y gwahaniaeth manwl rhyngddynt yn glir hyd yn oed i awduron hynafol. Y gwahaniaeth pwysicaf yw hwnnw rhwng y <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/y-moirai-duwiesau-tynged\/\">Moirai<\/a>, y tri nyddwr tynged.<\/p><p>Tra bo&#8217;r Moirai, yn \u00f4l Hesiod ac yn y traddodiad diweddarach, yn dyrannu, mesur a thorri mesur bywyd, hynny yw yn ymgorffori ochr drefnus tynged, mae&#8217;r Keres yn cynrychioli&#8217;n gryfach yr achos marwolaeth pendant, yn aml dreisgar a thrychinebus.<\/p><p>Yn ei <em>Theogoni<\/em>, mae Hesiod yn dwyn y ddwy set yn agos at Nyx, y Nos, sy&#8217;n eu geni heb dad; yn ei restr ymddengys y Keres, y Moirai, Thanatos, Hypnos a ffigurau tywyll eraill fel brodyr a chwiorydd.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r achres deuluol hon yn gosod y Keres yng ngyffiniau ochr nosweithiol, arswydus y cosmos. Maen nhw&#8217;n wahanol i Thanatos, personoliad tawel marwolaeth ei hun, oherwydd eu cymeriad gweithredol, ysglyfaethus. Mae Thanatos yn cyrchu, ond mae&#8217;r Keres yn rhwygo.<\/p><p>Yn yr <em>Aspis<\/em>, y gerdd am darian a drosglwyddwyd o dan enw Hesiod, ceir disgrifiad arbennig o erchyll: disgrifir y Keres yno&#8217;n las gyda dannedd gwyn wedi&#8217;u dangos, yn ymgiprys dros y meirw, yn suddo eu hewinedd i&#8217;w cyrff ac yn yfed y gwaed tywyll.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r darlun fampiraidd hwn yn un o&#8217;r manylaf o&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfnod diwylliant Groegaidd a Rhufeinig, o gwmpas 800 CC hyd 600 OC.\" tabindex=\"0\">Hen Fyd<\/span>. Mae ymchwilwyr wedi nodi bod y Keres, yn y modd hwn, yn dod agosaf at y syniad o gythreuliaid maes y gad sugno gwaed, ac mai dyna sy&#8217;n eu gwahanu&#8217;n arbennig oddi wrth y Moirai, a ystyrid yn fwy urddasol.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe357717 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpe357717\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d7b0d1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2d7b0d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">G\u0175yl Athenaidd yr Anthesteria a gyrru'r Keres i ffwrdd<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7d73762 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp7d73762\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpba9eef3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpba9eef3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Y tu hwnt i&#8217;r farddoniaeth epig, mae&#8217;r Keres yn gysylltiedig \u00e2 chalendr gwyliau Athen, yn benodol \u00e2&#8217;r <em>Anthesteria<\/em>, g\u0175yl y gwanwyn er anrhydedd i Dionysos yn y mis Anthesterion. Roedd yr \u0175yl dridiau yn hynod amwys o gymeriad.<\/p><p>Roedd yn dathlu&#8217;r gwin newydd, ond ystyrid hi hefyd yn adeg pan grwydrai&#8217;r meirw ac ysbrydion arswydus o gwmpas y ddinas. Cysegrwyd y diwrnod olaf, y <em>Chytroi<\/em>, i&#8217;r meirw a&#8217;r grymoedd cthonig.<\/p><p>O&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Trosglwyddo gwybodaeth ac naratifau dros genedlaethau.\" tabindex=\"0\">draddodiad<\/span> hynafol, yn bennaf o eiriaduron a sgolia diweddarach, mae&#8217;r ymadrodd hwn yn hysbys: &#8220;Allan, chi Keres, mae&#8217;r Anthesteria wedi dod i ben&#8221;. Fe&#8217;i llefarwyd, mae&#8217;n debyg, ar ddiwedd yr \u0175yl, er mwyn gyrru&#8217;r ysbrydion a oedd wedi&#8217;u caniat\u00e1u i mewn dros gyfnod yr \u0175yl allan o&#8217;r tai a&#8217;r ddinas eto.<\/p><p>Mae rhai ffynonellau&#8217;n darllen &#8220;Kares&#8221;, hynny yw Cariaid, yn lle &#8220;Keres&#8221;, sydd wedi arwain at ddehongliadau gwahanol. Bu ymchwilwyr hanes crefydd, er enghraifft yng ngweithiau clasurol Erwin Rohde a Jane Harrison, yn trafod y pwynt hwn yn ddwys.<\/p><p>Os yw&#8217;r darlleniad &#8220;Keres&#8221; yn gywir, ceir canfyddiad pwysig: nid ffigurau llenyddol yr epig yn unig oedd y Keres, ond rhan o arferiad crefyddol byw. Yn ystod yr Anthesteria, iraid postiau&#8217;r drysau \u00e2 pyg a chedwid at arferion penodol a oedd yn amgylchynu&#8217;r cyfnod arswydus hwn.<\/p><p>Ymddengys y Keres yma fel dosbarth agored o ysbrydion y meirw a grymoedd trychineb, a oddefid am gyfnod cyfyngedig cyn eu gyrru allan yn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Yn perthyn i drefn ddefodol grefyddol benodol.\" tabindex=\"0\">ddefodol<\/span>. Felly, mae&#8217;r Keres yn perthyn i&#8217;r cylch eang o syniadau Groegaidd am ysbrydion sy&#8217;n treiddio i&#8217;r byd dynol ar adegau trothwyol y flwyddyn, ac sy&#8217;n gorfod eu gyrru ymaith drwy <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dilyniant trefnus o weithredoedd symbolaidd o arwyddoc\u00e2d crefyddol neu ddiwylliannol.