{"id":145648,"date":"2026-09-03T16:32:26","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:32:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=145648"},"modified":"2026-09-03T17:01:56","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T17:01:56","slug":"laozi","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/laozi\/","title":{"rendered":"Laozi"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"145648\" class=\"elementor elementor-145648 elementor-3065 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-345170e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"345170e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff235dd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ff235dd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8fb6ac8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8fb6ac8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bc68772 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bc68772\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Laozi, zakladatel taoismu<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-359f20b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"359f20b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Laozi (\u8001\u5b50, tak\u00e9 Lao-tzu, Lao-tse) je v \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 tradici pova\u017eov\u00e1n za zakladatele <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u010c\u00ednsk\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eensko-filozofick\u00e1 tradice zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e1 na Tao, cestu.\" tabindex=\"0\">taoismu<\/span> a legend\u00e1rn\u00edho autora \u00abDaodejingu\u00bb, jednoho z nejvlivn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch text\u016f \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fdch d\u011bjin n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed a filozofie.<\/p><p>Jeho historick\u00e1 existence je v modern\u00edm v\u00fdzkumu sporn\u00e1; prameny o jeho \u017eivot\u011b jsou skromn\u00e9, rozporupln\u00e9 a \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b mytizovan\u00e9. Religionistick\u00fd v\u00fdzkum Laoziho se dnes soust\u0159ed\u00ed m\u00e9n\u011b na historickou osobu a v\u00edce na d\u011bjiny p\u016fsoben\u00ed jemu p\u0159isuzovan\u00fdch text\u016f a pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zbo\u017e\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec1d295 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ec1d295\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d78c6a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"d78c6a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"B\u016fh \/ Bohyn\u011b: Personifikovan\u00e1 nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed moc v panteonu kultury, s jasn\u00fdmi kompetencemi \u2014 p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed s\u00edly, osud, v\u00e1lka, plodnost. Uct\u00edv\u00e1ni kulty, ob\u011btmi a chr\u00e1mov\u00fdmi institucemi.\">B\u016fh<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3280e9a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3280e9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-78f4bb5 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"78f4bb5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na t\\u00e9to str\\u00e1nce nebyly nalezeny \\u017e\\u00e1dn\\u00e9 nadpisy.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__78f4bb5\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__78f4bb5\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__78f4bb5\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a6d504f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a6d504f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf9f9ad iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"cf9f9ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_daoismus_laozi-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-147263\" alt=\"Laozi - bohov\u00e9 z taoistick\u00e9 tradice, historicko-ilustra\u010dn\u00ed zobrazen\u00ed\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_daoismus_laozi-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_daoismus_laozi-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_daoismus_laozi-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_daoismus_laozi.