{"id":191142,"date":"2026-09-07T07:25:07","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T07:25:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=191142"},"modified":"2026-09-07T07:29:24","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T07:29:24","slug":"gallu","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/gallu\/","title":{"rendered":"Gallu"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"191142\" class=\"elementor elementor-191142 elementor-724\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gallu, cythraul y traddodiad Mesopotamaidd<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Cythreuliaid y Byd Isod, cenhadau a gorfodwyr yr ochr draw.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Cythraul: Bod goruwchnaturiol sydd fel arfer ag effaith niweidiol neu amwys. Saif rhwng duwiau a phobl, yn peri afiechyd, temtasiwn neu anlwc, ac fe'i gwrthyrrir drwy alwadau, gwrthrychau amddiffynnol a defodau.\">Cythraul<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/mesopotamia\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Crud crefydd ddogfennedig, Sumer, Akkad, Babilon, Assyria (tua 3500 CC hyd 330 CC).\">Mesopotamia<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Ni chanfuwyd unrhyw benawdau ar y dudalen hon.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCynnwys\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_mesopotamien_gallu-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-193550\" alt=\"Gallu - Cythreuliaid o draddodiad Mesopotamia, hanesyddol-ddarluniadol\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_mesopotamien_gallu-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_mesopotamien_gallu-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_mesopotamien_gallu-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_mesopotamien_gallu.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gallu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae Gallu yn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bod ysbrydol y priodolir iddo effaith niweidiol neu ddeublyg.\" tabindex=\"0\">gythraul<\/span> yn nhraddodiad Mesopotamia.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r Gall\u00fb ymhlith y cythreuliaid hynaf a gofnodwyd ym Mesopotamia. Maent yn agos at y byd tanddaearol a&#8217;i feistres Ere\u0161kigal, ac ymddangosant mewn mythau a thestunau defodol fel gweithredwyr marwolaeth. Yn nodweddiadol ohonynt mae&#8217;r ymneilltuad llwyr: pwysleisia&#8217;r testunau nad ydynt yn derbyn bwyd na diod, na rhoddion na melystra. Nid ydynt yn agored i drafodaeth.<\/p><p>Yn y chwedl enwog am daith Inanna i&#8217;r byd tanddaearol, y Gall\u00fb sy&#8217;n mynnu cael eilydd ar ran y dduwies ac sy&#8217;n arwain Dumuzi i&#8217;r byd tanddaearol. Mae&#8217;r olygfa hon wedi llywio&#8217;r ddelwedd hyd heddiw: negeswyr yw&#8217;r Gall\u00fb sy&#8217;n dod pan fo amser rhywun ar ben.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Proffil byr: Gallu<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae Gallu (Acadaidd: gal-lu, &#8220;Mawr&#8221;) yn fodau cythreulig neu gythreuliaid y Byd Isod yn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm y chwedlau duwiol a drosglwyddwyd o fewn diwylliant.\" tabindex=\"0\">fytholeg<\/span> Mesopotamaidd. C\u00e2nt eu tystio mewn testunau cwneiddol o Sumer i Fabilon a ch\u00e2nt eu disgrifio&#8217;n aml fel gwasanaethwyr y dduwies Byd Isod Ereshkigal neu dduw&#8217;r meirw Nergal. Maent yn personoli salwch, pla, a marwolaeth sydyn.