{"id":145621,"date":"2026-09-03T16:32:10","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:32:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=145621"},"modified":"2026-09-03T17:01:12","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T17:01:12","slug":"buddha-gautama","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/buddha-gautama\/","title":{"rendered":"Buddha (Gautama)"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"145621\" class=\"elementor elementor-145621 elementor-3035 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f92b4fb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f92b4fb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3d5d5a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b3d5d5a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3046ee e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3046ee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf4012a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bf4012a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Buddha Gautama, zakladatel buddhismu<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb2232c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fb2232c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Siddh\u00e1rtha Gautama je jako historick\u00e1 osobnost zakladatelem buddhismu. Z religionistick\u00e9ho hlediska je t\u0159eba rozli\u0161ovat mezi biograficky uchopitelnou postavou u\u010ditele a pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edm mytologicko-n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm p\u0159etvo\u0159en\u00edm.<\/p><p>Zat\u00edmco kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 body jeho p\u016fsoben\u00ed lze zasadit do severov\u00fdchodn\u00ed Indie 5. stolet\u00ed p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem, jeho \u017eivotopis v kanonick\u00fdch textech je ji\u017e siln\u011b hagiograficky formov\u00e1n. Sou\u010dasn\u00fd v\u00fdzkum proto sleduje dvoj\u00ed v\u00fdklad, kter\u00fd odd\u011bln\u011b posuzuje historickou pravd\u011bpodobnost a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 p\u0159isouzen\u00ed v\u00fdznamu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f5797f3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f5797f3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f2e7e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"8f2e7e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"B\u016fh \/ bohyn\u011b: Personifikovan\u00e1 nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed moc v panteonu kultury s jasn\u00fdmi oblastmi p\u016fsobnosti \u2014 p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed s\u00edly, osud, v\u00e1lka, plodnost. Uct\u00edvan\u00e1 prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm kult\u016f, ob\u011bt\u00ed a chr\u00e1mov\u00fdch instituc\u00ed.\">B\u016fh<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/buddhismus\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Buddhistick\u00e1 tradice s b\u00f3dhisattvami, ochrann\u00fdmi bo\u017estvy, hladov\u00fdmi duchy a str\u00e1\u017eci pekel.\">Buddhismus<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e27734 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e27734\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-000570b elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"000570b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na t\\u00e9to str\\u00e1nce nebyly nalezeny \\u017e\\u00e1dn\\u00e9 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8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__000570b\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg 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0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__000570b\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7de5d7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7de5d7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b33f15 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7b33f15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_buddha-gautama-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-147209\" alt=\"Buddha Gautama \u2013 bohov\u00e9 z buddhistick\u00e9 tradice, historicko-ilustrativn\u00ed\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_buddha-gautama-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_buddha-gautama-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_buddha-gautama-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_buddha-gautama.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2fa2568 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2fa2568\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46c540b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46c540b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29a8204 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"29a8204\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Historick\u00e1 osobnost a datov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36e800d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36e800d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dlouho platila za standard tzv. \u201edlouh\u00e1 chronologie&#8220; s kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdmi daty 563 a\u017e 483 p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem.<\/p><p>Heinz Bechert od 80. let 20. stolet\u00ed v n\u011bkolika svazc\u00edch (\u00abDie Datierung des historischen Buddha\u00bb, G\u00f6ttingen 1991 bis 1997) kriticky p\u0159ehodnotil prameny a pos\u00edlil poukazy na \u201ekr\u00e1tkou chronologii&#8220; s \u017eivotn\u00edmi daty kolem 480 a\u017e 400 p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem.<\/p><p>Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed v\u00fdzkum se od t\u00e9 doby p\u0159ikl\u00e1n\u00ed k datu \u00famrt\u00ed mezi 410 a 380 p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem. Hans Wolfgang Schumann (\u00abDer historische Buddha\u00bb, K\u00f6ln 1982) p\u0159edt\u00edm je\u0161t\u011b h\u00e1jil del\u0161\u00ed data.<\/p><p>Tato diskuse nen\u00ed uzav\u0159ena, metodicky v\u0161ak uk\u00e1zala, \u017ee datov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1vis\u00ed na chronologii maurjovsk\u00fdch kr\u00e1l\u016f, zejm\u00e9na A\u0161\u00f3ky, a je tedy relativn\u00ed, nikoli absolutn\u011b jist\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Za biografick\u00e9 j\u00e1dro se pova\u017euje: Siddh\u00e1rtha se narodil v kmenov\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed \u0160\u00e1kj\u016f v Lumbin\u00ed na ji\u017en\u00edm okraji Him\u00e1laje, jeho otec Suddh\u00f3dana byl aristokrat nebo zvolen\u00fd kmenov\u00fd vl\u00e1dce, nikoli d\u011bdi\u010dn\u00fd kr\u00e1l v pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edm smyslu. Lumbin\u00ed se nach\u00e1z\u00ed v dne\u0161n\u00edm Nep\u00e1lu pobl\u00ed\u017e indick\u00e9 hranice.<\/p><p>Identifikace m\u00edsta vych\u00e1z\u00ed z A\u0161\u00f3kova sloupu v Lumbin\u00ed, kter\u00fd byl vzty\u010den ve 3. stolet\u00ed p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem a jmenovit\u011b ozna\u010duje m\u00edsto narozen\u00ed. Klaus-Josef Notz (\u00abBuddhismus\u00bb, Stuttgart 2002) hodnot\u00ed tento <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Text vyryt\u00fd nebo vytesan\u00fd do pevn\u00e9ho nosi\u010de.\" tabindex=\"0\">n\u00e1pis<\/span> jako nejstar\u0161\u00ed archeologick\u00fd d\u016fkaz spojuj\u00edc\u00ed Buddhu s konkr\u00e9tn\u00edm m\u00edstem.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-15053dd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"15053dd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f7ece3a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f7ece3a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u017divotopis v p\u00e1lijsk\u00e9m k\u00e1nonu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c25552a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c25552a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nejpodrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm kanonick\u00fdm pramenem k z\u00e1v\u011bru \u017eivota je Mahaparinibbana-sutta (Digha Nikaya 16). Popisuje posledn\u00ed m\u011bs\u00edce, cestu z Rajagrihy do Kushinagary a smrt mezi dv\u011bma s\u00e1lov\u00fdmi stromy. Text je pova\u017eov\u00e1n za kompozi\u010dn\u011b komplexn\u00ed, spojuje putovn\u00ed chronologii s v\u00fdklady u\u010den\u00ed a popisem poh\u0159ebn\u00edch ob\u0159ad\u016f.<\/p><p>Jin\u00e9 texty, jako Ariyapariyesana-sutta (Majjhima Nikaya 26), vypr\u00e1v\u011bj\u00ed v prvn\u00ed osob\u011b o hled\u00e1n\u00ed pozn\u00e1n\u00ed, o odchodu z rodi\u010dovsk\u00e9ho domu a o rozchodu s asketick\u00fdmi u\u010diteli Alarou Kalamou a Uddakou Ramaputtou.<\/p><p>Lalitavistara, sanskrtsk\u00fd text ze 3. a\u017e 4. stolet\u00ed na\u0161eho letopo\u010dtu, rozv\u00edj\u00ed tato vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed do zdoben\u00e9 hagiografie s kosmick\u00fdmi z\u00e1zraky.<\/p>\n<p>Slavn\u00e9 \u201e\u010dty\u0159i v\u00fdjezdy&#8220;, p\u0159i nich\u017e mlad\u00fd Siddh\u00e1rtha spat\u0159\u00ed starce, nemocn\u00e9ho, mrtv\u00e9ho a putuj\u00edc\u00edho asketu, nejsou v nejstar\u0161\u00ed vrstv\u011b k\u00e1nonu dolo\u017eeny v t\u00e9to uzav\u0159en\u00e9 podob\u011b.<\/p><p>Zhu\u0161\u0165uj\u00ed teologick\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opakuj\u00edc\u00ed se obsahov\u00fd prvek v um\u011bn\u00ed nebo vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span>, kter\u00fd interpretuje konfrontaci s pom\u00edjivost\u00ed jako spou\u0161t\u011b\u010d odchodu do samoty. Edward Conze (\u00abDer Buddhismus\u00bb, Stuttgart 1953) upozornil, \u017ee se jedn\u00e1 o narativn\u00ed kompozici, kter\u00e1 p\u0159ej\u00edm\u00e1 star\u0161\u00ed vypr\u00e1v\u011bc\u00ed vzory z p\u0159edbuddhistick\u00e9 asketick\u00e9 literatury.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e46ce5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5e46ce5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-604c3f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"604c3f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">U\u010den\u00ed a \u010cty\u0159i vzne\u0161en\u00e9 pravdy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d6a375 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2d6a375\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>K\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00ed ze Sarnathu, Dhammacakkappavattana-sutta (Samyutta Nikaya 56.11), formuluje \u010dty\u0159i \u201evzne\u0161en\u00e9 pravdy&#8220;: byt\u00ed je charakterizov\u00e1no utrpen\u00edm (dukkha), utrpen\u00ed m\u00e1 p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinu v \u017e\u00e1dostivosti (tanha), zastaven\u00ed utrpen\u00ed je mo\u017en\u00e9 (nirodha), existuje cesta k tomuto c\u00edli, osmi\u010dlenn\u00e1 stezka (atthangika-magga).