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5250054 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5250054\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b7d392 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7b7d392\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b0015f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b0015f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Prameny k historick\u00e9 osob\u011b<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0c2b50b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0c2b50b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nejpodrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha \u0159eck\u00e9 a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 kultury, p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b od 800 p\u0159. n. l. do 600 n. l.\" tabindex=\"0\">antick\u00e1<\/span> biografie Laoziho se nach\u00e1z\u00ed v d\u00edle \u00abShiji\u00bb (\u00abZ\u00e1pisky historika\u00bb) Sima Qiana, dokon\u010den\u00e9m kolem roku 90 p\u0159ed Kristem. Sima Qian uv\u00e1d\u00ed t\u0159i r\u016fzn\u00e9 verze o Laoziho \u017eivot\u011b a s\u00e1m p\u0159izn\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee nev\u00ed, kter\u00e1 z nich je pravdiv\u00e1.<\/p><p>Nejpopul\u00e1rn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed verze d\u011bl\u00e1 z Laoziho \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edka na dvo\u0159e v\u00fdchodn\u00ed dynastie \u010cou, kter\u00fd byl v 6. stolet\u00ed p\u0159ed Kristem knihovn\u00edkem nebo archiv\u00e1\u0159em.<\/p><p>M\u011bl se setkat s mlad\u00fdm Konfuciem (551 a\u017e 479 p\u0159ed Kristem) a poskytnout pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu mistrovi pou\u010den\u00ed. Nakonec Laozi, zklaman\u00fd \u00fapadkem \u0159\u00ed\u0161e, opustil zemi sm\u011brem na z\u00e1pad a na \u017e\u00e1dost str\u00e1\u017ece hranice Yinxi na pr\u016fsmyku Han-Gu sepsal Daodejing v 5000 znac\u00edch.<\/p>\n\n<p>Druh\u00e1 verze identifikuje Laoziho s Lao Laizim, jin\u00fdm taoistick\u00fdm u\u010ditelem z doby dynastie \u010cou. T\u0159et\u00ed verze jej zasazuje o zhruba 100 let pozd\u011bji. Tyto v\u00edcen\u00e1sobn\u00e9 verze ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee Sima Qian s\u00e1m nem\u011bl k dispozici spolehliv\u00e9 biografick\u00e9 \u00fadaje a materi\u00e1l sestavil z r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u00fastn\u00edch a p\u00edsemn\u00fdch tradic.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Hans-Georg M\u00f6ller ve sv\u00fdch d\u00edlech \u00abLaotse\u00bb (1995) a \u00abThe Philosophy of the Daodejing\u00bb (2006) uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee skromn\u00e9 \u00fadaje Sima Qiana maj\u00ed sp\u00ed\u0161e legend\u00e1rn\u00ed ne\u017e historickou podstatu.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c6257dc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c6257dc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ad033e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ad033e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Historicita v modern\u00edm v\u00fdzkumu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28596d1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"28596d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Modern\u00ed sinologick\u00fd v\u00fdzkum intenzivn\u011b diskutuje ot\u00e1zku historicity Laoziho. Russell Kirkland zast\u00e1val ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle \u00abTaoism: The Enduring Tradition\u00bb (2004) kritick\u00e9 stanovisko, podle n\u011bho\u017e je Laozi jako historick\u00e1 osoba jen t\u011b\u017eko uchopiteln\u00fd a jemu p\u0159isuzovan\u00e9 texty jsou sp\u00ed\u0161e produktem n\u011bkolika generac\u00ed taoisticky orientovan\u00fdch u\u010denc\u016f.<\/span><\/p><p>Toto stanovisko podporuje i textov\u011b-historick\u00fd v\u00fdzkum: Daodejing nen\u00ed podle dne\u0161n\u00edho ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed jednotn\u011b sepsan\u00fdm d\u00edlem, n\u00fdbr\u017e kompilac\u00ed, jej\u00ed\u017e nejstar\u0161\u00ed vrstvy sahaj\u00ed do 4. nebo 3. stolet\u00ed p\u0159ed Kristem.<\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Bambusov\u00e9 texty objeven\u00e9 v roce 1993 v Guodianu (provincie Hubei) obsahovaly fragmenty ran\u00e9 verze Daodejingu, datovan\u00e9 do pozdn\u00edho 4. stolet\u00ed p\u0159ed Kristem. Tyto n\u00e1lezy o\u017eivily diskuzi o vzniku textu a ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee Daodejing byl v pr\u016fb\u011bhu n\u011bkolika stalet\u00ed upravov\u00e1n a dopl\u0148ov\u00e1n.<\/span><\/p><p>Jedin\u00e1 historick\u00e1 autorsk\u00e1 osobnost je tak nepravd\u011bpodobn\u00e1. Tradice p\u0159isuzuj\u00edc\u00ed d\u00edlo Laozimu odpov\u00edd\u00e1 typick\u00e9mu \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9mu vzoru pseudepigrafick\u00e9ho p\u0159i\u0159azen\u00ed legend\u00e1rn\u00edmu zakladateli.