{"id":145647,"date":"2026-09-03T16:32:26","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:32:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=145647"},"modified":"2026-09-03T17:01:55","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T17:01:55","slug":"horagalles","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/horagalles\/","title":{"rendered":"Horagalles"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"145647\" class=\"elementor elementor-145647 elementor-3064 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51c86db e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"51c86db\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9c7d09 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c9c7d09\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-247d924 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"247d924\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-859b0ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"859b0ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Horagalles, b\u016fh hromu S\u00e1m\u016f<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e5671d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0e5671d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Horagalles (tak\u00e9 Hora Galles, Tiermes nebo Aijeke) je b\u016fh hromu a bou\u0159e ve v\u00ed\u0159e S\u00e1m\u016f a je pova\u017eov\u00e1n za jednu z nejmocn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch bytost\u00ed jejich p\u0159edk\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed na severu Skandin\u00e1vie, Finska a rusk\u00e9ho poloostrova Kola. Jeho uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed je dokumentov\u00e1no ran\u011b novov\u011bk\u00fdmi mision\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdmi prameny, jejich\u017e v\u00fdpov\u011bdn\u00ed hodnotu je nutn\u00e9 pramenn\u011b kriticky posuzovat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0020e40 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"0020e40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-95e240c elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"95e240c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"B\u016fh \/ Bohyn\u011b: Personifikovan\u00e1 nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed moc v panteonu kultury, s jasn\u00fdmi kompetencemi \u2014 p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed s\u00edly, osud, v\u00e1lka, plodnost. Uct\u00edv\u00e1ni kulty, ob\u011btmi a chr\u00e1mov\u00fdmi institucemi.\">B\u016fh<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f7853f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8f7853f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16003f2 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"16003f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na t\\u00e9to str\\u00e1nce nebyly nalezeny \\u017e\\u00e1dn\\u00e9 nadpisy.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg 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d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__16003f2\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b8542b5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b8542b5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fed4b00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"fed4b00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sami_horagalles-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-147218\" alt=\"Horagalles \u2013 bohov\u00e9 ze s\u00e1msk\u00e9 tradice, historicko-ilustrativn\u00ed zobrazen\u00ed\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sami_horagalles-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sami_horagalles-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sami_horagalles-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sami_horagalles.