{"id":145632,"date":"2026-09-03T16:32:17","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:32:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=145632"},"modified":"2026-09-03T17:01:30","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T17:01:30","slug":"epona","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/epona\/","title":{"rendered":"Epona"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"145632\" class=\"elementor elementor-145632 elementor-3048 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff0e099 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ff0e099\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6974cef e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6974cef\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ec56d9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3ec56d9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b1d5167 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b1d5167\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Epona, keltsk\u00e1 bohyn\u011b kon\u00ed<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b51227 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b51227\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Epona je galo\u0159\u00edmsk\u00e1 bohyn\u011b kon\u00ed, jej\u00ed\u017e <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9ho bo\u017estva nebo svat\u00e9 bytosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> je dolo\u017een od 1. do 3. stolet\u00ed po Kristu na \u00fazem\u00ed cel\u00e9ho z\u00e1padn\u00edho imp\u00e9ria. Uct\u00edvali ji galsk\u00e9 jezdeck\u00e9 kmeny a jeho podoby se prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm j\u00edzdn\u00edch pomocn\u00fdch sbor\u016f \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ily daleko za oblast p\u016fvodu.<\/p><p>N\u00e1pisy a votivn\u00ed reli\u00e9fy ji nej\u010dast\u011bji zobrazuj\u00ed jako sed\u00edc\u00ed \u017eenu na koni nebo mezi dv\u011bma ko\u0148mi, s rohem hojnosti, ko\u0161em nebo ob\u011btn\u00ed miskou (paterou) v ruce.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66c120e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"66c120e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08de5b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"08de5b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"B\u016fh \/ bohyn\u011b: Zosobn\u011bn\u00e1 nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed moc v panteonu ur\u010dit\u00e9 kultury, s jasn\u00fdmi oblastmi p\u016fsobnosti \u2014 p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed s\u00edly, osud, v\u00e1lka, plodnost. Uct\u00edv\u00e1na prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm kult\u016f, ob\u011bt\u00ed a chr\u00e1mov\u00fdch instituc\u00ed.\">B\u016fh<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/keltska\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Keltsk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed z\u00e1padn\u00ed Evropy a Britsk\u00fdch ostrov\u016f, mytologicky dochovan\u00e9 prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm irsko-vel\u0161sk\u00fdch text\u016f.\">Keltsk\u00e9<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f3da32 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6f3da32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab5f8e1 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"ab5f8e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na t\\u00e9to str\\u00e1nce nebyly nalezeny \\u017e\\u00e1dn\\u00e9 nadpisy.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__ab5f8e1\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__ab5f8e1\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__ab5f8e1\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b10eb2a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b10eb2a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fa2e912 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"fa2e912\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_keltisch_epona-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-147238\" alt=\"Epona - bohov\u00e9 z keltsk\u00e9 tradice, historicko-ilustrativn\u00ed\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_keltisch_epona-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_keltisch_epona-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_keltisch_epona-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_keltisch_epona.