{"id":145638,"date":"2026-09-03T16:32:21","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:32:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=145638"},"modified":"2026-09-03T17:01:40","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T17:01:40","slug":"hananim","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/hananim\/","title":{"rendered":"Hananim"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"145638\" class=\"elementor elementor-145638 elementor-3054 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94c829f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"94c829f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b923208 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b923208\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-774a445 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"774a445\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d35426 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3d35426\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hananim, nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed b\u016fh korejsk\u00e9ho \u0161amanismu<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fdceee8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fdceee8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hananim (korejsky \ud558\ub098\ub2d8) je modern\u00ed korejsk\u00fd v\u00fdraz pro \u201eP\u00e1na nebes\u201c nebo \u201enejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho boha\u201c. Na rozd\u00edl od Hwanina, kter\u00fd je mytologicky zakotvenou postavou zakladatelsk\u00e9ho m\u00fdtu, je Hananim n\u00e1bo\u017eenskohistoricky pom\u011brn\u011b nov\u00fdm pojmem, kter\u00fd se od 19. stolet\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fdch, novon\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch a lidov\u011b-spiritu\u00e1ln\u00edch souvislostech.<\/p><p>Jeho vzestup k \u00fast\u0159edn\u00edmu jm\u00e9nu Boha je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 transformace Koreje p\u0159i setk\u00e1n\u00ed se z\u00e1padn\u00edm k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00edm a s vlastn\u00edmi n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdmi reformn\u00edmi hnut\u00edmi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0a87fc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c0a87fc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-000caa7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"000caa7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"B\u016fh \/ bohyn\u011b: Personifikovan\u00e1 nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed moc v panteonu kultury, s jasn\u011b vymezen\u00fdmi oblastmi p\u016fsobnosti \u2014 p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed s\u00edly, osud, v\u00e1lka, plodnost. Uct\u00edvan\u00e1 prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm kult\u016f, ob\u011bt\u00ed a chr\u00e1mov\u00fdch instituc\u00ed.\">B\u016fh<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/korea\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Korejsk\u00fd sv\u011bt boh\u016f, \u0161aman\u016f a lidov\u00fdch duch\u016f.\">Korea<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8cc34b5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8cc34b5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2508a21 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"2508a21\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na t\\u00e9to str\\u00e1nce nebyly nalezeny \\u017e\\u00e1dn\\u00e9 nadpisy.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__2508a21\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__2508a21\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__2508a21\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b31242e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b31242e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3873cfc iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3873cfc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_korea_hananim-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-147237\" alt=\"Hananim \u2013 bohov\u00e9 z korejsk\u00e9 tradice, historicko-ilustrativn\u00ed\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_korea_hananim-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_korea_hananim-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_korea_hananim-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_korea_hananim.