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a58c52c e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a58c52c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e2596b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1e2596b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9c754be elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9c754be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Prameny a kritick\u00e9 zhodnocen\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c01c74e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c01c74e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed p\u00edsemn\u00e9 prameny k n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed ctitel\u016f boha hromu poch\u00e1zej\u00ed ze 17. a 18. stolet\u00ed. Olaus Magnus poprv\u00e9 podrobn\u011b referuje o n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch praktik\u00e1ch tohoto lidu v d\u00edle \u00abHistoria de gentibus septentrionalibus\u00bb (1555), ov\u0161em v siln\u011b etnograficky odta\u017eit\u00e9 form\u011b.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdm pramenem je \u00abLapponia\u00bb (1673) Johannesa Schefferuse, kde je Horagalles pops\u00e1n jm\u00e9nem i funkc\u00ed. V 18. stolet\u00ed p\u0159ib\u00fdvaj\u00ed podrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed od Knuda Leema, Larse Leviho L\u00e6stadiuse a Johana Nordlandera.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet>P\u0159i interpretaci t\u011bchto pramen\u016f je t\u0159eba postupovat obez\u0159etn\u011b. H\u00e5kan Rydving ve sv\u00fdch studi\u00edch, zejm\u00e9na v \u00abThe End of Drum-Time\u00bb (1993), uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee mision\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 z\u00e1pisy zobrazovaly s\u00e1msk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed k\u0159es\u0165anskou optikou a systematicky je zkreslovaly. Pojmy jako \u00abb\u016fh\u00bb, \u00ab<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Hanliv\u00e9 ozna\u010den\u00ed pro obraz uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed pova\u017eovan\u00fd za myln\u00fd.\" tabindex=\"0\">modla<\/span>\u00bb nebo \u00ab\u010f\u00e1bel\u00bb byly na s\u00e1msk\u00e9 koncepty aplikov\u00e1ny bez reflexe.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Juha Pentik\u00e4inen v d\u00edle \u00abSami Mythology\u00bb (1999) upozornil na metodick\u00fd probl\u00e9m, \u017ee s\u00e1msk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed ve sv\u00e9 p\u0159edk\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 podob\u011b lze dnes rekonstruovat jen nep\u0159\u00edmo. Louise B\u00e4ckman a Anna-Leena Siikala doklady systematicky edovaly a kriticky komentovaly.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bc1f546 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bc1f546\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee392e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ee392e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jm\u00e9no a etymologie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c45135 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4c45135\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jm\u00e9no Horagalles je vykl\u00e1d\u00e1no jako s\u00e1msk\u00e9 p\u0159ejet\u00ed ze staroseversk\u00e9ho \u00ab\u00de\u00f3rr karl\u00bb (\u00abstar\u00fd Thor\u00bb, \u00abThor-mu\u017e\u00bb), co\u017e znamen\u00e1 v\u00fdraznou n\u00e1vaznost na severogerm\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho boha hromu Thora.<\/p><p>Tato etymologie je od 19. stolet\u00ed standardn\u011b p\u0159ij\u00edman\u00fdm v\u00fdkladem a byla potvrzena jazykov\u011bdci jako Lars Levi L\u00e6stadius a pozd\u011bji Konrad Nielsen a Pekka Sammallahti. V n\u011bkter\u00fdch s\u00e1msk\u00fdch dialektech je dolo\u017eena i forma Hora-Galles nebo Hora-Gallis, v severos\u00e1m\u0161tin\u011b Horag\u00e1lles.<\/p>\n\n<p>Krom\u011b toho badatel\u00e9 pro pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b tut\u00e9\u017e <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytost uct\u00edvan\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed jako bo\u017esk\u00e1.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estvo<\/span> uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed i dal\u0161\u00ed jm\u00e9na: Tiermes, Atjek, Aijeke nebo Pajan-Olmai. Tato rozmanitost jmen odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed na jedn\u00e9 stran\u011b region\u00e1ln\u00ed dialektov\u00e9 rozd\u00edly, na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b skute\u010dnost, \u017ee s\u00e1msk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed nem\u011blo jednotnou, dogmaticky fixovanou formu, ale m\u00edstn\u011b se v\u00fdrazn\u011b li\u0161ilo.