{"id":191153,"date":"2026-09-07T07:25:08","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T07:25:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=191153"},"modified":"2026-09-07T07:29:24","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T07:29:24","slug":"empusa","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/empusa\/","title":{"rendered":"Empusa"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"191153\" class=\"elementor elementor-191153 elementor-840\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Empusa, cythraules o draddodiad Groeg<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Cythraules nos drawsffurfiadwy yng nghwmni Hecate.<\/strong> Mae traddodiad Groeg yn disgrifio Empusa fel cythraules gyfnewidiol yng nghwmni Hecate.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Cythraul: Bod goruwchnaturiol sydd fel arfer yn niweidiol neu'n amwys yn ei effaith. Saif rhwng duwiau a phobl, gan achosi salwch, temtasiwn neu anlwc, ac fe'i gwrthsefir trwy alw, gwrthrychau amddiffynnol a defodau.\">Cythraul<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/groeg\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Crefydd a mytholeg Groeg hynafol o'r cyfnod Myceniaidd hyd ddiwedd yr hen fyd.\">Gwlad Groeg<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Ni chanfuwyd unrhyw benawdau ar y dudalen hon.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCynnwys\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_griechenland_empusa-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-193594\" alt=\"Empusa - cythreuliaid o draddodiad Groeg, darluniadol yn hanesyddol\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_griechenland_empusa-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_griechenland_empusa-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_griechenland_empusa-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_griechenland_empusa.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Empusa<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae Empusa yn un o&#8217;r cythreulesau nos mwyaf nodedig yn nhraddodiad Groeg: bod trawsffurfiadwy sy&#8217;n ymddangos i deithwyr, yn cymryd ffurf gwraig brydferth ac yn hudo, sugno gwaed a lladd ei <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Rhodd i dduwdod i fynegi diolch, cais neu addoliad.\" tabindex=\"0\">aberthau<\/span>. Mae&#8217;n perthyn i gwmni Hecate ac ymddengys yn arbennig ar groesffyrdd a mewn lleoedd anghysbell yn y nos.<\/p><p>Mewn llenyddiaeth glasurol, ymddengys gyntaf yng ngwaith Aristophanes, ac yn ddiweddarach yn amlwg yn <em>Vita Apollonii<\/em> Philostratos, lle mae&#8217;n ymddangos fel gwraig hudolus ac yn cael ei datgelu drwy ddoethineb Apollonios. Ei nodwedd fwyaf adnabyddus: coes bres, a&#8217;r llall fel un asyn.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Trosolwg cyflym: Empusa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Math:<\/strong> Cythraules drawsffurfiadwy a chythraules nos<br>Tarddiad: Cwmni Hecate<br>Testunau: Aristophanes, Philostratos, papyri hud, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Credoau a defodau crefyddol sy'n gyffredin mewn bywyd bob dydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">gwerin-gred<\/span> Bysantaidd<br>Cyfnod: O&#8217;r cyfnod Clasurol hyd yr <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfnod trawsnewid rhwng yr hen fyd a'r Oesoedd Canol, tua'r 3edd i'r 7fed ganrif.\" tabindex=\"0\">Hynafiaeth Ddiweddar<\/span> a&#8217;r cyfnod Bysantaidd<br>Ardal: Byd diwylliannol Groeg-Rufeinig<br>Amddiffyniad: Sarhad (yn ei gyrru i ffwrdd yn \u00f4l Aristophanes), swynion, aberthau ar groesffyrdd<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Trosolwg<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cyfnod y Testunau<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cyfeiriadau cynharaf gan Aristophanes (5ed ganrif CC, <em>Y Llyffantod<\/em>). Ffurf naratif lawn gan Philostratos (2il\/3edd ganrif OC). Mae papyri hud yn ei henwi yng nghyd-destun swynion nosol. Yng ngwerin-gred Bysantaidd, mae&#8217;n parhau&#8217;n bresennol hyd yr Oesoedd Canol.