{"id":145636,"date":"2026-09-03T16:32:19","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:32:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=145636"},"modified":"2026-09-03T17:01:36","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T17:01:36","slug":"tsongkhapa","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/tsongkhapa\/","title":{"rendered":"Tsongkhapa"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"145636\" class=\"elementor elementor-145636 elementor-3052 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff07ec5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ff07ec5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2587cd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d2587cd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2283551 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2283551\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c119749 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c119749\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tsongkhapa, zakladatel \u0161koly gelug<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f77872 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7f77872\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tsongkhapa Lobsang Dragpa (1357 a\u017e 1419) byl tibetsk\u00fd u\u010denec, kl\u00e1\u0161tern\u00ed reform\u00e1tor a zakladatel tradice gelug (\u00ab\u0161kola ctnostn\u00fdch\u00bb), kter\u00e1 je od 17. stolet\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm a politicky dominantn\u00edm proudem tibetsk\u00e9ho buddhismu.<\/p><p>Z t\u00e9to \u0161koly vze\u0161la linie dalajlam\u016f a pan\u010dhenlam\u016f. Tsongkhapa je pova\u017eov\u00e1n za jednoho z nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch systematik\u016f v d\u011bjin\u00e1ch tibetsk\u00e9ho buddhismu a sv\u00fdm rozs\u00e1hl\u00fdm d\u00edlem i zalo\u017een\u00edm kl\u00e1\u0161tera Ganden ovlivnil scholastickou tradici.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab9f544 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ab9f544\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c85aa6a elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"c85aa6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"B\u016fh \/ bohyn\u011b: Personifikovan\u00e1 nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed moc v panteonu ur\u010dit\u00e9 kultury s jasn\u00fdmi oblastmi p\u016fsobnosti \u2014 p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed s\u00edly, osud, v\u00e1lka, plodnost. Uct\u00edv\u00e1n kulty, ob\u011btmi a chr\u00e1mov\u00fdmi institucemi.\">B\u016fh<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/tibet\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tibetsko-buddhistick\u00e1 a b\u00f6nsk\u00e1 tradice \u2014 jidam, dharmap\u00e1la, sv\u011bt n\u00e1g\u016f.\">Tibet<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9c56ca e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c9c56ca\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16d86f7 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"16d86f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na t\\u00e9to str\\u00e1nce nebyly nalezeny \\u017e\\u00e1dn\\u00e9 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8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__16d86f7\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__16d86f7\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__16d86f7\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-473c36f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"473c36f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-07c53db iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"07c53db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_tsongkhapa-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-147210\" alt=\"Congkhapa \u2013 bohov\u00e9 z tibetsk\u00e9 tradice, historicko-ilustrativn\u00ed\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_tsongkhapa-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_tsongkhapa-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_tsongkhapa-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_tsongkhapa.