<\/p><p>H\u00e5kan Rydving upozornil na to, \u017ee mision\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 z\u00e1pisy \u010dasto provedly um\u011blou homogenizaci, kter\u00e1 neodpov\u00eddala skute\u010dn\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 rozmanitosti.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36a4086 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"36a4086\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2baf39b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2baf39b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Funkce boha hromu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3ec1aa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3ec1aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Horagalles je p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm bohem hromu, kter\u00fd ovl\u00e1d\u00e1 blesk a hrom a t\u00edm vl\u00e1dne nad po\u010das\u00edm. Je pova\u017eov\u00e1n za ochr\u00e1nce lid\u00ed p\u0159ed zl\u00fdmi duchy, zejm\u00e9na p\u0159ed Stallo (obry) a dal\u0161\u00edmi nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00fdmi bytostmi ze s\u00e1msk\u00e9 lidov\u00e9 d\u00e9monologie.<\/p><p>Jeho kladivo nebo bojov\u00e1 sekera je jeho nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zbran\u00ed, kterou zah\u00e1n\u00ed zl\u00e9 bytosti a bojuje s troly a obry. Tato funkce a v\u00fdzbroj vysv\u011btluj\u00ed jeho v\u00fdraznou typologickou p\u0159\u00edbuznost se severogerm\u00e1nsk\u00fdm Thorem.<\/p>\n\n<p>Anna-Leena Siikala ve srovn\u00e1vac\u00edch prac\u00edch o ugrofinsk\u00e9 a s\u00e1msk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn tradovan\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh\u016f o boz\u00edch ur\u010dit\u00e9 kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytologii<\/span> uk\u00e1zala, \u017ee p\u0159edstava boha hromu u S\u00e1m\u016f byla ovlivn\u011bna kontakty se skandin\u00e1vsk\u00fdmi sousedy, ale navazovala na star\u0161\u00ed vlastn\u00ed p\u0159edstavy.<\/p><p>Paralely se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed i ve finsk\u00e9 tradici (Ukko) a ve v\u00fdchodosibi\u0159sk\u00e9 tradici (Num u N\u011bnc\u016f), co\u017e ukazuje na \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed severoeurasijsk\u00fd komplex boha hromu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f79bb2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4f79bb2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-be4684c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"be4684c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Symbolika bubnu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c8d7823 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c8d7823\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm pramenem pro <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nauka o obsahu obraz\u016f a jejich v\u00fdznamu.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografii<\/span> s\u00e1msk\u00fdch boh\u016f jsou s\u00e1msk\u00e9 bubny (\u00abgoavddis\u00bb nebo \u00abgievrie\u00bb), kter\u00e9 byly ve 17. a 18. stolet\u00ed sb\u00edr\u00e1ny mision\u00e1\u0159i a uchov\u00e1v\u00e1ny v muze\u00edch.<\/p><p>Na mnoha z t\u011bchto bubn\u016f je zobrazena centr\u00e1ln\u00ed postava, obvykle vyzbrojen\u00e1 kladivem nebo sekerou, ztoto\u017e\u0148ovan\u00e1 s Horagallesem. N\u011bkdy je jeho postava um\u00edst\u011bna p\u0159\u00edmo pod slune\u010dn\u00edm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak, kter\u00fd zastupuje ur\u010ditou p\u0159edstavu nebo v\u00fdznam.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbolem<\/span> (Beaivi), co\u017e zd\u016fraz\u0148uje jeho vysok\u00e9 postaven\u00ed v s\u00e1msk\u00e9m <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn boh\u016f ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed nebo kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonu<\/span>.<\/p>\n\n<p>V\u00fdznam t\u011bchto bubnov\u00fdch postav v\u0161ak nen\u00ed ve v\u0161ech p\u0159\u00edpadech jednozna\u010dn\u00fd, proto\u017ee bubny byly jednotliv\u00fdmi \u00abnoaidi\u00bb (s\u00e1msk\u00fdmi \u0161amany) pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny k ritu\u00e1ln\u00edm \u00fa\u010del\u016fm a upravov\u00e1ny podle osobn\u00edch symbol\u016f.