{"id":191137,"date":"2026-09-07T07:25:07","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T07:25:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=191137"},"modified":"2026-09-07T07:29:24","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T07:29:24","slug":"mesopotamia","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/mesopotamia\/","title":{"rendered":"Mesopotamia"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"191137\" class=\"elementor elementor-191137 elementor-611\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-k-hero-rebuilt-mesopo iwg-kultur-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"k-hero-rebuilt-mesopo\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-khleft-mesopo iwg-kultur-hero-left e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"khleft-mesopo\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-k-h1-mesopotamien elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"k-h1-mesopotamien\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Duwiau Mesopotamia, Sumer, Babilon a Gwlad y Ddwy Afon<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aj11-hero-lead-mesopo e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aj11-hero-lead-mesopo\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aj11-hero-lead-mesopo e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aj11-hero-lead-mesopo\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-k-lead-mesopotamien elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"k-lead-mesopotamien\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\nCreaduriaid o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm y chwedlau am dduwiau a draddodwyd mewn diwylliant.\" tabindex=\"0\">fytholeg<\/span> Mesopotamia ar iWell Guard. Byd duwiau a chythreuliaid Swmeraidd-Acadaidd tua 3000 i 500 CC yw&#8217;r grefydd hynaf sydd wedi ei dogfennu&#8217;n ysgrifenedig yn hanes dynolryw. Eisteddai Anu ar orsedd fel duw&#8217;r nefoedd, gwyliai duw&#8217;r lleuad Nanna (Sin yn Acad) dros y nos, a daeth Marduk yn brif dduw Babilon. Ochr yn ochr \u00e2 hyn, roedd gan grefydd Mesopotamia ddemonoleg gyfoethog iawn: creaduriaid niweidiol fel Lamashtu, Pazuzu a&#8217;r Gallu, ac eraill, a alwodd am system arbennig o ddefodau amddiffynnol a swynformwl\u00e2u.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aj11-hero-toc-mesopo e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aj11-hero-toc-mesopo\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aj11-hero-toc-mesopo e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aj11-hero-toc-mesopo\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-k-toc-mesopotamien elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"k-toc-mesopotamien\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Cynnwys y dudalen hon:<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><a href=\"#k-mesopotamien-h1\">Trosolwg<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#x-mesopotamien-h100\">Hanes a&#8217;r Panth\u00ebon<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#x-mesopotamien-h101\">Bodau yn y bywyd bob dydd<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#x-mesopotamien-h102\">Arwyddoc\u00e2d cyfoes<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#k-mesopotamien-h2\">Duwiau (11)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#k-mesopotamien-h3\">Cythreuliaid (6)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#k-mesopotamien-h4\">Ysbrydion (1)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#4451f85\">Manylion pellach<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-khrght-mesopo iwg-kultur-hero-right e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"khrght-mesopo\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-k-img-mesopotamien iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"k-img-mesopotamien\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_anu-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-193502\" alt=\"Anu - Duwiau o draddodiad Mesopotamia, darluniadol-hanesyddol\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_anu-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_anu-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_anu-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_anu.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-clstrsec-aj12-mesopota e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"clstrsec-aj12-mesopota\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-clstrh2-aj12-mesopo elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"clstrh2-aj12-mesopo\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Llechi Sumeraidd a duwiau Acadaidd<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aj12-cluster-text-mesopota e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aj12-cluster-text-mesopota\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aj12-cluster-text-mesopo-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"aj12-cluster-text-mesopo-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mesopotamia yw crud crefydd ddogfennedig. O&#8217;r wlad rhwng y ddwy afon y daw&#8217;r rhestrau duwiau, y mythau creu a&#8217;r swynion hynaf a gadwyd, wedi&#8217;u hysgrifennu ar lechi clai mewn cwneifform, o ddiwedd y pedwerydd mileniwm CC ymlaen.<\/p><p>Nid ieithoedd yn unig yw Swmeraidd ac Acadaidd, ond dwy haen o&#8217;r un pantheon: daw Inanna yn Ischtar, Enlil yn Ellil, Utu yn Schamasch.<\/p>\n<p>Mae&#8217;r system yn hierarchaidd ac wedi&#8217;i chysylltu \u00e2 dinasoedd. Roedd gan bob dinas Swmeraidd dduw noddwr yng nghyfadeilad y deml (Eridu gydag Enki, Uruk gydag Inanna, Nippur gydag Enlil), ac roedd pwysigrwydd gwleidyddol y ddinas yn adlewyrchu safle ei duw yn y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm duwiau crefydd neu ddiwylliant.