{"id":145635,"date":"2026-09-03T16:32:19","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:32:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=145635"},"modified":"2026-09-03T17:01:35","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T17:01:35","slug":"kral-gesar","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/kral-gesar\/","title":{"rendered":"Kr\u00e1l Gesar"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"145635\" class=\"elementor elementor-145635 elementor-3051 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87d2ada e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"87d2ada\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ac6fc8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2ac6fc8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-422fa97 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"422fa97\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d166bc7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d166bc7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kr\u00e1l Gesar, tibetsk\u00fd hrdinsk\u00fd epos<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10ce150 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"10ce150\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kr\u00e1l Gesar stoj\u00ed v centru nejrozs\u00e1hlej\u0161\u00edho tibetsk\u00e9ho hrdinsk\u00e9ho eposu, kter\u00fd je dodnes \u00fastn\u011b p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161en zp\u011bv\u00e1ky. Kr\u00e1l Gesar z Lingu (tibetsky Gling Ge-sar rgyal-po) je mytick\u00fd vl\u00e1dce tibetsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1rodn\u00edho eposu a je pova\u017eov\u00e1n za centr\u00e1ln\u00ed hrdinskou postavu vnitroasijsk\u00e9 vypr\u00e1v\u011bc\u00ed tradice.<\/p><p>Gesar\u016fv epos m\u00e1 ve sv\u00fdch \u00fapln\u00fdch verz\u00edch p\u0159es milion ver\u0161\u016f a je pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b nejdel\u0161\u00edm \u017eiv\u00fdm eposem sv\u011bta. V roce 2009 byl zaps\u00e1n na seznam nehmotn\u00e9ho kulturn\u00edho d\u011bdictv\u00ed UNESCO. Dodnes jej v mnoha variant\u00e1ch p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed profesion\u00e1ln\u00ed zp\u011bv\u00e1ci v Tibetu, Mongolsku, Burjatsku, Ladaku a Bh\u00fat\u00e1nu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0b0985e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"0b0985e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ebc04dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"ebc04dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"B\u016fh \/ bohyn\u011b: Personifikovan\u00e1 nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed moc v panteonu ur\u010dit\u00e9 kultury s jasn\u00fdmi oblastmi p\u016fsobnosti \u2014 p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed s\u00edly, osud, v\u00e1lka, plodnost. Uct\u00edv\u00e1n kulty, ob\u011btmi a chr\u00e1mov\u00fdmi institucemi.\">B\u016fh<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/tibet\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tibetsko-buddhistick\u00e1 a b\u00f6nsk\u00e1 tradice \u2014 jidam, dharmap\u00e1la, sv\u011bt n\u00e1g\u016f.\">Tibet<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7b6fe9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a7b6fe9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e1c2f54 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"e1c2f54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na t\\u00e9to str\\u00e1nce nebyly nalezeny \\u017e\\u00e1dn\\u00e9 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8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__e1c2f54\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg 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0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__e1c2f54\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-77063d0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"77063d0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5da61ab iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5da61ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_gesar-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-147211\" alt=\"Gesar \u2013 bohov\u00e9 z tibetsk\u00e9 tradice, historicko-ilustrativn\u00ed\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_gesar-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_gesar-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_gesar-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_gesar.