\" tabindex=\"0\">ddefod<\/span> bendant.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa2f747d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpa2f747d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe0b90e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpe0b90e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ehangu'r term: y Keres fel cythreuliaid clefyd a thrychineb<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp33e1509 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp33e1509\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp11c849e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp11c849e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yn y llenyddiaeth \u00f4l-Homeraidd, mae ystyr y term Ker yn ymledu y tu hwnt i farwolaeth ar faes y gad. Yn \u00f4l Hesiod ac mewn testunau diweddarach, gall <em>k\u0113r<\/em> ddynodi unrhyw fath o ddinistr: salwch, henaint, newyn, gwallgofrwydd, unrhyw ddrwg sy&#8217;n taro&#8217;r ddynoliaeth. Trwy hyn, daw&#8217;r Keres yn gategori casglol ar gyfer popeth sy&#8217;n byrhau, niweidio a therfynu bywyd.<\/p><p>Gwelir yr ehangu ystyr hwn yn arbennig o glir yn stori Pandora. O&#8217;r llestr agored y mae Pandora&#8217;n ei gario yn \u00f4l Hesiod, mae&#8217;r drygau&#8217;n dianc dros y ddynoliaeth; yn nehongliad yr hynafiaid, cysylltwyd y pla hyn yn aml \u00e2&#8217;r Keres neu eu gosod yn agos atynt.<\/p><p>Yn y celfyddydau gweledol hefyd, ymddangosir ffigurau adeiniog sy&#8217;n gysylltiedig \u00e2 salwch a marwolaeth, ac fe&#8217;u cysylltir \u00e2&#8217;r Keres, er bod y priodoli eiconograffig yn aml yn ansicr am fod delweddau&#8217;r Keres, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/erinyes\/\">Erinyes<\/a>, Harpiaid a Sirenau yn gorgyffwrdd.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r amwysedd cysyniadol hwn yn ganolog i ddeall y Keres. Nid oeddent erioed yn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm duwiau crefydd neu ddiwylliant.\" tabindex=\"0\">bantheon<\/span> pendant \u00e2 enwau a swyddogaethau sefydlog, fel y deuddeg duw Olympaidd, er enghraifft.<\/p><p>Mae ymchwil yn disgrifio&#8217;r Keres yn hytrach fel categori cysyniadol: fel personoliad amryfal o&#8217;r mathau o farwolaeth a drygau bywyd. Yr union ansicrwydd hwn a&#8217;u gwnaeth yn ddefnyddiol i feirdd a meddylwyr Groegaidd.<\/p><p>Lle bynnag yr oedd angen crisialu trychineb fel grym gweithredol heb roi iddo statws llawn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bod a addolir fel duwiol o fewn crefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">dduwdod<\/span> penodol, gellid s\u00f4n am Ker neu am y Keres. Maent felly ar y ffin rhwng personoliad, cysyniad tynged a demonoleg, ac union ar y ffin honno y mae eu diddordeb hanesyddol-grefyddol yn gorwedd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpaa4ebda e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpaa4ebda\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf7b01df elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpf7b01df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Parhad y Kerau yn nhraddodiad hwyr-hynafol a Groeg fodern<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp70a8cae e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp70a8cae\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp316af1f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp316af1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Trafodwyd yn helaeth mewn astudiaethau gwerin y cwestiwn a ydynt a sut yr oedd y Keres wedi goroesi ar \u00f4l diwedd crefydd yr hynafiaid. Mae un llinyn a ddyfynnir yn aml yn cysylltu&#8217;r Keres hynafol \u00e2&#8217;r <em>Charos<\/em> neu <em>Charontas<\/em> Groeg fodern, ac \u00e2 ffigurau eraill marwolaeth mewn traddodiad gwerin Groegaidd.<\/p><p>Yn wir, mae enw&#8217;r cychwr hynafol Charon wedi trawsffurfio yng nghrefydd werin Groeg fodern yn ffigur marwolaeth gweithredol, aml ar gefn ceffyl, sy&#8217;n dod i gasglu pobl.<\/p><p>Ceisiodd ymchwilwyr y 19eg ganrif a dechrau&#8217;r 20fed ganrif, gan gynnwys Bernhard Schmidt yn ei waith ar fywyd gwerin Groegwyr modern, weld yn y ffigurau hyn barhad o gythreuliaid marwolaeth yr hynafiaid. Mae ymchwil heddiw yn fwy gofalus.<\/p><p>Pwysleisia nad oes modd olrhain llinell ddi-dor rhwng y Keres hynafol a chredoau marwolaeth Groeg fodern, ac mai haenau Cristnogol, Bysantaidd a diwylliannol gwerin sydd rhyngddynt. Ni ellir profi unrhyw hunaniaeth uniongyrchol rhwng y Ker hynafol a&#8217;r Charos modern.<\/p><p>Yr hyn y gellir ei ddweud o ddifrif fodd bynnag yw bod diwylliant Groeg wedi cadw, dros y canrifoedd, y duedd i ystyried marwolaeth fel ffigur gweithredol, aml yn fygythiol, yn hytrach na dim ond fel cyflwr.