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span>.<\/p><p>Mae rhestr eiddo&#8217;r deml hefyd yn dyst i&#8217;r economi a&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Yr astudiaeth academaidd o Dduw a chred crefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">ddiwinyddiaeth<\/span>: rhestrau offrwm, catalogau duwiau a thestunau defodol cwltig.<\/p>\n<p>Mae&#8217;r <strong>ddemonoleg yn eithriadol o gymhleth<\/strong>. Cynhyrchodd Mesopotamia dermau a dosbarthiadau o greaduriaid a deithiodd hyd yn oed i Ewrop yr Oesoedd Canol: Lamashtu fel llofrudd plant, Pazuzu fel ei wrthbwynt amwys, a&#8217;r Gallu fel heliwr y byd tanddaearol. Mae&#8217;r cyfresi swyngyhoedd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfres swynion Acadaidd o'r 1af mileniwm CC; y casgliad Mesopotamaidd manylaf o ddefodau gwrth-wrachyddiaeth.\">Maqlu<\/span> a Surpu yn dogfennu&#8217;r arferion amddiffynnol yn fanwl.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-k-mesopotamien-s1 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"k-mesopotamien-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-k-mesopotamien-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"k-mesopotamien-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Trosolwg<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aj11-inner-0001 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aj11-inner-0001\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-k-mesopotamien-t1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"k-mesopotamien-t1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae diwylliannau Mesopotamia yn ymestyn dros gyfnod o gwmpas 5500 CC (cyfnod Ubaid) hyd yr Hellenoli ar \u00f4l Alecsander (330 CC). Mae eu tiriogaeth yn ymestyn ar draws Gwlad y Ddwy Afon (Sumer, Ac\u00e2d, Babilonia, Asyria) a rhanbarthau cyfagos.<\/p><p>Newidiodd yr arferion crefyddol dros amser, ond dangosant panth\u00ebonau a strwythurau defodol cydlynol. Mae ffynonellau archeolegol (ysgrifen gwennol, henebion celf) a thraddodiadau llenyddol (Enuma Elish, Epig Gilgamesh) yn dogfennu&#8217;r traddodiadau hyn mewn amrywiaeth fawr.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x-mesopotamien-s100 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"x-mesopotamien-s100\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x-mesopotamien-h100 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"x-mesopotamien-h100\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hanes a'r Panth\u00ebon<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aj11-inner-0002 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aj11-inner-0002\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x-mesopotamien-t100 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x-mesopotamien-t100\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Crefydd Mesopotamia yw&#8217;r system grefyddol hynaf a ddogfennwyd yn ysgrifenedig (o tua 3000 CC). Aeth trwy sawl haen ddiwylliannol: Swmeraidd, Acadaidd, Babilonaidd ac Asyriaidd. Roedd duwiau&#8217;r dinasoedd yn ganolog, ac roedd pob dinas-wladwriaeth yn addoli duwdod noddwr.<\/p><p>Roedd y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm duwiau crefydd neu ddiwylliant.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span> yn hierarchaidd: duw&#8217;r nefoedd An, duw&#8217;r awyr Enlil, duw&#8217;r d\u0175r Enki, a Marduk yn ddiweddarach fel y prif dduw yn \u00f4l Enuma Elisch. Mae&#8217;r myth creu (Enuma Elisch) yn disgrifio&#8217;r frwydr gosmig rhwng trefn (Marduk) ac anhrefn (Tiamat). Roedd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adeilad a ddefnyddir i addoli un duwdod neu fwy.\" tabindex=\"0\">temlau<\/span> yn ganolfannau gweinyddol, economaidd a chwltig ar yr un pryd.<\/p><p>Gyda choncwest Persia (539 CC) diflannodd y grefydd draddodiadol yn raddol. Mae&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Trosglwyddo gwybodaeth a chwedlau dros genedlaethau.\" tabindex=\"0\">draddodiad<\/span> ysgrifenedig ar lechi cwneifform yn gyfoethog ond yn dameidiog, a&#8217;r system yn hynod hierarchaidd ac yn amrywio o ranbarth i ranbarth.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x-mesopotamien-s101 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"x-mesopotamien-s101\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x-mesopotamien-h101 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"x-mesopotamien-h101\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bodau yn y bywyd bob dydd<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aj11-inner-0003 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aj11-inner-0003\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x-mesopotamien-t101 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x-mesopotamien-t101\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Roedd cwltiau&#8217;r temlau ym Mesopotamia yn offeiriadol-frenhinol: defodau offrwm dyddiol a defodau i gynnal trefn gosmig. Mae exorcistiaeth yn erbyn ysbrydion drwg a chythreuliaid wedi&#8217;i dogfennu mewn cwneifform, ynghyd \u00e2 dewinwyr a dehonglwyr arwyddion (haruspiciaid), a gyfryngai negeseuon goruwchnaturiol.<\/p><p>Roedd cwlt y cartref, gydag ysbrydion gwarcheidiol a hynafiaid, yn gyffredin; tystiolir <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Arferion sy'n ceisio dylanwadu ar drefn pethau trwy weithredoedd neu fformwl\u00e2u arbennig.\" tabindex=\"0\">hud<\/span> a swynion ar lechi. Mae trans a phroffwydoliaeth wedi&#8217;u dogfennu, ond nid yw eu graddau&#8217;n glir. Roedd offeiriaid, fel arbenigwyr, yn gofalu am y wybodaeth am y goruwchnaturiol.