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ea962f e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7ea962f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4fdeb0d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4fdeb0d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd6b83c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cd6b83c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Quellenlage und Textgeschichte<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c6ed28 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1c6ed28\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nejstar\u0161\u00ed p\u00edsemn\u00e9 doklady Gesarova eposu poch\u00e1zej\u00ed ze 14. a\u017e 16. stolet\u00ed, \u00fastn\u00ed tradice v\u0161ak pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b sah\u00e1 mnohem d\u00e1le do minulosti.<\/p><p>R. A. Stein ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle \u00abRecherches sur l&#8217;\u00e9pop\u00e9e et le barde au Tibet\u00bb (1959) rozpracoval textovou historii tohoto eposu a uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee existuje v mnoha region\u00e1ln\u00edch verz\u00edch, kter\u00e9 se od sebe m\u00edsty zna\u010dn\u011b li\u0161\u00ed. Kanonizovan\u00e1 forma, dochovan\u00e1 dnes v knihovn\u00e1ch tibetsk\u00fdch kl\u00e1\u0161ter\u016f, obvykle \u010d\u00edt\u00e1 30 a\u017e 120 svazk\u016f.<\/p>\n\n<p>Per S\u00f8rensen a Andreas Gruschke ve sv\u00fdch prac\u00edch o tibetsk\u00e9 historii a geografii zkoumali spojen\u00ed eposu s konkr\u00e9tn\u00edmi geografick\u00fdmi oblastmi ve v\u00fdchodn\u00edm Tibetu (Kham, Amdo) a v hrani\u010dn\u00edch oblastech s Sichuanem, Qinghai a Gansu.<\/p><p>Kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed Ling, kter\u00e9mu Gesar vl\u00e1dne, je spojov\u00e1no s historickou oblast\u00ed kolem horn\u00edho toku \u017dlut\u00e9 \u0159eky, ani\u017e by se poda\u0159ilo jednozna\u010dn\u011b historicky ur\u010dit jeho lokalizaci. Klaus Sagaster ve sv\u00fdch studi\u00edch o mongolsk\u00e9 gesarovsk\u00e9 tradici zkoumal zp\u016fsob p\u0159enosu eposu do mongolsk\u00fdch step\u00ed a jeho tamn\u00ed adaptaci.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-508239c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"508239c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60f77a5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"60f77a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Obsahov\u00e1 struktura<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30e3a51 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"30e3a51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Epos za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 nebesk\u00fdm rozhodnut\u00edm poslat na zem hrdinu b\u00f3dhisattvu, aby zachr\u00e1nil zemi Ling ohro\u017eenou d\u00e9mony. Gesar se narod\u00ed jako syn boha Brahmy a lidsk\u00e9 \u017eeny Gogmo.<\/p><p>Jeho pozemsk\u00e9 jm\u00e9no je Joru a jeho d\u011btstv\u00ed je pln\u00e9 poko\u0159en\u00ed a nedocen\u011bn\u00ed. A\u017e v ko\u0148sk\u00e9m dostihu, kter\u00fd proti v\u0161em o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm vyhraje, je uzn\u00e1n za kr\u00e1le Lingu a p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1 kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 jm\u00e9no Gesar.<\/p>\n\n<p>Hlavn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti eposu tvo\u0159\u00ed 18 tzv. \u00abdobyt\u00ed\u00bb (\u00abdgra &#8218;dul\u00bb), v nich\u017e Gesar bojuje proti d\u00e9mon\u016fm, tyran\u016fm a nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00fdm kr\u00e1l\u016fm a pod\u0159izuje jejich \u00fazem\u00ed buddhismu.