{"id":145759,"date":"2026-09-03T16:33:26","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:33:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=145759"},"modified":"2026-09-03T17:04:57","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T17:04:57","slug":"gottesauge-ojo-de-dios-huicholu-mexika","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/gottesauge-ojo-de-dios-huicholu-mexika\/","title":{"rendered":"Gottesauge (Ojo de Dios) Huichol\u016f z Mexika"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Gottesauge: pleten\u00fd k\u0159\u00ed\u017e z vlny Huichol\u016f z Mexika<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Gottesauge, ve \u0161pan\u011bl\u0161tin\u011b Ojo de Dios, je p\u0159edm\u011bt upleten\u00fd z vlny kolem k\u0159\u00ed\u017eku z ty\u010dinek, spojovan\u00fd p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm s Huicholy, kte\u0159\u00ed se sami naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed Wix\u00e1rika a \u017eij\u00ed na z\u00e1pad\u011b Mexika. Ve sv\u00e9 tradi\u010dn\u00ed podob\u011b je to votivn\u00ed p\u0159edm\u011bt, kter\u00fdm se pros\u00ed o ochranu a dobr\u00fd \u017eivot pro d\u011bti.<\/p>

\u0160pan\u011blsk\u00fd n\u00e1zev vykl\u00e1d\u00e1 koso\u010dtvercov\u00e9 pletivo jako oko, j\u00edm\u017e na \u010dlov\u011bka hled\u00ed bo\u017esk\u00e1 moc. Z religionistick\u00e9ho hlediska je t\u0159eba rozli\u0161ovat mezi ritu\u00e1ln\u00edm p\u0159edm\u011btem Wix\u00e1rik\u016f a celosv\u011btov\u011b roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00fdm ru\u010dn\u011b vyr\u00e1b\u011bn\u00fdm artiklem. Tento text popisuje ob\u011b roviny z vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho pohledu.<\/p>\n

K\u0159\u00ed\u017e z vlny se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 ze dvou zk\u0159\u00ed\u017een\u00fdch d\u0159\u00edvek, kter\u00e1 jsou obto\u010dena barevnou vln\u011bnou nit\u00ed do koso\u010dtvercov\u00fdch vzor\u016f; po\u0159ad\u00ed uzl\u016f a barev k\u00f3duje u Huichol\u016f p\u0159\u00e1n\u00ed ochrany a kosmologick\u00e9 \u0159\u00e1dy.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Ochrann\u00fd symbol<\/span>Domorod\u00e9 Mexiko<\/a>Votivn\u00ed p\u0159edm\u011bt z vlny<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"Gottesauge\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Za\u0159azen\u00ed Gottesauge<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Gottesauge je mal\u00fd, obvykle barevn\u00fd p\u0159edm\u011bt, kter\u00fd vznik\u00e1 obto\u010den\u00edm k\u0159\u00ed\u017ee ze dvou ty\u010dinek vlnou. Hotov\u00e9 pletivo tvo\u0159\u00ed koso\u010dtverec nebo n\u011bkolik do sebe vlo\u017een\u00fdch koso\u010dtverc\u016f. Tento koso\u010dtvercov\u00fd tvar je vykl\u00e1d\u00e1n jako oko, co\u017e p\u0159edm\u011btu d\u00e1v\u00e1 jeho jm\u00e9no.<\/p>

\u0160pan\u011blsk\u00fd n\u00e1zev Ojo de Dios znamen\u00e1 doslova oko Bo\u017e\u00ed. Poch\u00e1z\u00ed ze setk\u00e1n\u00ed domorod\u00fdch a k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fdch p\u0159edstav v koloni\u00e1ln\u00edm Mexiku. V jazyce Wix\u00e1rik\u016f existuj\u00ed vlastn\u00ed ozna\u010den\u00ed, kter\u00e1 se podle kontextu li\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>