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b775121 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b775121\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-58a5dc0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"58a5dc0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-baf0e5d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"baf0e5d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Prameny a antick\u00e9 doklady<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a615986 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a615986\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Na rozd\u00edl od v\u011bt\u0161iny keltsk\u00fdch bo\u017estev je pramenn\u00e1 z\u00e1kladna pro Eponu mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b bohat\u00e1. Zdokumentov\u00e1no je p\u0159es 300 n\u00e1pis\u016f a v\u00edce ne\u017e 150 v\u00fdtvarn\u00fdch zobrazen\u00ed, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm z Galie, oblasti R\u00fdna a Dunaje, Brit\u00e1nie a It\u00e1lie.<\/p><p>Apuleius ji zmi\u0148uje v \u00abProm\u011bn\u00e1ch\u00bb (III, 27) jako p\u0159\u00edklad uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed so\u0161ek boh\u016f v ko\u0148sk\u00fdch st\u00e1j\u00edch. Iuvenal ve VIII. sati\u0159e, ver\u0161 157, zesm\u011b\u0161\u0148uje \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 jezdce, kte\u0159\u00ed \u00abuct\u00edvaj\u00ed Eponu a p\u00e1chnouc\u00ed obr\u00e1zky kon\u00ed\u00bb. Jej\u00ed jm\u00e9no se objevuje tak\u00e9 v Tertullianov\u011b \u00abApologeticu\u00bb a u Minucia Felixe.<\/p>\n\n<p>Bernhard Maier ve sv\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci \u00abDie Religion der Kelten\u00bb (2001) upozornil, \u017ee Epona je jedin\u00fdm galo\u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytost uct\u00edvan\u00e1 jako bo\u017esk\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estvem<\/span>, kter\u00e9 se dostalo do ofici\u00e1ln\u00edho \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho sv\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edho kalend\u00e1\u0159e (Feriale Duranum), co\u017e dokl\u00e1d\u00e1 vysokou \u00factu, j\u00ed\u017e se t\u011b\u0161ila u vojensk\u00fdch j\u00edzdn\u00edch jednotek.<\/p><p>Miranda Aldhouse-Green ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle \u00ab<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak, kter\u00fd zastupuje ur\u010ditou p\u0159edstavu nebo v\u00fdznam.\" tabindex=\"0\">Symbol<\/span> and Image in Celtic Religious Art\u00bb (1989) systematicky zpracovala ikonografick\u00fd materi\u00e1l a rozli\u0161ila t\u0159i typy zobrazen\u00ed: Eponu na koni, Eponu mezi dv\u011bma ko\u0148mi a Eponu jako c\u00edsa\u0159skou matronu spojenou s ko\u0148mi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b771b95 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b771b95\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5baf139 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5baf139\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jm\u00e9no a etymologie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f92fca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f92fca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jm\u00e9no Epona se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z keltsk\u00e9ho ko\u0159ene *epo- (\u00abk\u016f\u0148\u00bb, p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00e9ho latinsk\u00e9mu equus a \u0159eck\u00e9mu hippos) a p\u0159\u00edpony -ona, kter\u00e1 se v galo\u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch theonymech \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edvala k tvorb\u011b jmen bohyn\u00ed, srovnateln\u011b jako u Sirony, Damony nebo Belisamy.<\/p><p>V\u00fdznam jm\u00e9na lze p\u0159elo\u017eit jako \u00abpan\u00ed kon\u00ed\u00bb nebo \u00abbohyn\u011b kon\u00ed\u00bb. Wolfgang Meid ve sv\u00fdch prac\u00edch o galsk\u00e9 onomastice popsal tuto slovotvorbu jako typicky galskou a odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed na n\u00e1pisech.<\/p>\n\n<p>Z keltologick\u00e9ho hlediska pat\u0159\u00ed Epona ke skupin\u011b zv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00edch bohyn\u00ed, jejich\u017e funk\u010dn\u00ed oblast je spojena s konkr\u00e9tn\u00edm zv\u00ed\u0159etem. Helmut Birkhan interpretoval tuto skupinu v pr\u00e1ci \u00abKelten\u00bb (1997) jako typick\u00fd v\u00fdraz spole\u010dnosti utv\u00e1\u0159en\u00e9 chovem dobytka a jezdectv\u00edm, v n\u00ed\u017e k\u016f\u0148 nebyl d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd jen hospod\u00e1\u0159sky, ale zast\u00e1val tak\u00e9 duchovn\u00ed zprost\u0159edkuj\u00edc\u00ed roli.