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cyd-destun<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cyfnod y Testunau<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae tystiolaeth am y Gall\u00fb yn ymestyn o fythau Sumeraidd cynnar (3ydd mileniwm CC) hyd at gyfnod Neo-Fabilonaidd ac Achaemenidaidd. Nid oes math arall o gythraul wedi cael ei ddogfennu&#8217;n mor gyson ar draws hanes diwylliannol Mesopotamia.<\/p><p><strong>Dosbarthiad mytholegol<\/strong><\/p><p>Mae <em>Gallu<\/em>, un o gythreuliaid y Byd Isod, yn fod sy&#8217;n gwasanaethu <em>Ereshkigal<\/em>, brenhines y Byd Isod. Nid yw <em>Gallu<\/em> yn ddrwg o reidrwydd yn ystyr foesol, ond yn hytrach yn asiantau ewyllys <em>Ereshkigal<\/em>, yn orfodwyr ei gorchmynion, yn ddaliwyr eneidiau ac yn gymdeithion i&#8217;r meirw ar eu ffordd i&#8217;r Byd Isod.<\/p><p>C\u00e2nt eu hofni gan fod eu dyfodiad yn arwyddo marwolaeth. Gellir deall <em>Gallu<\/em> hefyd fel cythreuliaid salwch a marwolaeth gyflym, sy&#8217;n cipio pobl o wyneb y ddaear. Maent yn cynrychioli anosgoi ac amcanoledd marwolaeth.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ardal Ledaeniad<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae Gallu wedi cael eu dogfennu&#8217;n bennaf mewn cyfresi tabledi clai Babilonaidd ac Asyriaidd, yn arbennig yn y disgrifiadau o&#8217;r disgyniad i&#8217;r Byd Isod (cylch Inanna-Ereshkigal, gyda thestunau cyfochrog rhannol hefyd yn Hittiteg). Cawsant eu hofni ar draws holl Mesopotamia, o Sumer i Assyria, a&#8217;u gwrthsefyll drwy swynion a rhefosiynau apotrop\u00e4ig.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sail y Ffynonellau<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae&#8217;r sail dystiolaeth ar gyfer Gallu yn ffiniedig. Prif destunau yw mythemau cwneiddol a rhestrau o Fabilon Hynafol (tua 1800, 1600 CC) yn ogystal \u00e2 thestunau cyfochrog Asyriaidd diweddarach.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r Asyriolegwyr Bott\u00e9ro, Wiggermann a Schwemer wedi dadansoddi&#8217;r traddodiadau hyn a&#8217;u gosod yng nghyd-destun dieithroleg Mesopotamaidd. Mae adnabod mathau unigol o Gallu yn ddiogel yn anodd heddiw, gan fod y tabledi&#8217;n aml wedi&#8217;u dinistrio&#8217;n rhannol ac yn dangos amrywiadau enw.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enw a ffurfiau ysgrifenedig<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Sumeraidd:<\/strong> <em>gal-l\u00e1<\/em>.<br>Acadaidd: <em>gall\u00fb<\/em>.<br>Yn gyffredin fel gr\u0175p: yn aml &#8220;y saith Gall\u00fb&#8221;, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Elfen gynnwys sy'n ailddigwydd yn gelfyddyd neu naratif.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiff<\/span> nifer-gyflawn nodweddiadol o ddieithroleg Mesopotamaidd.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r tarddiad geiriol yn ddadleuol; trafodir cysylltiadau \u00e2 thermau am &#8220;orfodwr&#8221; neu &#8220;drais&#8221;. Yn bwysicaf na&#8217;r tarddiad yw&#8217;r r\u00f4l sefydlog: mae&#8217;r Gall\u00fb bob amser yn organ orfodi, yn brin o fod yn ffigwr annibynnol. Ymddangosant fel arfer mewn grwpiau, gweithredu ar orchymyn y Byd Isod, a bod yn ddi-enw.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Disgrifiad<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ymddangosiad<\/strong><\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r testunau&#8217;n disgrifio&#8217;r Gall\u00fb yn fwy drwy&#8217;r hyn <em>nad<\/em> ydynt. Nid ydynt yn gwybod am fwyd, na syched, na rhodd, na melystra. Lle bo darluniau gweladwy&#8217;n dod i&#8217;r amlwg, maent yn niwlog, dychrynllyd, ac yn anodd eu diffinio. Perthynant felly&#8217;n fwy i gythreuliaid annelwig Mesopotamia.