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b057e62 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b057e62\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc0b35b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"dc0b35b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f71efa8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f71efa8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Etymologie a historie slova<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b763f60 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b763f60\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pojem Hananim se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z korejsk\u00e9ho \u201ehaneul\u201c (nebe) a honorifika\u010dn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpony \u201e-nim\u201c, co\u017e doslova znamen\u00e1 \u201ect\u011bn\u00e9 nebe\u201c nebo \u201eP\u00e1n nebes\u201c. Ve star\u0161\u00ed form\u011b zn\u011bl Hanunim nebo Hanonim a odkazuje na lidovou praxi oslovovat nebe jako osobn\u00ed moc.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Don Baker ve sv\u00e9 knize \u201eKorean Spirituality\u201c (2008) uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee tato slovn\u00ed forma je v lidov\u00e9 praxi dolo\u017eena u\u017e od 17. a 18. stolet\u00ed, ani\u017e by byla formulov\u00e1na jako uzav\u0159en\u00e1 nauka o Bohu.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet>James Grayson v knize \u201eKorea: A Religious History\u201c (1989) upozornil, \u017ee pojem v modern\u00ed form\u011b Hananim se pevn\u011b ust\u00e1lil a\u017e v 19. stolet\u00ed, nejprve u prvn\u00edch korejsk\u00fdch konvertit\u016f ke katolicismu a p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm u protestantsk\u00fdch mision\u00e1\u0159\u016f konce 19. stolet\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Skot\u0161t\u00ed mision\u00e1\u0159i John Ross a John MacIntyre, kte\u0159\u00ed v roce 1882 v Mukdenu vytvo\u0159ili prvn\u00ed korejsk\u00fd p\u0159eklad Bible, se rozhodli pro Hananim jako p\u0159eklad hebrejsko-\u0159eck\u00e9ho jm\u00e9na Boha. Tato volba trvale ovlivnila pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed protestantskou tradici Koreje.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-982ee3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"982ee3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b40a6e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b40a6e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hananim v lidov\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 tradici<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26981b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"26981b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ne\u017e tento pojem p\u0159evzali k\u0159es\u0165an\u0161t\u00ed mision\u00e1\u0159i, byl Hananim nebo Hanunim osloven\u00edm nebes v mnoh\u00fdch korejsk\u00fdch lidov\u00fdch ob\u0159adech.<\/p><p>Roln\u00edci ho vz\u00fdvali p\u0159ed set\u00edm, \u0161amani ho zmi\u0148ovali v \u017ealozp\u011bvech a rodi\u010de se k n\u011bmu obraceli p\u0159i narozen\u00ed a \u00famrt\u00ed. Tato \u00facta nebyla organizov\u00e1na v r\u00e1mci uzav\u0159en\u00e9ho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn boh\u016f ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed nebo kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonu<\/span>, ale objevovala se jako dal\u0161\u00ed vrstva vedle buddhistick\u00e9, konfuci\u00e1nsk\u00e9 a \u0161amansk\u00e9 religiozity.<\/p>\n\n<p>Boudewijn Walraven ve sv\u00fdch prac\u00edch o korejsk\u00e9m <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd syst\u00e9m, v n\u011bm\u017e specialist\u00e9 komunikuj\u00ed se sv\u011btem duch\u016f.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0161amanismu<\/span> upozornil, \u017ee \u0161amani (\u201emudang\u201c) vz\u00fdvali P\u00e1na nebes \u010dasto jako vzd\u00e1lenou, jen m\u00e1lo zasahuj\u00edc\u00ed moc, zat\u00edmco konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed l\u00e9\u010ditelskou pr\u00e1ci vykon\u00e1vali prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm m\u00edstn\u00edch duch\u016f a horsk\u00fdch bo\u017estev.<\/p><p>Hananim st\u00e1l na vrcholu n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 hierarchie, ani\u017e m\u011bl v b\u011b\u017en\u00e9m \u017eivot\u011b p\u0159\u00edm\u00fd ob\u0159adn\u00ed v\u00fdznam. Tato struktura \u201edeus otiosus\u201c je podle Mircea Eliadeho typick\u00e1 pro severoasijsk\u00e9 formy nebesk\u00e9 v\u00edry.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bfceb0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bfceb0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f63af3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9f63af3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">K\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 p\u0159isvojen\u00ed v 19. stolet\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76c8d34 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"76c8d34\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Volba Hananim jako p\u0159ekladu biblick\u00e9ho jm\u00e9na Boha byla v\u011bdom\u00fdm rozhodnut\u00edm protestantsk\u00e9 mise. Mezi alternativami byly Sanonim (P\u00e1n hor), Shinjeo (bo\u017esk\u00e1 moc) a Sangje (nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed vl\u00e1dce, konfuci\u00e1nsk\u00fd pojem).