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f305b1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f305b1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2ca642 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d2ca642\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ikonografie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a73cf16 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a73cf16\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ikonografick\u00e9 sch\u00e9ma zobrazuje Eponu jako sed\u00edc\u00ed mladou \u017eenu v d\u00e1msk\u00e9m sedu na koni kr\u00e1\u010dej\u00edc\u00edm vpravo. Nos\u00ed dlouhou tuniku, vlasy m\u00e1 \u010dasto vy\u010desan\u00e9 a v ruce dr\u017e\u00ed ob\u011btn\u00ed misku, roh hojnosti nebo ko\u0161 s plody.<\/p><p>Ve druh\u00e9 variant\u011b stoj\u00ed mezi dv\u011bma symetricky uspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u00fdmi ko\u0148mi, kter\u00e9 krm\u00ed nebo vede; tato kompozice p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 r\u00fdnskou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nauka o obsahu obraz\u016f a jejich v\u00fdznamu.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografii<\/span> matron. T\u0159et\u00ed varianta ji zobrazuje sed\u00edc\u00ed na tr\u016fnu s h\u0159\u00edb\u011btem u nohou.<\/p>\n\n<p>Symbolick\u00e1 v\u00fdbava odkazuje na funkce p\u0159esahuj\u00edc\u00ed pouhou pravomoc nad ko\u0148mi. Roh hojnosti a ko\u0161 s chlebem ji spojuj\u00ed s plodnost\u00ed a ob\u017eivou, co\u017e nazna\u010duje \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed sf\u00e9ru \u00abzaopat\u0159en\u00ed\u00bb.<\/p><p>Marie-Louise Sjoestedt u\u017e v roce 1940 zd\u016fraznila toto propojen\u00ed chovu kon\u00ed, bohatstv\u00ed a plodnosti jako typick\u00e9 pro galskou religiozitu. Nov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pr\u00e1ce Garretta Olmsteda a Mirandy Aldhouse-Green tuto interpretaci podporuj\u00ed na z\u00e1klad\u011b roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9ho obrazov\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1bf68cf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1bf68cf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-33f16de elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"33f16de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Geografick\u00e9 roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a463e83 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a463e83\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>J\u00e1drov\u00e9 oblasti kultu Epony jsou v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Galie, oblast R\u00fdna s velk\u00fdmi vojensk\u00fdmi t\u00e1bory v Mohu\u010di, Kol\u00edn\u011b nad R\u00fdnem a Bonnu, norick\u00e9 alpsk\u00e9 p\u0159edh\u016f\u0159\u00ed a dunajsk\u00e9 provincie.<\/p><p>N\u00e1pisy se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed i v Britannii a Hisp\u00e1nii, \u010dasto na m\u00edstech pobytu j\u00edzdn\u00edch pomocn\u00fdch sbor\u016f. V italsk\u00e9m j\u00e1dru je Epona vz\u00e1cn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, ale je nep\u0159\u00edmo dolo\u017eena za\u0159azen\u00edm do \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho kalend\u00e1\u0159e a liter\u00e1rn\u00edmi odkazy, nap\u0159\u00edklad u Iuvenala.<\/p>\n\n<p>N\u00e1pisy jsou psan\u00e9 latinsky a Eponu nej\u010dast\u011bji uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed s p\u0159\u00eddomkem \u00abAugusta\u00bb nebo \u00abRegina\u00bb, co\u017e dokl\u00e1d\u00e1 p\u0159echod od m\u00edstn\u00edho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9ho bo\u017estva nebo svat\u00e9 bytosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultu<\/span> k ofici\u00e1ln\u00edmu n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed \u0159\u00ed\u0161e. Dedikanty byli \u010dasto voj\u00e1ci pomocn\u00fdch jednotek, ale tak\u00e9 civiln\u00ed chovatel\u00e9 kon\u00ed, vozataji a jezdci. Soci\u00e1ln\u00ed rozptyl je \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e u mnoha jin\u00fdch galsk\u00fdch bo\u017estev.