<\/p><p><strong>Ymddygiad<\/strong><\/p><p>Daw&#8217;r Gall\u00fb i gymryd. C\u00e2nt eneidiau&#8217;r rhai sy&#8217;n marw i&#8217;r Byd Isod, mynnu rhywun yn lle pan fo&#8217;r drefn wedi&#8217;i tarfu, a gweithredu dyfarniadau teyrnas y meirw. Mae eu gweithredoedd yn benodedig ac ni ellir trafod \u00e2 nhw; dim ond o fewn cyfyngiadau seremon\u00efol cyfyng y mae rhoddion neu swynion yn effeithio.<\/p><p><strong>Maes gweithredu<\/strong><\/p><p>Y trawsnewid rhwng bywyd a marwolaeth, gwely marwolaeth, lleoedd o farwolaeth dreisgar, sefyllfaoedd trothwy seremon\u00efol. Maent yn gweithredu lle y penderfynir ar fywyd neu farwolaeth, neu lle y mae&#8217;r drefn gosmig yn mynnu rhywun yn lle.<\/p><p><strong>Tarddiad mytholegol<\/strong><\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r Gall\u00fb yn wasanaethwyr y Byd Isod, yn enwedig Ere\u0161kigal. Yn &#8220;Taith Inanna i&#8217;r Byd Isod&#8221; ymddangosant fel gr\u0175p sy&#8217;n gorfodi&#8217;r dduwies i&#8217;r Byd Isod ac yn ddiweddarach yn mynnu Dumuzi yn ei lle. Mae eu r\u00f4l felly&#8217;n sefydlog yn strwythurol: dyma erfyn estynedig y Byd Isod ym maes y byw.<\/p><p><strong>Ymddangosiad a symbolaeth<\/strong><\/p><p>Fe ddarlunnir <em>Gallu<\/em> yn aml fel ffigyrau dychrynllyd, tywyll gyda nodweddion goruwchnaturiol, o bosib gyda chyrff anifeiliaid (llew, tarw), llygaid llosgi a chrafangau neu ewinedd. Gallant hefyd ymddangos yn ddynol gyda nodweddion cythreulig, cyrn, wyneb du, mynegiant dychrynllyd.<\/p><p>Mae <em>Gallu<\/em> yn aml yn gwisgo cadwynau neu ffetterau, gan eu bod yn gipwyr ac yn rhwymwyr. Mae eu corff yn dywyll, yn aml wedi&#8217;i liwio&#8217;n ddu neu&#8217;n goch dwfn. Symudant yn gyflym ac yn annisgwyl. Mae eu presenoldeb yn oer ac yn frawychus.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Proffil: Gallu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Y prif agweddau ar y Gall\u00fb ar un olwg. Fe geir manylion am enw, disgrifiad, amddiffyniad a chydfforddiadau yn yr adrannau canlynol.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tarddiad Gallu<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gwasanaethwyr y Byd Isod, yn enwedig Ere\u0161kigal. Fe&#8217;u crybwyllir yn aml fel gr\u0175p, &#8220;y saith Gall\u00fb&#8221;. Nid ffigyrau unigol, ond gorfodwyr cyfunol.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Targed Gallu<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Y rhai sy&#8217;n marw, pobl mewn sefyllfa drothwy seremon\u00efol, torwyr tab\u0175, y rhai sy&#8217;n euog, pobl amgen mewn cyfnewid am eraill (fel Dumuzi ar ran Inanna).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ymddangosiad Gallu<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Anhysbys, wedi&#8217;i gadw&#8217;n fwriadol o hyd: &#8220;nid ydynt yn bwyta bwyd, nid ydynt yn yfed d\u0175r, nid ydynt yn gwybod am felystra&#8221;. Niwlog, dychrynllyd, heb ei ddiffinio.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Maes Dylanwad<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Marwolaeth sydyn, dwyn eneidiau, salwch cyflym, mynediad <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Yn perthyn i drefn weithredu grefyddol benodedig.\" tabindex=\"0\">seremon\u00efol<\/span>. Nid yw eu dyfodiad yn agored i drafodaeth, dim ond yn ohiriadwy neu&#8217;n ailgyfeiriadwy.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Amddiffyniad<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Consurio i alw ar ddychweliad i&#8217;r isfyd, defodau puro, aberthau amnewid (ffigwr dirprwyol a gymerir yn lle&#8217;r person).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cymariaethau<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Erinyes a Keres (Groegaidd), Thanatos (Groegaidd), Tzitzimime (Astecaidd), motiffau negeswyr angau yn Ewrop, ffigwr y Diwygiwr ag Ewinedd (Sensenmann) yng nghrefydd gwerin ddiweddarach.