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec5b4e8 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ec5b4e8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c96e6c7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c96e6c7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-238d336 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"238d336\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u017divotn\u00ed dr\u00e1ha a biografie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54cceea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"54cceea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tsongkhapa se narodil ve v\u00fdchodotibetsk\u00e9m regionu Amdo, v dne\u0161n\u00ed provincii \u010cching-chaj. Jeho rodi\u0161t\u011b je identifikov\u00e1no jako Tsongkha, co\u017e mu vyneslo p\u0159\u00edzvisko \u00abmu\u017e z Tsongkhy\u00bb. Prvn\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e1 studia absolvoval v nedalek\u00e9m kl\u00e1\u0161te\u0159e lini\u00ed nyingma a kadampa.<\/p><p>V \u0161estn\u00e1cti letech ode\u0161el do centr\u00e1ln\u00edho Tibetu, aby studoval na velk\u00fdch kl\u00e1\u0161terech Sangphu a Nethang. V n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch t\u0159ech desetilet\u00edch se pohyboval mezi n\u011bkolika kl\u00e1\u0161tery a u\u010dil se u u\u010ditel\u016f v\u0161ech tehdy v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch tradic.<\/p>\n\n<p>Robert Thurman ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle \u00abLife and Teachings of Tsong Khapa\u00bb (1982) podrobn\u011b zmapoval Tsongkhapovu \u017eivotn\u00ed dr\u00e1hu a uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee jeho vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed politika c\u00edlen\u011b sm\u011b\u0159ovala k integraci v\u0161ech tehdej\u0161\u00edch studijn\u00edch tradic.<\/p><p>Jeho nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm u\u010ditelem pro studium <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V hinduismu a buddhismu stru\u010dn\u011b formulovan\u00fd u\u010debn\u00ed text.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00fatr<\/span> byl Drakpa Gyaltsen, pro tantrick\u00e1 studia to byli p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm Khedrup Je a Gyaltsab Je. Dal\u0161\u00edm d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm u\u010ditelem byl sakjapsk\u00fd mistr Rendawa Shy\u00f6nnu Lodr\u00f6, kter\u00fd ho zejm\u00e9na \u0161kolil ve filozofii madhjamaka. Tento \u0161irok\u00fd vzd\u011blanostn\u00ed z\u00e1klad utv\u00e1\u0159el pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed profil \u0161koly gelug.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f64bbb4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f64bbb4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0f9ab83 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0f9ab83\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">N\u00e1bo\u017eensko-filozofick\u00fd program<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9bbbea1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9bbbea1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tsongkhap\u016fv filozofick\u00fd program sm\u011b\u0159oval k d\u016fsledn\u00e9mu spojen\u00ed u\u010den\u00e9 tradice <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V hinduismu a buddhismu stru\u010dn\u011b formulovan\u00fd u\u010debn\u00ed text.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00fatr<\/span> s tantrickou prax\u00ed.<\/p><p>Trval na tom, \u017ee ob\u011b cesty je t\u0159eba absolvovat v uspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u00e9m po\u0159ad\u00ed: nejprve z\u00e1klady kl\u00e1\u0161tern\u00ed discipl\u00edny (vinaja), pot\u00e9 systematickou filozofii <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V hinduismu a buddhismu stru\u010dn\u011b formulovan\u00fd u\u010debn\u00ed text.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00fatr<\/span> podle m\u011b\u0159\u00edtek madhjamaky a pram\u00e1ny, a kone\u010dn\u011b tantrick\u00e1 zasv\u011bcen\u00ed a praxe. Toto uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed se stalo z\u00e1kladem studijn\u00ed reformy gelug a normou pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edho tibetsk\u00e9ho kl\u00e1\u0161tern\u00edho vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n<p>Jeho nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm d\u00edlem je \u00abLam Rim \u010chenmo\u00bb, \u00abVelk\u00fd stup\u0148ovit\u00fd postup k osv\u00edcen\u00ed\u00bb, dokon\u010den\u00fd roku 1402, kter\u00fd popisuje duchovn\u00ed cestu b\u00f3dhisattvy ve t\u0159ech stupn\u00edch (ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed, st\u0159edn\u00ed a vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed motivace).