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9972cde e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9972cde\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b4899a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b4899a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Funkce a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e1 role<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74c2dc5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74c2dc5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Epona byla zodpov\u011bdn\u00e1 za plodnost kon\u00ed, jejich bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 narozen\u00ed, ochranu ve st\u00e1j\u00edch a na dlouh\u00fdch cest\u00e1ch. Jezdci ji vz\u00fdvali p\u0159ed bitvami, vozkov\u00e9 p\u0159ed dlouh\u00fdmi cestami, sedl\u00e1ci p\u0159ed setbou. Spojen\u00ed kompetence v oblasti kon\u00ed s obecnou symbolikou hojnosti z n\u00ed u\u010dinilo ochrann\u00e9 bo\u017estvo dvora, domu a cesty.<\/p>\n\n<p>Zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed roli psychopompn\u00ed bytosti, tedy pr\u016fvodkyn\u011b du\u0161\u00ed na onen sv\u011bt, odvodili n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed badatel\u00e9 ze spojen\u00ed k\u016f\u0148-cesta, nap\u0159\u00edklad R\u00e9ne Magnen a Garrett Olmsted.<\/p><p>Bernhard Maier pova\u017euje tento v\u00fdklad za mo\u017en\u00fd, ale antick\u00e9 prameny jej jednozna\u010dn\u011b nepodporuj\u00ed. V\u011bt\u0161ina n\u00e1pis\u016f a vyobrazen\u00ed souvis\u00ed s votivn\u00edmi dary a nadacemi, bez vypov\u00eddac\u00ed hodnoty ve vztahu k z\u00e1hrob\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec119bf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ec119bf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c034a36 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c034a36\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vztah k jin\u00fdm bohyn\u00edm kon\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7592912 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7592912\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ve vel\u0161sk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn tradovan\u00fdch vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o boz\u00edch v dan\u00e9 kultu\u0159e.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytologii<\/span> vystupuje Rhiannon v \u00abMabinogi\u00bb jako vrcholn\u011b st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e1 d\u011bdi\u010dka star\u00e9 bohyn\u011b kon\u00ed. P\u0159ij\u00ed\u017ed\u00ed na z\u00e1\u0159iv\u011b b\u00edl\u00e9m koni k Pwyllovi, je neopr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u011b obvin\u011bna z usmrcen\u00ed d\u00edt\u011bte a jako trest mus\u00ed nosit poutn\u00edky na sv\u00fdch ramenech do hradu.<\/p><p>Toto vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed je pro mnoh\u00e9 keltology dokladem zlomen\u00e9 vzpom\u00ednky na bohyni kon\u00ed typu Epona. Jazykovou souvislost nelze prok\u00e1zat, ale funk\u010dn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edbuznost je z\u0159ejm\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n<p>Do tohoto kontextu pat\u0159\u00ed tak\u00e9 irsk\u00e1 Macha, kter\u00e1 t\u011bhotn\u00e1 b\u011b\u017e\u00ed ko\u0148sk\u00fd dostih a po v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed kles\u00e1 v porodn\u00edch bolestech. Marie-Louise Sjoestedt spojila Machu, Rhiannon a Eponu do skupiny \u00abkeltsk\u00fdch bohyn\u00ed kon\u00ed\u00bb, jejich\u017e spole\u010dnou funkc\u00ed je spojen\u00ed kon\u011b, suverenity a zem\u011b.<\/p><p>John Carey toto za\u0159azen\u00ed v nov\u011bj\u0161\u00edch prac\u00edch rozli\u0161il; v Mach\u011b vid\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm bohyni kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 moci a suverenity, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e jej\u00ed aspekt spojen\u00fd s kon\u011bm pova\u017euje za samostatn\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opakuj\u00edc\u00ed se obsahov\u00fd prvek v um\u011bn\u00ed nebo vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b41645b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b41645b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3a198b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e3a198b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">K\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 vyt\u011bsn\u011bn\u00ed a do\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9bc42d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9bc42d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>S christianizac\u00ed Galie ve 4. a 5. stolet\u00ed Epona miz\u00ed z ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch n\u00e1pis\u016f. Na venkov\u011b se zbytky jej\u00edho kultu udr\u017eely d\u00e9le, jak dokl\u00e1daj\u00ed synod\u00e1ln\u00ed akta 6. stolet\u00ed, kter\u00e1 zakazuj\u00ed pohansk\u00e9 kulty kon\u00ed a st\u00e1jov\u00e9 ritu\u00e1ly.