Gottesauge je spojov\u00e1n p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm s Wix\u00e1riky, kte\u0159\u00ed \u017eij\u00ed ve st\u00e1tech Jalisco, Nayarit, Durango a Zacatecas na z\u00e1pad\u011b Mexika. Podobn\u00e9 p\u0159edm\u011bty z vlny znaj\u00ed i sousedn\u00ed n\u00e1rody. V\u00fdhradn\u00ed p\u0159i\u0159azen\u00ed k jedn\u00e9 jedin\u00e9 skupin\u011b je tedy p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 \u00fazk\u00e9.<\/p>

Ve sv\u00e9m tradi\u010dn\u00edm v\u00fdznamu je Gottesauge votivn\u00ed p\u0159edm\u011bt. Zhotovuje se, aby vyj\u00e1d\u0159il prosbu k bo\u017estv\u016fm, \u010dasto prosbu o ochranu, zdrav\u00ed a dobr\u00fd \u017eivot pro d\u00edt\u011b. Je tak p\u0159edm\u011btem \u017eit\u00e9 zbo\u017enosti<\/span>.<\/p>

Religionisticky pat\u0159\u00ed Gottesauge do \u0161ir\u0161\u00edho kontextu ochrann\u00fdch symbol\u016f<\/a> a votivn\u00edch dar\u016f. Spojuje p\u0159edstavu ochrann\u00e9ho pohledu s prax\u00ed p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161et z\u00e1le\u017eitost v podob\u011b viditeln\u00e9ho p\u0159edm\u011btu p\u0159ed bo\u017estvo<\/span>.<\/p>

Pro v\u011bcn\u00e9 zobrazen\u00ed je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 odd\u011blit dv\u011b roviny. Na jedn\u00e9 stran\u011b stoj\u00ed ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159edm\u011bt Wix\u00e1rik\u016f s jeho n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm smyslem, na druh\u00e9 celosv\u011btov\u011b roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00fd ru\u010dn\u011b vyr\u00e1b\u011bn\u00fd artikl, kter\u00fd sv\u016fj p\u016fvodn\u00ed v\u00fdznam z velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti ztratil.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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P\u016fvod a historie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Praxe obt\u00e1\u010den\u00ed vlny kolem k\u0159\u00ed\u017ek\u016f z ty\u010dinek je v z\u00e1padn\u00edm Mexiku star\u00e1. Podobn\u00e9 p\u0159edm\u011bty jsou zn\u00e1m\u00e9 z r\u016fzn\u00fdch oblast\u00ed Mezoameriky, a n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed badatel\u00e9 p\u0159edpokl\u00e1daj\u00ed ko\u0159eny v p\u0159ed\u0161pansk\u00e9 dob\u011b. P\u00edsemn\u00e9 doklady v\u0161ak za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed a\u017e s koloni\u00e1ln\u00edm obdob\u00edm.<\/p>

\u0160pan\u011blsk\u00fd n\u00e1zev Ojo de Dios odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed koloni\u00e1ln\u00ed setk\u00e1n\u00ed domorod\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed s k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00edm. Mision\u00e1\u0159i vykl\u00e1dali koso\u010dtvercov\u00e9 pletivo jako Bo\u017e\u00ed oko, kter\u00e9 bd\u00ed nad \u010dlov\u011bkem. Tak se star\u0161\u00ed domorod\u00fd p\u0159edm\u011bt spojil s k\u0159es\u0165anskou obrazovou \u0159e\u010d\u00ed.<\/p>

P\u0159esn\u00e1 tvrzen\u00ed o p\u0159ed\u0161pansk\u00e9 historii jsou obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e1, proto\u017ee vlna je pom\u00edjiv\u00e1 a archeologicky se t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nedochov\u00e1v\u00e1. Dne\u0161n\u00ed pozn\u00e1n\u00ed se proto op\u00edr\u00e1 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm o etnografick\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy z 19. a 20. stolet\u00ed.<\/p>

D\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm pramenem je norsk\u00fd badatel Carl Lumholtz, kter\u00fd kolem p\u0159elomu 20. stolet\u00ed nav\u0161t\u00edvil Wix\u00e1riky a podrobn\u011b zdokumentoval jejich materi\u00e1ln\u00ed kulturu. Jeho z\u00e1pisy trvale ovlivnily v\u011bdeck\u00fd obraz Gottesauge.<\/p>