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fa1cda e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6fa1cda\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72671cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"72671cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Daodejing<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed9666a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ed9666a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Daodejing (\u00abKlasik cesty a ctnosti\u00bb) je text o 81 kr\u00e1tk\u00fdch kapitol\u00e1ch, kter\u00fd v poetick\u00e9, aforistick\u00e9 form\u011b rozv\u00edj\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00ed taoistick\u00e9 koncepty.<\/p><p>\u00dast\u0159edn\u00edmi pojmy jsou \u00abDao\u00bb (cesta, prvotn\u00ed kosmick\u00e1 skute\u010dnost), \u00abDe\u00bb (ctnost, vnit\u0159n\u00ed s\u00edla), \u00abWuwei\u00bb (ne\u010din\u011bn\u00ed, nenucen\u00e9 p\u016fsoben\u00ed), \u00abZiran\u00bb (p\u0159irozenost, samo od sebe takov\u00e9) a \u00abPu\u00bb (neopracovan\u00e9 d\u0159evo, prvotn\u00ed jednoduchost). Tyto pojmy spole\u010dn\u011b tvo\u0159\u00ed filozofick\u00fd a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd syst\u00e9m, kter\u00fd byl d\u00e1le rozv\u00edjen v mnoh\u00fdch pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edch koment\u00e1\u0159\u00edch.<\/p>\n\n<p>Nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed klasick\u00e9 koment\u00e1\u0159e k Daodejingu poch\u00e1zej\u00ed od Wang Biho (226 a\u017e 249) a Heshang Gonga (1. stolet\u00ed p\u0159ed Kristem nebo 2. stolet\u00ed po Kristu). Oba zast\u00e1vaj\u00ed odli\u0161n\u00e9 v\u00fdklady: Wang Bi \u010dte text filozoficko-ontologicky, Heshang Gong n\u00e1bo\u017eensko-prakticky s odkazem na meditaci a dechov\u00e9 techniky.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Nap\u011bt\u00ed mezi filozofick\u00fdm a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm v\u00fdkladem prov\u00e1z\u00ed recepci Daodejingu a\u017e do sou\u010dasnosti. Livia Kohn uk\u00e1zala ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle \u00abDaoism and Chinese Culture\u00bb (2001), jak tato dvoj\u00ed povaha textu umo\u017e\u0148uje jeho mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00fd vliv v nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch kulturn\u00edch kontextech.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ba74c9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0ba74c9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c62d4e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c62d4e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zbo\u017e\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed Laoziho<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c669a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4c669a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ve 2. stolet\u00ed po Kristu za\u010dalo n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 zbo\u017e\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed Laoziho. V ran\u00e9 taoistick\u00e9 \u0161kole Tianshi (\u00abNebe\u0161t\u00ed mist\u0159i\u00bb), zalo\u017een\u00e9 Zhangem Daolingem kolem roku 142 po Kristu, byl Laozi uct\u00edv\u00e1n jako nebesk\u00fd u\u010ditel a projev Tao.<\/p><p>Zhangovi Daolingovi se \u00fadajn\u011b zjevil ve vid\u011bn\u00ed a p\u0159edal mu svat\u00e9 texty. Laozi tak u\u017e nebyl jen legend\u00e1rn\u00edm filozofem, ale kosmickou postavou s aktivn\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eenskou funkc\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n<p>Toto zbo\u017e\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed bylo v pr\u016fb\u011bhu n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch stalet\u00ed d\u00e1le rozv\u00edjeno. V <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u010c\u00ednsk\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eensko-filozofick\u00e1 tradice zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e1 na Tao, cestu.\" tabindex=\"0\">taoismu<\/span> obdob\u00ed Tang (618 a\u017e 907) byl Laozi uct\u00edv\u00e1n jako Tchaj-\u0161ang Lao-\u0165\u00fcn (\u00abNejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed star\u00fd p\u00e1n\u00bb), jedno ze t\u0159\u00ed hlavn\u00edch bo\u017estev taoistick\u00e9ho panteonu vedle J\u00fcan-\u0161&#8216; Tchien-cuna (\u00abNebesk\u00fd hodnost\u00e1\u0159 po\u010d\u00e1tku\u00bb) a Ling-pao Tchien-cuna (\u00abNebesk\u00fd hodnost\u00e1\u0159 svat\u00e9ho pokladu\u00bb).