<\/p><p><strong>Dosbarthiad Mytholegol<\/strong><\/p><p>Yn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm y chwedlau am dduwiau a drosglwyddwyd gan ddiwylliant.\" tabindex=\"0\">fytholeg<\/span> Roegaidd, mae Empusa yn fod cythreulig, gwas Hecate, sy&#8217;n hudo ac yn ysu teithwyr yn y nos. Mae&#8217;n newidiwr ffurf, yn aml \u00e2 choesau anormal. Mae Empusae yn perthyn i&#8217;r Lamiae, ond yn llai diddordeb yng ngwaed nag mewn cig. Maent yn cynrychioli perygl y nos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ardal Ledaeniad<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Y prif diriogaeth yw byd Gwlad Groeg, y tir mawr, yr ynysoedd, ac arfordir Asia Leiaf. Ceir cyfeiriadau at Empusa yn arbennig mewn comed\u00efau Atig (Aristophanes, <em>Brogaod<\/em> 285, 293) ac mewn ysgrifau o ddiwedd yr hen fyd am gwltiau Hecate. Yn y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfnod pontio rhwng yr hen fyd a'r Oesoedd Canol, tua'r 3edd i'r 7fed ganrif.\" tabindex=\"0\">Hwyr-hynafiaeth<\/span> Rufeinig, mae proffil Empusa yn asio&#8217;n rhannol \u00e2 Lamia ac \u00e2 chwmpas y Strix.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sail y Ffynonellau<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cyfeiriadau llenyddol unigol, papyri hud, llenyddiaeth werin Fysantaidd. Nid oes traddodiad delweddol ei hun; mae&#8217;r disgrifiad yn dibynnu ar fanylion llenyddol, yn arbennig chwedl Philostratos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enw<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Groeg:<\/strong> \u1f1c\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1 (<em>Empousa<\/em>), tarddiad ansicr. Tarddiad posibl o <em>en-pous<\/em> (&#8220;un droed&#8221;) oherwydd ei choes asyn nodedig. Mae ymchwilwyr eraill yn gweld cefndir cyn-Roegaidd. Lluosog: Empusen, Empusai. Perthyn i&#8217;r Mormolykeiai (bodau ofnadwy), y Lamiai, ac i Hecate fel arweinydd y nos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nodweddion<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ymddangosiad<\/strong><\/p><p>Ffurf sylfaenol: gwraig, yn aml brydferth ac atyniadol. Nodwedd nodedig: coes bres, a&#8217;r llall fel un asyn. Disgrifir trawsffurfiadau rhwng gwraig, gast, buwch, ac anifeiliaid eraill.<\/p><p><strong>Ymddygiad<\/strong><\/p><p>Mae Empusa yn ymddangos i deithwyr, yn arbennig y rhai sy&#8217;n teithio ar eu pen eu hunain, yn y nos ar groesffyrdd neu mewn lleoedd anghysbell. Mae&#8217;n ymddangos fel cydymaith teithio, cariad, ac yna&#8217;n ymddangos fel anifail. Ei nod yw sugno gwaed a lladd ei haberth.<\/p><p><strong>Maes Gweithredu<\/strong><\/p><p>Nos, croesffyrdd, llwybrau anghysbell, prydau bwyd gyda dieithriaid. Mae&#8217;n gweithredu lle nad oes lle diogel cymdeithasol.<\/p><p><strong>Tarddiad Mytholegol<\/strong><\/p><p>Cwmni Hecate, heb hanes teuluol ei hun. Nid yw Empusa yn gyn-dduwies fel Lamia, ond o&#8217;r cychwyn yn was cythreulig i dduwies y nos.<\/p><p><strong>Ymddangosiad a Symboliaeth<\/strong><\/p><p>Darlunnir Empusa \u00e2 rhan uchaf ddynol a choesau anormal, un troed o bres, y llall o garn asyn. Weithiau mae&#8217;n gwisgo pen anifail neu fwgwd. Mae t\u00e2n yn tywynnu ohoni. Deillia teimlad o anghysondeb a pherygl. Cysylltir symboliaeth Hecate \u00e2 hi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Proffil: Empusa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Prif nodweddion Empusa ar gipolwg. Ceir manylion am yr enw, y disgrifiad, yr amddiffyniad a&#8217;r cymariaethau yn yr adrannau canlynol.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cyd-destun Diwylliannol<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cwmni Hecate. Dim genealogeg dduwiol, dim hanes tarddiad ei hun, mae Empusa yn fod nos pur.