<\/p><p>Roedd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Rhodd i dduwdod i fynegi diolch, cais neu addoliad.\" tabindex=\"0\">offrymau<\/span> (offrymau anifeiliaid, \u0177d, diodlifau) yn arfer dyddiol, a defnyddid <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adeilad a ddefnyddir i addoli un duwdod neu fwy.\" tabindex=\"0\">temlau<\/span> fel canolfannau iach\u00e2d ac amddiffyn. Roedd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Credoau ac arferion crefyddol sy'n gyffredin yn y bywyd bob dydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">cred boblogaidd<\/span> yn y goruwchnaturiol yn gyffredin, ond wedi&#8217;i dogfennu llai&#8217;n llenyddol na chrefydd yr offeiriaid.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x-mesopotamien-s102 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"x-mesopotamien-s102\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x-mesopotamien-h102 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"x-mesopotamien-h102\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Arwyddoc\u00e2d cyfoes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aj11-inner-0004 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aj11-inner-0004\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x-mesopotamien-t102 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x-mesopotamien-t102\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae crefydd Mesopotamia wedi diflannu&#8217;n llwyr; disodlwyd hi gan Zoroastriaeth, Gristnogaeth ac Islam. Yn academaidd ac yn archaeolegol, mae wedi&#8217;i hymchwilio&#8217;n ddwys ac mae&#8217;n ffynhonnell i astudiaethau cymharol mewn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Y wyddoniaeth sy'n ymchwilio i grefyddau yn gymharol a heb ymrwymiad ffydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">Astudiaethau Crefydd<\/span>; mae clasuron llenyddol fel Epig Gilgamesh yn drysorau diwylliannol.<\/p><p>Mae cylchoedd esoterig gorllewinol yn rhamantu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Arferion sy'n ceisio dylanwadu ar drefn pethau trwy weithredoedd neu fformwl\u00e2u arbennig.\" tabindex=\"0\">hud<\/span> Babilonaidd a chysylltiadau tybiedig \u00e2&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Traddodiad mewn cyfriniaeth Iddewig gyda gweithiau mawr fel Sefer Yetzirah a'r Zohar.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kabbalah<\/span>. Mae&#8217;r diwylliant poblogaidd yn defnyddio <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Y casgliad cyfan o chwedlau am dduwiau a drosglwyddwyd o fewn diwylliant.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytholeg<\/span> Mesopotamia yn anaml, ond yn gynyddol (Dungeons &#038; Dragons, Lovecraft).<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r ailgread yn gyfyngedig gan brinder ffynonellau. Ambell waith caiff symbolaeth y cwneifform ei gamddefnyddio&#8217;n esoterig ac eithafol dde-adain; mae&#8217;r dderbyniad academaidd yn parhau&#8217;n sobr ac yn hanesyddol-feirniadol.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-k-mesopotamien-s2 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"k-mesopotamien-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-k-mesopotamien-h2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"k-mesopotamien-h2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Duwiau (17)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aj11-inner-0005 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aj11-inner-0005\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-k-mesopotamien-t2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"k-mesopotamien-t2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-wesen-grid\"><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/anu\/\" aria-label=\"Anu\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_anu-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Anu\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Anu<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 At y bod<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/enki\/\" aria-label=\"Enki\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_enki-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Enki\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Enki<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 At y bod<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/ereshkigal\/\" aria-label=\"Ereshkigal\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_ereshkigal-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Ereshkigal\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Ereshkigal<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 At y bod<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/ishtar\/\" aria-label=\"Ishtar\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_ishtar-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Ishtar\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Ishtar<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 At y bod<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/marduk\/\" aria-label=\"Marduk\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_marduk-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Marduk\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Marduk<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 At y bod<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/nabu\/\" aria-label=\"Nabu\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_nabu-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Nabu\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Nabu<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 