<\/p><p>Bernhard Maier a Bernadette Filotas (\u00ab<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Synonymum pro pohansk\u00fd; p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161ej\u00edc\u00ed k p\u0159edk\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9mu n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">pohansk\u00e9<\/span> Survivals\u00bb, 2005) tyto z\u00e1kazy interpretuj\u00ed jako nep\u0159\u00edm\u00fd doklad dlouh\u00e9ho dozvuku kultu ko\u0148sk\u00e9 bohyn\u011b.<\/p>\n\n<p>Z pozdn\u00edho st\u0159edov\u011bku u\u017e nejsou dohledateln\u00e9 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 jednozna\u010dn\u00e9 vzpom\u00ednky na Eponu. Pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed lidov\u00e9 tradice, kter\u00e9 spojuj\u00ed kon\u011b s ochranou a \u0161t\u011bst\u00edm, nap\u0159\u00edklad zav\u011b\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed podkov, nelze p\u0159\u00edmo odvodit z Eponina <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9ho bo\u017estva nebo posv\u00e1tn\u00e9 bytosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultu<\/span>, jde sp\u00ed\u0161e o samostatn\u00fd v\u00fdvoj, kter\u00fd byl zpracov\u00e1n ve <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdn\u00ed obor zkoumaj\u00edc\u00ed lidovou kulturu, zvyky a p\u0159ed\u00e1van\u00e9 p\u0159edstavy.\" tabindex=\"0\">folkloristice<\/span> 19. stolet\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0922de5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0922de5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9920ae2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9920ae2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bad\u00e1n\u00ed a recepce<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0c7f78d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0c7f78d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Modern\u00ed bad\u00e1n\u00ed o Epon\u011b za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 z\u00e1sadn\u00ed sb\u00edrkou materi\u00e1lu R\u00e9ne Magnena, kterou \u00c9mile Th\u00e9venot vydal roku 1975 pod titulem \u00ab\u00c9pona, d\u00e9esse gauloise des chevaux\u00bb. Ta je a\u017e dodnes centr\u00e1ln\u00ed pramennou sb\u00edrkou. Systematickou ikonografickou anal\u00fdzu p\u0159edlo\u017eila Miranda Aldhouse-Green. Helmut Birkhan a Bernhard Maier prohloubili n\u00e1bo\u017eenskohistorick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed do galo\u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn boh\u016f ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed nebo kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonu<\/span>.<\/p>\n\n<p>V modern\u00ed novopag\u00e1nsk\u00e9 recepci je Epona ct\u011bna jako bohyn\u011b kon\u00ed a ochr\u00e1nkyn\u011b cest. Jezdeck\u00e9 svazy ve Francii a N\u011bmecku ji p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitostn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed jako symbolickou postavu.<\/p><p>Ve fantasy literatu\u0159e a v oblasti rolov\u00fdch her se objevuje pravideln\u011b, nap\u0159\u00edklad jako jmenovkyn\u011b ve h\u0159e \u00abThe Legend of Zelda\u00bb. Tyto popkulturn\u00ed odkazy maj\u00ed s antick\u00fdm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factypln\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f v\u016f\u010di bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 postav\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultem<\/span> obsahov\u011b m\u00e1lo spole\u010dn\u00e9ho, udr\u017euj\u00ed v\u0161ak jm\u00e9no ve ve\u0159ejn\u00e9m pov\u011bdom\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83329fb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"83329fb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8da26b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8da26b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Soci\u00e1ln\u00ed