Ve 20. stolet\u00ed se Gottesauge roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159il daleko za hranice Mexika. Nejprve se stal zn\u00e1m\u00fdm ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech, pot\u00e9 celosv\u011btov\u011b jako \u0159emesln\u00fd a pedagogick\u00fd p\u0159edm\u011bt. Toto \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed p\u0159edm\u011bt postupn\u011b odpoutalo od jeho n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho smyslu.<\/p>

Dnes existuj\u00ed tradi\u010dn\u00ed votivn\u00ed p\u0159edm\u011bt Wix\u00e1rik\u016f a glob\u00e1ln\u00ed ru\u010dn\u011b vyr\u00e1b\u011bn\u00fd artikl vedle sebe. Oba nesou stejn\u00e9 jm\u00e9no, ale v\u00fdrazn\u011b se li\u0161\u00ed funkc\u00ed i v\u00fdznamem. Tato dvoj\u00ed existence utv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed d\u011bjiny Gottesauge ve 20. a 21. stolet\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Tvar, materi\u00e1l a v\u00fdroba<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed tvar Gottesauge tvo\u0159\u00ed dv\u011b ty\u010dinky, \u010dasto d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9, spojen\u00e9 do k\u0159\u00ed\u017ee. Kolem tohoto k\u0159\u00ed\u017ee se obt\u00e1\u010d\u00ed vlna, tak\u017ee postupn\u011b vznik\u00e1 koso\u010dtvercov\u00e1 plocha. Zm\u011bnami barev vznikaj\u00ed soust\u0159edn\u00e9 vzory.<\/p>

Tradi\u010dn\u00edm materi\u00e1lem jsou d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9 ty\u010dinky a vlna z ov\u010d\u00ed srsti nebo rostlinn\u00fdch vl\u00e1ken. V dne\u0161n\u00ed \u0159emesln\u00e9 praxi se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed i ty\u010dky z jin\u00fdch d\u0159evin a vlna z bavlny nebo um\u011bl\u00fdch vl\u00e1ken. Barvy jsou \u010dasto v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 a kontrastn\u00ed.<\/p>

N\u00e1ro\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed Gottesauge nemaj\u00ed jen jeden, ale v\u00edce k\u0159\u00ed\u017e\u016f, jejich\u017e koso\u010dtverce do sebe zapadaj\u00ed. Tak vznikaj\u00ed mnoho\u010dlenn\u00e9, hv\u011bzdicovit\u00e9 \u00fatvary. Takov\u00e9 slo\u017eit\u00e9 tvary vy\u017eaduj\u00ed zru\u010dnost a pat\u0159\u00ed k n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm prac\u00edm.<\/p>

V ritu\u00e1ln\u00edm kontextu Wix\u00e1rik\u016f je v\u00fdroba v\u00e1z\u00e1na na prosbu, kter\u00e1 je s p\u0159edm\u011btem spojena. Zhotoven\u00ed je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed modlitby a \u0159\u00edd\u00ed se vlastn\u00edmi p\u0159edstavami o p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti a okam\u017eiku. Tyto p\u0159edstavy nejsou obecn\u011b p\u0159\u00edstupn\u011b zdokumentov\u00e1ny.<\/p>

Ve v\u00fdzkumu se popisuje, \u017ee pro d\u00edt\u011b lze v pr\u016fb\u011bhu n\u011bkolika let postupn\u011b p\u0159id\u00e1vat dal\u0161\u00ed k\u0159\u00ed\u017e, tak\u017ee p\u0159edm\u011bt roste s d\u00edt\u011btem. Takov\u00e9 \u00fadaje se li\u0161\u00ed podle oblasti a nelze je zobec\u0148ovat jako pevn\u00e9 pravidlo.<\/p>