At y bod<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/nergal\/\" aria-label=\"Nergal\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_nergal-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Nergal\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Nergal<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 At y bod<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/shamash\/\" aria-label=\"Shamash\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_shamash-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Shamash\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Shamash<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 At y bod<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/tiamat\/\" aria-label=\"Tiamat\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_tiamat-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Tiamat\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Tiamat<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 At y bod<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/enlil-duw-storm-ac-arglwydd-y-pantheon\/\" aria-label=\"Enlil \u2013 Duw Storm ac Arglwydd y Pantheon\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_enlil-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Enlil \u2013 Duw Storm ac Arglwydd y Pantheon\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Enlil \u2013 Duw Storm ac Arglwydd y Pantheon<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 At y bod<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/sin-duw-r-lleuad-ur-a-harran\/\" aria-label=\"Sin \u2013 Duw\u2019r Lleuad Ur a Harran\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_sin-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Sin \u2013 Duw\u2019r Lleuad Ur a Harran\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Sin \u2013 Duw\u2019r Lleuad Ur a Harran<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 At y bod<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/ninurta\/\" aria-label=\"Ninurta\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_ninurta-1-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Ninurta\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Ninurta<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 At y bod<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/ninhursag\/\" aria-label=\"Ninhursag\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_ninhursag-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Ninhursag\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Ninhursag<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 At y bod<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/dumuzi\/\" aria-label=\"Dumuzi\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_dumuzi-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Dumuzi\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Dumuzi<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 At y bod<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/gula\/\" aria-label=\"Gula\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gula-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Gula\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Gula<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 At y bod<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/gilgamesh\/\" aria-label=\"Gilgamesh\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gilgamesh-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Gilgamesh\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Gilgamesh<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 At y bod<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/ea\/\" aria-label=\"Ea\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_ea-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Ea\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Ea<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 At y bod<\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-k-mesopotamien-s3 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"k-mesopotamien-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-k-mesopotamien-h3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"k-mesopotamien-h3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cythreuliaid (6)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aj11-inner-0006 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aj11-inner-0006\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-k-mesopotamien-t3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"k-mesopotamien-t3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-wesen-grid\"><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/gallu\/\" aria-label=\"Gallu\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_mesopotamien_gallu-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Gallu\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Gallu<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 At y bod<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/lamashtu\/\" aria-label=\"Lamashtu\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_mesopotamien_lamashtu-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Lamashtu\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Lamashtu<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 At y bod<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/lilu-a-lilitu\/\" aria-label=\"Lil\u00fb a Lil\u012btu\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_mesopotamien_lilu-und-lilitu-1-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Lil\u00fb a Lil\u012btu\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Lil\u00fb a Lil\u012btu<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 