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Amddiffyniad bob dydd<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Defodau amddiffynnol<\/strong><\/p><p>Nid dinistrio&#8217;r Gall\u00fb yw nod y defodau yn eu herbyn, ond gohirio neu ailgyfeirio eu bygythiad. Adnabyddus yw&#8217;r egwyddor o amnewid: rhoddir ffigwr dirprwyol symbolaidd, anifail, neu ffigwr bach o does neu glai, i&#8217;r Gall\u00fb &#8220;yn ei le&#8221; yn lle&#8217;r person. Ceir y ddelweddiad mytholegol cryfaf o&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Elfen gynnwys sy'n ailddigwydd mewn celf neu naratif.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiff<\/span> hwn yn &#8220;Taith Inanna i&#8217;r Isfyd&#8221;.<\/p><p><strong>Consurio<\/strong><\/p><p>Mae fformwl\u00e2u&#8217;n galw ar y Gall\u00fb, yn enwi eu tarddiad, ac yn eu cyfeirio&#8217;n \u00f4l i&#8217;r isfyd. Yn aml gelwir ar awdurdod dwyfol yr un pryd, awdurdod y mae ei orchymyn yn galluogi&#8217;r ailgyfeirio. Mae&#8217;r strwythur yn parhau&#8217;n debyg ym mhob consuriad Mesopotamaidd: adnabod, cyfreithloni, anfon yn \u00f4l.<\/p><p><strong>Amuledau a symbolau amddiffynnol<\/strong><\/p><p>Nid amuledau penodol yn erbyn y Gall\u00fb sydd yn brif ffocws; yn hollbwysicaf mae gorchmynion purdeb a defodau amddiffynnol cymunedol ar gyfer t\u0177, lle neu ddinas. Mae&#8217;r amddiffyniad yn dibynnu llai ar wrthrych, yn fwy ar ddisgyblaeth ddefodol a&#8217;r berthynas gywir \u00e2&#8217;r duwiau.<\/p><p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm y gweithredoedd addoli crefyddol ar gyfer duwdod neu ffigwr sanctaidd.\" tabindex=\"0\">Cwlt<\/span> ac addoliad<\/strong><\/p><p>Nid oedd <em>Gallu<\/em> yn cael eu haddoli&#8217;n uniongyrchol fel duwiau, ond yn cael eu hofni a&#8217;u gwrthsefyll trwy consurio a swynion amddiffynnol. Roedd amuledau amddiffynnol yn erbyn <em>Gallu<\/em> yn gyffredin, yn arbennig mewn tai lle roedd cleifion neu bobl ar farw.<\/p><p>Byddai dewiniaid ac offeiriaid yn cynnal defodau amddiffynnol i gadw <em>Gallu<\/em> draw. Fodd bynnag, byddai dewiniaid weithiau&#8217;n consurio <em>Gallu<\/em> mewn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Arferion sy'n ceisio ymyrryd yn nhrefn pethau trwy weithredoedd neu fformwl\u00e2u arbennig.\" tabindex=\"0\">hud<\/span> i niweidio gelynion neu gael canlyniadau cyflym. C\u00e2i <em>Gallu<\/em> eu trin ag ofn a dychryn, nid addoliad.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gallu, cyfochrogion mewn diwylliannau eraill<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Y byd Groegaidd-Rufeinig<\/strong><\/p><p>Y Keres a&#8217;r Erinyes yw&#8217;r cyfochrogion swyddogaethol mwyaf eglur. Mae&#8217;r Keres yn cyrchu eneidiau&#8217;r meirw, ac mae&#8217;r Erinyes yn dial am dywallt gwaed. Mae Thanatos, fel personoliad o farwolaeth, yn ymgymryd \u00e2 swyddogaethau tebyg fel negesydd, ac mae&#8217;n parhau fel motiff mewn portreadau Rhufeinig a Helenistig diweddarach.<\/p><p><strong>Canolbarth America:<\/strong> Mae&#8217;r Tzitzimime Astecaidd yn ddemoniaid nosol sy&#8217;n bygwth bywyd dynol yn adegau critigol o&#8217;r cylch cosmig. Mae eu r\u00f4l fel gweithredwyr diwedd cosmig arfaethedig yn debyg mewn strwythur a swyddogaeth i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Elfen gynnwys sy'n ailddigwydd mewn celf neu naratif.\" tabindex=\"0\">fotiff<\/span> y Gall\u00fb.<\/p><p><strong>Ewrop (traddodiad gwerin diweddarach)<\/strong><\/p><p>Mae ffigwr y Diwygiwr ag Ewinedd (Sensenmann) o&#8217;r Oesoedd Canol Ewropeaidd ac o gyfnodau diweddarach yn crynhoi&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Elfen gynnwys sy'n ailddigwydd mewn celf neu naratif.