<\/p><p>Mezi nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed epizody pat\u0159\u00ed dobyt\u00ed Horu (na severu), dobyt\u00ed Monu (na jihu), dobyt\u00ed Jangu (na v\u00fdchod\u011b) a z\u00e1v\u011bre\u010dn\u00e9 dobyt\u00ed \u017delezn\u00e9 pevnosti v pohrani\u010dn\u00ed oblasti \u010c\u00edny. Na konci se Gesar vrac\u00ed do nebe s p\u0159\u00edslibem, \u017ee se v apokalyptick\u00e9 dob\u011b vr\u00e1t\u00ed jako spasitel.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b972b1e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b972b1e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf6e3e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bf6e3e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Historick\u00e9 a mytick\u00e9 vrstvy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f188d66 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f188d66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Geoffrey Samuel ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle \u00abCivilized Shamans\u00bb (1993) analyzoval n\u00e1bo\u017eenskohistorickou vrstevnatost Gesarova eposu a rozli\u0161il t\u0159i hlavn\u00ed vrstvy. V p\u0159edbuddhistick\u00e9 b\u00f6nsk\u00e9 vrstv\u011b se Gesar jev\u00ed jako bo\u017esk\u00fd kr\u00e1l s \u0161amansk\u00fdmi rysy. V buddhistick\u00e9 vrstv\u011b je stylizov\u00e1n jako b\u00f3dhisattva a obr\u00e1nce dharmy. V pozdn\u00ed vrstv\u011b, \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b specifick\u00e9 pro gelugpa a nyingmapa, je spojov\u00e1n s Padmasambhavou a s tantrick\u00fdmi praktikami.<\/p><p>Tato vrstevnatost vysv\u011btluje nap\u011bt\u00ed uvnit\u0159 dochovan\u00fdch verz\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n<p>Historick\u00e1 identifikace Gesara s \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fdm Caesarem (p\u0159es persk\u00e9 a ujgursk\u00e9 zprost\u0159edkov\u00e1n\u00ed \u00abKesar\u00bb) je star\u0161\u00ed hypot\u00e9za Steina a dal\u0161\u00edch, podpo\u0159en\u00e1 hl\u00e1skovou shodou, nikoli v\u0161ak jasn\u00fdmi historick\u00fdmi doklady.<\/p><p>Jin\u00ed badatel\u00e9, mezi nimi Lauran Hartley a Pema Bhum, spat\u0159uj\u00ed historick\u00e9 j\u00e1dro Gesara sp\u00ed\u0161e v re\u00e1ln\u00e9m tibetsk\u00e9m m\u00edstn\u00edm kr\u00e1li z 11. nebo 12. stolet\u00ed, kter\u00fd byl pov\u00fd\u0161en na legend\u00e1rn\u00ed postavu. Definitivn\u00ed vyjasn\u011bn\u00ed st\u00e1le chyb\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f6f9b6d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f6f9b6d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8280c51 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8280c51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Formy p\u0159ednesu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2aef01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2aef01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Epos p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed profesion\u00e1ln\u00ed zp\u011bv\u00e1ci, kte\u0159\u00ed jsou v tibetsk\u00e9 tradici ozna\u010dov\u00e1ni jako \u00absgrung-mkhan\u00bb nebo \u00abgling-pa\u00bb. \u010casto tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee se epos nenau\u010dili, ale p\u0159ijali jej ve snech nebo viz\u00edch.<\/p><p>N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed zp\u011bv\u00e1ci pat\u0159\u00ed do linie \u00abnositel\u016f lebek\u00bb, kter\u00fdm byl epos p\u0159ed\u00e1n duchy na ur\u010dit\u00e9m inicia\u010dn\u00edm m\u00edst\u011b. V\u00fdzkumy Hu Jinpu, Yang Enhong a Lauran Hartleyov\u00e9 tuto kulturn\u00ed praxi podrobn\u011b zdokumentovaly.<\/p>\n\n<p>P\u0159ednes \u00fapln\u00e9 verze m\u016f\u017ee trvat n\u011bkolik t\u00fddn\u016f. Jednotliv\u00e9 epizody se zp\u00edvaj\u00ed 2 a\u017e 12 hodin.<\/p><p>Zp\u011bv\u00e1ci a zp\u011bva\u010dky pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed tradi\u010dn\u00ed klobouky, bubny a kost\u011bn\u00e9 fl\u00e9tny a navazuj\u00ed na starobyl\u00e9 st\u0159edoasijsk\u00e9 bardovsk\u00e9 tradice, kter\u00e9 jsou ve v\u00fdzkumu srovn\u00e1v\u00e1ny s \u00abmanas\u010dii\u00bb Kyrgyzst\u00e1nu (epos Manas) a s \u00abj\u00f6r\u00f6\u00f6l\u010di\u00bb Mongolska. Klaus Sagaster a Walther Heissig systematicky zkoumali souvislosti t\u011bchto bardovsk\u00fdch tradic.