<\/p><p>John Ross a jeho okruh se rozhodli proti Sangje, proto\u017ee byl p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 spojen s konfuci\u00e1nsk\u00fdm dvorn\u00edm kultem, a proti Shinjeo, proto\u017ee mohl b\u00fdt ch\u00e1p\u00e1n polyteisticky nebo panteisticky. Hananim m\u011bl v\u00fdhodu, \u017ee byl v lidov\u00e9 v\u00ed\u0159e ji\u017e zaveden\u00fd jako osobn\u00ed, jedine\u010dn\u00e1 moc.<\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Druh\u00e1 vlna protestantsk\u00fdch mision\u00e1\u0159\u016f, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm metodist\u016f a presbyteri\u00e1n\u016f z USA, tuto volbu p\u0159evzala v 80. a 90. letech 19. stolet\u00ed. Horace Underwood a Henry Appenzeller, kte\u0159\u00ed dorazili do Soulu v roce 1885, pou\u017e\u00edvali Hananim ve sv\u00e9m p\u0159ekladu Bible i v liturgick\u00e9 praxi.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>T\u00edm byl pojem do roku 1900 pevn\u011b zakotven v korejsk\u00e9 Bibli, co\u017e je n\u00e1lez, kter\u00fd nem\u00e1 v \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 jin\u00e9 v\u00fdchodoasijsk\u00e9 tradici (\u010c\u00edna, Japonsko) srovnatelnou dom\u00e1c\u00ed p\u0159edehru.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0d0280a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0d0280a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-95d7af3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"95d7af3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hananim a katolick\u00e1 tradice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f96e12 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9f96e12\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Star\u0161\u00ed katolick\u00e1 tradice Koreje, dovezen\u00e1 z \u010c\u00edny na konci 18. stolet\u00ed, pou\u017e\u00edvala nejprve \u010d\u00ednsky ovlivn\u011bn\u00fd pojem Cheonju (\u201eP\u00e1n nebes\u201c), zaveden\u00fd Matteem Riccim.<\/p><p>Tento pojem se udr\u017euje v korejsk\u00e9 katolick\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ust\u00e1len\u00fd po\u0159\u00e1dek bohoslu\u017eby n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 obce.\" tabindex=\"0\">liturgii<\/span> a\u017e do sou\u010dasnosti. V korejsk\u00e9m k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00ed tak existuje konfesn\u00ed rozd\u011blen\u00ed pojmenov\u00e1n\u00ed Boha: protestanti ho naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed Hananim, katol\u00edci Cheonju. Oba pojmy jsou pevn\u011b zakotveny v b\u011b\u017en\u00e9m jazykov\u00e9m \u00fazu.<\/p>\n\n<p>Toto rozd\u011blen\u00ed pojmenov\u00e1n\u00ed Boha je n\u00e1bo\u017eenskohistoricky pozoruhodn\u00e9 a v posledn\u00edch desetilet\u00edch vedlo k ekumenick\u00fdm diskus\u00edm. Don Baker upozornil, \u017ee volba r\u016fzn\u00fdch jmen Boha je v\u00edc ne\u017e pouh\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka p\u0159ekladu; ozna\u010duje odli\u0161n\u00e9 teologick\u00e9 vazby: Cheonju se poj\u00ed s hierarchicko-konfuci\u00e1nskou tradic\u00ed, Hananim s lidovou nebeskou zbo\u017enost\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-511364e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"511364e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8483d68 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8483d68\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Novon\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e1 hnut\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bb2d9e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bb2d9e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>I v korejsk\u00fdch novon\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch hnut\u00edch pozdn\u00ed doby Joseon a koloni\u00e1ln\u00edho obdob\u00ed hraje Hananim \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed roli.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Hnut\u00ed Donghak, zalo\u017een\u00e9 v roce 1860 Choe Je-uem, uct\u00edvalo Hannolnim, variantu Hananim, jako personifikovan\u00e9 nebe p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9 v ka\u017ed\u00e9m \u010dlov\u011bku (ve slavn\u00e9 v\u011bt\u011b \u201einnaecheon\u201c, \u201e\u010dlov\u011bk je nebe\u201c). Toto hnut\u00ed vedlo v roce 1894 k velk\u00e9mu povst\u00e1n\u00ed Donghak a bylo pozd\u011bji institucionalizov\u00e1no jako Cheondogyo.