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiff<\/span> o&#8217;r negesydd amhersonol, anhrafodadwy sy&#8217;n cyrchu&#8217;r meirw. Er nad oes modd olrhain llinach uniongyrchol, gwelir yr un patrwm sylfaenol: negesydd sy&#8217;n dod pan fydd yr amser wedi dod i ben.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6b4c7f2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp6b4c7f2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf63bbd9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpf63bbd9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Y Gallu yn naratif Taith Inanna i'r Isfyd<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb2f05e6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpb2f05e6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp090b38f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp090b38f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ymddangosiad llenyddol pwysicaf y Gallu a geir yn y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Naratif traddodiadol am dduwiau, tarddiadau, a threfn y byd.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> Sumeraidd am Daith Inanna i&#8217;r Isfyd, ac yn ei barhad ynghylch y duw bugail Dumuzi. Cadwyd y testun ar lechau clai, ac mae&#8217;n un o weithiau llenyddiaeth Sumeraidd sydd wedi cael eu hail-lunio&#8217;n fanwl.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r dduwies Inanna yn disgyn i&#8217;r isfyd, teyrnas ei chwaer Ereschkigal, ac yno lleddir hi a&#8217;i chrogi ar bostyn.<\/p><p>Trwy ymyrraeth y duw Enki caiff ei atgyfodi, ond nid yw&#8217;r isfyd yn rhyddhau neb heb amnewidyn. Rhaid i Inanna enwi dirprwy i ddisgyn yn ei lle. Ar ei ffordd i fyny, mae&#8217;r Gallu, cythreuliaid yr isfyd, yn ei chyd-hebrwng.<\/p><p>Disgrifia&#8217;r testun y Gallu hyn \u00e2 nerth aruthrol. Nid ydynt yn adnabod newyn na syched, nid ydynt yn bwyta bwyd nac yn yfed d\u0175r, nid ydynt yn derbyn offrymau nac unrhyw lwgrwobr. Nid ydynt yn adnabod teulu, plant, na chyfeillgarwch.<\/p><p>Maent yn cipio&#8217;r wraig o freichiau&#8217;r g\u0175r a&#8217;r plentyn o fron y famaeth. Trwy hynny maent yn wrthwyneb llwyr i unrhyw gymar dynol neu ddwyfol y gellid trafod ag ef.<\/p><p>Yn y diwedd, dewisir ei g\u0175r Dumuzi, nad oedd wedi galaru amdani, fel dirprwy yn lle Inanna. Mae&#8217;r Gallu&#8217;n hela ar ei \u00f4l, mae&#8217;n ffoi ac yn trawsffurfio, ond caiff ei ddal a&#8217;i lusgo i&#8217;r isfyd.<\/p><p>Dim ond trwy <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Rhodd i dduwdod i fynegi diolch, cais, neu addoliad.\" tabindex=\"0\">aberth<\/span> ei chwaer Geschtinanna, sy&#8217;n cymryd ei le am ran o&#8217;r flwyddyn, y lleddfir ei dynged. Yn y naratif hwn, y Gallu yw gweithredwyr anhrafodadwy trefn yr isfyd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa089d48 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpa089d48\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp08389ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp08389ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gallu mewn testunau consurio ac amddiffyn rhag afiechyd<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2638a3d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2638a3d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp62342d5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp62342d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Y tu allan i lenyddiaeth naratif, ymddengys y Gallu yn bennaf mewn testunau hudlefaru ac amddiffynnol Mesopotamia. Mae&#8217;r testunau hyn, a gadwyd ar nifer fawr o lechi mewn Acadaidd a Sumeraidd, wedi eu cofnodi i amddiffyn rhag salwch, anffawd a ymosodiad dieflig.