<\/p><p>V t\u00e9to podob\u011b je Laozi p\u0159\u00edtomen v taoistick\u00fdch chr\u00e1mech \u010c\u00edny, Tchaj-wanu a Hongkongu a\u017e do sou\u010dasnosti.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4e0da5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d4e0da5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b11b74c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b11b74c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Laozi a c\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00e1 politika<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94e71dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"94e71dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed roli hr\u00e1l Laozi v c\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00e9 politice. Tang\u0161t\u00ed c\u00edsa\u0159ov\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed nesli rodov\u00e9 jm\u00e9no Li, si n\u00e1rokovali genealogick\u00fd p\u016fvod od Laoziho, jeho\u017e rodov\u00e9 jm\u00e9no m\u011blo b\u00fdt rovn\u011b\u017e Li.<\/p><p>Tato genealogick\u00e1 konstrukce se stala ideologick\u00fdm z\u00e1kladem dynastie Tang a vedla ke st\u00e1tn\u00ed podpo\u0159e <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u010c\u00ednsk\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eensko-filosofick\u00e1 tradice orientovan\u00e1 na Dao, Cestu.\" tabindex=\"0\">taoismu<\/span>. C\u00edsa\u0159 Xuanzong (vl\u00e1dl 712 a\u017e 756) ud\u011blil Laozimu titul \u201eNejsv\u011bt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed prap\u0159edek, V\u011b\u010dn\u00fd nebesk\u00fd vl\u00e1dce nesm\u00edrn\u00e9 ctnosti\u201c a na\u0159\u00eddil, aby se Daodejing stal povinnou \u010detbou p\u0159i st\u00e1tn\u00edch zkou\u0161k\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Florian Reiter ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle \u00abThe Aspirations and Standards of Taoist Priests in the Early Tang Period\u00bb (1998) uk\u00e1zal, jak \u00fazce byla n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e1 \u00facta k Laozimu spojena s politickou sebeprezentac\u00ed dynastie Tang.<\/span><\/p><p>C\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00e1 podpora vedla k rozkv\u011btu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u010c\u00ednsk\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eensko-filosofick\u00e1 tradice orientovan\u00e1 na Dao, Cestu.\" tabindex=\"0\">taoismu<\/span>, ke z\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed mnoha <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed k uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m\u016f<\/span> a ke standardizaci taoistick\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pevn\u011b stanoven\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d bohoslu\u017eby n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 obce.\" tabindex=\"0\">liturgie<\/span>. Toto politick\u00e9 zapojen\u00ed v\u00fdrazn\u011b formovalo obraz Laoziho a odli\u0161uje jeho recepci od m\u00e9n\u011b institucionalizovan\u00e9 linie konfucianismu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f33cd7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7f33cd7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-518d1c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"518d1c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Religionistick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-357732f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"357732f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V religionistick\u00e9m v\u00fdzkumu se rozli\u0161uje mezi \u00abfilosofick\u00fdm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u010c\u00ednsk\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eensko-filosofick\u00e1 tradice orientovan\u00e1 na Dao, Cestu.\" tabindex=\"0\">taoismem<\/span>\u00bb (Daojia) a \u00abn\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u010c\u00ednsk\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eensko-filosofick\u00e1 tradice orientovan\u00e1 na Dao, Cestu.\" tabindex=\"0\">taoismem<\/span>\u00bb (Daojiao), rozd\u00edl, kter\u00fd se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 od doby Han (206 p\u0159ed Kristem a\u017e 220 po Kristu). Toto rozli\u0161en\u00ed je ov\u0161em problematick\u00e9, proto\u017ee ob\u011b linie se v historick\u00e9 realit\u011b vz\u00e1jemn\u011b prol\u00ednaj\u00ed.