Tento text v\u011bdom\u011b nepod\u00e1v\u00e1 n\u00e1vod krok za krokem k v\u00fdrob\u011b ritu\u00e1ln\u00edho Gottesauge. Pops\u00e1n je pouze obecn\u00fd princip stavby. Ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed zhotoven\u00ed je v\u00e1z\u00e1no na p\u0159edstavy n\u00e1le\u017eej\u00edc\u00ed k n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed Wix\u00e1rik\u016f a zven\u010d\u00ed je nelze napodobovat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 a mytologick\u00e9 pozad\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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N\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed Wix\u00e1rik\u016f je utv\u00e1\u0159eno t\u011bsn\u00fdm spojen\u00edm bo\u017estev, p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch sil a p\u0159edk\u016f. Slunce, ohe\u0148, d\u00e9\u0161\u0165, kuku\u0159ice a jelen, stejn\u011b jako svat\u00fd kaktus peyotl, pat\u0159\u00ed k centr\u00e1ln\u00edm postav\u00e1m jejich \u00fastn\u00ed tradice<\/span>. Bo\u017e\u00ed oko je s t\u00edmto souvis\u00ed.<\/p>

Koso\u010dtvercov\u00e9 pletivo je vykl\u00e1d\u00e1no jako oko, j\u00edm\u017e bo\u017esk\u00e1 moc hled\u00ed na \u010dlov\u011bka a bd\u00ed nad n\u00edm. Ochrann\u00fd pohled zde nen\u00ed pouh\u00fdm obrazem, n\u00fdbr\u017e v\u00fdrazem p\u0159edstavy, \u017ee bo\u017estva se pod\u00edlej\u00ed na lidsk\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b.<\/p>

Jako votivn\u00ed p\u0159edm\u011bt spojuje bo\u017e\u00ed oko prosbu s darem. Kdo bo\u017e\u00ed oko zhotov\u00ed a ulo\u017e\u00ed je na svatyni<\/span>, obrac\u00ed se t\u00edm k bo\u017estvu<\/span> s ur\u010dit\u00fdm p\u0159\u00e1n\u00edm a z\u00e1rove\u0148 d\u00e1v\u00e1 n\u011bco ze sebe. Toto spojen\u00ed prosby a daru je charakteristick\u00e9 pro votivn\u00ed praxi.<\/p>

Prosba se \u010dasto t\u00fdk\u00e1 blaha d\u011bt\u00ed. Bo\u017e\u00ed oko se zhotovuje proto, aby d\u00edt\u011b mohlo vyr\u016fst, z\u016fstat zdrav\u00e9 a \u017e\u00edt dobr\u00fd \u017eivot. N\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed tak do oblasti rodinn\u00e9 zbo\u017enosti<\/span> a p\u00e9\u010de o dal\u0161\u00ed generaci.<\/p>

Z v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho hlediska lze bo\u017e\u00ed oko srovn\u00e1vat s jin\u00fdmi votivn\u00edmi dary, nap\u0159\u00edklad s kovov\u00fdmi desti\u010dkami popsan\u00fdmi v \u010dl\u00e1nku o milagros. V obou p\u0159\u00edpadech je prosba p\u0159edlo\u017eena svat\u00e9 moci prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm viditeln\u00e9ho p\u0159edm\u011btu.<\/p>

D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 je, \u017ee n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd v\u00fdznam je v\u00e1z\u00e1n na sv\u011bt Wix\u00e1rik\u016f. Mimo tuto souvislost bo\u017e\u00ed oko ztr\u00e1c\u00ed sv\u016fj votivn\u00ed smysl. Celosv\u011btov\u011b roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00fd rukod\u011bln\u00fd p\u0159edm\u011bt m\u00e1 se skute\u010dn\u00fdm ritu\u00e1ln\u00edm objektem spole\u010dnou pouze vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed podobu, nikoli n\u00e1bo\u017eenskou funkci.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed u\u017eit\u00ed a nositel\u00e9<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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V ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed praxi Wix\u00e1rik\u016f se bo\u017e\u00ed oko zhotovuje jako vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed prosby a pot\u00e9 se ukl\u00e1d\u00e1 na svat\u00fdch m\u00edstech. Takov\u00fdmi m\u00edsty mohou b\u00fdt jeskyn\u011b, prameny, hory nebo zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed svatyn\u011b. Ulo\u017een\u00ed je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed pout\u011b<\/span> a modlitby.<\/p>