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59a4dd6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"59a4dd6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d787b8c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d787b8c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd v\u00fdznam<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9ca0a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c9ca0a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V tibetsk\u00e9 religiozit\u011b nen\u00ed Gesar jen liter\u00e1rn\u00edm hrdinou, ale sakr\u00e1ln\u00ed postavou, kter\u00e1 je v ur\u010dit\u00fdch lini\u00edch aktivn\u011b uct\u00edv\u00e1na. P\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v tradici nyingma-pa a v n\u011bkter\u00fdch lini\u00edch kagj\u00fc je Gesar pova\u017eov\u00e1n za v\u00e1le\u010dnou manifestaci Padmasambhavy a za ochr\u00e1nce u\u010den\u00ed.<\/p><p>Na jeho po\u010dest se konaj\u00ed ochrann\u00e9 praktiky (gsol-kha) a ritu\u00e1ly (kadidlov\u00e9 ob\u0159ady sang). Donald Lopez ve sv\u00e9 knize \u00abPrisoners of Shangri-La\u00bb (1998) nast\u00ednil roli Gesara v modern\u00ed tibetsk\u00e9 religiozit\u011b a uk\u00e1zal, jak je politick\u00fdmi hnut\u00edmi pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n jako n\u00e1rodn\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak, kter\u00fd zastupuje ur\u010ditou my\u0161lenku nebo v\u00fdznam.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span>.<\/p>\n\n<p>Robert Thurman ve sv\u00fdch prac\u00edch o tibetsk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn tradovan\u00fdch vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o boz\u00edch v ur\u010dit\u00e9 kultu\u0159e.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytologii<\/span> upozornil na mnohov\u00fdznamovost postavy Gesara: spojuje v sob\u011b roli v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9ho hrdiny, sakr\u00e1ln\u00ed ochranu, soci\u00e1ln\u00ed pam\u011b\u0165 a politickou identitu. V kl\u00e1\u0161tern\u00edch ritu\u00e1lech je Gesar \u010dasto zobrazov\u00e1n jako \u010dervenol\u00edc\u00ed jezdec s lanc\u00ed a me\u010dem, doprov\u00e1zen\u00fd sv\u00fdm b\u00edl\u00fdm kon\u011bm Kyang Bu a sv\u00fdmi 30 hrdiny.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df9cc33 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"df9cc33\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-06d0e8b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"06d0e8b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed za hranice Tibetu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c839d05 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c839d05\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gesar\u016fv epos nen\u00ed omezen jen na Tibet, ale pronikl i do mongolsk\u00e9 stepn\u00ed oblasti, do burjatsk\u00e9ho regionu u Bajkalu, do tuvinsk\u00e9 jazykov\u00e9 z\u00f3ny a do mongorsk\u00e9, salarsk\u00e9 a jugursk\u00e9 jazykov\u00e9 komunity na okraji \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e.<\/p><p>V Mongolsku se epos naz\u00fdv\u00e1 \u00abGeser khaan\u00bb a v 17. a 18. stolet\u00ed byl p\u0159elo\u017een do \u00fapln\u00e9 mongolsk\u00e9 verze. Burjatsk\u00e1 varianta m\u00e1 \u0161amansk\u00e9 rysy a v\u00fdrazn\u011b se li\u0161\u00ed od buddhisticky formovan\u00e9 tibetsk\u00e9 hlavn\u00ed verze.<\/p>\n\n<p>Walther Heissig zpracoval v n\u011bkolika svazc\u00edch mongolskou a burjatskou tradici Gesara a uk\u00e1zal, jak l\u00e1tka v ka\u017ed\u00e9m regionu z\u00edsk\u00e1vala vlastn\u00ed m\u00edstn\u00ed zabarven\u00ed. V Ladakhu se epos p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161\u00ed v tibet\u0161tin\u011b a v m\u00edstn\u00edch dialektech a je spojen s tamn\u00edmi poutn\u00edmi m\u00edsty. Z\u00e1pis na seznam UNESCO z roku 2009 vyzdvihuje tento nadn\u00e1rodn\u00ed charakter.