nositel\u00e9 kultu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-614e44f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"614e44f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>N\u00e1pisov\u00fd materi\u00e1l umo\u017e\u0148uje pom\u011brn\u011b p\u0159esn\u00fd popis soci\u00e1ln\u00edch nositel\u016f kultu. Asi dv\u011b t\u0159etiny zachovan\u00fdch votivn\u00edch n\u00e1pis\u016f poch\u00e1zej\u00ed od p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edk\u016f arm\u00e1dy, zejm\u00e9na jezdc\u016f z \u00fatvar\u016f Alae a Cohortes Equitatae, kte\u0159\u00ed byli um\u00edst\u011bni v provinci\u00edch na hranic\u00edch \u0159\u00ed\u0161e. Jako don\u00e1to\u0159i jsou zaznamen\u00e1ni i vysoc\u00ed d\u016fstojn\u00edci, nap\u0159\u00edklad prefekti a tribunov\u00e9.<\/p><p>V civiln\u00ed sf\u00e9\u0159e vystupuj\u00ed jako don\u00e1to\u0159i vozkov\u00e9, chovatel\u00e9 kon\u00ed, hon\u00e1ci mul a po\u0161tmist\u0159i, co\u017e podtrhuje vztah bohyn\u011b k doprav\u011b. Ojedin\u011ble se objevuj\u00ed nadace \u017een z m\u00edstn\u00edch elit, kter\u00e9 si Eponu zvolily za osobn\u00ed ochr\u00e1nkyni.<\/p>\n\n<p>Zvl\u00e1\u0161tnost\u00ed je v\u00edcen\u00e1sobn\u00e9 uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed Epony spole\u010dn\u011b s \u00abEponabus\u00bb, tedy \u00abEponami\u00bb v mno\u017en\u00e9m \u010d\u00edsle. Tato vz\u00e1cn\u00e1 forma je dolo\u017eena p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v r\u00fdnsk\u00e9 oblasti a nazna\u010duje zmno\u017een\u00ed postavy do skupiny bohyn\u00ed kon\u00ed, srovnateln\u00e9 s tri\u00e1dami Matronae.<\/p><p>Miranda Aldhouse-Green vylo\u017eila tuto formu jako doklad star\u0161\u00ed, kolektivn\u00ed \u00facty, z n\u00ed\u017e se postupn\u011b vyvinula jednotliv\u00e1 Epona jako individu\u00e1ln\u011b zv\u00fdrazn\u011bn\u00e1 postava.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fde11 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"10fde11\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a7ddf7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0a7ddf7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 epigrafick\u00e9 doklady<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13348ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"13348ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00dast\u0159edn\u00ed skupinou pramen\u016f pro Eponin <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9ho bo\u017estva nebo posv\u00e1tn\u00e9 bytosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> je p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b dv\u011b st\u011b pades\u00e1t dochovan\u00fdch n\u00e1pis\u016f, zdokumentovan\u00fdch v \u00abCorpus Inscriptionum Latinarum\u00bb a v \u00abL&#8217;Ann\u00e9e \u00e9pigraphique\u00bb.<\/p><p>K nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm m\u00edst\u016fm pat\u0159\u00ed mohu\u010dsk\u00e9 votivn\u00ed zasv\u011bcen\u00ed s reli\u00e9fem CIL XIII 11801, kde voj\u00e1k legie XXII Primigenia zasv\u011bcuje \u00abEpona Augusta\u00bb <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Posv\u00e1tn\u00e9 m\u00edsto zasv\u011bcen\u00e9 uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bo\u017estva.\" tabindex=\"0\">svatyni<\/span>, d\u00e1le karnuntsk\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Text vyryt\u00fd nebo vytesan\u00fd do pevn\u00e9ho nosi\u010de.\" tabindex=\"0\">n\u00e1pis<\/span> CIL III 4438 z t\u00e1bora jednotky Ala I Thracum a votivn\u00ed n\u00e1pisy z Antunnaka (dne\u0161n\u00ed Andernach) a z galsk\u00e9 Alesie.<\/p><p>Zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed postaven\u00ed zauj\u00edm\u00e1 pozdn\u011b latinsk\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Text vyryt\u00fd nebo vytesan\u00fd do pevn\u00e9ho nosi\u010de.\" tabindex=\"0\">n\u00e1pis<\/span> CIL XII 1797 z Vienne, kter\u00fd Eponu ozna\u010duje jako \u00abEpona Regina\u00bb a formuluje tak n\u00e1rok na postaven\u00ed nadregion\u00e1ln\u011b poj\u00edman\u00e9 ochrann\u00e9 bohyn\u011b.