<\/p><p>Osm \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f tvo\u0159\u00ed spr\u00e1vn\u00fd n\u00e1hled, spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 rozhodnut\u00ed, spr\u00e1vn\u00e1 \u0159e\u010d, spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 jedn\u00e1n\u00ed, spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 obstar\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed ob\u017eivy, spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 \u00fasil\u00ed, spr\u00e1vn\u00e1 bd\u011blost a spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 soust\u0159ed\u011bn\u00ed. Toto \u010dlen\u011bn\u00ed je v\u00edcekr\u00e1t dolo\u017eeno v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sb\u00edrka svat\u00fdch text\u016f n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed uzn\u00e1van\u00e1 za z\u00e1vaznou.\" tabindex=\"0\">k\u00e1nonu<\/span> a je pova\u017eov\u00e1no za nejstar\u0161\u00ed systematick\u00e9 j\u00e1dro u\u010den\u00ed, kter\u00e9 lze v\u011brohodn\u011b p\u0159i\u010d\u00edtat historick\u00e9mu Buddhovi.<\/p>\n<p>Volker Zotz (\u00abGeschichte der buddhistischen Philosophie\u00bb, Reinbek 1996) za\u0159azuje \u010cty\u0159i pravdy do staroindick\u00e9 diagnostiky l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9ho um\u011bn\u00ed: p\u0159\u00edznak, p\u0159\u00ed\u010dina, l\u00e9\u010ditelnost, terapie. Toto l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9 pozad\u00ed je v p\u00e1lijsk\u00e9m <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sb\u00edrka svat\u00fdch text\u016f n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed uzn\u00e1van\u00e1 za z\u00e1vaznou.\" tabindex=\"0\">k\u00e1nonu<\/span> v\u00edcekr\u00e1t v\u00fdslovn\u011b uvedeno, nap\u0159\u00edklad kdy\u017e se Buddha s\u00e1m ozna\u010duje jako \u201el\u00e9ka\u0159&#8220;. U\u010den\u00ed tak nen\u00ed koncipov\u00e1no spekulativn\u011b, ale je zam\u011b\u0159eno na praktick\u00e9 osvobozen\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ace9927 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ace9927\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b024d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4b024d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sangha a u\u010ditelsk\u00e1 \u010dinnost<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-960cc77 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"960cc77\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Po dosa\u017een\u00ed osv\u00edcen\u00ed v B\u00f3dhgaji za\u010dala 45 let trvaj\u00edc\u00ed u\u010ditelsk\u00e1 \u010dinnost, kter\u00e1 se soust\u0159edila na oblast Magadhy, Kosaly a Videhy. Nejstar\u0161\u00ed mni\u0161sk\u00e9 komunity vznikly v Sarnathu, Rajagrihe (Veluvana-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Svat\u00fd porost strom\u016f, kter\u00fd slou\u017eil jako kultovn\u00ed m\u00edsto.\" tabindex=\"0\">h\u00e1j<\/span>) a Shravasti (Jetavana-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Svat\u00fd porost strom\u016f, kter\u00fd slou\u017eil jako kultovn\u00ed m\u00edsto.\" tabindex=\"0\">h\u00e1j<\/span>). Ten druh\u00fd m\u011bl podle tradice sanghu darovat kupec Anathapindika.<\/p><p>Sangha se d\u011blila do \u010dty\u0159 skupin: mni\u0161i (bhikkhu), mni\u0161ky (bhikkhuni), lai\u010dt\u00ed n\u00e1sledovn\u00edci a laick\u00e9 n\u00e1sledovnice. P\u0159ijet\u00ed \u017een, zprost\u0159edkovan\u00e9 Anandou a p\u011bstounkou Mahapad\u017e\u00e1pat\u00ed, je zaznamen\u00e1no v Cullavagg\u011b (Vinaya-Pitaka). V\u00fdzkum v tom vid\u00ed pro staroindick\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 d\u011bjiny nezvykl\u00fd krok, jeho\u017e historick\u00e1 spolehlivost je v\u0161ak sporn\u00e1.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8264d71 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8264d71\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f189522 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f189522\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Symboly, ikonografie a relikvie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c452567 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c452567\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nejstar\u0161\u00ed buddhistick\u00e9 um\u011bn\u00ed, nap\u0159\u00edklad reli\u00e9fy ze Sanchi a Bharhutu (2. a\u017e 1. stolet\u00ed p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem), neznaj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 antropomorfn\u00ed zobrazen\u00ed Buddhy.<\/p><p>U\u010ditel je symbolizov\u00e1n pr\u00e1zdn\u00fdmi tr\u016fny, otisky chodidel, kolem z\u00e1kona (dharmacakra), stromem b\u00f3dhi a st\u00fapou. A\u017e gandh\u00e1rsk\u00e1 \u0161kola v 1. a\u017e 3. stolet\u00ed na\u0161eho letopo\u010dtu, ovlivn\u011bn\u00e1 hel\u00e9nistick\u00fdm socha\u0159stv\u00edm, rozv\u00edj\u00ed ikonografii v lidsk\u00e9 podob\u011b.