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p>Tak\u00e9 Daejonggyo, kter\u00e9 v roce 1909 systematicky formulovalo tradici Dangun-Hwanin, pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 Hananim jako ozna\u010den\u00ed pro nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho boha svat\u00e9 trojice. Pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed hnut\u00ed Sun Myung Moona (Sjednocovac\u00ed c\u00edrkev) p\u0159evzalo pojem z korejsk\u00e9 k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 tradice. Tato rozmanitost ukazuje, jak otev\u0159enou n\u00e1bo\u017eenskou jazykovou formou je Hananim a jak jej r\u016fzn\u00e9 proudy vyu\u017eily pro odli\u0161n\u00e9 teologick\u00e9 programy.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8badfd1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8badfd1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-165c229 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"165c229\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hananim a Cheonju ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-616653e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"616653e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Volbu mezi Hananim a Cheonju lze popsat nejen konfesijn\u011b, ale i z hlediska jazykov\u00e9 historie. Hananim je \u010dist\u011b korejsk\u00fd v\u00fdraz, Cheonju je sinokorejsk\u00e1 konstrukce. Tyto jazykov\u00e9 rozd\u00edly se odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed ve vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed v\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00edch.<\/p><p>Zat\u00edmco Hananim je vn\u00edm\u00e1n jako d\u016fv\u011brn\u00fd, lidov\u00fd a osobn\u00ed, Cheonju plat\u00ed za form\u00e1ln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, d\u016fstojn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a spisovn\u00fd. Oba pojmy tak maj\u00ed odli\u0161n\u00e9 konotace, ani\u017e by mezi nimi existovala jednozna\u010dn\u00e1 teologick\u00e1 hierarchie.<\/p>\n\n<p>Antonetta Bruno ve sv\u00fdch prac\u00edch o korejsk\u00e9m n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9m jazyce navrhla ch\u00e1pat toto rozli\u0161en\u00ed jako z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b udr\u017eovanou v\u00edcejazy\u010dnost uvnit\u0159 korejsk\u00e9 religiozity. Ukazuje, jak m\u016f\u017ee jeden jazyk m\u00edt dv\u011b r\u016fzn\u00e1 slova pro stejnou z\u00e1kladn\u00ed teologickou kategorii, ani\u017e by to vedlo k z\u00e1m\u011bn\u011b.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f80e53 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7f80e53\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a56984 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7a56984\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sou\u010dasn\u00e9 u\u017eit\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed8050a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ed8050a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dnes je Hananim standardn\u00edm v\u00fdrazem pro k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9ho Boha v korejsk\u00e9 protestantsk\u00e9 tradici. S v\u00edce ne\u017e deseti miliony protestant\u016f v Ji\u017en\u00ed Koreji a silnou p\u0159\u00edtomnost\u00ed korejsk\u00fdch c\u00edrkv\u00ed v zahrani\u010d\u00ed m\u00e1 tento pojem velmi \u0161irok\u00e9 roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p><p>Z\u00e1rove\u0148 se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 v liter\u00e1rn\u00edch i nen\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch kontextech jako obecn\u00e9 ozna\u010den\u00ed pro Boha, nap\u0159\u00edklad v b\u00e1sn\u00edch, v b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch zvol\u00e1n\u00edch a ve filozofick\u00e9m jazyce.<\/p>\n\n<p>Zachov\u00e1n\u00ed tohoto pojmu v modern\u00ed korejsk\u00e9 slovn\u00ed z\u00e1sob\u011b je pozoruhodn\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem religionsd\u011bjinn\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinnosti p\u016fvodn\u011b lidov\u011b n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho osloven\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm misijn\u00edho p\u0159evzet\u00ed stalo hlavn\u00ed teologickou kategori\u00ed.