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perthnasol i<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Teithwyr unigol, yn arbennig dynion ifanc. Pobl mewn tiroedd dieithr, ar groesffyrdd, wrth brydau bwyd nosol gyda dieithriaid.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Darluniad<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gwraig, yn aml brydferth; coes bres, a&#8217;r llall fel un asyn. Mae&#8217;n trawsffurfio i gast, buwch, ac yn y diwedd i&#8217;w ffurf ofnadwy &#8220;wir&#8221;.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Maes Dylanwad<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hudo, sugno gwaed, marwolaeth. Mae ei effaith yn araf, nid ymosodiad sydyn, ond llwyfaniad o dwyll.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Amddiffyniad<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yn \u00f4l Aristophanes: mae sarhad yn ei gyrru i ffwrdd. Philostratos: mae&#8217;n cilio wrth wirionedd a leferir. Mae papyri hud yn enwi swynau amddiffynnol gyda <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Yr act o ymbil neu alw ar dduwdod neu b\u0175er.\" tabindex=\"0\">gwedd\u00efo<\/span> ar Hecate.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cymariaethau Empusa<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lil\u012btu, Lamia, Strix (Rhufeinig), Vrykolakas (Bysantaidd), Incubus\/Succubus (Cristnogol-Ganoloesol), Nachtmahr.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ymarfer amddiffynnol<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Defodau amddiffynnol<\/strong><\/p><p>Wrth groesffyrdd, cyflwynid <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Rhodd i dduwdod i fynegi diolch, cais neu addoliad.\" tabindex=\"0\">offrymau<\/span> i Hecate, sef teisennau, wyau, ac anifeiliaid duon. Bwriad yr <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Rhodd i dduwdod i fynegi diolch, cais neu addoliad.\" tabindex=\"0\">offrymau<\/span> hyn oedd tawelu gwasanaethyddion Hecate, gan gynnwys Empusa, a&#8217;u cadw draw yr un pryd.<\/p><p><strong>Swynion<\/strong><\/p><p>Mae papyri hud Groegaidd yn cynnwys fformwl\u00e2u yn erbyn ymosodwyr nosol, sy&#8217;n galw ar Hecate ac yn gorchymyn i&#8217;w gwasanaethyddion gilio. Y strwythur: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Yr act o annerch neu alw ar dduwdod neu rym mewn ffordd erfyniol.\" tabindex=\"0\">galwad<\/span> ar yr arglwyddes, adnabod y bygythiwr, a gorchymyn i ymadael.<\/p><p><strong>Amwletau a symbolau amddiffynnol<\/strong><\/p><p>Mae hekataia, cerfluniau bach o Hecate wrth ddrysau tai, hefyd yn amddiffyn rhag Empusa. Defnyddid y Gorgoneion fel delwedd apotrop\u00e4ig. Roedd amwletau enw yn gyffredin yn yr <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfnod pontio rhwng yr hen fyd a'r Oesoedd Canol, tua'r 3edd i'r 7fed ganrif.\" tabindex=\"0\">Hwyr-hynafiaeth<\/span>.<\/p><p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm y gweithredoedd addoliad crefyddol i dduwdod neu ffigwr sanctaidd.\" tabindex=\"0\">Cwlt<\/span> ac addoliad<\/strong><\/p><p>Nid yw Empusa yn cael ei haddoli, ond fe&#8217;i hofnir \u00e2 pharch fel gwasanaethydd Hecate. Byddai teithwyr nosol yn gwisgo amwletau amddiffynnol. Gall <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Arferion sy'n ceisio dylanwadu ar drefn pethau drwy weithredoedd neu fformwl\u00e2u arbennig.\" tabindex=\"0\">hud<\/span> Hecate ei galw neu ei rhwymo. Mewn traddodiadau cyfriniol, ystyrir yr Empusae yn agweddau ar rym Hecate. Tawelwch a argymhellir wrth deithio drwy ei thiriogaethau.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Empusa, cymariaethau mewn diwylliannau eraill<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Mesopotamia:<\/strong> Mae&#8217;r ardat-lil\u00ee Acadaidd yn rhannu proffil y ddemones fenywaidd nosol-rhywiol ac yn rhagflaenydd teipolegol; ni ellir profi cyswllt diwylliannol uniongyrchol.