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-073fee5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"073fee5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-568986a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"568986a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Modern\u00ed recepce a v\u00fdzkum<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-192990c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"192990c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V \u010c\u00ednsk\u00e9 lidov\u00e9 republice byl Gesar\u016fv epos od pades\u00e1t\u00fdch let 20. stolet\u00ed systematicky dokumentov\u00e1n a vyd\u00e1n v des\u00edtk\u00e1ch svazk\u016f. Pr\u00e1ce sb\u011bratel\u016f a editor\u016f p\u0159itom z\u00e1rove\u0148 vyvolala moderniza\u010dn\u00ed tendence, nap\u0159\u00edklad stanoven\u00ed \u00abstandardn\u00ed verze\u00bb, kter\u00e1 neodpov\u00edd\u00e1 rozmanitosti \u00fastn\u00ed tradice. Lauran Hartley a Pema Bhum tuto tendenci zdokumentovali a kriticky zhodnotili.<\/p>\n\n<p>V evropsk\u00e9m a americk\u00e9m v\u00fdzkumu je Gesar od dob Steina a Heissiga kl\u00ed\u010dovou oblast\u00ed tibetologie a mongolistiky. Aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed pr\u00e1ce o zp\u011bv\u00e1c\u00edch, o liter\u00e1rn\u00edch struktur\u00e1ch, o srovn\u00e1vac\u00edm v\u00fdzkumu epos\u016f a o sou\u010dasn\u00e9 funkci poch\u00e1zej\u00ed mimo jin\u00e9 od Solomona Mow\u010daneceho, Yang Enhong a Robina Kornmana.<\/p><p>Anglick\u00fd p\u0159eklad velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti eposu, vydan\u00fd Robinem Kornmanem a jeho t\u00fdmem pod titulem \u00abThe Epic of Gesar of Ling\u00bb (2012), v\u00fdrazn\u011b roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159il mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed recepci.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e24dbe e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5e24dbe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e78f666 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e78f666\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Politick\u00e9 zneu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a8c80fe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a8c80fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gesar\u016fv epos spl\u0148oval v posledn\u00edch stalet\u00edch r\u016fzn\u00e9 politick\u00e9 funkce. V pozdn\u00ed dob\u011b \u010cching platil za <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak, kter\u00fd zastupuje ur\u010ditou my\u0161lenku nebo v\u00fdznam.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> tibetsk\u00e9 samostatnosti, v obdob\u00ed republiky za v\u00fdraz mongolsko-tibetsk\u00e9ho bratrstv\u00ed.<\/p><p>V \u010c\u00ednsk\u00e9 lidov\u00e9 republice je Gesar ofici\u00e1ln\u011b prezentov\u00e1n jako \u00abhrdina \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 rodiny mnoha n\u00e1rod\u016f\u00bb, co\u017e tibet\u0161t\u00ed intelektu\u00e1lov\u00e9 jako Tsering Shakya kritizovali jako pokus o p\u0159ivlastn\u011bn\u00ed. V Indii a v tibetsk\u00e9m exilu slou\u017e\u00ed Gesar jako n\u00e1rodn\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak, kter\u00fd zastupuje ur\u010ditou my\u0161lenku nebo v\u00fdznam.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> odporu proti kulturn\u00edmu vymaz\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n<p>Tak\u00e9 v r\u00e1mci tibetsk\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch tradic m\u00e1 epos politick\u00fd v\u00fdznam. Nyingma-pa a n\u011bkter\u00e9 linie kagj\u00fc zd\u016fraz\u0148uj\u00ed Gesara jako ochr\u00e1nce tibetsk\u00e9ho lidu, zat\u00edmco tradice gelug-pa, k n\u00ed\u017e pat\u0159\u00ed i dalajlama, zach\u00e1z\u00ed s eposem sp\u00ed\u0161e odta\u017eit\u011b, proto\u017ee zachov\u00e1v\u00e1 mnoho p\u0159edbuddhistick\u00fdch prvk\u016f.