<\/p><p>Donald Lopez a Joshua Cutler p\u0159elo\u017eili toto d\u00edlo do angli\u010dtiny ve v\u00edce svazc\u00edch a vysv\u011btlili jeho filozofick\u00e9 p\u0159edpoklady. Je pova\u017eov\u00e1no za kl\u00ed\u010dovou u\u010debnici tradice gelug a dodnes se v kl\u00e1\u0161terech memoruje a komentuje.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-157b82d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"157b82d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b04173 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5b04173\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Interpretace madhjamaky<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8154cdb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8154cdb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ve filozofick\u00e9 oblasti je Tsongkhapa zn\u00e1m p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm svou interpretac\u00ed \u0161koly madhjamaka N\u00e1g\u00e1rd\u017euny. Zast\u00e1val takzvanou pozici \u00abprasangika-madhjamaka\u00bb, kter\u00e1 odm\u00edtala jak\u00e1koli obsahov\u00e1 tvrzen\u00ed o posledn\u00ed skute\u010dnosti a d\u016fsledn\u011b dialekticky rozv\u00edjela u\u010den\u00ed o \u00abpr\u00e1zdnot\u011b\u00bb (\u0161\u00fanjat\u00e1).<\/p><p>Jeho hlavn\u00edm d\u00edlem v t\u00e9to oblasti je \u00abJasnost my\u0161lenek\u00bb (\u00abdgongs pa rab gsal\u00bb), v n\u011bm\u017e recipoval koment\u00e1\u0159ovou tradici indick\u00e9ho madhjamiky \u010candrak\u00edrtiho a h\u00e1jil ji proti odli\u0161n\u00fdm v\u00fdklad\u016fm.<\/p>\n\n<p>Jos\u00e9 Cabez\u00f3n ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle \u00abA Dose of Emptiness\u00bb (1992) uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee Tsongkhapovo ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed madhjamaky se v rozhoduj\u00edc\u00edch bodech li\u0161ilo od d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00edch tibetsk\u00fdch v\u00fdklad\u016f. Zejm\u00e9na odm\u00edtal p\u0159edstavu, \u017ee by pr\u00e1zdnota mohla b\u00fdt ch\u00e1p\u00e1na jako sv\u00e9bytn\u00e9, pozitivn\u011b ur\u010diteln\u00e9 absolutum.<\/p><p>Tato pozice vyvolala odpor z \u0159ad \u0161kol nyingma a sakja, jejich\u017e z\u00e1stupci mu vyt\u00fdkali p\u0159\u00edli\u0161nou negativitu. Spor o pr\u00e1zdnotu, kter\u00fd t\u00edm vznikl, ovlivnil tibetskou filozofii po n\u011bkolik stolet\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3deba7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3deba7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea81549 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ea81549\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tantrick\u00e1 d\u00edla<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0b27c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0b27c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Krom\u011b studia <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V hinduismu a buddhismu stru\u010dn\u011b formulovan\u00fd u\u010debn\u00ed text.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00fatr<\/span> byl Tsongkhapa tak\u00e9 v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm u\u010dencem a praktikuj\u00edc\u00edm nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edch tantrick\u00fdch j\u00f3g. Jeho d\u00edlo \u00absngags rim \u010dhen mo\u00bb (\u00abVelk\u00fd stup\u0148ovit\u00fd postup manter\u00bb, 1405) je tantrick\u00fdm prot\u011bj\u0161kem d\u00edla \u00abLam Rim \u010chenmo\u00bb.<\/p><p>Uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1v\u00e1 tantrick\u00e9 praktiky do \u010dty\u0159 t\u0159\u00edd (krija-, \u010darja-, j\u00f3ga-, anuttaraj\u00f3ga-tantra) a pro ka\u017edou z nich uv\u00e1d\u00ed p\u0159edpoklady, metody a v\u00fdsledky. Toto systematick\u00e9 uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed se stalo z\u00e1kladem tantrick\u00e9 v\u00fduky v tradici gelug.