<\/p><p><strong>Rhufain<\/strong><\/p><p>Mae strix a striga&#8217;n cymryd swyddogaeth y newid si\u00e2p nosol; mae <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/lamiae\/\">Lamiae<\/a> yn ffurfio&#8217;r fersiwn gyfun o gymhlethdod Lamia-Empusa. Mae Lucianus o Samosata yn tystio yn yr <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfnod pontio rhwng yr hen fyd a'r Oesoedd Canol, tua'r 3edd i'r 7fed ganrif.\" tabindex=\"0\">hynafiaeth ddiweddar<\/span> i&#8217;r cyfystyriad poblogaidd o&#8217;r ddau derm.<\/p><p><strong>Yr Oesoedd Canol a&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfnod tua'r 15fed i'r 18fed ganrif.\" tabindex=\"0\">Cyfnod Modern Cynnar<\/span>:<\/strong> Yn yr ysgrifau ysgolheigaidd-diwinyddol, ymdoddir Empusa i gysyniad y sukkubus. Mewn erledigaethau gwrachod, daw&#8217;r nodwedd un-goes (troed asyn neu fwch) yn arwydd safonol o gynghrair \u00e2&#8217;r diafol.<\/p><p><strong>Derbyniad Modern<\/strong><\/p><p>Mae Charles Kingsley&#8217;n defnyddio Empusa fel cymeriad yn <em>Hypatia<\/em> (1853). Yn y derbyniad ffantasi a mytholegol modern (er enghraifft yng nghyfres Percy Jackson gan Rick Riordan), ymddengys hi fel cymhorthes Hecate a hudolwraig sy&#8217;n newid si\u00e2p. Mewn llenyddiaeth seicdreiddiol (Robert Graves), darllenir hi fel archdip y benywdod nosol-fygythiol.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6a5a612 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp6a5a612\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp00eb0b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp00eb0b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yr ymddangosiad yng nghomed\u00efau Aristophanes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp097f7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp097f7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp98c1db7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp98c1db7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae olrhain llenyddol manwl cyntaf Empusa i&#8217;w gael yng nghomedi Atenaidd y 5ed ganrif cyn ein cyfnod ni.<\/p><p>Yn ddrama Aristophanes, <em>Y Brogaod<\/em> (perfformiwyd 405 CC), mae&#8217;r duw Dionysos, ar ei ffordd i&#8217;r isfyd, yn cyfarfod ag Empusa sy&#8217;n newid si\u00e2p yn gyflym: yn gyntaf ych, wedyn mul, wedyn menyw hardd, wedyn ci.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r caethwas Xanthias yn ei disgrifio ymhellach \u00e2 choes o bres a choes arall o dom asyn. Mae&#8217;r olygfa wedi&#8217;i llunio fel eiliad o ddychryn, ond torrir arni&#8217;n gomig, gan fod Dionysos yn cynhyrfu tra bod Xanthias yn gwneud sylwadau lled-ddirmygus am yr ymddangosiad.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r darn hwn yn bwysig o safbwynt astudiaethau crefydd am fwy nag un rheswm. Yn gyntaf, dengys fod Empusa eisoes yn ffigwr dychryn cyfarwydd i gynulleidfa Atenaidd, gan na fyddai&#8217;r cyfeiriad wedi gweithio fel arall.<\/p><p>Yn ail, cadarnha&#8217;r darn hanfod delwedd Empusa: y newid si\u00e2p cyflym a&#8217;r cyswllt rhwng hudoliaeth a bygythiad. Yn drydydd, mae&#8217;r lleoliad wrth fynedfa&#8217;r isfyd yn cyfeirio at ei chysylltiad \u00e2 chylch Hecate, duwies y croesffyrdd a&#8217;r trothwyon.<\/p><p>Mae scholion, hynny yw esboniad <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfnod diwylliant Groegaidd a Rhufeinig, tua 800 CC i 600 OC.\" tabindex=\"0\">hynafol<\/span> ar y darn hwn o Aristophanes, yn ychwanegu bod Empusa&#8217;n dychryn teithwyr mewn lleoedd anghyfannedd ac y gellid ei gwrthyrru trwy ddifr\u00efo, ac ar hynny byddai&#8217;n ffoi gan sgrechian.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r manylyn hwn yn arwyddocaol: nid ymddengys Empusa yma fel grym holl-alluog, ond fel bod sy&#8217;n dibynnu ar ofn ac sy&#8217;n colli ei effaith drwy ddirmyg. Felly, mae&#8217;r comedi&#8217;n defnyddio cred boblogaidd wirioneddol ac ar yr un pryd yn ei gwneud yn destun chwerthin.