Zhotoven\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt spojeno s \u017eivotn\u00ed drahou d\u00edt\u011bte. N\u011bkter\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy popisuj\u00ed, \u017ee bo\u017e\u00ed oko se za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 zhotovovat p\u0159i narozen\u00ed nebo v prvn\u00edch letech \u017eivota a pozd\u011bji se dopl\u0148uje. Tyto praktiky se li\u0161\u00ed podle regionu.<\/p>

Nositeli ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed praxe jsou p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm rodiny a n\u00e1bo\u017een\u0161t\u00ed odborn\u00edci Wix\u00e1rik\u016f. P\u0159i v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch ob\u0159adech hraj\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eitou roli zku\u0161en\u00ed zp\u011bv\u00e1ci a vedouc\u00ed ritu\u00e1l\u016f. Bo\u017e\u00ed oko je p\u0159i tom jedn\u00edm z n\u011bkolika votivn\u00edch p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f.<\/p>

Krom\u011b bo\u017e\u00edho oka znaj\u00ed Wix\u00e1rikov\u00e9 i dal\u0161\u00ed um\u011bleck\u00e9 p\u0159edm\u011bty, nap\u0159\u00edklad desti\u010dky pokryt\u00e9 vlnou nebo p\u0159edm\u011bty zdoben\u00e9 sklen\u011bn\u00fdmi kor\u00e1lky. Tyto p\u0159edm\u011bty pat\u0159\u00ed ke spole\u010dn\u00e9mu n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9mu a um\u011bleck\u00e9mu celku.<\/p>

Celosv\u011btov\u011b roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00fd rukod\u011bln\u00fd p\u0159edm\u011bt nem\u00e1 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed v \u00fazk\u00e9m slova smyslu. Vyr\u00e1b\u00ed se ve \u0161kol\u00e1ch, na letn\u00edch t\u00e1borech a v um\u011bleck\u00fdch \u0159emeslech, \u010dasto jako dekorativn\u00ed p\u0159edm\u011bt nebo jako cvi\u010den\u00ed v pr\u00e1ci s barvou a vl\u00e1knem. Jeho smysl spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v samotn\u00e9m tvo\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>

Mezi t\u011bmito dv\u011bma zp\u016fsoby pou\u017eit\u00ed je z\u00e1sadn\u00ed rozd\u00edl. Ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed bo\u017e\u00ed oko je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed s vlastn\u00edmi pravidly, zat\u00edmco rukod\u011bln\u00fd p\u0159edm\u011bt je sekul\u00e1rn\u00ed z\u00e1le\u017eitost\u00ed. Uv\u00e1d\u011bt ob\u011b pod stejn\u00fdm n\u00e1zvem vy\u017eaduje, aby si \u010dlov\u011bk tento rozd\u00edl v\u017edy uv\u011bdomoval.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Region\u00e1ln\u00ed varianty a p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00e9 jevy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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V r\u00e1mci Mexika znaj\u00ed krom\u011b Wix\u00e1rik\u016f i jin\u00e9 n\u00e1rody vln\u011bn\u00e9 p\u0159edm\u011bty p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00e9 bo\u017e\u00edmu oku. P\u0159esn\u00e9 proveden\u00ed, barvy i v\u00fdznam se mohou li\u0161it. Jednotn\u00e1 tradice platn\u00e1 pro v\u0161echny skupiny neexistuje.<\/p>