<\/p><p>James Grayson tento proces zhodnotil jako \u00abrelativn\u011b jedine\u010dn\u00fd ve sv\u011btov\u00e9m k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9m misijn\u00edm d\u011bn\u00ed\u00bb, proto\u017ee ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b ostatn\u00edch jazyk\u016f museli p\u0159ekladatel\u00e9 Bible bu\u010f vytvo\u0159it nov\u00fd v\u00fdraz, nebo v\u00fdrazn\u011b p\u0159eformulovat v\u00fdznam st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edho pojmu. V korejsk\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b z\u016fstal st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed pojem ve sv\u00e9m v\u00fdznamu z velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti nezm\u011bn\u011bn a k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jej pouze teologicky zp\u0159esnilo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93d633f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"93d633f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e4d127 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4e4d127\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Stav bad\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c170e14 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c170e14\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Bad\u00e1n\u00ed o Hananim vedou p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm James Grayson, Don Baker, Boudewijn Walraven a Antonetta Bruno. V posledn\u00edch t\u0159ech desetilet\u00edch objasnili historickou hloubku i historick\u00fd v\u00fdznam tohoto pojmu.<\/p><p>Systematick\u00e9 slovn\u00ed d\u011bjiny se v\u0161emi relevantn\u00edmi doklady z lidov\u011b n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch, k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fdch a novon\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch text\u016f v\u0161ak dosud nebyly zcela p\u0159edlo\u017eeny. Maurizio Riotto se v n\u011bkolika stat\u00edch k korejsk\u00fdm n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm d\u011bjin\u00e1m zab\u00fdval souvislost\u00ed se severoasijskou tengristickou tradic\u00ed, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e opatrn\u011b konstatoval, \u017ee p\u0159\u00edmou linii nelze prok\u00e1zat.<\/p>\n\n<p>V \u0161ir\u0161\u00edm v\u011bdeck\u00e9m r\u00e1mci je Hananim p\u0159\u00edkladem teoretick\u00e9 diskuse o \u00abot\u00e1zce prabytostn\u00e9ho boha\u00bb, kterou do centra z\u00e1jmu postavili Mircea Eliade a Wilhelm Schmidt v prvn\u00ed polovin\u011b 20. stolet\u00ed.<\/p><p>Teze o p\u016fvodn\u00edm vrchn\u00edm bohu, kter\u00fd je n\u00e1sledn\u011b zast\u00edn\u011bn jin\u00fdmi bo\u017estvy, se v modern\u00edm religionistick\u00e9m v\u00fdzkumu setkala s kritikou, p\u0159esto z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 relevantn\u00edm r\u00e1mcem diskuse pro korejsk\u00fd n\u00e1lez.<\/p><p>Hananim ukazuje, jak m\u016f\u017ee lidov\u011b n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd pojem vrchn\u00edho boha z\u016fstat po stalet\u00ed p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fd, ani\u017e by byl zakotven v uzav\u0159en\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e1 nauka o Bohu a o v\u00ed\u0159e ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologii<\/span>, a jak m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt znovu aktivov\u00e1n prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch teologick\u00fdch program\u016f.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75e7f10 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"75e7f10\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac99849 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ac99849\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Donghak, Choe Je-u a teologie Hannolnim<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-852ff55 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"852ff55\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed samostatn\u00e1 korejsk\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e1 nauka o Bohu a o v\u00ed\u0159e ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologie<\/span> 19. stolet\u00ed navazuje na Hananim. Choe Je-u (1824 a\u017e 1864), zakladatel hnut\u00ed Donghak (\u00abV\u00fdchodn\u00ed u\u010den\u00ed\u00bb), vypr\u00e1v\u011bl o mystick\u00e9m setk\u00e1n\u00ed v roce 1860, p\u0159i kter\u00e9m mu Nebesk\u00fd P\u00e1n Hannolnim sd\u011blil u\u010den\u00ed o vnit\u0159n\u00edm nebi.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Jeho texty, shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00e9 v d\u00edle \u00abDonggyeong daejeon\u00bb (1880) a \u00abYongdam yusa\u00bb (1881), formuluj\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00ed u\u010den\u00ed, \u017ee \u010dlov\u011bk a nebe nejsou odd\u011blen\u00e9. \u00dast\u0159edn\u00ed v\u00fdrok \u00absi cheonju\u00bb (\u00abnosit Nebesk\u00e9ho P\u00e1na v sob\u011b\u00bb) se u jeho n\u00e1stupce Choe Si-hjonga a p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm u Son Byong-hiho vyvinul do radik\u00e1ln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed formule \u00abinnaecheon\u00bb (\u00ab\u010dlov\u011bk je nebe\u00bb).