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3732fb6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp3732fb6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe16d753 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpe16d753\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Empusa, Lamia a'r hanes gan Philostratos<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe5a86fe e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpe5a86fe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp00e1d27 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp00e1d27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yn ystod yr <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfnod diwylliant Groeg a Rhufain, o gwmpas 800 CC hyd 600 OC\" tabindex=\"0\">Hen Fyd<\/span> diweddarach, mae&#8217;r ffiniau rhwng Empusa, Lamia a&#8217;r bwganod a elwir <em>mormolykeia<\/em> yn mynd yn aneglur. Mae sawl awdur yn eu trin fel bodau cysylltiedig neu gyfnewidiadwy, sy&#8217;n perthyn oll i faes Hecate ac sy&#8217;n peryglu yn bennaf ddynion ifanc.<\/p><p>Y datblygiad naratif manylaf a geir gan Philostratos yn ei <em>Vita des Apollonios von Tyana<\/em> (Llyfr 4), a ysgrifennwyd tua 220 OC. Yno mae&#8217;r myfyriwr ifanc Menippos yn syrthio mewn cariad \u00e2 menyw hardd, gyfoethog y mae&#8217;n dymuno ei phriodi.<\/p><p>Mae Apollonios o Tyana yn gweld trwy&#8217;r ymddangosiad ac yn ei hamlygu fel <em>empousa<\/em> yn ystod y gwledd briodas, ei henwi&#8217;n <em>lamia<\/em> mewn lle arall yn y testun.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r bod yn cyfaddef ei fod wedi bwriadu pesgi&#8217;r llanc er mwyn bwydo ar ei waed a&#8217;i gnawd, gan ei fod yn ymborthi ar gyrff ifanc a phrydferth. Ar eiriau Apollonios, mae&#8217;r adeiladau a&#8217;r gweision ysblennydd i bob golwg yn diflannu i ddim.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Daeth y bennod hon yn hynod ddylanwadol yn ddiweddarach. Fe&#8217;i defnyddiodd John Keats yn 1820 yn ei gerdd <em>Lamia<\/em>, ac trwy&#8217;r llwybr hwn fe luniodd y syniad rhamantaidd a modern o&#8217;r ferch hardd, beryglus a demoniol, sydd weithiau&#8217;n cael ei darllen fel ffigwr fampir cynnar.<\/span><\/p><p>O safbwynt astudiaethau crefydd, mae&#8217;n bwysig nodi nad tystiolaeth gred bobl gyffredin sydd gan Philostratos yma, ond stori ddysgu wedi&#8217;i llunio&#8217;n lenyddol: mae&#8217;n dangos gallu canfyddiad goruwchddynol y g\u0175r doeth Apollonios. Mae&#8217;r Empusa yn y testun hwn yn gyfrwng, nid yn ddiben ynddi&#8217;i hun.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9303adf e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp9303adf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4ea35c3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp4ea35c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Etymoleg a'r ddadl am ystyr yr enw<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4b86d37 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp4b86d37\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8c435d0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp8c435d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Bu tarddiad yr enw <em>Empousa<\/em> yn destun dadl ers yr <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfnod diwylliant Groeg a Rhufain, o gwmpas 800 CC hyd 600 OC\" tabindex=\"0\">Hen Fyd<\/span>, ac nid yw wedi cael ei ddatrys yn derfynol hyd heddiw. Cynigiodd gramadegwyr <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfnod diwylliant Groeg a Rhufain, o gwmpas 800 CC hyd 600 OC\" tabindex=\"0\">hynafol<\/span> ddehongliadau eu hunain, ond dilynent sain y gair yn hytrach na&#8217;r hanes ieithyddol gwirioneddol.<\/p><p>Cysylltodd un esboniad <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfnod diwylliant Groeg a Rhufain, o gwmpas 800 CC hyd 600 OC\" tabindex=\"0\">hynafol<\/span> cyffredin yr enw \u00e2&#8217;r cloffi ar un droed, hynny yw&#8217;r nodwedd amlwg o&#8217;r un goes bres neu anifeilaidd. Mae&#8217;r dehongliad hwn yn parhau&#8217;n ansicr.<\/p><p>Mae cynigion ieithyddol modern yn tybio cysylltiad \u00e2 geiriau am droed neu symudiad, tra bod eraill yn gweld ffurfiad sy&#8217;n mynegi gwthio i mewn neu dreiddio. Ni chafodd unrhyw un o&#8217;r esboniadau hyn dderbyniad cyffredinol.