At y bod<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/pazuzu\/\" aria-label=\"Pazuzu\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_mesopotamien_pazuzu-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Pazuzu\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Pazuzu<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 At y bod<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/rabisu\/\" aria-label=\"Rabisu\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_mesopotamien_rabisu-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Rabisu\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Rabisu<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 At y bod<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/utukku-ysbrydion-y-meirw\/\" aria-label=\"Utukku \u2013 Ysbrydion y Meirw a Chythreuliaid y Byd Tanddaearol\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/daemonen_mesopotamien_utukku-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Utukku \u2013 Ysbrydion y Meirw a Chythreuliaid y Byd Tanddaearol\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Utukku \u2013 Ysbrydion y Meirw a Chythreuliaid y Byd Tanddaearol<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 At y bod<\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-k-mesopotamien-s4 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"k-mesopotamien-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-k-mesopotamien-h4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"k-mesopotamien-h4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ysbrydion (1)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aj11-inner-0007 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aj11-inner-0007\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-k-mesopotamien-t4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"k-mesopotamien-t4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-wesen-grid\"><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/edimmu\/\" aria-label=\"Edimmu\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_mesopotamien_edimmu-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Edimmu\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Edimmu<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 At y bod<\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x-mesopotamien-s-faq e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"x-mesopotamien-s-faq\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x-mesopotamien-h-faq elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"x-mesopotamien-h-faq\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cwestiynau Cyffredin am Dduwiau Mesopotamia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aj11-inner-0004 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aj11-inner-0004\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x-mesopotamien-t-faq elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x-mesopotamien-t-faq\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Sawl duw Mesopotamaidd sydd yna?<\/h3>\n<p>Mae&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanrwydd duwiau crefydd neu ddiwylliant.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span> Mesopotamaidd yn cynnwys ychydig gannoedd o dduwiau enwedig, yn Sumeraidd, Acadaidd, Babilonaidd ac Asyriaidd gyda&#8217;i gilydd. Mae&#8217;r rhestr dduwiau bwysicaf, An:Anum, yn nodi tua 2,000 o dduwiau, llawer ohonynt yn amlygiadau neu weddau lleol o&#8217;r un prif dduwiau.<\/p><p>Fodd bynnag, mae&#8217;r prif dduwiau canolog yn niferu 12 i 20: Anu, Enlil, Enki\/Ea, Ninhursag, Nanna\/Sin, Utu\/Shamash, Inanna\/Ishtar, Adad, Ninurta, Marduk, Nabu, Nergal ac Ereshkigal.<\/p>\n<h3>Pwy yw&#8217;r duw Mesopotamaidd pennaf?<\/h3>\n<p>Yn Sumer, Enlil (duw&#8217;r stormydd, arglwydd y pantheon) oedd y duw mwyaf pwerus, gydag Anu (y nen) yn ben nominal. Yn Ymerodraeth Babilon (o tua 1800 CC ymlaen), disodlodd Marduk Enlil fel prif dduw; mae&#8217;r epig greu Enuma Elish yn bropaganda Mardugaidd.<\/p><p>Yn Asyria, A\u0161\u0161ur oedd y duw pennaf. Mae&#8217;r newidiadau hyn yn adlewyrchu newidiadau grym gwleidyddol: mae&#8217;r prif dduw yn dilyn y ddinas sy&#8217;n rheoli ar y pryd.<\/p>\n<h3>Beth yw triawd duwiau&#8217;r Mesopotamiaid?<\/h3>\n<p>Y triawd gwreiddiol yw Anu (y nen), Enlil (y ddaear\/stormydd) ac Enki\/Ea (d\u0175r\/doethineb), sef tri maes y cosmos. Yn ogystal, mae triawd seryddol Nanna\/Sin (y lleuad), Utu\/Shamash (yr haul) ac Inanna\/Ishtar (Gwener). Mae&#8217;r chwe duw hyn yn ffurfio&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanrwydd duwiau crefydd neu ddiwylliant.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span> uwch, a addolwyd yn bron pob dinas Fesopotamaidd.<\/p>\n<h3>Beth yw&#8217;r Enuma Elish?<\/h3>\n<p>Mae&#8217;r Enuma Elish (&#8220;Pan uchod&#8230;&#8221;, yn \u00f4l y geiriau agoriadol) yn epig creu Babilonaidd. Mae&#8217;n disgrifio sut y ganed y duwiau o&#8217;r dyfroedd cynoesol Apsu a Tiamat, sut ymosododd Tiamat a&#8217;i epil ar y duwiau, a sut orchfygodd Marduk hwy yn y diwedd. O gorff Tiamat, lluniodd y nen a&#8217;r ddaear.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r epig yn cyfreithloni blaenoriaeth Marduk ac yw&#8217;r ffynhonnell bwysicaf ar gyfer <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Y disgyblaeth academaidd sy'n astudio duw a chredoau crefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">theoleg<\/span> Babilonaidd. Ysgrifennwyd o gwmpas 1100 CC.<\/p>\n<h3>Pa fythau a ddaeth o Fesopotamia i&#8217;r Beibl?