<\/p><p>Hubert Cancik a Manfred Clauss v \u00abEpigraphische Datenbank Heidelberg\u00bb a v doprovodn\u00fdch koment\u00e1\u0159\u00edch up\u0159esnili soci\u00e1ln\u00ed slo\u017een\u00ed uct\u00edva\u010d\u016f: zasv\u011bcuj\u00edc\u00ed osoby jsou p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b mu\u017e\u0161t\u00ed profesion\u00e1ln\u00ed jezdci, st\u00e1jov\u00ed zam\u011bstnanci a veter\u00e1ni se vztahem ke kon\u00edm, d\u00e1le jednotliv\u00ed soukrom\u00ed don\u00e1to\u0159i venkovsk\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu.<\/p>\n<p>Anne-Marie Pailler ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle \u00ab\u00c9pona, d\u00e9esse gauloise\u00bb (Bordeaux 2006) statisticky vyhodnotila rozlo\u017een\u00ed n\u00e1pis\u016f a pouk\u00e1zala na jejich koncentraci v oblasti R\u00fdna a Moselu, v Panonii a v severn\u00ed It\u00e1lii. Datace sahaj\u00ed od pozdn\u00edho 1. do po\u010d\u00e1tku 4. stolet\u00ed po Kristu, s vrcholem za dynastie Severovc\u016f.<\/p><p>Pozoruhodn\u00fd je n\u00edzk\u00fd po\u010det doklad\u016f z j\u00e1dra oblasti galsk\u00fdch kmen\u016f ve Francouzsk\u00e9m st\u0159edoho\u0159\u00ed, co\u017e Patrice Lajoye ve sv\u00e9m sborn\u00edku \u00abCultes des sources et des eaux en Gaule\u00bb (2017) hodnot\u00ed jako doklad toho, \u017ee archeologicky dolo\u017eiteln\u00fd Eponin <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9ho bo\u017estva nebo posv\u00e1tn\u00e9 bytosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> ji\u017e p\u0159edstavuje \u0159\u00edmsko-vojenskou p\u0159em\u011bnu star\u0161\u00edho, p\u00edsemn\u011b nedolo\u017een\u00e9ho galsk\u00e9ho uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c6d7250 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c6d7250\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac05975 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ac05975\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Antick\u00e9 liter\u00e1rn\u00ed zm\u00ednky<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5368abc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5368abc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>N\u011bkolik m\u00e1lo liter\u00e1rn\u00edch zm\u00ednek o Epon\u011b v \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed v\u011bd\u011bn\u00ed a vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d generacemi.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici<\/span> je z hlediska kritiky pramen\u016f velmi zaj\u00edmav\u00fdch, proto\u017ee ukazuj\u00ed marginalizovan\u00e9 postaven\u00ed \u201eprovin\u010dn\u00ed\u201c <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytost uct\u00edvan\u00e1 jako bo\u017esk\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estva<\/span> z pohledu \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 m\u011bstsk\u00e9 elity.<\/p><p>Juvenal se v osm\u00e9 sati\u0159e (ver\u0161e 156 a\u017e 157) posm\u00edv\u00e1 jednomu konzul\u00e1rovi, kter\u00fd \u201eiurat solam Eponam\u201c, tedy p\u0159\u00edsah\u00e1 pouze p\u0159i Epon\u011b u nap\u00e1jen\u00ed kon\u00ed, nebo\u0165 nezn\u00e1 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 bohy. Apuleius v \u201eMetamorf\u00f3z\u00e1ch\u201c III 27 zmi\u0148uje v\u00fdklenek s vyobrazen\u00edm Epony ve st\u00e1jov\u00e9m dvo\u0159e provin\u010dn\u00edho statku, ozdoben\u00fd \u010derstv\u00fdmi r\u016f\u017eemi.<\/p><p>Minucius Felix se v d\u00edle \u201eOctavius\u201c 28 zmi\u0148uje o uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed Epony jako p\u0159\u00edkladu \u201ezv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00edch a st\u00e1jov\u00fdch bo\u017estev\u201c provinci\u00ed, proti nim\u017e polemizuje.<\/p><p>Tertullianus (\u201eApologeticum\u201c 16, \u201eAd nationes\u201c I 11) na tuto polemiku navazuje a uv\u00e1d\u00ed Eponu jako doklad sm\u011b\u0161nosti pohansk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pro\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd postoj a praxe \u010dlov\u011bka.\" tabindex=\"0\">zbo\u017enosti<\/span>. Tyto liter\u00e1rn\u00ed zm\u00ednky posiluj\u00ed dojem, \u017ee <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9ho bo\u017estva nebo posv\u00e1tn\u00e9 bytosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> Epony byl p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9ho bo\u017estva nebo posv\u00e1tn\u00e9 bytosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultem<\/span> ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch vrstev, j\u00edzdn\u00edch pomocn\u00fdch odd\u00edl\u016f a venkovsk\u00fdch statk\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>Krom\u011b toho \u201eHistoria Augusta\u201c ve \u201eVita Veri\u201c 6 pod\u00e1v\u00e1 anekdotu, podle n\u00ed\u017e Lucius Verus nosil p\u0159i v\u00e1lce proti Parth\u016fm d\u0159ev\u011bnou ko\u0148skou hlavu jako <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak, kter\u00fd zastupuje ur\u010ditou p\u0159edstavu nebo v\u00fdznam.