<\/p><p>Dvaat\u0159icet \u201ehlavn\u00edch znak\u016f&#8220; (mahapurusalaksana) z pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edch text\u016f, mezi nimi u\u0161n\u00fd\u0161a (v\u00fdr\u016fstek na lebce), \u00farna (chom\u00e1\u010dek vlas\u016f na \u010dele), prodlou\u017een\u00e9 u\u0161n\u00ed lal\u016f\u010dky a otisky lotosu na chodidlech, formalizuj\u00ed zobrazen\u00ed. Gesta rukou (mudra) k\u00f3duj\u00ed u\u010debn\u00ed situace: dotyk zem\u011b (bhumisparsha), gesto beze strachu (abhaya), gesto u\u010den\u00ed (dharmacakra) a gesto meditace (dhyana).<\/p>\n<p>Po parinirv\u00e1n\u011b byly popel a kostern\u00ed zbytky rozd\u011bleny mezi osm kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed a ulo\u017eeny do st\u00fap. A\u0161\u00f3ka m\u011bl ve 3. stolet\u00ed p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem tyto st\u00fapy znovu otev\u0159\u00edt a relikvie rozd\u011blit do 84 000 nov\u00fdch staveb.<\/p><p>Toto \u010d\u00edslo je symbolick\u00e9, archeologick\u00e9 n\u00e1lezy v\u0161ak ukazuj\u00ed na v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed kultu st\u00fap za dynastie Maurj\u016f.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c038d14 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c038d14\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4b57e5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a4b57e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u016fsoben\u00ed a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 p\u0159etv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c398bad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c398bad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V mah\u00e1j\u00e1nov\u00e9m buddhismu, kter\u00fd vznik\u00e1 od 1. stolet\u00ed p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem, vystupuje vedle historick\u00e9ho Buddhy \u201etrojt\u011blesn\u00e9&#8220; u\u010den\u00ed (trikaja): t\u011blo prom\u011bny (nirmanakaja), v n\u011bm\u017e se Siddh\u00e1rtha objevil jako historick\u00e1 osoba, t\u011blo bla\u017eenosti (sambhogakaja) a t\u011blo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V indick\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edch u\u010den\u00ed a spr\u00e1vn\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d jedn\u00e1n\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">dharmy<\/span> (dharmakaja) jako nad\u010dasov\u00e1 pravda.<\/p><p>V Saddharmapundar\u00edka-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V hinduismu a buddhismu u\u010debn\u00ed text ve stru\u010dn\u00e9 form\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00fat\u0159e<\/span> (Lotosov\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V hinduismu a buddhismu u\u010debn\u00ed text ve stru\u010dn\u00e9 form\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00fatra<\/span>, p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 1. stolet\u00ed na\u0161eho letopo\u010dtu) je \u0160\u00e1kjamuni pouze projevem bytosti, kter\u00e1 dos\u00e1hla osv\u00edcen\u00ed v nezm\u011b\u0159iteln\u00e9 minulosti. Donald Lopez (\u201eThe Story of Buddhism&#8220;, San Francisco 2001) popisuje tento posun jako n\u00e1bo\u017eenskod\u011bjinnou generalizaci, v n\u00ed\u017e se jednotliv\u00e1 osoba st\u00e1v\u00e1 kosmickou funkc\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Robert Buswell a Donald Lopez (\u201ePrinceton Dictionary of Buddhism&#8220;, Princeton 2014) ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee historicko-kritick\u00fd v\u00fdzkum Buddhy a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e1 \u00facta k Buddhovi prob\u00edhaj\u00ed v modern\u00edm asijsk\u00e9m buddhismu z velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti soub\u011b\u017en\u011b.<\/p><p>Z\u00e1padn\u00ed akademick\u00e9 diskuse o datov\u00e1n\u00ed, jako je ta Bechertova, dosud nenalezly t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 \u017e\u00e1dnou odezvu v tradi\u010dn\u00edch kl\u00e1\u0161terech na Sr\u00ed Lance, v Thajsku \u010di Tibetu. Z v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho hlediska je toto pnut\u00ed samo p\u0159edm\u011btem v\u00fdzkumu a vede k ot\u00e1zce, jak se biografick\u00e1 skute\u010dnost a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd v\u00fdznam vz\u00e1jemn\u011b vztahuj\u00ed v procesu tradov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7fea99b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7fea99b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e63532 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0e63532\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepce v Evrop\u011b<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3bde59 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3bde59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Evropsk\u00e9 pozn\u00e1n\u00ed Buddhy za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 p\u0159eklady z p\u00e1l\u00ed a sanskrtu v 19. stolet\u00ed. Eug\u00e8ne Burnouf polo\u017eil z\u00e1klady d\u00edlem \u201eIntroduction \u00e0 l&#8217;histoire du buddhisme indien&#8220; (Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017e 1844). Hermann Oldenberg spojil filologii a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 d\u011bjiny v d\u00edle \u201eBuddha. Sein Leben, seine Lehre, seine Gemeinde&#8220; (Berl\u00edn 1881).