<\/p><p>I wneud pethau&#8217;n fwy anodd, mae&#8217;n bosibl nad Groeg gwreiddiol yw&#8217;r enw o gwbl, ond ei fod yn tarddu o sylfaen cyn-Roegaidd neu estron, fel a dybir gyda llawer o enwau bwganod is-raddol eraill.<\/p><p>Mwy goleuo na&#8217;r gwreiddyn ansicr yw&#8217;r modd y defnyddiwyd y gair. Yn y Roeg gallai <em>Empousa<\/em> fod yn enw priod ac yn enw cyffredinol ar fath o fod; mae testunau <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfnod diwylliant Groeg a Rhufain, o gwmpas 800 CC hyd 600 OC\" tabindex=\"0\">hynafol<\/span> yn siarad am yr Empusa fel un ffigwr unigol, ond hefyd yn gwybod am luosogrwydd ohonynt.<\/p><p>Gwelir yr un natur ddeuol yn y geiriau cysylltiedig <em>lamia<\/em> a <em>mormo<\/em>. O hyn gellir casglu nad unigolyn mytholegol wedi&#8217;i ddiffinio&#8217;n glir mohoni, ond categori o fwganod a fodolai mewn addysg deuluol a dychymyg poblogaidd.<\/p><p>Felly, mae ymchwilwyr yn dosbarthu&#8217;r Empusa fel un o&#8217;r hyn a elwir yn <em>bogey-figures<\/em>, ffigyrau brawychus a ddefnyddid i ddychryn plant a gwneud llwybrau unig yn anghysurus.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6b0f885 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp6b0f885\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7861cd5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp7861cd5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Empusa fel bwgan plant a chred boblogaidd<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4e7304b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp4e7304b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9847e8f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp9847e8f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yn wahanol i dduwiau mawr y pantheon Groegaidd, nid oedd yr Empusa&#8217;n destun cwlt trefnus \u00e2 theml, offeiriaid na gwyliau. Roedd yn perthyn i faes cred deuluol a beunyddiol, sy&#8217;n unig wedi gadael ei \u00f4l mewn cyfeiriadau achlysurol mewn ffynonellau llenyddol.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r sefyllfa hon o ran ffynonellau&#8217;n esbonio pam mae ein gwybodaeth yn parhau&#8217;n anghyflawn: ni chofnodwyd yn systematig yr hyn a ddywedodd mamau a mamaethod i&#8217;w plant am yr Empusa.<\/p><p>Er hynny, gellir llunio darlun o gyfeiriadau gwasgaredig. Roedd yr Empusa&#8217;n perthyn i gr\u0175p o ffigyrau a elwid ynghyd yn <em>mormolykeia<\/em>, ac a ddefnyddid i ddychryn plant drygionus neu aflonydd.<\/p><p>Cyfrifwyd hi fel un o osgordd Hecate, a chredid ei bod yn weithredol mewn croesffyrdd, trothwyon a lleoedd unig, hynny yw&#8217;n union yn y lleoedd a ystyrid yn nychymyg y Groegiaid yn beryglus ac yn dreiddiadwy i fyd y meirw. Mae&#8217;i ymddangosiad yn ffafrio hanner dydd neu&#8217;r nos.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r gwendid a briodolwyd iddi yn nodedig. Mae sawl ffynhonnell yn tanlinellu bod yr Empusa&#8217;n ffoi pan gaiff ei bychanu neu ei gwatwar.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r syniad hwn yn dangos swyddogaeth bwysig ffigyrau o&#8217;r fath: gwnaethant ofn yn rhywbeth y gellid ei drin, gan gynnig gwrthwenwyn ar yr un pryd. Nid oedd y plentyn na&#8217;r teithiwr yn ddiymadferth gerbron yr Empusa, ond gallai, trwy ymddygiad penodol, dorri ei grym.<\/p><p>Yn wyddonol, mae&#8217;r Empusa felly&#8217;n perthyn i ffigyrau is-raddol dychymyg y Groegiaid, a wasanaethai&#8217;r angen i roi ffurf real, ymladdadwy i ofnau annelwig am dywyllwch, unigrwydd a bygythiad rhywiol. Cyflawnodd ffigyrau tebyg fel <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/lamia\/\">Lamia<\/a> swyddogaethau cyfatebol mewn diwylliannau eraill.