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> Epony.<\/p><p>Bernhard Maier ve sv\u00fdch prac\u00edch o galo\u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9m n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed upozor\u0148uje, \u017ee \u201eHistoria Augusta\u201c je z hlediska kritiky pramen\u016f nespolehliv\u00e1, av\u0161ak tato zm\u00ednka odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed skute\u010dn\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00fd \u00fakon, pravideln\u011b opakovan\u00fd v r\u00e1mci ur\u010dit\u00e9ho spole\u010denstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">zvyk<\/span> \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch jezdeck\u00fdch odd\u00edl\u016f umis\u0165ovat v ubikac\u00edch drobn\u00e1 vyobrazen\u00ed Epony. Tato praxe je archeologicky dolo\u017eena n\u00e1lezy z kastel\u016f Saalburg, Niederbieber a Carnuntum.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30a6cd4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"30a6cd4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28d09aa elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"28d09aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Metodick\u00e9 probl\u00e9my v\u00fdzkumu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e120bec elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e120bec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V\u00fdzkum Epony nar\u00e1\u017e\u00ed na \u0159adu metodick\u00fdch obt\u00ed\u017e\u00ed. Pramenn\u00e1 z\u00e1kladna je sice bohat\u00e1, ale d\u016fsledn\u011b formovan\u00e1 \u0159\u00edmsko-provinci\u00e1ln\u00edm pohledem. Jak vypadala p\u0159ed\u0159\u00edmsk\u00e1, \u010dist\u011b keltsk\u00e1 podoba kultu, ji\u017e nelze rekonstruovat.<\/p><p>N\u00e1pisy jsou latinsk\u00e9, v\u00fdtvarn\u00e1 d\u00edla se \u0159\u00edd\u00ed \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdmi konvencemi a liter\u00e1rn\u00ed doklady poch\u00e1zej\u00ed v\u00fdhradn\u011b od \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch autor\u016f. \u00abAutenticky keltskou\u00bb Eponu z tohoto materi\u00e1lu vylou\u010dit nelze.<\/p>\n\n<p>Z\u00e1rove\u0148 s sebou identifikace obrazov\u00e9 kompozice s Eponou nese rizika, proto\u017ee podobn\u00e1 ikonografie jezdce a kon\u011b byla pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na i pro jin\u00e1 bo\u017estva, nap\u0159\u00edklad pro thr\u00e1ck\u00e9 jezdce, illyrsk\u00e9 h\u00e9rojsk\u00e9 postavy nebo r\u00fdnsk\u00e9 Matronae se zv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00edm sp\u0159e\u017een\u00edm.<\/p><p>Garrett Olmsted po\u017eadoval p\u0159esn\u00e9 ikonografick\u00e9 krit\u00e9rium: za zobrazen\u00ed Epony lze pova\u017eovat pouze obrazy potvrzen\u00e9 doprovodn\u00fdm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Text vyryt\u00fd nebo vytesan\u00fd do pevn\u00e9ho nosi\u010de.\" tabindex=\"0\">n\u00e1pisem<\/span>. Sou\u010dasn\u00e9 p\u0159ehledy pracuj\u00ed s t\u00edmto p\u0159\u00edsn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm korpusem, kter\u00fd je v\u00fdrazn\u011b men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e celkov\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed potenci\u00e1ln\u00edch obraz\u016f.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3242,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Epona","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Epona \u2013 keltsk\u00e1 bohyn\u011b kon\u00ed | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Epona je keltsk\u00e1 bohyn\u011b kon\u00ed, ochr\u00e1nkyn\u011b kon\u00ed, jezdc\u016f a plodnosti. V \u0158\u00edm\u011b byla uct\u00edv\u00e1na i jako ochr\u00e1nkyn\u011b j\u00edzdn\u00edho vojska.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-145632","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Epona \u2013 keltsk\u00e1 bohyn\u011b kon\u00ed | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Epona je keltsk\u00e1 bohyn\u011b kon\u00ed, ochr\u00e1nkyn\u011b kon\u00ed, jezdc\u016f a plodnosti. 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