<\/p><p>Schopenhauer p\u0159ij\u00edmal buddhistick\u00e9 motivy zprost\u0159edkovan\u011b a jeho vliv sahal daleko za r\u00e1mec akademick\u00e9 indologie. Ve 20. stolet\u00ed formuje therav\u00e1dov\u00fd mnich Nyanatiloka (Anton Gueth) n\u011bmeckojazy\u010dn\u00e9 pojet\u00ed Buddhova u\u010den\u00ed systematick\u00fdmi p\u0159eklady z p\u00e1l\u00ed. Tato linie dozn\u00edv\u00e1 a\u017e do dne\u0161n\u00ed akademick\u00e9 i medita\u010dn\u011b-praktick\u00e9 diskuse.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffc6968 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ffc6968\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73c461c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"73c461c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Prameny a dal\u0161\u00ed literatura<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8545b4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8545b4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Prim\u00e1rn\u00ed prameny: Mahaparinibb\u00e1na-sutta (D\u00edgha nik\u00e1ja 16); Arijapari\u00e9san\u00e1-sutta (Mad\u017ed\u017ehima nik\u00e1ja 26); Dhamma\u010dakkappavattana-sutta (Sanjutta nik\u00e1ja 56.11); Vinaja-pitaka, Cullavagga; Lalitavistara; Saddharmapundar\u00edka-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V hinduismu a buddhismu u\u010debn\u00ed text ve stru\u010dn\u00e9 form\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00fatra<\/span> (Lotosov\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V hinduismu a buddhismu u\u010debn\u00ed text ve stru\u010dn\u00e9 form\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00fatra<\/span>).<\/p>\n<p>Sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed literatura:<\/p><ul><li>Heinz Bechert (vyd.), \u201eDie Datierung des historischen Buddha&#8220;, 3 svazky, G\u00f6ttingen 1991 a\u017e 1997.<\/li><li>Hans Wolfgang Schumann, \u201eDer historische Buddha&#8220;, Kol\u00edn nad R\u00fdnem 1982.<\/li><li>Klaus-Josef Notz, \u201eBuddhismus&#8220;, Stuttgart 2002.<\/li><li>Volker Zotz, \u201eGeschichte der buddhistischen Philosophie&#8220;, Reinbek 1996.<\/li><li>Edward Conze, \u201eDer Buddhismus&#8220;, Stuttgart 1953.<\/li><li>Donald Lopez, \u201eThe Story of Buddhism&#8220;, San Francisco 2001.<\/li><li>Robert Buswell a Donald Lopez, \u201ePrinceton Dictionary of Buddhism&#8220;, Princeton 2014.<\/li><li>Hermann Oldenberg, \u201eBuddha.<\/li><\/ul><p>Sein Leben, seine Lehre, seine Gemeinde&#8220;, Berl\u00edn 1881.<\/p><\/div><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e4c2b84 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e4c2b84\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff18585 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff18585\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ran\u00e9 mni\u0161sk\u00e9 spole\u010denstv\u00ed a vznik \u0161kol<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f3a5d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5f3a5d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Buddhova u\u010ditelsk\u00e1 \u010dinnost vedla ji\u017e b\u011bhem jeho \u017eivota ke vzniku pom\u011brn\u011b nesourod\u00e9ho spole\u010denstv\u00ed. Ji\u017e v r\u00e1mci prvn\u00ed generace po parinirv\u00e1n\u011b se projevily rozd\u00edln\u00e9 v\u00fdkladov\u00e9 praxe, kter\u00e9 na tzv. druh\u00e9m koncilu ve Vai\u0161\u00e1l\u00ed (p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 100 let po parinirv\u00e1n\u011b) vedly k prvn\u00ed roztr\u017ece.<\/p><p>Th\u00e9rav\u00e1dini (\u201eu\u010ditel\u00e9 star\u0161\u00edch&#8220;) a mah\u00e1sanghikov\u00e9 (\u201evelk\u00e1 obec&#8220;) se rozd\u011blili, sporn\u00e9 body se t\u00fdkaly deseti disciplin\u00e1rn\u00edch ot\u00e1zek, mezi nimi zach\u00e1zen\u00ed s pen\u011bzi a v\u00fdklad pravidel vinaji.<\/p><p>Z mah\u00e1sanghik\u016f se v pr\u016fb\u011bhu n\u011bkolika stalet\u00ed vyvinuly p\u0159edformy mah\u00e1j\u00e1ny, zat\u00edmco th\u00e9rav\u00e1dov\u00e1 linie se konsolidovala p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na Sr\u00ed Lance. Heinz Bechert ve v\u00edce stat\u00edch uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee toto ran\u00e9 rozd\u011blen\u00ed \u0161kol se metodicky dot\u00fdk\u00e1 nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edho probl\u00e9mu datov\u00e1n\u00ed ran\u00e9 buddhistick\u00e9 historie, proto\u017ee poskytuje relativn\u00ed vzta\u017en\u00fd bod pro Buddhova \u017eivotn\u00ed data.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-acb2de5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"acb2de5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8bc2480 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8bc2480\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A\u0161\u00f3kovy sloupy jako historick\u00e9 doklady<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4773f11 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4773f11\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>N\u00e1pisy maurjovsk\u00e9ho c\u00edsa\u0159e A\u0161\u00f3ky (vl\u00e1dl p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b od 268 do 232 p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem) jsou nejstar\u0161\u00edmi nesporn\u011b historick\u00fdmi doklady buddhistick\u00fdch d\u011bjin.