Podobn\u00e9 p\u0159edm\u011bty z vlny a ty\u010dinek jsou zn\u00e1my z r\u016fzn\u00fdch region\u016f Latinsk\u00e9 Ameriky. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed badatel\u00e9 hledaj\u00ed spojen\u00ed s ritu\u00e1ln\u00edmi p\u0159edm\u011bty jin\u00fdch kultur, takov\u00e1 srovn\u00e1n\u00ed v\u0161ak z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed \u010dasto spekulativn\u00ed a nenahrazuj\u00ed p\u0159esn\u00fd jednotliv\u00fd rozbor.<\/p>

V r\u00e1mci d\u00edla Wix\u00e1rik\u016f stoj\u00ed bo\u017e\u00ed oko vedle jin\u00fdch forem n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho um\u011bn\u00ed. Zn\u00e1m\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem jsou obrazov\u00e9 desky pokryt\u00e9 vlnou, tzv. vln\u011bn\u00e9 obrazy. Ty p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed vize a vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed do barevn\u00fdch obraz\u016f.<\/p>

V popul\u00e1rn\u00edm pov\u011bdom\u00ed se bo\u017e\u00ed oko \u010dasto \u0159ad\u00ed k jin\u00fdm pletencov\u00fdm nebo vinut\u00fdm ochrann\u00fdm p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016fm. V takov\u00fdch souvislostech se objevuje i lapa\u010d sn\u016f<\/a>. Z v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho hlediska se v\u0161ak jedn\u00e1 o odli\u0161n\u00e9 tradice.<\/p>

Celosv\u011btov\u011b roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00fd rukod\u011bln\u00fd p\u0159edm\u011bt vytvo\u0159il mnoho vlastn\u00edch variant. \u0160k\u00e1la sah\u00e1 od jednoduch\u00e9ho \u0161koln\u00edho projektu a\u017e po um\u011blecky provedenou n\u00e1st\u011bnnou dekoraci. Tyto varianty pat\u0159\u00ed k modern\u00edm d\u011bjin\u00e1m recepce, nikoli k n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed Wix\u00e1rik\u016f.<\/p>

Kdo chce bo\u017e\u00ed oko za\u0159adit do \u0161ir\u0161\u00edho kontextu ochrann\u00fdch a votivn\u00edch p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f, najde v oblasti Ochrann\u00e9 symboly<\/a> dal\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edklady. Bo\u017e\u00ed oko tak ukazuje, jak se n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd p\u0159edm\u011bt m\u016f\u017ee st\u00e1t celosv\u011btov\u011b roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00fdm um\u011bleck\u00fdm \u0159emeslem.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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V\u00fdznam jako ochrann\u00fd p\u0159edm\u011bt<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Z pohledu Wix\u00e1rika je Bo\u017e\u00ed oko ch\u00e1p\u00e1no jako ochrann\u00e9, proto\u017ee vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed spojen\u00ed s bd\u00edc\u00ed bo\u017eskou moc\u00ed. Ochrann\u00fd pohled skrze oko vyjad\u0159uje \u00fa\u010dast bo\u017estva<\/span> na \u017eivot\u011b \u010dlov\u011bka, zejm\u00e9na na \u017eivot\u011b d\u011bt\u00ed.<\/p>

Ochrana je zde t\u011bsn\u011b spojena s prosbou. Bo\u017e\u00ed oko nechr\u00e1n\u00ed samo od sebe, ale proto, \u017ee p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00e1n\u00ed bo\u017estvu<\/span> a spol\u00e9h\u00e1 na jeho odpov\u011b\u010f. Je v\u00fdrazem vztahu, nikoli samostatn\u011b p\u016fsob\u00edc\u00edm p\u0159edm\u011btem.<\/p>

V\u011bdecky lze tuto ochrannou p\u0159edstavu popsat jako ur\u010ditou formu zvl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed starosti. Starost o d\u00edt\u011b, o zdrav\u00ed a o dobr\u00fd \u017eivot nach\u00e1z\u00ed v Bo\u017e\u00edm oku viditeln\u00fd v\u00fdraz a uspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u00fd \u00fakon.<\/p>