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Isabelle Robinet ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle \u00abTaoism: Growth of a Religion\u00bb (1997) a Harold Roth v \u00abOriginal Tao\u00bb (1999) uk\u00e1zali, \u017ee striktn\u00ed odd\u011blen\u00ed neodpov\u00edd\u00e1 historick\u00fdm zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm. I Daodejing obsahuje pas\u00e1\u017ee, kter\u00e9 lze \u010d\u00edst jako medita\u010dn\u00ed praxi, zat\u00edmco n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 proudy zase \u00fast\u0159edn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed filosofick\u00e9 pojmy.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p>Volker Olles ve sv\u00fdch prac\u00edch o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u010c\u00ednsk\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eensko-filosofick\u00e1 tradice orientovan\u00e1 na Dao, Cestu.\" tabindex=\"0\">taoismu<\/span> v Sichuanu zdokumentoval region\u00e1ln\u00ed rozmanitost uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed Laoziho. V n\u011bkter\u00fdch oblastech je Laozi uct\u00edv\u00e1n jako kosmick\u00fd princip, v jin\u00fdch jako osobn\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytost uct\u00edvan\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed jako bo\u017esk\u00e1.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estvo<\/span> s konkr\u00e9tn\u00edmi oblastmi p\u016fsobnosti (l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed, ochrana, bohatstv\u00ed).<\/p><p>Tato rozmanitost ukazuje, \u017ee <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u010c\u00ednsk\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eensko-filosofick\u00e1 tradice orientovan\u00e1 na Dao, Cestu.\" tabindex=\"0\">taoismus<\/span> nen\u00ed uzav\u0159en\u00fdm n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edm, n\u00fdbr\u017e \u0161irokou n\u00e1bo\u017eenskou tradic\u00ed s mnoha proudy a lok\u00e1ln\u00edmi podobami.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e31b6ff e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e31b6ff\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f4de1b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f4de1b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Laozi ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d6ed944 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d6ed944\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Srovn\u00e1n\u00ed Laoziho s velk\u00fdmi zakladateli jin\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch tradic (Konfucius, Buddha, Sokrates) se ve v\u00fdzkumu ob\u010das objevuje, je v\u0161ak metodicky problematick\u00e9. Hans-Georg M\u00f6ller upozornil, \u017ee p\u0159edstava jednotliv\u00e9ho zakladatele, v\u00fdrazn\u00e1 v z\u00e1padn\u00edch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edch, v \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 tradici neplat\u00ed ve stejn\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e.<\/p><p>Laozi je m\u00e9n\u011b zakladatelem ve smyslu Jezu\u0161e nebo Mohameda, sp\u00ed\u0161e legend\u00e1rn\u00ed symbolickou postavou, kter\u00e1 reprezentuje ur\u010ditou tradici, ani\u017e by ji s\u00e1m aktivn\u011b uvedl do \u017eivota.<\/p>\n\n<p>V r\u00e1mci \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 tradice stoj\u00ed Laozi vedle Zhuangziho (4. stolet\u00ed p\u0159ed Kristem), druh\u00e9ho velk\u00e9ho taoistick\u00e9ho autora, jeho\u017e stejnojmenn\u00e9 d\u00edlo \u00abZhuangzi\u00bb m\u00e1 rovn\u011b\u017e z\u00e1sadn\u00ed v\u00fdznam.<\/p><p>Oba jsou \u010dasto spole\u010dn\u011b ozna\u010dov\u00e1ni jako zakladatel\u00e9 klasick\u00e9ho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u010c\u00ednsk\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eensko-filosofick\u00e1 tradice orientovan\u00e1 na Dao, Cestu.\" tabindex=\"0\">taoismu<\/span>. Hans-Georg M\u00f6ller a Harold Roth uk\u00e1zali, \u017ee oba texty kladou odli\u0161n\u00e9 filosofick\u00e9 d\u016frazy, av\u0161ak pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed spole\u010dn\u00e9 z\u00e1kladn\u00ed pojmy a vz\u00e1jemn\u011b se komentuj\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ae790a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6ae790a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f4f2ade elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f4f2ade\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Rukopisy z Mawangdui a Guodianu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fcdec89 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fcdec89\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Textov\u011b-historick\u00fd v\u00fdzkum \u00abDaodejingu\u00bb z\u00e1sadn\u011b zm\u011bnily dva archeologick\u00e9 n\u00e1lezy z 20. stolet\u00ed. V roce 1973 objevili \u010d\u00edn\u0161t\u00ed archeologov\u00e9 v hrob\u011b 3 v Mawangdui u Changsha (provincie Hunan) dva hedv\u00e1bn\u00e9 rukopisy textu, datovan\u00e9 do roku 168 p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem.<\/span><\/p><p>Verze \u00abMawangdui A\u00bb a \u00abMawangdui B\u00bb vykazuj\u00ed oproti pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu standardn\u00edmu textu obr\u00e1cen\u00e9 po\u0159ad\u00ed hlavn\u00edch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed: \u00ab\u010d\u00e1st De\u00bb (kapitoly 38 a\u017e 81 standardn\u00edho textu) p\u0159edch\u00e1z\u00ed \u00ab\u010d\u00e1sti Dao\u00bb (kapitoly 1 a\u017e 37).<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Tento n\u00e1lez je v sinologii ch\u00e1p\u00e1n jako doklad star\u0161\u00ed redakce p\u0159edch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed standardn\u00edmu textu. Robert G. Henricks ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle \u00abLao-Tzu. Te-Tao Ching\u00bb (New York 1989) p\u0159edlo\u017eil \u00fapln\u00fd anglick\u00fd p\u0159eklad mawangduisk\u00fdch verz\u00ed s kritick\u00fdm apar\u00e1tem a upozornil na 130 podstatn\u00fdch rozd\u00edl\u016f ve \u010dten\u00ed oproti vulg\u00e1t\u011b Wang Bi.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Druh\u00fd kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd n\u00e1lez p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed bambusov\u00e9 pruhy vykopan\u00e9 v roce 1993 v Guodianu (rovn\u011b\u017e Hunan) z hrobu datovan\u00e9ho p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b do roku 300 p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem.<\/p><p>Obsahuj\u00ed ve t\u0159ech svazc\u00edch asi dv\u011b p\u011btiny textu Daodejingu v podob\u011b, kter\u00e1 je\u0161t\u011b nen\u00ed roz\u010dlen\u011bna do dvou \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed. Tato verze je dnes pova\u017eov\u00e1na za nejstar\u0161\u00edho hmotn\u00e9ho textov\u00e9ho sv\u011bdka komplexu Daodejing. Robert Henricks ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle \u00abLao Tzu&#8217;s Tao Te Ching.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>A Translation of the Startling New Documents Found at Guodian\u00bb (New York 2000) p\u0159edlo\u017eil filologickou prvn\u00ed edici; Sarah Allan a Crispin Williams v souborn\u00e9m svazku \u00abThe Guodian Laozi\u00bb (Berkeley 2000) diskutovali metodick\u00e9 d\u016fsledky pro ot\u00e1zku datov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Harold D. Roth ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle \u00abOriginal Tao\u00bb (New York 1999) uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee guodiansk\u00e9 bambusov\u00e9 pruhy zasazuj\u00ed text Daodejingu do \u0161ir\u0161\u00edho proudu ran\u00fdch meditativn\u011b-kosmologick\u00fdch \u00favah, jejich\u017e stopy lze zachytit tak\u00e9 v \u00abNeiye\u00bb a \u00abHeguanzi\u00bb.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f70d31 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f70d31\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-477e1e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"477e1e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Koment\u00e1\u0159ov\u00e1 tradice a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 p\u0159isvojen\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d530ab5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d530ab5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Produktivn\u00ed d\u011bjiny p\u016fsoben\u00ed Daodejingu jsou neseny p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm jeho koment\u00e1\u0159ovou tradic\u00ed.<\/p><p>T\u0159i koment\u00e1\u0159e jsou v sinologii pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1le\u017eej\u00edc\u00ed k z\u00e1vazn\u011b uzn\u00e1van\u00e9mu souboru text\u016f n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">kanonick\u00e9<\/span>. \u00abHeshanggong\u016fv koment\u00e1\u0159\u00bb (\u00abKoment\u00e1\u0159 Lao-c&#8216; od Mistra na b\u0159ehu \u0159eky\u00bb), tradi\u010dn\u011b datovan\u00fd do doby Han (fakticky pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b 1. a\u017e 2. stolet\u00ed na\u0161eho letopo\u010dtu), \u010dte text v programu t\u011blesn\u00e9 sebekultivace a formuje t\u00edm pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed daoistickou tradici vnit\u0159n\u00ed alchymie (neidan).