<\/p><p>Ernst Manker a Phebe Fjellstr\u00f6m ve sv\u00fdch studi\u00edch o s\u00e1msk\u00e9m bubnov\u00e9m um\u011bn\u00ed vypracovali rozmanitost zobrazen\u00ed. Standardizovan\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nauka o obsahu obraz\u016f a jejich v\u00fdznamu.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografie<\/span> pro Horagallese neexistuje, ale ur\u010dit\u00e9 z\u00e1kladn\u00ed rysy (kladivo, sekera, antropomorfn\u00ed postava se zdvi\u017eenou zbran\u00ed) se opakovan\u011b objevuj\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62583e8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"62583e8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fa6e9c0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fa6e9c0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed a ob\u0159ady<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff303a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ff303a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed podob\u011b uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed pod\u00e1vaj\u00ed mision\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 prameny jen m\u00e1lo podrobnost\u00ed. Horagalles zjevn\u011b p\u0159ij\u00edmal <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017estvu vyjad\u0159uj\u00edc\u00ed d\u00edky, prosbu nebo \u00factu.\" tabindex=\"0\">ob\u011bti<\/span> v podob\u011b zv\u00ed\u0159at (p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm sob\u016f), kter\u00e9 byly p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161eny na zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edch kultovn\u00edch m\u00edstech (\u00absieidi\u00bb).<\/p><p>Tato kultovn\u00ed m\u00edsta byla zpravidla n\u00e1padn\u00e9 skaln\u00ed \u00fatvary, velk\u00e9 kameny nebo zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed stromy, pova\u017eovan\u00e9 za s\u00eddlo boh\u016f. P\u0159i bou\u0159k\u00e1ch byly p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161eny zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017estvu vyjad\u0159uj\u00edc\u00ed d\u00edky, prosbu nebo \u00factu.\" tabindex=\"0\">ob\u011bti<\/span>, aby usm\u00ed\u0159ily Horagalla nebo si vy\u017e\u00e1daly jeho pomoc.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u0160amansk\u00e1 praxe st\u00e1la ve st\u0159edu s\u00e1msk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed. Noaidi mohl pomoc\u00ed sv\u00e9ho bubnu a ritu\u00e1ln\u00edch transov\u00fdch cest navazovat kontakt s bohy, v\u010detn\u011b Horagalla. Tato praxe je v mision\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch pramenech \u010dasto popisov\u00e1na jako \u00ab\u010dertovo kouzlo\u00bb a byla ve 17. a 18. stolet\u00ed systematicky pron\u00e1sledov\u00e1na.<\/p><p>H\u00e5kan Rydving ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle \u00abThe End of Drum-Time\u00bb zdokumentoval, jak byly s\u00e1msk\u00e9 bubny v t\u00e9to dob\u011b p\u00e1leny nebo konfiskov\u00e1ny, co\u017e vedlo k masivn\u00ed ztr\u00e1t\u011b n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch kulturn\u00edch statk\u016f.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7cf8ed3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7cf8ed3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1298de4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1298de4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Christianizace a vyt\u011bsn\u011bn\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3fbc340 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3fbc340\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Christianizace S\u00e1m\u016f za\u010dala v 11. a 12. stolet\u00ed prvn\u00edmi misijn\u00edmi pokusy, ve 16. a 17. stolet\u00ed se v\u00fdrazn\u011b zintenzivnila a ve 18. a na po\u010d\u00e1tku 19. stolet\u00ed skon\u010dila rozs\u00e1hl\u00fdm vyt\u011bsn\u011bn\u00edm p\u0159edk\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed z ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho \u017eivota.<\/p><p>H\u00e5kan Rydving podrobn\u011b zdokumentoval jednotliv\u00e9 etapy tohoto procesu. \u0160v\u00e9dsk\u00e9, norsk\u00e9, finsk\u00e9 a rusk\u00e9 st\u00e1tn\u011b-c\u00edrkevn\u00ed \u00fa\u0159ady zav\u00e1d\u011bly tresty, konfiskace bubn\u016f a nucen\u00e9 k\u0159ty, aby potla\u010dily tradi\u010dn\u00ed v\u00edru.