<\/p><p>Jmenuj\u00ed Buddhu, popisuj\u00ed pout\u011b k m\u00edst\u016fm jeho narozen\u00ed a p\u016fsoben\u00ed a dokl\u00e1daj\u00ed c\u00edsa\u0159skou podporu sanghy. Sloup v Lumbin\u00ed (rumminddeisk\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Do pevn\u00e9ho nosi\u010de vyryt\u00fd nebo vytesan\u00fd text.\" tabindex=\"0\">n\u00e1pis<\/span>, 250 p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem) ozna\u010duje m\u00edsto jeho narozen\u00ed.<\/p><p>Dal\u0161\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Do pevn\u00e9ho nosi\u010de vyryt\u00fd nebo vytesan\u00fd text.\" tabindex=\"0\">n\u00e1pis<\/span> v Nig\u00e1l\u00ed S\u00e1garu odkazuje na d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00edho Buddhu jm\u00e9nem Kon\u00e1gamana, co\u017e ukazuje, \u017ee A\u0161\u00f3ka se ji\u017e zaj\u00edmal o \u0159adu Buddh\u016f, do n\u00ed\u017e je \u0160\u00e1kjamuni zasazen.<\/p><p>Tyto n\u00e1pisy jsou metodicky z\u00e1sadn\u00ed, proto\u017ee spolehliv\u011b dokl\u00e1daj\u00ed existenci organizovan\u00e9 buddhistick\u00e9 obce a Buddhovy geografie ve 3. stolet\u00ed p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem. T\u00edm je zaji\u0161t\u011bna i existence osoby Buddhy p\u0159ed t\u00edmto datem, ani\u017e by t\u00edm ov\u0161em bylo p\u0159esn\u011b stanoveno jeho \u017eivotn\u00ed rozp\u011bt\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c00e2b0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c00e2b0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66ed5a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"66ed5a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Buddhovo u\u010den\u00ed o boz\u00edch<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55b6ffc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"55b6ffc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ot\u00e1zka, kterou modern\u00ed badatel\u00e9 \u010dasto podce\u0148uj\u00ed, se t\u00fdk\u00e1 Buddhova postoje k boh\u016fm (d\u00e9va) v\u00e9dsk\u00e9 tradice. P\u00e1lijsk\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch text\u016f uzn\u00e1van\u00fdch za z\u00e1vazn\u00e9.\" tabindex=\"0\">k\u00e1non<\/span> nezobrazuje bohy jako neexistuj\u00edc\u00ed, ale za\u0159azuje je do hierarchicky uspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u00e9ho kosmu, v n\u011bm\u017e jsou i oni podrobeni znovuzrozen\u00ed a tedy utrpen\u00ed.<\/p><p>Indra (v p\u00e1li Sakka), Brahma, ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed bo\u017estva i bytosti vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch sv\u011bt\u016f se v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch text\u016f uzn\u00e1van\u00fdch za z\u00e1vazn\u00e9.\" tabindex=\"0\">k\u00e1nonu<\/span> opakovan\u011b objevuj\u00ed jako Buddhovi partne\u0159i v rozhovoru.<\/p><p>Nejsou mu nad\u0159azeni, naopak ho uzn\u00e1vaj\u00ed jako sv\u00e9ho u\u010ditele. Tento vztah je z n\u00e1bo\u017eenskofenomenologick\u00e9ho hlediska nezvykl\u00fd, buddhismus nen\u00ed ani ateistick\u00fd, ani teistick\u00fd v b\u011b\u017en\u00e9m slova smyslu. Klaus-Josef Notz tuto konstelaci ve sv\u00e9 knize \u00abBuddhismus\u00bb ozna\u010dil jako \u00abateistick\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed s panteonem boh\u016f\u00bb. Bohov\u00e9 maj\u00ed sv\u00e9 funkce, nejsou v\u0161ak kone\u010dnou instanc\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3b1717 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a3b1717\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e64bc6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1e64bc6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vinaja a mni\u0161sk\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5dbfa07 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5dbfa07\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Disciplin\u00e1rn\u00ed pravidla (vinaja), kter\u00e1 upravuj\u00ed denn\u00ed \u017eivot mnich\u016f a mni\u0161ek, jsou tradi\u010dn\u011b p\u0159ipisov\u00e1na samotn\u00e9mu Buddhovi. Ve skute\u010dnosti je Vinaja-pitaka sb\u00edrka, kter\u00e1 se vrstvila v pr\u016fb\u011bhu \u010dasu, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e jej\u00ed nejstar\u0161\u00ed j\u00e1dro sah\u00e1 a\u017e do doby Buddhova p\u016fsoben\u00ed. 227 pravidel p\u00e1timokkhy pro mnichy (311 pro mni\u0161ky) upravuje od\u011bv, stravov\u00e1n\u00ed, ubytov\u00e1n\u00ed, sexu\u00e1ln\u00ed zdr\u017eenlivost a vztah k laik\u016fm.<\/p><p>Tato pravidla se p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed dvakr\u00e1t m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u011b na shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed uposatha, co\u017e zaji\u0161\u0165uje trval\u00e9 udr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed pov\u011bdom\u00ed o discipl\u00edn\u011b. Tato praxe je nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u011b dolo\u017eena od 3. stolet\u00ed p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem a p\u0159edstavuje tak jednu z nejstar\u0161\u00edch n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch disciplin\u00e1rn\u00edch forem ve sv\u011bt\u011b.