<\/p>\n\n<p>Tsongkhapa byl tak\u00e9 v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm koment\u00e1torem Guhjasam\u00e1d\u017ea-tantry, kterou pova\u017eoval za nejz\u00e1sadn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed anuttaraj\u00f3ga-tantru. P\u0159edm\u011btem jeho intenzivn\u00ed koment\u00e1torsk\u00e9 \u010dinnosti byly rovn\u011b\u017e \u010cakrasamvara- a Jam\u00e1ntaka-tantra. Christian Wedemeyer ve sv\u00fdch studi\u00edch o \u00c1ryad\u00e9vovi a \u010candrak\u00edrtim uk\u00e1zal, jak Tsongkhapa spojil tantrickou tradici s filozofi\u00ed madhjamaka do jednotn\u00e9 celkov\u00e9 koncepce.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b335914 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b335914\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd96f2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cd96f2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zalo\u017een\u00ed kl\u00e1\u0161tera Ganden a velk\u00e1 modlitba<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a857d0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4a857d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V roce 1409 zah\u00e1jil Tsongkhapa \u00abMonlam \u010chenmo\u00bb, \u00abVelkou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jazykov\u00e9 obr\u00e1cen\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bka k bo\u017estvu.\" tabindex=\"0\">modlitbu<\/span> z Lhasy\u00bb, jednadvacetidenn\u00ed kl\u00e1\u0161tern\u00ed slavnost, kter\u00e1 se konala ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b k tibetsk\u00e9mu nov\u00e9mu roku a shroma\u017e\u010fovala tis\u00edce mnich\u016f a laik\u016f.<\/p><p>Tato slavnost etablovala Tsongkhapovo reformn\u00ed hnut\u00ed jako viditelnou veli\u010dinu v n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9m \u017eivot\u011b Tibetu. Ve stejn\u00e9m roce zalo\u017eil kl\u00e1\u0161ter Ganden na ho\u0159e v\u00fdchodn\u011b od Lhasy, kter\u00fd se stal mate\u010dn\u00fdm kl\u00e1\u0161terem tradice gelug.<\/p>\n\n<p>O n\u011bkolik let pozd\u011bji n\u00e1sledovala zalo\u017een\u00ed Drepungu (1416 Jamjangem \u010cod\u017ee, \u017e\u00e1kem Tsongkhapy) a Sery (1419 Sakja Je\u0161em, dal\u0161\u00edm \u017e\u00e1kem). Tyto t\u0159i kl\u00e1\u0161tery, \u00abt\u0159i s\u00eddla u\u010denosti\u00bb, se rozrostly na nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed kl\u00e1\u0161tern\u00ed komplexy tibetsk\u00e9ho buddhismu a v dob\u011b sv\u00e9ho rozkv\u011btu hostily ka\u017ed\u00fd n\u011bkolik tis\u00edc mnich\u016f.<\/p><p>Per S\u00f8rensen ve sv\u00fdch prac\u00edch o tibetsk\u00fdch kl\u00e1\u0161tern\u00edch d\u011bjin\u00e1ch uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee vlna zakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed \u0161kol gelug v ran\u00e9m 15. stolet\u00ed p\u0159inesla hospod\u00e1\u0159skou a politickou prom\u011bnu centr\u00e1ln\u00edho Tibetu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-68a198a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"68a198a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31e0675 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31e0675\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Reforma kl\u00e1\u0161tern\u00edho \u0159\u00e1du<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83c8358 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"83c8358\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Congkhapa kladl zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed d\u016fraz na stroh\u00e9 dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed vinaji, mni\u0161sk\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1du. Kritizoval tehdy roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9 sm\u011b\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed kl\u00e1\u0161tern\u00edch pravidel s tantrickou prax\u00ed a trval na tom, \u017ee mni\u0161i maj\u00ed \u017e\u00edt v celib\u00e1tu a \u0159\u00eddit se tradi\u010dn\u00edmi stravovac\u00edmi p\u0159edpisy.<\/p><p>Tato strohost mu vynesla p\u0159\u00edzvisko \u201edruh\u00fd Buddha\u201c (\u201esangs rgyas gnyis pa\u201c), kter\u00e9 se v tradici gelug pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 dodnes.<\/p>\n\n<p>Reforma se t\u00fdkala i studijn\u00edho \u0159\u00e1du. Congkhapa zavedl pevn\u00fd cyklus hlavn\u00edch studijn\u00edch obor\u016f: vinaja, abhidharma, pram\u00e1na, madhjamaka a prad\u017e\u0148\u00e1p\u00e1ramit\u00e1. Ka\u017ed\u00e9 studium trvalo n\u011bkolik let a bylo zakon\u010deno disputacemi a zkou\u0161kami.