<\/h3>\n<p>Mae gan sawl adroddiad Biblaidd ragflaenwyr Mesopotamaidd: y dilyw mawr (Epig Gilgamesh Tabled XI, Epig Atrahasis), creu dynolryw o glai (Enki a Ninhursag), T\u0175r Babel (traddodiad y sigwrat), y baradwys (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Naratif traddodiadol am dduwiau, tarddiadau a threfn y byd.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> Dilmun), a Behemoth\/Leviathan (cyswllt \u00e2 Tiamat).<\/p><p>Mae ymchwilwyr yn gweld haen Mesopotamaidd eang yn nhestunau Genesis a&#8217;r Salmau, a drosglwyddwyd trwy&#8217;r caethiwed Babilonaidd.<\/p>\n<h3>Beth sy&#8217;n gwahaniaethu duwiau, cythreuliaid ac ysbrydion?<\/h3>\n<p>Mae duwiau (ilu\/dingir) yn anfarwol, yn cael eu haddoli mewn temlau ac yn sefyll goruwch dynolryw. Mae cythreuliaid (rabi\u1e63u, gallu, \u0161\u0113du, lama\u0161tu) yn fodau canolradd amwys: mae rhai&#8217;n gwarchod tai (lamassu\/\u0161\u0113du), tra bod eraill yn dwyn afiechyd a anlwc (Lamashtu ar gyfer babanod, Pazuzu yn baradocsaidd yn erbyn Lamashtu).<\/p><p>Mae ysbrydion (e\u1e6demmu) yn eneidiau&#8217;r meirw a all ddychwelyd yn anfodlon; gofalwyd amdanynt trwy ddefodau claddu ac offrymau bwyd.<\/p>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Sawl duw Mesopotamaidd sydd yna?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Mae'r pantheon Mesopotamaidd yn cynnwys ychydig gannoedd o dduwiau enwedig, yn Sumeraidd, Acadaidd, Babilonaidd ac Asyriaidd gyda'i gilydd. Mae'r rhestr dduwiau bwysicaf, An:Anum, yn nodi tua 2,000 o dduwiau, llawer ohonynt yn amlygiadau neu weddau lleol o'r un prif dduwiau. Fodd bynnag, mae'r prif dduwiau canolog yn niferu 12 i 20: Anu, Enlil, Enki\/Ea, Ninhursag, Nanna\/Sin, Utu\/Shamash, Inanna\/Ishtar, Adad, Ninurta, Marduk, Nabu, Nergal ac Ereshkigal.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Pwy yw'r duw Mesopotamaidd pennaf?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yn Sumer, Enlil (duw'r stormydd, arglwydd y pantheon) oedd y duw mwyaf pwerus, gydag Anu (y nen) yn ben nominal. Yn Ymerodraeth Babilon (o tua 1800 CC ymlaen), disodlodd Marduk Enlil fel prif dduw; mae'r epig greu Enuma Elish yn bropaganda Mardugaidd. Yn Asyria, A\u0161\u0161ur oedd y duw pennaf. Mae'r newidiadau hyn yn adlewyrchu newidiadau grym gwleidyddol: mae'r prif dduw yn dilyn y ddinas sy'n rheoli ar y pryd.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Beth yw triawd duwiau'r Mesopotamiaid?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Y triawd gwreiddiol yw Anu (y nen), Enlil (y ddaear\/stormydd) ac Enki\/Ea (d\u0175r\/doethineb), sef tri maes y cosmos. Yn ogystal, mae triawd seryddol Nanna\/Sin (y lleuad), Utu\/Shamash (yr haul) ac Inanna\/Ishtar (Gwener). Mae'r chwe duw hyn yn ffurfio'r pantheon uwch, a addolwyd yn bron pob dinas Fesopotamaidd.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Beth yw'r Enuma Elish?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Mae'r Enuma Elish (\\\"Pan uchod...\\\", yn \u00f4l y geiriau agoriadol) yn epig creu Babilonaidd. Mae'n disgrifio sut y ganed y duwiau o'r dyfroedd cynoesol Apsu a Tiamat, sut ymosododd Tiamat a'i epil ar y duwiau, a sut orchfygodd Marduk hwy yn y diwedd. O gorff Tiamat, lluniodd y nen a'r ddaear. Mae'r epig yn cyfreithloni blaenoriaeth Marduk ac yw'r ffynhonnell bwysicaf ar gyfer theoleg Babilonaidd. Ysgrifennwyd o gwmpas 1100 CC.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Pa fythau a ddaeth o Fesopotamia i'r Beibl?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Mae gan sawl adroddiad Biblaidd ragflaenwyr Mesopotamaidd: y dilyw mawr (Epig Gilgamesh Tabled XI, Epig Atrahasis), creu dynolryw o glai (Enki a Ninhursag), T\u0175r Babel (traddodiad y sigwrat), y baradwys (myth Dilmun), a Behemoth\/Leviathan (cyswllt \u00e2 Tiamat). Mae ymchwilwyr yn gweld haen Mesopotamaidd eang yn nhestunau Genesis a'r Salmau, a drosglwyddwyd trwy'r caethiwed Babilonaidd.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Beth sy'n gwahaniaethu duwiau, cythreuliaid ac ysbrydion?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Mae duwiau (ilu\/dingir) yn anfarwol, yn cael eu haddoli mewn temlau ac yn sefyll goruwch dynolryw. Mae cythreuliaid (rabi\u1e63u, gallu, \u0161\u0113du, lama\u0161tu) yn fodau canolradd amwys: mae rhai'n gwarchod tai (lamassu\/\u0161\u0113du), tra bod eraill yn dwyn afiechyd a anlwc (Lamashtu ar gyfer babanod, Pazuzu yn baradocsaidd yn erbyn Lamashtu). Mae ysbrydion (e\u1e6demmu) yn eneidiau'r meirw a all ddychwelyd yn anfodlon; gofalwyd amdanynt trwy ddefodau claddu ac offrymau bwyd.\"}}]}<\/script>\n\n\n<details class=\"iwg-faq-item\">\n  <summary><strong>Beth yw crefydd Fesopotamaidd?<\/strong><\/summary>\n  <p>Mae crefydd Fesopotamaidd yn system gred amldduwiol diwylliannau Sumeraidd, Acadaidd, Babilonaidd ac Asyriaidd rhwng tua 3000 a 500 CC.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;n y grefydd hynaf a gofnodwyd yn ysgrifenedig ac yn cynnwys ychydig gannoedd o dduwiau enwedig, demonoleg fanwl, ac arferion diogelu eang trwy <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Defod ieithyddol sydd i alw neu rwymo grym.\" tabindex=\"0\">alwad<\/span>, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gwrthrych a wisgir y credir bod ganddo effaith amddiffynnol ac atal drwg.\" tabindex=\"0\">amwlet<\/span> a defod deml.