<\/p><p>Yn y llinyn hir hwn, saif y Ker ar y dechrau. Yn y derbyniad modern, mewn geiriaduron <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm y chwedlau duwiau a drosglwyddwyd o fewn diwylliant.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytholeg<\/span>, mewn llenyddiaeth ffantasi ac mewn gemau cyfrifiadur, mae&#8217;r Keres wedi ailymddangos, gan amlaf fel ysbrydion marwolaeth adeiniog neu fel cythreuliaid maes y gad generig.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r portreadau hyn yn tynnu&#8217;n bennaf ar ddisgrifiad dramatig yr <em>Aspis<\/em> ac yn diystyru i raddau helaeth yr agweddau anos, y cysyniad tynged a&#8217;r cyd-destun defodol. I&#8217;r ymchwil academaidd, mae&#8217;n hanfodol gwahaniaethu rhwng y symleiddio poblogaidd hwn a&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Trosglwyddo gwybodaeth a chwedlau dros genedlaethau.\" tabindex=\"0\">draddodiad<\/span> hynafol amlhaenog.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cysylltiadau pellach<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dolenni mewnol a argymhellir:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/groeg\/\">Gwlad Groeg<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/erinyes\/\">Erinyes<\/a> (trosiad agos)<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/gallu\/\">Gallu<\/a> (cyfatebiaeth Mesopotamaidd)<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/thanatos\/\">Thanatos<\/a> a&#8217;r Moirai (cyd-destun mytholegol)<\/li><li><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm y chwedlau duwiau a drosglwyddwyd o fewn diwylliant.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mytholeg<\/span> maes y gad a chwlt y meirw<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ffynonellau a llenyddiaeth<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Detholiad o weithiau canolog ar Keres ac ar gredoau marwolaeth Groegaidd:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Vermeule, Emily: <em>Aspects of Death in Early Greek Art and Poetry<\/em>. Berkeley 1979.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Burkert, Walter: <em>Griechische Religion der archaischen und klassischen Epoche<\/em>. Stuttgart 1977.<\/span><\/li><li>Wachsmuth, Dietrich: \u201eKeres&#8221;, yn: <em>Der kleine Pauly<\/em>, Cyf. 3.<\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Sourvinou-Inwood, Christiane: <em>&#39;Reading&#39; Greek Death<\/em>. Oxford 1995.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><p><strong>Llenyddiaeth safonol (Groeg):<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet><strong>Bremmer, Jan N.<\/strong>: <em>Greek Religion. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1999.<\/em><\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet><strong>Bonnefoy, Yves<\/strong>: <em>Greek and Egyptian Mythologies. University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1992.<\/em><\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Rhagor o weithiau safonol yn y <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/llenyddiaeth\/\">Rhestr Lyfryddiaeth<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-keres-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-keres-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-keres\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-keres-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-keres-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">Mae&#8217;r arfer diogelu a ddisgrifir yma yn ddosbarthiad gwyddonol o draddodiadau hanesyddol. Mae iWell Guard yn cysylltu \u00e2&#8217;r llinach ddiwylliannol-hanesyddol hon o wrthrychau diogelu cludadwy ac yn cynrychioli ffurf gyfoes ohoni. <a href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">Mwy am yr iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1683,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Cythreuliaid Maes y Gad Keres","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Keres - Cythreuliaid Maes y Gad","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Keres, cythreuliaid maes y gad a chenhadon marwolaeth mytholeg Roegaidd. Hesiod a Homer, eu safle wrth ochr Thanatos a'r motiff marwolaeth.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"4","wesen_kultur":"griechenland","wesen_klasse":"geister","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-191154","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Keres - Cythreuliaid Maes y Gad<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Keres, cythreuliaid maes y gad a chenhadon marwolaeth mytholeg Roegaidd. 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