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-99198a5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"99198a5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3c9f48 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d3c9f48\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Prvn\u00ed koncily a kodifikace u\u010den\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f2749d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f2749d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Bezprost\u0159edn\u011b po parinirv\u00e1n\u011b se podle <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed znalost\u00ed a vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d generacemi.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradice<\/span> konal v R\u00e1d\u017eagriha prvn\u00ed buddhistick\u00fd koncil svolan\u00fd Mah\u00e1k\u00e1\u0161japou. \u00c1nanda p\u0159ednesl k\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00ed (Sutta-pitaka), Up\u00e1li disciplin\u00e1rn\u00ed pravidla (Vinaja-pitaka).<\/p><p>Tato tradice je zaznamen\u00e1na v Culavagg\u011b. \u00c9tienne Lamotte (\u00abHistoire du bouddhisme indien\u00bb, Louvain 1958) hodnot\u00ed tradici o koncilech jako dodate\u010dn\u00e9 legitimiza\u010dn\u00ed vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed, kter\u00e9 v\u0161ak obsahuje historicky pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9 j\u00e1dro: zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed \u00fastn\u011b tradovan\u00e9ho u\u010den\u00ed pomoc\u00ed standardizovan\u00fdch p\u0159ednes\u016f.<\/p><p>Druh\u00fd koncil ve Vai\u0161\u00e1l\u00ed (p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 380 p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem) se zab\u00fdval deseti spor\u00fdmi disciplin\u00e1rn\u00edmi body. T\u0159et\u00ed koncil v P\u00e1taliput\u0159e za A\u0161\u00f3ky (p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 250 p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem) je v th\u00e9rav\u00e1dov\u00e9 tradici pova\u017eov\u00e1n za zavr\u0161en\u00ed kanonizace Tipitaky.<\/p><p>Mah\u00e1sanghikov\u00e1 linie tento t\u0159et\u00ed koncil v t\u00e9to podob\u011b nezn\u00e1, co\u017e u\u017e v ran\u00e9m obdob\u00ed dokl\u00e1d\u00e1 \u0161kolsky specifick\u00e9 pojet\u00ed d\u011bjin.<\/p>\n<p>Kone\u010dn\u00e9 p\u00edsemn\u00e9 zachycen\u00ed p\u00e1lijsk\u00e9ho k\u00e1nonu prob\u011bhlo a\u017e na Sr\u00ed Lance za kr\u00e1le Vattag\u00e1man\u00edho Abhaji v 1. stolet\u00ed p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem. Na \u010dtvrt\u00e9m koncilu v Aluvih\u00e1\u0159e byly texty poprv\u00e9 zaps\u00e1ny na palmov\u00e9 listy.<\/p><p>Tento zlom m\u00e1 z n\u00e1bo\u017eenskohistorick\u00e9ho hlediska velk\u00fd v\u00fdznam, ozna\u010duje p\u0159echod od \u010dist\u00e9 pam\u011b\u0165ov\u00e9 kultury k p\u00edsemn\u00e9 kultu\u0159e. Do t\u00e9 doby texty \u00fastn\u011b tradovaly specializovan\u00e9 mni\u0161sk\u00e9 skupiny (bh\u00e1naka), z nich\u017e ka\u017ed\u00e1 udr\u017eovala ur\u010dit\u00e9 skupiny text\u016f.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-adc2a29 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"adc2a29\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48c6626 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48c6626\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Buddha ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed se sv\u00fdmi soudob\u00fdmi u\u010diteli<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26118f8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"26118f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Buddha \u017eil a p\u016fsobil v obdob\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 plurality, kter\u00e9 p\u00e1lijsk\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch text\u016f uzn\u00e1van\u00fdch za z\u00e1vazn\u00e9.\" tabindex=\"0\">k\u00e1non<\/span> popisuje jako dobu \u00ab\u0161esti jin\u00fdch u\u010ditel\u016f\u00bb. Pat\u0159ili k nim Mah\u00e1v\u00edra, zakladatel jainismu, Makkhali G\u00f3sala (\u00e1d\u017e\u00edvika), Pur\u00e1na Kassapa, Pakudha Ka\u010d\u010d\u00e1jana, Ad\u017eita Kesakambal\u00ed a Sand\u017eaja Belatthiputta. Samannaphala-sutta (D\u00edgha nik\u00e1ja 2) pod\u00e1v\u00e1 srovn\u00e1vac\u00ed p\u0159ehled jejich u\u010den\u00ed.<\/p><p>Badatel\u00e9 tyto prameny zkoumali, aby zrekonstruovali duchovn\u011b-historick\u00fd profil indick\u00e9ho osov\u00e9ho v\u011bku. Karl Jaspers tuto konstelaci ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle \u00abVom Ursprung und Ziel der Geschichte\u00bb (1949) za\u0159adil do glob\u00e1ln\u00edho osov\u00e9ho v\u011bku, v n\u011bm\u017e sou\u010dasn\u011b vznikaly nov\u00e9 filosofick\u00e9 sm\u011bry v \u010c\u00edn\u011b, Indii, \u00cdr\u00e1nu a \u0158ecku.<\/p>\n<p>Bl\u00edzkost k Mah\u00e1v\u00edrovi je n\u00e1padn\u00e1 zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165. Oba u\u010dili ve stejn\u00e9m regionu, oba z\u00edsk\u00e1vali stoupence z aristokracie k\u0161atrij\u016f, oba kritizovali v\u00e9dsk\u00fd ob\u011btn\u00ed kult. Padmanabh Jaini (\u00abThe Jaina Path of Purification\u00bb, Berkeley 1979) systematicky rozpracoval jejich spole\u010dn\u00e9 rysy i rozd\u00edly.