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4adf9c2 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4adf9c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4451f85 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4451f85\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Manylu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc11cda elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cc11cda\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dinasoedd-wladwriaeth a hierarchaeth dduwiau<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aj11-inner-0008 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aj11-inner-0008\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b0175a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b0175a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mesopotamia yw crud y crefyddau mawr cynharaf. Adeiladodd Sumer, Akkad, Babilon ac Asyria eu hunaniaeth o gwmpas dinasoedd-deml, lle roedd duw&#8217;r ddinas yn rheoli ym mhob un: Enki\/Ea yn Eridu, Inanna\/I\u0161tar yn Uruk, Marduk yn Babilon, A\u0161\u0161ur yn A\u0161\u0161ur.<\/p><p>Gyda chynnydd Babilon o dan Hammurabi, symudodd Marduk i&#8217;r brig; mae&#8217;r En\u016bma eli\u0161 yn adrodd yn fytholegol sut y trechodd y dduwies gyntefig Tiamat a chreu&#8217;r cosmos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-af9ec3b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"af9ec3b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ysgrifen a throsglwyddiad<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bw-5a3200f-7c18734 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"bw-5a3200f-7c18734\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a3200f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a3200f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gwnaeth ysgrifen gwaell, a ddatblygwyd o ddiwedd y 4edd mileniwn CC, Mesopotamia yn y grefydd gyntaf sy&#8217;n ddealladwy&#8217;n destunol. Mae hymnau Sumeraidd, mythau Akkadaidd (Atra-\u1e2bas\u012bs, Epig Gilgame\u0161, En\u016bma eli\u0161), cyfresi swynion a thestunau diagnostig wedi goroesi. Cadwodd llyfrgell A\u0161\u0161urbanipal yn Ninefe filoedd o dabledi ac mae&#8217;n parhau i fod y ffynhonnell bwysicaf.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38ad8dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"38ad8dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Y deml fel cosmos ac economi<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bw-36a0cbf-b8aeaeb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"bw-36a0cbf-b8aeaeb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36a0cbf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36a0cbf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Roedd y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adeilad a ddefnyddir i addoli un neu fwy o dduwiau.\" tabindex=\"0\">deml<\/span> Mesopotamaidd, y <em>Ziqqurat<\/em> ar ffurf twr graddol, yn fodel cosmolegol ac yn ganolfan economaidd ar yr un pryd. Roedd y duwiau&#8217;n byw yn ddelweddau&#8217;r deml; cynigid <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Rhodd i dduw i fynegi diolch, cais neu addoliad.\" tabindex=\"0\">offrymau<\/span> a bwyd iddynt yn ddyddiol. Roedd gan <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adeilad a ddefnyddir i addoli un neu fwy o dduwiau.\" tabindex=\"0\">demlau<\/span> dir, caethweision, crefftwyr ac ysgrifenwyr; trefnent ddyfrhau, dosbarthu hadau a masnach.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae1c97c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ae1c97c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Demonoleg ac arferion amddiffynnol<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bw-5164f28-d692748 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"bw-5164f28-d692748\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5164f28 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5164f28\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Mae Mesopotamia wedi llunio demonoleg y byd yn fwy nag unrhyw ddiwylliant arall. Cariwyd y syniad bod salwch, marwolaeth plant a thrallod yn cael eu hachosi gan gythreuliaid personol o Mesopotamia trwy Persia, Iddewiaeth Helenistaidd, Cristnogaeth gynnar a&#8217;r byd Islamaidd hyd at Ewrop.<\/p><p>Datblygodd swyngyfarwyddwyr \u0101\u0161ipu system gymhleth o ddiagnosis, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dilyniant trefnus o weithredoedd symbolaidd o arwyddoc\u00e2d crefyddol neu ddiwylliannol.\" tabindex=\"0\">ddefod<\/span> a hud <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gwrthrych a wisgir y priodolir iddo effaith amddiffynnol neu wrth-niweidiol.\" tabindex=\"0\">amulet<\/span>.<\/p><h3>Cyflwr yr ymchwil<\/h3><p>Mae crefydd Mesopotamia wedi&#8217;i hastudio&#8217;n dda iawn yn academaidd. Gweithiau safonol yw Thorkild Jacobsen (<em>The Treasures of Darkness<\/em>, 1976), Jean Bott\u00e9ro (<em>La religion la plus ancienne<\/em>, 1988), a gwaith Stefan Maul ar draddodiad y swynion.<\/p><p>Golygiad Walter Farber o swynion Lamashtu (Eisenbrauns 2014) yw&#8217;r sylfaen ffynhonnell ganolog, a Frans A. M. Wiggermann (<em>Lama\u0161tu, Daughter of Anu<\/em>, 2000) yw&#8217;r gwaith arbenigol pwysicaf.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcc-mesopota-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgcc-mesopota-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-mesopotamien\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcc-mesopota-inner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgcc-mesopota-inner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcc-mesopota-h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgcc-mesopota-h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gwrthrychau amddiffynnol yn y traddodiad diwylliannol hwn<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcc-mesopota-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcc-mesopota-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ym Mesopotamia, roedd tagiau <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/pazuzu\/\">Pazuzu<\/a> yn gwmni i fenywod beichiog a mamau newydd fel amddiffyniad rhag <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/lamashtu\/\">Lamashtu<\/a>; roedd tabledi swynion a placiau amwletau yn ychwanegu at y rhestr amddiffynnol.