<\/p><p>Syst\u00e9m \u201ege\u0161e zkou\u0161ek\u201c, kter\u00fd zalo\u017eil, vedl nakonec ke vzniku titulu \u201ege\u0161e lharampa\u201c, nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho akademick\u00e9ho stupn\u011b \u0161koly gelug. Donald Lopez ve sv\u00e9 knize \u201eThe Madman&#8217;s Middle Way\u201c (2006) zpracoval epistemick\u00fd a institucion\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdznam t\u00e9to reformy.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29b3008 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"29b3008\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-890b427 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"890b427\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Smrt a posmrtn\u00e9 p\u016fsoben\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1fb4c24 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1fb4c24\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Congkhapa zem\u0159el roku 1419 v kl\u00e1\u0161te\u0159e Ganden. Jeho mumifikovan\u00e9 t\u011blo bylo ulo\u017eeno ve st\u00fap\u011b a a\u017e do zni\u010den\u00ed kl\u00e1\u0161tera b\u011bhem kulturn\u00ed revoluce platilo za jedno z nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch poutn\u00edch m\u00edst tibetsk\u00e9ho buddhismu.<\/p><p>Jeho d\u00edlo bylo shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bno do 18 svazk\u016f a v 17. stolet\u00ed vyd\u00e1no jako uzav\u0159en\u00fd korpus ve slavn\u00e9m lhask\u00e9m vyd\u00e1n\u00ed. V n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch stalet\u00edch jeho d\u00edla komentovala \u0159ada u\u010denc\u016f; jen \u201eLam rim \u010dhenmo\u201c vyvolal v\u00edce ne\u017e 100 tibetsk\u00fdch koment\u00e1\u0159\u016f.<\/p>\n\n<p>Congkhap\u016fv den, 25. den 10. tibetsk\u00e9ho m\u011bs\u00edce, se dodnes slav\u00ed jako \u201eGanden Ngam\u010dh\u00f6\u201c velk\u00fdmi sv\u00e1tky s m\u00e1slov\u00fdmi lampami. V modern\u00edm tibetsk\u00e9m buddhismu nen\u00ed jeho postava omezena na \u0161kolu gelug; i v jin\u00fdch tradic\u00edch je uzn\u00e1v\u00e1n jako v\u00fdznamn\u00fd u\u010denec, a to i tam, kde jsou jeho filosofick\u00e9 postoje odm\u00edt\u00e1ny.<\/p><p>Geoffrey Samuel upozornil, \u017ee Congkhapa zauj\u00edm\u00e1 jako kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 institucion\u00e1ln\u00ed osobnost tibetsk\u00e9ho buddhismu podobn\u011b z\u00e1sadn\u00ed postaven\u00ed jako Tom\u00e1\u0161 Akvinsk\u00fd v katolick\u00e9 tradici nebo Maimonides v rab\u00ednsk\u00e9m judaismu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91d3352 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"91d3352\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-432921e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"432921e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed recepce<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d15be08 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d15be08\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V z\u00e1padn\u00ed tibetologii a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bda, kter\u00e1 zkoum\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed srovn\u00e1vac\u00edm zp\u016fsobem a bez vlastn\u00ed v\u00edry.\" tabindex=\"0\">religionistice<\/span> je Congkhapa intenzivn\u011b b\u00e1d\u00e1n od prac\u00ed Giuseppa Tucciho v prvn\u00ed polovin\u011b 20. stolet\u00ed.<\/p><p>David Snellgrove, Robert Thurman, Donald Lopez, Jos\u00e9 Cabez\u00f3n a Jan-Ulrich Sobisch zpracovali jeho d\u00edlo v n\u011bkolika z\u00e1kladn\u00edch studi\u00edch. Congkhap\u016fv \u201eLam rim \u010dhenmo\u201c je dnes dostupn\u00fd v \u00fapln\u00e9m anglick\u00e9m p\u0159ekladu a vybran\u00e9 tantrick\u00e9 texty jsou p\u0159\u00edstupn\u00e9 v kritick\u00fdch vyd\u00e1n\u00edch.<\/p>\n\n<p>V modern\u00edm tibetsk\u00e9m exilu slou\u017e\u00ed Congkhapa jako identifika\u010dn\u00ed postava tradice gelug a z\u00e1ruka institucion\u00e1ln\u00ed kontinuity. 14. dalajlama T\u00e4ndzin Gjamccho zd\u016fraznil v \u0159ad\u011b p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161ek a knih, zejm\u00e9na ve sv\u00fdch koment\u00e1\u0159\u00edch k \u201eLam rim \u010dhenmo\u201c, aktu\u00e1lnost Congkhapy pro sou\u010dasnou buddhistickou praxi.