Tento text nevypov\u00edd\u00e1 o skute\u010dn\u00fdch ochrann\u00fdch \u00fa\u010dinc\u00edch. Popisuje pouze v\u00fdznam, kter\u00fd tomuto p\u0159edm\u011btu p\u0159ikl\u00e1daj\u00ed Wix\u00e1rika. L\u00e9\u010div\u00e9 sliby a p\u0159\u00edsliby \u00fa\u010dinku jsou v\u00fdslovn\u011b vylou\u010deny.<\/p>

Glob\u00e1ln\u00ed \u0159emesln\u00fd v\u00fdrobek nese \u010dasto ozna\u010den\u00ed ochrann\u00e9ho symbolu, chyb\u00ed mu v\u0161ak n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd kontext, z n\u011bho\u017e ochrann\u00e1 p\u0159edstava poch\u00e1z\u00ed. V tomto pou\u017eit\u00ed je ochrann\u00fd v\u00fdznam v\u011bt\u0161inou pouze dekorativn\u00edm motivem<\/span> bez ritu\u00e1ln\u00edho z\u00e1kladu.<\/p>

Je t\u0159eba zd\u016fraznit, \u017ee ochrann\u00fd v\u00fdznam Bo\u017e\u00edho oka m\u00e1 pln\u00fd smysl pouze v r\u00e1mci n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed Wix\u00e1rika. Mimo tento kontext z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 p\u0159edm\u011btem lidov\u00e9ho um\u011bn\u00ed, jeho\u017e ochrann\u00fd v\u00fdklad p\u0159e\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 jen ve vzpom\u00ednce na jeho p\u016fvod.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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D\u011bjiny v\u00fdzkumu, etick\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky a kulturn\u00ed p\u0159ivlastn\u011bn\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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V\u011bdeck\u00fd z\u00e1jem o Bo\u017e\u00ed oko za\u010dal etnografick\u00fdm v\u00fdzkumem Wix\u00e1rika. Carl Lumholtz zdokumentoval kolem roku 1900 jejich materi\u00e1ln\u00ed kulturu, pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed badatel\u00e9 jako Robert Zingg a Stacy Schaefer prohloubili pozn\u00e1n\u00ed jejich n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed a um\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>

S roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00edm Bo\u017e\u00edho oka jako \u0159emesln\u00e9ho v\u00fdrobku ve 20. stolet\u00ed se p\u0159edm\u011bt st\u00e1le v\u00edce vzdaloval sv\u00e9mu n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9mu kontextu. Ve \u0161kol\u00e1ch a letn\u00edch t\u00e1borech se stal obl\u00edbenou rukod\u011blnou \u010dinnost\u00ed, jej\u00ed\u017e p\u016fvod byl \u010dasto zmi\u0148ov\u00e1n jen okrajov\u011b nebo nep\u0159esn\u011b.<\/p>

To vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 ot\u00e1zky kulturn\u00ed apropriace. Kdy\u017e se n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd p\u0159edm\u011bt domorod\u00e9ho spole\u010denstv\u00ed stane libovoln\u00fdm dekorativn\u00edm artiklem, ztr\u00e1c\u00ed se jeho p\u016fvodn\u00ed smysl. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed v tom vid\u00ed projev zneva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u016fvodn\u00ed kultury.<\/p>

Situace je v\u0161ak slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Sami Wix\u00e1rika prod\u00e1vaj\u00ed \u0159emesln\u00e9 v\u00fdrobky, v\u010detn\u011b Bo\u017e\u00edch o\u010d\u00ed, a \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b t\u00edm zaji\u0161\u0165uj\u00ed svou ob\u017eivu. Trh s domorod\u00fdm um\u011bn\u00edm tak m\u016f\u017ee nab\u00edzet i ekonomickou z\u00e1kladnu.<\/p>

Eticky d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 je proto rozli\u0161ovat, zda Bo\u017e\u00ed oko vyr\u00e1b\u011bj\u00ed a prod\u00e1vaj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edci Wix\u00e1rika, nebo zda se jedn\u00e1 o libovolnou n\u00e1podobu bez vztahu k p\u016fvodn\u00ed kultu\u0159e. Toto rozli\u0161en\u00ed se t\u00fdk\u00e1 uzn\u00e1n\u00ed i p\u0159\u00edjmu.<\/p>