<\/p><p>Geoffrey Samuel analyzoval tyto napjat\u00e9 linie jako typick\u00fd v\u00fdraz vnit\u0159n\u00ed pluralismu tibetsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4695fd2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4695fd2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b02e27 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1b02e27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u011bveck\u00e1 tradice a \u00fastn\u00ed tvorba<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ce5353 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4ce5353\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>P\u0159edna\u0161e\u010di Gesarova eposu se v tibetsk\u00e9m jazykov\u00e9m \u00fazu d\u011bl\u00ed do n\u011bkolika kategori\u00ed: \u201ebabs sgrung\u201c (zp\u011bv\u00e1ci, kter\u00fdm epos sestoupil ve viz\u00edch nebo v transu), \u201ethos sgrung\u201c (poslucha\u010d\u0161t\u00ed zp\u011bv\u00e1ci, kte\u0159\u00ed se jej nau\u010dili naslouch\u00e1n\u00edm), \u201edgongs sgrung\u201c (ti, kdo se u\u010d\u00ed prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm p\u0159enosu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Net\u011blesn\u00e1 bytost, j\u00ed\u017e se p\u0159isuzuje p\u016fsoben\u00ed ve sv\u011bt\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">duchem<\/span>) a \u201ebrda sgrung\u201c (zname\u0148ov\u00ed zp\u011bv\u00e1ci, kte\u0159\u00ed pracuj\u00ed s p\u00edsemn\u00fdmi op\u011brami).<\/p><p>Tato klasifikace se objevuje ji\u017e v ran\u00fdch zpr\u00e1v\u00e1ch Rolfa Alfreda Steina v d\u00edle \u201eL&#8217;\u00e9pop\u00e9e tib\u00e9taine de Gesar dans sa version lama\u00efque de Ling\u201c (Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017e 1956) a v \u201eRecherches sur l&#8217;\u00e9pop\u00e9e et le barde au Tibet\u201c (Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017e 1959).<\/p><p>Stein tam dokumentuje \u017eivotn\u00ed osudy jednotliv\u00fdch zp\u011bv\u00e1k\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161inou v mlad\u00e9m v\u011bku pro\u0161li t\u011b\u017ekou nemoc\u00ed nebo epizodou transu, po n\u00ed\u017e se jim epizody eposu \u201evyno\u0159ily\u201c.<\/p><p>Toto pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed potvrdily Yang Enhong (\u201eA Comparative Study of the Singing Styles of Mongolian and Tibetan Geser\/Gesar Artists\u201c, 2002) a Lauran Hartley u sou\u010dasn\u00fdch zp\u011bv\u00e1k\u016f z provinci\u00ed Qinghai a Sichuan.<\/p>\n<p>Geoffrey Samuel ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle \u201eCivilized Shamans. Buddhism in Tibetan Societies\u201c (Washington 1993) a v pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edm sborn\u00edku \u201eTantric Revisionings\u201c (Aldershot 2005) uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee typy zp\u011bv\u00e1k\u016f typologicky navazuj\u00ed na \u0161amansk\u00e9 inicia\u010dn\u00ed vzorce, ani\u017e by st\u00e1ly v p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9m vztahu linie k b\u00f6nsk\u00e9mu specialistick\u00e9mu syst\u00e9mu.<\/p><p>Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 d\u00e9lka p\u0159ednesu jedn\u00e9 cel\u00e9 epizody eposu se podle Steinov\u00fdch z\u00e1pis\u016f pohybuje mezi \u0161esti a dvan\u00e1cti hodinami, cel\u00fd epos ve sv\u00fdch dnes dochovan\u00fdch 120 epizod\u00e1ch \u010d\u00edt\u00e1 podle odhad\u016f Donalda Lopeze a Yang Enhonga zhruba milion ver\u0161\u016f, \u010d\u00edm\u017e pat\u0159\u00ed k nejrozs\u00e1hlej\u0161\u00edm \u00fastn\u00edm epos\u016fm sv\u011bta.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56fff50 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"56fff50\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d7005d0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d7005d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mongolsk\u00e1, burjatsk\u00e1 a ladakhsk\u00e1 recepce<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-302d3e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"302d3e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mongolsk\u00e1 verze eposu, \u00abGeser Ch\u00e1n\u00bb, se \u0161\u00ed\u0159ila v Mongolsku a Burjatsku paraleln\u011b s tibetskou tradic\u00ed a je dochov\u00e1na v n\u011bkolika rukopisn\u00fdch verz\u00edch. Nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je \u00abPekingsk\u00e9 d\u0159evotiskov\u00e9 vyd\u00e1n\u00ed\u00bb z roku 1716, vydan\u00e9 za vl\u00e1dy c\u00edsa\u0159e Kangxi, kter\u00e9 stav\u00ed mongolskou dvorn\u00ed kulturu do ochrann\u00e9ho vztahu k Geserovu komplexu. Walther Heissig prok\u00e1zal ve sv\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci \u00abGeser-Studien.