<\/p>\n\n<p>V t\u00e9to f\u00e1zi vyt\u011bs\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed byl Horagalles \u010dasto identifikov\u00e1n s k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fdm \u010f\u00e1blem nebo se \u00abSatanem\u00bb. Tato identifikace byla sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed mision\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 strategie, jak ozna\u010dit star\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed za d\u00e9monick\u00e9.<\/p><p>Roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ena byla tak\u00e9 identifikace Horagalla se svat\u00fdm Olafem, norsk\u00fdm kr\u00e1lovsk\u00fdm svat\u00fdm, kter\u00fd byl podobn\u011b jako Horagalles pova\u017eov\u00e1n za p\u0159emo\u017eitele troll\u016f a obr\u016f, a mohl tak slou\u017eit jako ikonografick\u00fd most mezi star\u00fdm a nov\u00fdm n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edm.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc98dbf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"dc98dbf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-00a74a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"00a74a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Stav bad\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4374957 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4374957\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Modern\u00ed v\u00fdzkum s\u00e1msk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed za\u010dal v druh\u00e9 polovin\u011b 19. stolet\u00ed a ve 20. a 21. stolet\u00ed se v\u00fdrazn\u011b diferencoval. V\u00fdznamn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvky poskytli H\u00e5kan Rydving, Juha Pentik\u00e4inen, Louise B\u00e4ckman, Anna-Leena Siikala, Ernst Manker a Phebe Fjellstr\u00f6m.<\/p><p>Spole\u010dn\u011b vytvo\u0159ili diferencovan\u00fd obraz s\u00e1msk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed, kter\u00fd zohled\u0148uje rozmanitost region\u00e1ln\u00edch tradic, zkreslen\u00ed zp\u016fsoben\u00e1 mision\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdmi prameny a obt\u00ed\u017ee rekonstrukce.<\/p>\n\n<p>Z\u00e1sadn\u00ed spornou ot\u00e1zkou je m\u00edra ovlivn\u011bn\u00ed skandin\u00e1vsk\u00fdm n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edm. Zat\u00edmco star\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdzkumy vn\u00edmaly Horagalla jako \u010dist\u011b s\u00e1msk\u00fd prot\u011bj\u0161ek Thora, nov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pr\u00e1ce zd\u016fraz\u0148uj\u00ed samostatnou s\u00e1mskou tradici a skandin\u00e1vsk\u00fd vliv ch\u00e1pou jako vrstvu nad star\u0161\u00ed s\u00e1mskou p\u0159edstavou boha hromu. Tento postoj zast\u00e1v\u00e1 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm Anna-Leena Siikala, kter\u00e1 odkazuje na finsko-ugrick\u00e9 paralely.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2eae97c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2eae97c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c6f1672 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c6f1672\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 mision\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 prameny 17. a 18. stolet\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df3246d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df3246d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Z hlediska kritiky pramen\u016f nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed etapou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed znalost\u00ed a vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed z generace na generaci.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/span> Horagalla je 17. a 18. stolet\u00ed, kdy \u0161v\u00e9d\u0161t\u00ed a d\u00e1nsko-nor\u0161t\u00ed mision\u00e1\u0159i a \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edci poprv\u00e9 za\u010dali systematicky zaznamen\u00e1vat s\u00e1msk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Johannes Schefferus vydal roku 1673 ve Frankfurtu svou \u00abLapponii\u00bb, vlastiv\u011bdn\u00fd spis sepsan\u00fd na p\u0159\u00edkaz \u0161v\u00e9dsk\u00e9ho \u0159\u00ed\u0161sk\u00e9ho kancl\u00e9\u0159e Magnuse Gabriela De la Gardie, kter\u00fd v samostatn\u00e9 kapitole \u00abDe Lapponum Diis\u00bb popisuje sv\u011bt boh\u016f a ozna\u010duje Horagalla (ve form\u011b \u00abThoragalles\u00bb) za nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho z boh\u016f hromu naz\u00fdvan\u00fdch \u00abStoorjunkare\u00bb.