Seri\u00f3zn\u00ed popis uv\u00e1d\u00ed p\u016fvod Bo\u017e\u00edho oka, odli\u0161uje ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed a sv\u011btsk\u00e9 pou\u017eit\u00ed a vyh\u00fdb\u00e1 se tomu, aby \u0159emesln\u00fd v\u00fdrobek stav\u011bl na rove\u0148 ritu\u00e1ln\u00edmu p\u0159edm\u011btu. Respekt se zde projevuje p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v p\u0159esnosti popisu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Sou\u010dasn\u00e1 recepce<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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U Wix\u00e1rika je Bo\u017e\u00ed oko dodnes sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed \u017eiv\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed. Vyr\u00e1b\u00ed se, ukl\u00e1d\u00e1 se u svatyn\u00ed a pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se p\u0159i pout\u00edch a sv\u00e1tc\u00edch. Tato praxe existuje soub\u011b\u017en\u011b s v\u00fdrobou \u0159emesln\u00fdch v\u00fdrobk\u016f na prodej.<\/p>

Po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b je Bo\u017e\u00ed oko zn\u00e1m\u00e9 jako p\u0159edm\u011bt ru\u010dn\u00ed tvorby. V mnoha zem\u00edch pat\u0159\u00ed k obl\u00edben\u00fdm tvo\u0159iv\u00fdm \u010dinnostem pro d\u011bti i dosp\u011bl\u00e9. P\u0159i tomto pou\u017eit\u00ed je v pop\u0159ed\u00ed pr\u00e1ce s barvou a nit\u00ed.<\/p>

V esoterice<\/span> a bytov\u00e9m designu je Bo\u017e\u00ed oko n\u011bkdy nab\u00edzeno jako ochrann\u00fd nebo \u0161\u0165astn\u00fd p\u0159edm\u011bt. V\u011bdecky se jedn\u00e1 o modern\u00ed formu recepce, kter\u00e1 p\u0159evzala ozna\u010den\u00ed ochrann\u00e9ho symbolu, ani\u017e by navazovala na n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd kontext Wix\u00e1rika.<\/p>

Muzea a um\u011bleck\u00e9 v\u00fdstavy prezentuj\u00ed Bo\u017e\u00ed oko a dal\u0161\u00ed d\u00edla Wix\u00e1rika jako p\u0159\u00edklady domorod\u00e9ho um\u011bn\u00ed. Takov\u00e9 v\u00fdstavy mohou p\u0159isp\u00edvat k pozn\u00e1n\u00ed p\u016fvodn\u00ed kultury, pokud v\u011bcn\u011b vysv\u011btluj\u00ed jejich n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd v\u00fdznam.<\/p>

Pro Wix\u00e1rika je prodej \u0159emesln\u00fdch v\u00fdrobk\u016f tak\u00e9 ekonomickou ot\u00e1zkou. Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed trh s domorod\u00fdm um\u011bn\u00edm nab\u00edz\u00ed p\u0159\u00edjem, z\u00e1rove\u0148 v\u0161ak vystavuje komunity tlaku p\u0159izp\u016fsobovat sv\u00e9 v\u00fdrobky o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm kupuj\u00edc\u00edch.<\/p>

Z\u00e1jemc\u016fm se doporu\u010duje v\u011bdom\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup k Bo\u017e\u00edmu oku. Kdo takov\u00fd p\u0159edm\u011bt kupuje, m\u016f\u017ee db\u00e1t na jeho p\u016fvod z komunity, z n\u00ed\u017e poch\u00e1z\u00ed. Dal\u0161\u00ed ochrann\u00e9 a votivn\u00ed p\u0159edm\u011bty p\u0159edstavuje oblast Ochrann\u00e9 symboly<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Literatura (v\u00fdb\u011br)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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