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Tato teologick\u00e1 pozice se spojila se soci\u00e1ln\u011b kritickou prax\u00ed, kter\u00e1 st\u00e1la Choe Je-ua v roce 1864 \u017eivot; byl popraven za <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed odchyluj\u00edc\u00ed se od uzn\u00e1van\u00e9 c\u00edrkevn\u00ed nauky.\" tabindex=\"0\">herezi<\/span> a vzpouru. Hnut\u00ed vedlo v roce 1894 k velk\u00e9mu rolnick\u00e9mu povst\u00e1n\u00ed Donghak, kter\u00e9 nejprve dos\u00e1hlo region\u00e1ln\u00edch \u00fasp\u011bch\u016f, ale pot\u00e9 bylo vojensky potla\u010deno japonsk\u00fdmi a konfuci\u00e1nsko-korejsk\u00fdmi vojsky.<\/span><\/p><p>Don Baker a Susan Shin ve sv\u00fdch prac\u00edch o hnut\u00ed Donghak uk\u00e1zali, \u017ee Hananim-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e1 nauka o Bohu a o v\u00ed\u0159e ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologie<\/span> hnut\u00ed Donghak p\u0159edstavuje samostatn\u00fd korejsk\u00fd pokus formulovat modern\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed, ani\u017e by se pod\u0159\u00eddil z\u00e1padn\u00edmu k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00ed nebo konfuci\u00e1nsk\u00e9mu dvorsk\u00e9mu kultu.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Son Byong-hi hnut\u00ed v roce 1905 institucionalizoval jako Cheondogyo (\u00abN\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed nebesk\u00e9 cesty\u00bb), kter\u00e9 v obdob\u00ed koloni\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00e9ry hr\u00e1lo d\u016fle\u017eitou roli v hnut\u00ed za nez\u00e1vislost, nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159i Hnut\u00ed prvn\u00edho b\u0159ezna 1919.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d393860 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d393860\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-531e742 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"531e742\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Korejsk\u00fd term\u00edn Question<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-794cfb9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"794cfb9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Rozhodnut\u00ed protestantsk\u00fdch mision\u00e1\u0159\u016f pro Hananim je jako \u00abkorejsk\u00e1 Term Question\u00bb sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdchodoasijsk\u00e9 diskuse. V \u010c\u00edn\u011b vedla obdobn\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka mezi Shen, Shangdi a Tianzhu ke stalet\u00fdm kontroverz\u00edm od dob adapta\u010dn\u00edch snah Matteo Ricciho.<\/p><p>V Japonsku se mision\u00e1\u0159i v 19. stolet\u00ed rozhodli pro <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V japonsk\u00e9m \u0161intoismu uct\u00edvan\u00e9 duchovn\u00ed bytosti a bo\u017esk\u00e9 s\u00edly.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kami<\/span> jako p\u0159ekladov\u00e9 slovo, co\u017e vedlo k v\u00fdrazn\u00fdm ztr\u00e1t\u00e1m ve v\u00fdznamu. V korejsk\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b prob\u00edhala ot\u00e1zka pom\u011brn\u011b rychle a bez v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch spor\u016f, co\u017e Don Baker p\u0159i\u010d\u00edt\u00e1 strukturn\u00ed bl\u00edzkosti lidov\u011b n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho Hananima k osobn\u00edmu vrchn\u00edmu bohu.<\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>John Ross vydal v roce 1877 \u00abCorean Primer\u00bb a v roce 1882 prvn\u00ed biblick\u00e9 p\u0159eklady z \u0159eck\u00e9ho Nov\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona. Jeho okruh spolupracovn\u00edk\u016f tvo\u0159ili ran\u00ed korej\u0161t\u00ed konvertit\u00e9 Seo Sang-ryun a Baek Hong-jun.<\/span><\/p><p>Volbu Hananim zd\u016fvod\u0148oval Ross t\u00edm, \u017ee korejsk\u00e9 obyvatelstvo \u00abnejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho Boha pod t\u00edmto jm\u00e9nem ji\u017e zn\u00e1\u00bb, co\u017e pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdzkum hodnot\u00ed jako v\u00fdsti\u017en\u00e9, av\u0161ak teologicky p\u0159iost\u0159en\u00e9.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Americk\u00fd teolog James Scarth Gale rozvinul ve sv\u00fdch d\u00edlech \u00abKorean Sketches\u00bb (1898) a \u00abThe Cloud Dream of the Nine\u00bb (1922) liter\u00e1rn\u00ed zprost\u0159edkov\u00e1n\u00ed Hananima do anglicky mluv\u00edc\u00edho sv\u011bta.