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cysylltiadau pellach<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dolenni mewnol a argymhellir:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/groeg\/\">Gwlad Groeg<\/a> (tudalen ddiwylliannol uwch)<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/hecate\/\">Hecate<\/a> (meistres Empusa)<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/lamia\/\">Lamia<\/a> (cysylltiedig yn strwythurol)<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/lilu-a-lilitu\/\">Lil\u00fb a Lil\u012btu<\/a> (cyfatebiaeth Mesopotamaidd)<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/nachtwesen-a-pharlys-cwsg\/\">Bodau&#8217;r nos<\/a> a <a class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/parlys-cwsg\/\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Cyflwr canfyddiadol pan fydd yr ymwybyddiaeth yn deffro ond y corff yn parhau'n barlysedig oherwydd atonia REM; yn aml ynghyd \u00e2 rhithweledigaethau.\" style=\"color:inherit;text-decoration:none\">Parlys cwsg<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ffynonellau a llenyddiaeth<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Detholiad o weithiau canolog ar Empusa a gwedd-wisgoedd nosol traddodiad Groeg:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Graf, Fritz: <em>Magic in the Ancient World<\/em>. Cambridge, MA 1997.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Greenfield, Richard P. H.: <em>Traditions of Belief in Late Byzantine Demonology<\/em>. Amsterdam 1988.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Luck, Georg: <em>Arcana Mundi. Magic and the Occult in the Greek and Roman Worlds<\/em>. Baltimore 1985.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Rhagor o weithiau safonol yn y <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/llenyddiaeth\/\">Rhestr Lyfryddiaeth<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-empusa-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-empusa-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-empusa\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-empusa-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-empusa-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">Mae&#8217;r arfer diogelu a ddisgrifir yma yn ddosbarthiad gwyddonol o draddodiadau hanesyddol. Mae iWell Guard yn cysylltu \u00e2&#8217;r llinach ddiwylliannol-hanesyddol hon o wrthrychau diogelu cludadwy ac yn cynrychioli ffurf gyfoes ohoni. <a href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">Mwy am yr iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-empusa e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-empusa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-empusa-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-empusa-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yn y ffynonellau hynafol, ymddengys Empusa fel <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bod ysbrydol y priodolir iddo effaith niweidiol neu ddeuolrywiog.\" tabindex=\"0\">cythraul<\/span><\/em> siapiau amrywiol yng ngwasanaeth Hecate, sy&#8217;n aflonyddu ar deithwyr unigol, yn enwedig dynion ifanc, ac a ddisgrifir yng nghomed\u00efau Aristophanes ac gan Philostratus fel bwystfil dychrynllyd heb si\u00e2p pendant.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1662,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Empusa","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Empusa - Cythraules Nos yng Nghwmni Hecate","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Mae Empusa yn un o'r cythreulesau nos mwyaf nodedig yn nhraddodiad Groeg: bod trawsffurfiadwy sy'n ymddangos i deithwyr...","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"4","wesen_kultur":"griechenland","wesen_klasse":"daemonen","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-191153","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Empusa - Cythraules Nos yng Nghwmni Hecate<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Mae Empusa yn un o&#039;r cythreulesau nos mwyaf nodedig yn nhraddodiad Groeg: bod trawsffurfiadwy sy&#039;n ymddangos i deithwyr...\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/empusa\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" 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