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Schefferus se op\u00edral o zpr\u00e1vy \u0161v\u00e9dsk\u00fdch pastor\u016f, jako byli Olaus Petri Niurenius, Samuel Rheen, Olaus Graan a Johannes Tornaeus, jejich\u017e rukopisy z\u010d\u00e1sti p\u0159\u00edmo citoval. \u00abLapponia\u00bb byla rychle p\u0159elo\u017eena do n\u011bkolika evropsk\u00fdch jazyk\u016f (anglicky 1674, n\u011bmecky 1675, francouzsky 1678) a po cel\u00e9 stolet\u00ed formovala etnografick\u00e9 vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00e1msk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed v Evrop\u011b.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>V norsko-d\u00e1nsk\u00e9m prostoru vznikaly sou\u010dasn\u011b rukopisy mision\u00e1\u0159e Thomase von Westena (1682 a\u017e 1727), kter\u00fd jako \u00abapo\u0161tol Laponc\u016f\u00bb vedl systematickou misii v severonorsk\u00fdch s\u00e1msk\u00fdch oblastech.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Jeho \u017e\u00e1ci Isaac Olsen, Hans Skanke (s d\u00edlem \u00abEpitomes Historiae Missionis Lapponicae Pars Prima\u00bb dokon\u010den\u00fdm roku 1728), Jens Kildal a Johan Randulf sestavili rozs\u00e1hl\u00fd soubor rukopisn\u00fdch zpr\u00e1v, kter\u00e9 jsou ozna\u010dov\u00e1ny jako \u00abN\u00e6r\u00f8y-Manuskript\u00bb (Randulf) a jako \u00abKildal-Manuskript\u00bb.<\/span><\/p><p>Tyto prameny byly zcela vyd\u00e1ny a\u017e ve 20. stolet\u00ed Reidarem Th. Christiansenem a Karlem Bernhardem Wiklundem. Poskytuj\u00ed nejpodrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed popisy konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed ob\u011btn\u00ed praxe: \u010dern\u00ed voli byli na po\u010d\u00e1tku l\u00e9ta <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159ed\u00e1n\u00ed svat\u00e9mu prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho \u00fakonu, \u010d\u00edm\u017e je vy\u0148ato z b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho, v\u0161edn\u00edho \u017eivota.\" tabindex=\"0\">zasv\u011bceni<\/span> bohu hromu, na svat\u00e1 m\u00edsta byly zav\u011b\u0161ov\u00e1ny prou\u017eky b\u0159ezov\u00e9 k\u016fry ve tvaru blesku a kameny \u00absieidi\u00bb dost\u00e1valy ob\u011btiny tuku a krve.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e674e9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3e674e9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-15f8ed9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"15f8ed9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Malby na bubnech ve srovn\u00e1vac\u00edm v\u00fdzkumu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-58eb664 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"58eb664\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Hlavn\u00edm ikonografick\u00fdm pramenem pro Horagallese jsou vyobrazen\u00ed spojen\u00e1 s n\u00edm na bubnech \u00abgoavddis\u00bb, \u0161amansk\u00fdch bubnech s\u00e1msk\u00fdch specialist\u016f \u00abnoaidi\u00bb. Ernst Manker ve dvou monument\u00e1ln\u00edch svazc\u00edch \u00abDie lappische Zaubertrommel. Eine ethnologische Monographie\u00bb (Stockholm 1938 a 1950) zdokumentoval a ikonograficky katalogizoval celkem p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b sedmdes\u00e1t dochovan\u00fdch bubn\u016f.<\/span><\/p><p>Na zhruba jedn\u00e9 t\u0159etin\u011b t\u011bchto bubn\u016f je rozpoznateln\u00e1 centr\u00e1ln\u00ed postava se dv\u011bma kladivy (nebo kladivem a hol\u00ed), kter\u00e1 je v n\u00e1pisech na bubnech i v koment\u00e1\u0159\u00edch konfiskuj\u00edc\u00edch duchovn\u00edch identifikov\u00e1na s Horagallesem. Zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b bohat\u00e9 vyobrazen\u00ed se nach\u00e1z\u00ed na \u00abbindalsk\u00e9m bubnu\u00bb (Stockholm, Nordiska Museet) a na \u00abbubnu ze S\u00f8r-Fron\u00bb (Oslo, Norsk Folkemuseum).