<\/p><p>Untersuchungen zu den Erz\u00e4hlstoffen in den neuen Kapiteln des mongolischen Geser-Zyklus\u00bb (Wiesbaden 1983) a v n\u011bkolika svazc\u00edch \u0159ady \u00abAsiatische Forschungen\u00bb, \u017ee mongolsk\u00e9 verze vynech\u00e1vaj\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00e9 tibetsk\u00e9 epizody a nam\u00edsto nich za\u0159azuj\u00ed m\u00edstn\u00ed mongolsk\u00e9 hrdinsk\u00e9 l\u00e1tky (Geser\u016fv me\u010d, boj proti Dvan\u00e1ctihlav\u00e9mu Mangusovi).<\/p><p>Burjat\u0161t\u00ed zp\u011bv\u00e1ci (\u00ab\u00fclgershin\u00bb) z toho vytvo\u0159ili vlastn\u00ed epickou tradici, v n\u00ed\u017e se Geser st\u00e1v\u00e1 synem nebes ze severn\u00edho stepn\u00edho panteonu.<\/p>\n<p>V Ladaku je dosv\u011bd\u010dena samostatn\u00e1 forma vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed, kterou pod n\u00e1zvem \u00abKesar Saga\u00bb vydal August Hermann Francke v n\u011bkolika svazc\u00edch \u00abAsiatic Society of Bengal\u00bb (1905 a\u017e 1909). Francke p\u0159ed t\u00edm po v\u00edce ne\u017e deset let sb\u00edral \u00fastn\u00ed verze v Khalatse a Lehu a vydal je v tibetsk\u00e9m p\u0159episu s anglick\u00fdm p\u0159ekladem.<\/p><p>Tato edice m\u00e1 z hlediska kritiky pramen\u016f velkou hodnotu, proto\u017ee dokumentuje z\u00e1padn\u00ed okrajovou oblast tradice, v n\u00ed\u017e Geser je\u0161t\u011b nebyl zcela za\u0159azen do buddhistick\u00e9ho doktrin\u00e1ln\u00edho r\u00e1mce, ale zachov\u00e1v\u00e1 rysy p\u0159edbuddhistick\u00e9ho slune\u010dn\u00edho a kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9ho h\u00e9roa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd96ac9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fd96ac9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-be9da4e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"be9da4e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Symbolika a ikonografick\u00e9 zobrazen\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6868e04 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6868e04\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V obrazov\u00e9 tradici je Gesar zobrazov\u00e1n jako v\u00e1le\u010dnick\u00fd jezdec, \u010dasto v \u017eelezn\u00e9m brn\u011bn\u00ed, s kop\u00edm, lukem, ope\u0159enou helmou a na v\u011btru rychl\u00e9m koni.<\/p><p>Jeho b\u00edl\u00fd k\u016f\u0148 Kyang Bu, jen\u017e m\u00e1 nebesk\u00fd p\u016fvod, je pevn\u011b spjat s <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nauka o obsahu obraz\u016f a jejich v\u00fdznamu.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografi\u00ed<\/span>. Na thangk\u00e1ch se Gesar ob\u010das objevuje uprost\u0159ed mandaly, obklopen sv\u00fdmi 30 hrdiny a \u010dty\u0159mi kr\u00e1li sv\u011btov\u00fdch stran. Tato zobrazen\u00ed jsou v v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm po\u010dtu dosv\u011bd\u010dena od 17. stolet\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n<p>Spojen\u00ed se \u010dty\u0159mi nebesk\u00fdmi kr\u00e1li prop\u016fj\u010duje Gesarov\u011b <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nauka o obsahu obraz\u016f a jejich v\u00fdznamu.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografii<\/span> kosmologick\u00fd rozm\u011br, kter\u00fd ji p\u0159esahuje \u010dist\u011b hrdinskou funkci. Andreas Gruschke ve sv\u00fdch prac\u00edch o um\u011bn\u00ed Amdo uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee thangky a n\u00e1st\u011bnn\u00e9 malby s Gesarem jsou region\u00e1ln\u011b velmi odli\u0161n\u011b utv\u00e1\u0159eny a \u017ee v\u00fdchodotibetsk\u00e9 kl\u00e1\u0161tery vyvinuly zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 bohatou obrazovou tradici.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3271,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Kr\u00e1l Gesar","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Kr\u00e1l Gesar \u2013 Tibetsk\u00fd hrdinsk\u00fd epos | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Kr\u00e1l Gesar z Lingu je hrdinou nejdel\u0161\u00edho eposu sv\u011bta: Tibet, Mongolsko, Bh\u00fat\u00e1n. 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