<\/p><p>Yn y ffurf Acadaidd, ymddengys yr enw fel <em>gallu<\/em> neu mewn cyswllt ag enwau cythreuliaid eraill. Gr\u0175p cyffredin arbennig o hynod yw&#8217;r Saith, cwmni o ysbrydion drwg, ac ymhlith y rhestrau hyn mae&#8217;r Gallu yn ailymddangos.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r testunau hyn yn disgrifio sut mae&#8217;r cythreuliaid yn dod i mewn drwy ddrysau a barrau, yn glynu wrth lwybrau a muriau, ac yn meddiannu person heb iddo allu ymladd yn \u00f4l.<\/p><p>Cyflawnwyd yr amddiffyniad gan offeiriaid hudlefaru, a elwid yn Mesopotamia yn <em>aschipu<\/em>. Adroddent fformwl\u00e2u penodol, gelwid ar y duwiau mawrion, yn enwedig Ea, ei fab Marduk a duw&#8217;r t\u00e2n, yn erbyn y cythreuliaid, a chyflawnid gweithredoedd cyd-fynd, megis dangos neu losgi ffigyrau amgen, arogldarthu a thaenellu d\u0175r.<\/p><p>Roedd ffigyrau amddiffynnol ac amwletau yn chwarae rhan bwysig yn yr arferiad hwn. O dai Mesopotamaidd, adnabyddir ffigyrynnau clai bach o bethau amddiffynnol a gladdwyd o dan drothwyon, yn ogystal \u00e2 phlaciau ysgrifenedig.<\/p><p>Dengys y dystiolaeth nad oedd y Gallu i&#8217;r bobl yn beth mytholegol haniaethol, ond yn fygythiad y gellid ei brofi, ac yn erbyn hwnnw roedd casgliad rhwyddedig o ddefodau ar gael. Mae&#8217;r testunau felly yn cyfuno demonoleg a chelfyddyd feddyginiaeth mewn undod, lle mae salwch ac ymosodiad dieflig yn aml yn golygu&#8217;r un peth.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp151a219 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp151a219\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpff1f89a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpff1f89a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O'r gair Sumeraidd i'r cythraul Acadaidd: Etymoleg a dosbarthiad<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp762d4d1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp762d4d1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpddc3fe0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpddc3fe0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae&#8217;r enw Gallu yn codi nifer o gwestiynau ieithyddol a hanes-grefyddol y trafodir ymhlith Asyrolegwyr. Mae&#8217;r gair yn tarddu o Sumeraidd ac yn dynodi, yn y tystiolaethau hynaf, gythraul y byd tanddaearol, gwasanaethwr neu erlidiwr byd y meirw. Fe&#8217;i mabwysiadwyd i&#8217;r Acadaidd fel gair benthyg.<\/p><p>Mae ymchwil yn gosod y Gallu o fewn system fwy o bethau isel Mesopotamaidd. Mae&#8217;r system hon yn cynnwys cyfres gyfan o enwau cythreuliaid, yn cynnwys <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/utukku-ysbrydion-y-meirw\/\">Utukku<\/a>, Rabisu, Lilu a rhagor, sydd rhai ohonynt yn dynodi meysydd wedi eu diffinio&#8217;n glir, ac eraill yn gorgyffwrdd. Mae&#8217;r Gallu yn perthyn i&#8217;r gr\u0175p o bethau sy&#8217;n gysylltiedig \u00e2&#8217;r byd tanddaearol ac \u00e2 chludo pobl ymaith yn dreisgar.<\/p><p>Mae cwestiwn arall yn ymwneud \u00e2 pharhad posibl y gair. Yn nhraddodiad diweddarach Aramaig a Iddewig, ceir enwau cythreuliaid a atgoffa yn seinegol o <em>gallu<\/em>, ac ystyriwyd a oes yma linell drosglwyddo o dreftadaeth Mesopotamaidd.<\/p><p>Nid yw&#8217;r cwestiwn hwn wedi ei ddatrys yn derfynol; nid yw&#8217;r tebygrwydd seinegol ei hun yn brawf, ac mae&#8217;r trosiadau rhwng systemau cythreuliaid y Dwyrain Hen yn gymhleth.<\/p><p>Yn bwysig i&#8217;r deall yw bod crefydd Mesopotamaidd yn gwahaniaethu&#8217;n glir rhwng y duwiau mawrion, wedi&#8217;u henwi ac a addolwyd mewn temlau, a&#8217;r pethau is fel y Gallu.