<\/p><div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Mae iWell Guard yn ymuno \u00e2&#8217;r llinach ddiwylliannol-hanesyddol hon o wrthrychau amddiffynnol y gellir eu gwisgo, mewn pensaern\u00efaeth ddefnydd gyfoes, wedi&#8217;i wneud yn yr Almaen. 41 haen, aur pur, platinwm, arian. Hawl dychwelyd 30 diwrnod.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcc-mesopota-b iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgcc-mesopota-b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=kultur-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mwy am yr iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mwy am yr iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgcc-mesopota-b .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgcc-mesopota-b .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgcc-mesopota-b .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgcc-mesopota-b .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgcc-mesopota-b .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcc-mesopota-d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcc-mesopota-d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Gall profiadau personol amrywio. Nid yw&#8217;n ddyfais feddygol. Ni roddir unrhyw addewid iach\u00e2d.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-sd-mesopo-7a61d7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"sd-mesopo-7a61d7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-sd-mesopo-col-065e57\" data-id=\"sd-mesopo-col-065e57\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-sd-mesopo-h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"sd-mesopo-h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cythreuliaid Sumeraidd, amddiffyniad ac ystyr<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-sd-mesopo-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"sd-mesopo-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\nRoedd cythreuliaid Sumeraidd yn ffurfio&#8217;r demonoleg fwyaf systematig gyntaf, mwy na thebyg, yn hanes crefydd. Yn wahanol i draddodiadau Abrahamaidd diweddarach, nid oedd meddwl Mesopotamaidd yn adnabod deuoliaeth foesol dda a drwg; roedd cythreuliaid yn bwerau a weithredai mewn byd hylifol, ac roedd angen eu rheoli drwy <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ritual ieithyddol a fwriedir i alw neu rwymo p\u0175er.\" tabindex=\"0\">swyn<\/span>, bodau amddiffynnol neu ap\u00eal at dduwiau.<\/p>\n<p>Yn y canol y mae <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/lamashtu\/\">Lamashtu<\/a> (cythraul babanod a mamau newydd), <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/pazuzu\/\">Pazuzu<\/a> (cythraul amddiffynnol paradoxaidd yn erbyn Lamashtu), <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/gallu\/\">Gallu<\/a> (negeswyr y byd tanddaearol), <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/lilu-a-lilitu\/\">Lilu a Lilitu<\/a> (cythreuliaid hudol nosol) yn ogystal \u00e2 <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/edimmu\/\">Edimmu<\/a> a <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/rabisu\/\">Rabisu<\/a> fel cythreuliaid a lechai i ymosod. Cynigwyd amddiffyniad gan amwletau Pazuzu, tabledi swynion Maql\u00fb a delwau apotrop\u00e4ig ar riniogau&#8217;r drysau.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgssrev-mesopotamien e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgssrev-mesopotamien\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgssrev-mesopotamien-h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgssrev-mesopotamien-h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Symbolau amddiffynnol o Mesopotamia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgssrev-mesopotamien-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgssrev-mesopotamien-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae&#8217;r geiriadur symbolau amddiffynnol yn trafod nifer o arwyddion a gwrthrychau o Mesopotamia Hynafol ar dudalennau ar wah\u00e2n: <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/apkallu-ffigurau-amddiffynnol-mesopotamia\/\">Apkallu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/plac-lamaschtu-llechen-amddiffynnol\/\">Placen Lamashtu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/lamassu-gwarcheidwad-adeiniog-mesopotamia\/\">Lamassu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/amulet-pazuzu-amddiffyniad-mesopotamaidd\/\">Amwlet Pazuzu<\/a> a <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/sel-silindr-sel-swynogl-hen-ddwyrain\/\">S\u00eal silindr<\/a>. Mae&#8217;r dudalen ar <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/symbolau-amddiffynnol\/\">Symbolau Amddiffynnol<\/a> yn cynnig trosolwg trawsddiwylliannol.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1755,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"duwiau mesopotamia","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Duwiau Mesopotamia \u2013 Sumer a Babilon | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Duwiau Mesopotamia: Anu, Enlil, Marduk, Ishtar, Ereshkigal, Shamash, Sin. Panth\u00ebon Sumeraidd a Babilonaidd, mytholeg, addoliad ac Enuma Elish.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-191137","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Duwiau Mesopotamia \u2013 Sumer a Babilon | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Duwiau Mesopotamia: Anu, Enlil, Marduk, Ishtar, Ereshkigal, Shamash, Sin. 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