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0904447 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0904447\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ea33b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ea33b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hananim v modern\u00ed teologii a kultu\u0159e<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf2fc1b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cf2fc1b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ve 20. a 21. stolet\u00ed pro\u0161el Hananim n\u011bkolika teologick\u00fdmi zpracov\u00e1n\u00edmi. Korejsk\u00e1 minjungsk\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e9 u\u010den\u00ed o Bohu a v\u00ed\u0159e n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologie<\/span>, teologie osvobozen\u00ed 70. a 80. let 20. stolet\u00ed kolem Suh Nam-donga a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159edek, kter\u00e9mu je v mnoha kultur\u00e1ch vzd\u00e1v\u00e1na \u00facta jako ochrann\u00e9 moci.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ahn<\/span> Byung-mua, ztoto\u017enila Hananima s Bohem tr\u00fdzn\u011bn\u00fdch a utla\u010dovan\u00fdch a spojila ho se zku\u0161enost\u00ed han, kolektivn\u00edm utrpen\u00edm korejsk\u00e9ho obyvatelstva pod kolonialismem, v\u00e1lkou a diktaturou.<\/p><p>Toto teologick\u00e9 spojen\u00ed Hananima se soci\u00e1ln\u00edm utrpen\u00edm formuje korejskou protestantskou identitu a\u017e do sou\u010dasnosti.<\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Naproti tomu stoj\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e9 u\u010den\u00ed o Bohu a v\u00ed\u0159e n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologie<\/span> korejsk\u00fdch letni\u010dn\u00edch c\u00edrkv\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na Yoido Full Gospel Church Cho Yonggiho (1936 a\u017e 2021), kter\u00e1 oslovovala Hananima jako d\u00e1rce hmotn\u00e9ho a duchovn\u00edho po\u017eehn\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p>Oba v\u00fdklady, soci\u00e1ln\u00ed i prosperitn\u011b-teologick\u00fd, zakotvily Hananima jako korejsk\u00e9 jm\u00e9no Boha hluboko v modern\u00edm n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9m v\u011bdom\u00ed. Sebastian Kim, James Grayson a Robert Buswell dokumentovali ve sv\u00fdch prac\u00edch o modern\u00ed korejsk\u00e9 religiozit\u011b mnohovrstevnatost t\u011bchto p\u0159ivlastn\u011bn\u00ed Hananima.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f594dd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2f594dd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f84ec19 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f84ec19\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Prameny a literatura<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c5fcbcf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c5fcbcf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p><span data-nosnippet>Prim\u00e1rn\u00ed prameny: Choe Je-u, \u00abDonggyeong daejeon\u00bb (postum 1880) a \u00abYongdam yusa\u00bb (postum 1881); John Ross, \u00abHistory of Corea, Ancient and Modern\u00bb (Paisley 1879) a \u00abCorean Primer\u00bb (Shanghai 1877); James Scarth Gale, \u00abKorean Sketches\u00bb (New York 1898); Horace G. Underwood, \u00abThe Religions of Eastern Asia\u00bb (New York 1910).<\/span><\/p><p>Sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed literatura:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>James H. Grayson, \u00abKorea: A Religious History\u00bb (Oxford 1989, 2002) a \u00abEarly Buddhism and Christianity in Korea\u00bb (Leiden 1985).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Don Baker, \u00abKorean Spirituality\u00bb (Honolulu 2008) a \u00abCatholics and Anti-Catholicism in Choson Korea\u00bb (Honolulu 2017).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Boudewijn Walraven, \u00abSongs of the Shaman\u00bb (London 1994).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Susan Shin, \u00abTonghak Thought: The Roots of Revolution\u00bb, in \u00abKorea Journal\u00bb 19 (1979).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Sebastian Kim, \u00abIn Search of Identity: Debates on Religious Conversion in India\u00bb s korejsk\u00fdmi srovn\u00e1vac\u00edmi pas\u00e1\u017eemi (Oxford 2003).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>George Paik, \u00abThe History of Protestant Missions in Korea 1832-1910\u00bb (Pyongyang 1929, ND Seoul 1980).<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span data-nosnippet>K Term Question viz Sung-Deuk Oak, \u00abThe Making of Korean Christianity\u00bb (Waco 2013).<\/span><\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3243,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Hananim","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Hananim \u2013 nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed b\u016fh Koreje | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Hananim je nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed nebesk\u00fd b\u016fh korejsk\u00e9ho \u0161amanismu: stvo\u0159itel vesm\u00edru, p\u0159evzat\u00fd v k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00ed jako jm\u00e9no 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