<\/p><p>Mimo specificky buddhistickou recepci je Congkhapa v evropsk\u00e9 a americk\u00e9 akademick\u00e9 filosofii vn\u00edm\u00e1n jako jeden z nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch nez\u00e1padn\u00edch systematik\u016f.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8d55238 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8d55238\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f9b9305 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f9b9305\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Korpus spis\u016f a d\u011bjiny edic<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-80b5746 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"80b5746\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Congkhapovo \u201egsung &#8218;bum\u201c (\u201eSebran\u00e9 spisy\u201c) \u010d\u00edt\u00e1 v tradi\u010dn\u00edm ta\u0161ilhunpsk\u00e9m vyd\u00e1n\u00ed osmn\u00e1ct svazk\u016f, obsahuj\u00edc\u00edch p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 210 samostatn\u00fdch d\u011bl a list\u016f.<\/p><p>Vedle \u201eLamrim \u010dhenmo\u201c (\u201eVelk\u00e1 cesta stup\u0148\u016f k osv\u00edcen\u00ed\u201c, 1402) a \u201eNgakrim \u010dhenmo\u201c (\u201eVelk\u00e1 cesta stup\u0148\u016f <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Svat\u00e1 slabika nebo formule, opakovan\u011b pron\u00e1\u0161en\u00e1 v hinduismu a buddhismu.\" tabindex=\"0\">mantry<\/span>\u201c, 1405) pat\u0159\u00ed k nejp\u016fsobiv\u011bj\u0161\u00edm text\u016fm \u201eDrang-nges legs-bshad snying-po\u201c (\u201ePodstata rozli\u0161en\u00ed provizorn\u00edho a definitivn\u00edho\u201c, 1408), \u201eRigs pa&#8217;i rgya mtsho\u201c (\u201eOce\u00e1n argumentace\u201c, koment\u00e1\u0159 k N\u00e1g\u00e1rd\u017eunovu M\u00falamadhjamakak\u00e1rice) a \u201eLhag mthong \u010dhen mo\u201c (zprost\u0159edkuj\u00edc\u00ed spis o vhledu z Lamrim \u010dhenmo).<\/p><p>Robert A. F. Thurman p\u0159edlo\u017eil v knize \u201eTsongkhapa&#8217;s Speech of Gold in the Essence of True Eloquence\u201c (Princeton 1984) \u00fapln\u00fd anglick\u00fd p\u0159eklad \u201eDrang-nges legs-bshad snying-po\u201c s rozs\u00e1hl\u00fdm religionisticko-historick\u00fdm apar\u00e1tem; Jos\u00e9 Ignacio Cabez\u00f3n zpracoval v knize \u201eA Dose of Emptiness\u201c (Albany 1992) p\u0159eklad koment\u00e1\u0159e mKhas-grub-rjeho k Congkhapovu u\u010den\u00ed madhjamaky.<\/p>\n<p>Textov\u011b-kritick\u00e9 zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed Congkhapov\u00fdch d\u011bl v\u00fdrazn\u011b pokro\u010dilo v posledn\u00edch desetilet\u00edch d\u00edky \u201eSera Jey Library\u201c a \u201eTibetan Buddhist Resource Center\u201c (TBRC, digitaliza\u010dn\u00ed projekt E. Gene Smithe od roku 1999).<\/p><p>Donald S. Lopez Jr. uk\u00e1zal v knize \u201eThe Madman&#8217;s Middle Way\u201c (Chicago 2006) a ve sv\u00fdch stat\u00edch k gelugovsk\u00e9 hermeneutice, \u017ee Congkhapova koment\u00e1torsk\u00e1 metoda byla metodologicky inovativn\u00ed: kombinoval indick\u00fd prasangikov\u00fd styl \u010candrak\u00edrtiho s podrobnou epistemologickou anal\u00fdzou podle Dharmak\u00edrtiho a vytvo\u0159il tak hybrid, kter\u00fd formoval pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed gelugovskou scholastiku a\u017e do 20. stolet\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e02b96 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4e02b96\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5134f5f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5134f5f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Spor o \u201esv\u00e1tantriku\u201c<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ce88a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1ce88a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jedn\u00edm z \u00fast\u0159edn\u00edch doktrin\u00e1ln\u00edch spor\u016f, kter\u00e9 Congkhapa p\u0159inesl do tibetsk\u00fdch d\u011bjin my\u0161len\u00ed, je ot\u00e1zka, zda jsou v madhjamace p\u0159\u00edpustn\u00e1 samostatn\u00e1 logick\u00e1 od\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00ed (sv\u00e1tantra-anum\u00e1na, tib. \u201erang rgyud\u201c), nebo zda lze pou\u017e\u00edvat v\u00fdhradn\u011b d\u016fsledkov\u00e9 \u00fasudky (prasanga). Congkhapa se striktn\u011b postavil na stranu prasangiky v linii Buddhap\u00e1lity a \u010candrak\u00edrtiho proti pozici Bh\u00e1vaviveky, \u010dten\u00e9 jako sv\u00e1tantrika.