<\/p><p>Ni addolwyd y Gallu; roeddent yn bethau swyddogaethol o&#8217;r drefn gosmig, na chyfarfyddid \u00e2 hwy \u00e2 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm y gweithredoedd addoliad crefyddol ar gyfer duwdod neu ffigwr sanctaidd.\" tabindex=\"0\">cwlt<\/span>, ond ag amddiffyniad. Mae&#8217;r gwahaniaeth hwn yn nodweddu holl berthynas Mesopotamia \u00e2&#8217;r dieflig.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cysylltiadau pellach<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/edimmu\/\">Edimmu, ysbryd meirw Mesopotamaidd cysylltiedig<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/lamashtu\/\">Lamashtu, cythreules Mesopotamaidd gysylltiedig<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/pazuzu\/\">Pazuzu, apotrop\u00e4wn yn erbyn Lamashtu a chythreuliaid cysylltiedig<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/ereshkigal\/\">Ereshkigal, Arglwyddes y Byd Tanddaearol, cyflogwr y Galla<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/nergal\/\">Nergal, duw&#8217;r byd tanddaearol, cynghreiriad<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/rabisu\/\">Rabisu, cythraul &#8220;Cuddiwr&#8221; cysylltiedig<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/mesopotamia\/\">Traddodiad Mesopotamaidd, cyd-destun cyffredinol<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ffynonellau a llenyddiaeth<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Bott\u00e9ro, Jean: <em>Mesopotamia: Writing, Reasoning, and the Gods<\/em>. University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1992.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Black, Jeremy \/ Green, Anthony: <em>Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia<\/em>. British Museum Press, London 1992.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Wiggermann, Frans A.M.: <em>Mesopotamian Protective Spirits: The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dilyniant trefnedig o weithredoedd symbolaidd o arwyddoc\u00e2d crefyddol neu ddiwylliannol.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ritual<\/span> Texts<\/em>. Styx, Groningen 1992.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Foster, Benjamin R.: <em>Before the Muses: An Anthology of Akkadian Literature<\/em>. CDL Press, Bethesda 2005.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Lambert, W. G.: <em>Babylonian Wisdom Literature<\/em>. Clarendon Press, Oxford 1960.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Hee\u00dfel, Nils P.: <em>Babylonisch-assyrische Diagnostik<\/em>. AOAT 43, M\u00fcnster 2000.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-gallu-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-gallu-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-gallu\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-gallu-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-gallu-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">Mae&#8217;r arfer amddiffynnol a ddisgrifir yma yn ddehongliad astudiaethau crefydd o draddodiadau hanesyddol. Mae iWell Guard yn cysylltu \u00e2&#8217;r llinyn hanesyddol-ddiwylliannol hwn o wrthrychau amddiffynnol a wisgir, ac yn cynrychioli ffurf gyfoes ohono. <a href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">Mwy am yr iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1707,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Gallu","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Gallu - Cythreuliaid y Byd Isod, Cenhadau a Gorfodwyr yr Ochr Draw","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Mae'r Gall\u00fb yn perthyn i rai o'r cythreuliaid hynaf sy'n cael eu cofnodi ym Mesopotamia. 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