<\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>H\u00e5kan Rydving ve sv\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci \u00abThe End of Drum-Time. Religious Change Among the Lule Saami, 1670s to 1740s\u00bb (Uppsala 1995) uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee malby na bubnech nelze \u010d\u00edst jako statick\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn boh\u016f ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed nebo kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteon<\/span>, n\u00fdbr\u017e jako region\u00e1ln\u011b prom\u011bnliv\u00e9, biograficky utv\u00e1\u0159en\u00e9 diagramy jednotliv\u00fdch \u00abnoaidi\u00bb, jejich\u017e obrazov\u00fd sv\u011bt se v\u00fdrazn\u011b prom\u011b\u0148oval v ran\u011b novov\u011bk\u00fdch setk\u00e1n\u00edch s k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00edm.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Juha Pentik\u00e4inen (\u00abShamanism and Northern Ecology\u00bb, Berl\u00edn 1996) a Anna Westman (sborn\u00edk \u00abS\u00e1pmi.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Becoming a Nation\u00bb, Stockholm 2007) tuto tezi potvrdili odkazem na mlad\u0161\u00ed exempl\u00e1\u0159e bubn\u016f a kontextov\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy z Inari a Pite-Lappmarku.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Konsta Kaikkonen ve sv\u00fdch studi\u00edch od roku 2017 (zejm\u00e9na \u00abS\u00e1mi Religious Source Material\u00bb, 2020) upozornil na zkreslen\u00ed pramen\u016f zp\u016fsoben\u00e1 prax\u00ed konfiskace ze strany duchovn\u00edch: mnoh\u00e9 bubny byly pops\u00e1ny p\u0159i \u00abzpov\u011bdi\u00bb a teprve tak byly zapisovateli poskl\u00e1d\u00e1ny do teologicky uspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u00e9ho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn boh\u016f ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed nebo kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonu<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f38d8f6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f38d8f6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5565be6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5565be6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sou\u010dasn\u00e1 recepce<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a53521d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a53521d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ve 20. a 21. stolet\u00ed se s\u00e1msk\u00e1 identita, v\u010detn\u011b n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch prvk\u016f, stala p\u0159edm\u011btem \u0161irok\u00e9ho kulturn\u00edho obrozen\u00ed. S\u00e1msk\u00e9 jazyky jsou podporov\u00e1ny, tradi\u010dn\u00ed um\u011bn\u00ed hry na buben se znovu praktikuje a sta\u0159\u00ed bohov\u00e9 jsou znovu tematizov\u00e1ni p\u0159inejmen\u0161\u00edm jako kulturn\u00ed d\u011bdictv\u00ed.<\/p><p>K \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9mu ofici\u00e1ln\u00edmu n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9mu obrozen\u00ed kultu Horagallese nedo\u0161lo, ale v sou\u010dasn\u00e9m s\u00e1msk\u00e9m um\u011bn\u00ed a literatu\u0159e se objevuje jako <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak, kter\u00fd zastupuje ur\u010ditou p\u0159edstavu nebo v\u00fdznam.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> kulturn\u00ed sv\u00e9bytnosti.<\/p>\n\n<p>Ve finsk\u00e9, norsk\u00e9 a \u0161v\u00e9dsk\u00e9 v\u011bt\u0161inov\u00e9 kultu\u0159e je Horagalles m\u00e9n\u011b zn\u00e1m\u00fd ne\u017e Thor a Odin, v posledn\u00edch desetilet\u00edch v\u0161ak d\u00edky rostouc\u00edmu z\u00e1jmu o s\u00e1mskou kulturu z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1 na viditelnosti.<\/p><p>Muzea jako Siida-Museum v Inari, Nordnorsk-Vitenskapsmuseum v Troms\u00f8 a \u00c1jtte-Museum v Jokkmokku prezentuj\u00ed s\u00e1msk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed a jeho bohy \u0161ir\u0161\u00edmu publiku. Toto kulturn\u00ed zviditeln\u011bn\u00ed je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed \u0161ir\u0161\u00edho postkoloni\u00e1ln\u00edho vyrovn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed se s historick\u00fdm \u00fatlakem s\u00e1msk\u00e9 tradice.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3263,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Horagalles","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Horagalles \u2013 b\u016fh hromu S\u00e1m\u016f | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Horagalles (Hora Galles) je s\u00e1msk\u00fd b\u016fh hromu a ochr\u00e1nce sob\u00edch pastvin. 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