<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Eduard Erkes vydal v roce 1950 v \u010dasopise \u00abArtibus Asiae\u00bb prvn\u00ed systematick\u00e9 zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed Heshanggongova koment\u00e1\u0159e v z\u00e1padn\u00edm jazyce; Alan K. L. Chan ve sv\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci \u00abTwo Visions of the Way\u00bb (Albany 1991) srovnal Heshanggong\u016fv koment\u00e1\u0159 s druh\u00fdm kanonick\u00fdm koment\u00e1\u0159em.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Tento druh\u00fd koment\u00e1\u0159 poch\u00e1z\u00ed od Wang Bi (226 a\u017e 249), p\u0159edstavitele \u00abxuanxue\u00bb (\u00abu\u010den\u00ed o mysteri\u00f3zn\u00edm\u00bb) z doby Wei-Jin, a p\u0159etv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed text do ontologicko-metafyzick\u00e9 linie, v n\u00ed\u017e je \u00abnic\u00bb (\u00abwu\u00bb) ch\u00e1p\u00e1no jako ontologick\u00fd z\u00e1klad byt\u00ed.<\/p><p>Wang Bi\u016fv koment\u00e1\u0159 trvale ovlivnil pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 \u010dten\u00ed textu a je p\u0159edlohou p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 v\u011bt\u0161iny dne\u0161n\u00edch standardn\u00edch vyd\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p><p>T\u0159et\u00edm z\u00e1sadn\u00edm koment\u00e1\u0159em je \u00abXiang&#8217;er\u016fv koment\u00e1\u0159\u00bb (\u00abVysv\u011btlen\u00ed v my\u0161lenk\u00e1ch na tebe\u00bb), vznikl\u00fd ve 2. nebo 3. stolet\u00ed v kruz\u00edch ran\u00fdch daoist\u016f \u00abTianshi\u00bb (Nebesk\u00fdch mistr\u016f).<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Stephen R. Bokenkamp poprv\u00e9 zcela p\u0159elo\u017eil Xiang&#8217;er\u016fv koment\u00e1\u0159 do angli\u010dtiny ve sv\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci \u00abEarly Daoist Scriptures\u00bb (Berkeley 1997) a uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 p\u0159ijet\u00ed Laozia jako osobn\u00edho bo\u017estva \u00abTaishang Laojun\u00bb bylo v t\u00e9to vrstv\u011b ji\u017e pln\u011b vyvinuto a nevzniklo teprve v pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edch \u0161kol\u00e1ch Lingbao a Shangqing.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-450e76c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"450e76c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11340e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"11340e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed recepce<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eae2959 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eae2959\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Daodejing je po Bibli nej\u010dast\u011bji do jin\u00fdch jazyk\u016f p\u0159ekl\u00e1danou knihou sv\u011bta. Prvn\u00ed evropsk\u00e9 p\u0159eklady poch\u00e1zej\u00ed z 18. stolet\u00ed; ve 19. a 20. stolet\u00ed bylo d\u00edlo d\u00edky p\u0159ekladatel\u016fm jako Richard Wilhelm, James Legge a Arthur Waley zp\u0159\u00edstupn\u011bno \u0161irok\u00e9mu z\u00e1padn\u00edmu \u010dten\u00e1\u0159stvu.<\/p><p>Ve 20. stolet\u00ed m\u011bl Laozi zna\u010dn\u00fd vliv tak\u00e9 na z\u00e1padn\u00ed filozofii, na psychoterapeutickou tradici a na esoterick\u00e9 hnut\u00ed, \u010dasto ve v\u00fdrazn\u011b zjednodu\u0161en\u00e9 a z\u00e1padn\u011b p\u0159etvo\u0159en\u00e9 podob\u011b.<\/p>\n\n<p>Dnes je v\u00fdzkum Laozia mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm oborem, na n\u011bm\u017e se pod\u00edlej\u00ed \u010d\u00edn\u0161t\u00ed, tchajwan\u0161t\u00ed, japon\u0161t\u00ed, evrop\u0161t\u00ed a ameri\u010dt\u00ed sinologov\u00e9 a sinolo\u017eky. Diskuse o datov\u00e1n\u00ed, textov\u00e9 historii, filozofick\u00e9m v\u00fdkladu a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 funkci jsou st\u00e1le \u017eiv\u00e9.<\/p><p>Jeden ze z\u00e1v\u011br\u016f dosavadn\u00edho v\u00fdzkumu lze shrnout takto: Ot\u00e1zka po historick\u00e9m Laoziovi je mo\u017en\u00e1 m\u00e9n\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 ne\u017e ot\u00e1zka po d\u011bjin\u00e1ch p\u016fsoben\u00ed text\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou mu p\u0159isuzov\u00e1ny a kter\u00e9 pat\u0159\u00ed k nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm d\u00edl\u016fm sv\u011btov\u00e9 literatury a d\u011bjin n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3217,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Laozi","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Laozi \u2013 zakladatel taoismu | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Laozi je mytick\u00fd zakladatel taoismu a autor Daodejingu. 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