<\/p><p>Toto postaven\u00ed je rozpracov\u00e1no v \u201eLhag mthong \u010dhen mo\u201c a v \u201eRigs pa&#8217;i rgya mtsho\u201c. N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed \u0161koly reagovaly r\u016fzn\u011b: sakjov\u0161t\u00ed u\u010ditel\u00e9 Gorampa S\u00f6nam Sengge (1429 a\u017e 1489) a \u0160\u00e1kja \u010chogden (1428 a\u017e 1507) s Congkhapou d\u016frazn\u011b nesouhlasili, z \u010deho\u017e vze\u0161la nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vnitrotibetsk\u00e1 filosofick\u00e1 debata 15. a 16. stolet\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Cabez\u00f3n a ge\u0161e Lobsang Dargjaj rekonstruovali argumenta\u010dn\u00ed linie t\u00e9to debaty v n\u011bkolika stat\u00edch, shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00fdch ve svazku \u201eScholasticism\u201c (Albany 1998). Jos\u00e9 Cabez\u00f3n p\u0159elo\u017eil v knize \u201eFreedom from Extremes\u201c (Somerville 2007) Gorampovo hlavn\u00ed d\u00edlo \u201elTa ba&#8217;i shan &#8218;byed\u201c (\u201eRozli\u0161en\u00ed n\u00e1zor\u016f\u201c) a srovnal jej s Congkhapov\u00fdm postojem.<\/p><p>Janet Gyatso uk\u00e1zala v \u201eJournal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies\u201c (sv. 27, 2004), \u017ee debata nez\u016fstala \u010dist\u011b akademick\u00e1, ale byla a\u017e do 17. stolet\u00ed spojena s politick\u00fdmi d\u016fsledky pro postaven\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch kl\u00e1\u0161tern\u00edch center.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b68be83 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b68be83\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4fd2180 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4fd2180\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vztah k tradici b\u00f6n a ke star\u0161\u00edm \u0161kol\u00e1m<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55c1090 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"55c1090\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tsongkhap\u016fv reformn\u00ed program nebyl \u00fapln\u00fdm rozchodem se st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed tibetskou religiozitou, ale sp\u00ed\u0161e nov\u00fdm uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00edm v r\u00e1mci existuj\u00edc\u00edch tradic.<\/p><p>P\u0159evzal podstatn\u00e9 prvky \u0161koly kadampa, kter\u00e1 se ve 11. stolet\u00ed odvozovala od indick\u00e9ho u\u010ditele Ati\u0161hy, a za\u010dlenil je do roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9 filosofick\u00e9 a tantrick\u00e9 koncepce. K n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed b\u00f6n, p\u0159edbuddhistick\u00e9 tibetsk\u00e9 tradici, se v\u00fdslovn\u011b distancoval, ani\u017e by pron\u00e1sledoval jej\u00ed stoupence.<\/p>\n\n<p>Ani v\u016f\u010di tradic\u00edm nyingma-pa a kagj\u00fc-pa, kter\u00e9 uchov\u00e1valy mnoho tantrick\u00fdch lini\u00ed star\u0161\u00edch indick\u00fdch a tibetsk\u00fdch mistr\u016f, neprojevoval politick\u00e9 nep\u0159\u00e1telstv\u00ed. Pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed polarizace mezi tradicemi gelug a nyingma-pa, resp.<\/p><p>kagj\u00fc-pa je sp\u00ed\u0161e d\u016fsledkem politick\u00fdch konflikt\u016f 17. stolet\u00ed, nikoli Tsongkhapov\u00fdm vlastn\u00edm d\u011bdictv\u00edm. Klaus-Dieter Mathes ve sv\u00fdch studi\u00edch o d\u011bjin\u00e1ch tibetsk\u00e9ho buddhismu tento rozd\u00edl opakovan\u011b zd\u016fraznil.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3272,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Tsongkhapa","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Tsongkhapa \u2013 zakladatel \u0161koly gelug | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Tsongkhapa (1357-1419) je zakladatelem tibetsk\u00e9 \u0161koly gelug, duchovn\u00edm otcem dalajlam\u016f. U\u010den\u00ed lamrim, t\u0159i hlavn\u00ed aspekty a jeho v\u00fdznam.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-145636","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Tsongkhapa \u2013 zakladatel \u0161koly gelug | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Tsongkhapa (1357-1419) je zakladatelem tibetsk\u00e9 \u0161koly gelug, duchovn\u00edm otcem dalajlam\u016f. 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