<\/p><p>Zat\u00edmco d\u017einist\u00e9 zast\u00e1vali strohou askezi a t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 materi\u00e1ln\u00ed pojet\u00ed karmy, Buddha formuloval \u00abst\u0159edn\u00ed cestu\u00bb mezi smyslov\u00fdm po\u017eitkem a sebetr\u00fdzn\u011bn\u00edm a substanci\u00e1ln\u00ed nauku o du\u0161i nahradil principem anatt\u00e1.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-331b0f1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"331b0f1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-81e52c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"81e52c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dvan\u00e1ct hlavn\u00edch motiv\u016f Buddhovy hagiografie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-189913c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"189913c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed hagiografie zhustila \u017eivot Buddhy do dvan\u00e1cti normativn\u00edch hlavn\u00edch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed, kter\u00e9 jsou zn\u00e1m\u00e9 jako \u201edvan\u00e1ct \u010din\u016f\u201c (mdzad pa bcu gnyis) a kodifikov\u00e1ny jsou zejm\u00e9na v tibetsk\u00e9 tradici.<\/p><p>Zahrnuj\u00ed sestup z nebe Tu\u0161ita, po\u010det\u00ed, narozen\u00ed, dovednosti z\u00edskan\u00e9 v ml\u00e1d\u00ed, s\u0148atek a bohatstv\u00ed, odchod z domova, askezi, v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed nad M\u00e1rou, dosa\u017een\u00ed osv\u00edcen\u00ed, u\u010ditelskou \u010dinnost a parinirv\u00e1no.<\/p><p>Tato standardizace prob\u011bhla v mah\u00e1j\u00e1n\u011b a vad\u017eraj\u00e1n\u011b teprve po 7. stolet\u00ed na\u0161eho letopo\u010dtu. Nejpodrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed p\u0159edlohu poskytuje Lalitavistara. Steven Collins (\u201eSelfless Persons\u201c, Cambridge 1982) uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee tato kodifikace m\u00e1 religionsociologickou funkci: vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed medita\u010dn\u00ed vizualiza\u010dn\u00ed sch\u00e9ma, kter\u00e9 lze reprodukovat v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pevn\u011b stanoven\u00fd po\u0159\u00e1dek bohoslu\u017eby n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 obce.\" tabindex=\"0\">liturgii<\/span> a kl\u00e1\u0161tern\u00ed v\u00fduce.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62ba234 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"62ba234\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c61e41 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4c61e41\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Buddha jako u\u010ditel boh\u016f a lid\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-293d475 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"293d475\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V p\u00e1lijsk\u00e9m <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Za z\u00e1vazn\u00fd uzn\u00e1van\u00fd soubor svat\u00fdch text\u016f n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">k\u00e1nonu<\/span> nese Buddha titul \u201esatthadevamanussanam\u201c, \u201eu\u010ditel boh\u016f a lid\u00ed\u201c. Tento titul odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed kosmologick\u00e9 postaven\u00ed Osv\u00edcen\u00e9ho v r\u00e1mci indick\u00e9ho modelu \u0161esti sf\u00e9r (bohov\u00e9, polobohov\u00e9, lid\u00e9, zv\u00ed\u0159ata, hladov\u00ed duchov\u00e9, obyvatel\u00e9 pekel). Tak\u00e9 Indra (Sakka), Brahma Sahampati a ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed bo\u017estva jsou pova\u017eov\u00e1ni za Buddhovy \u017e\u00e1ky.<\/p><p>Tato hierarchizace neslou\u017e\u00ed polemice proti v\u00e9dsk\u00e9mu panteonu, n\u00fdbr\u017e jeho za\u0159azen\u00ed do buddhistick\u00e9ho sch\u00e9matu. Lambert Schmithausen (\u201eBuddhism and Nature\u201c, Tokio 1991) odkazuje na strategii \u201einkluzivismu\u201c, typickou pro ran\u00fd indick\u00fd n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd soupe\u0159iv\u00fd kontext.<\/p><p>Tak\u00e9 M\u00e1ra, poku\u0161itelsk\u00fd protivn\u00edk pod stromem b\u00f3dhi, je \u010dten nikoli jako ontologicky zl\u00e1 bytost, n\u00fdbr\u017e jako psychicko-kosmick\u00e1 personifikace zapleten\u00ed do st\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed se.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a752db3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a752db3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-342dca2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"342dca2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Buddhova smrt a ot\u00e1zka Cundy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c68b86 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4c68b86\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mahaparinibbana-sutta uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee Buddha p\u0159ed smrt\u00ed p\u0159ijal u kov\u00e1\u0159e Cundy pokrm ozna\u010dovan\u00fd jako \u201esukara-maddava\u201c.<\/p><p>P\u0159eklad je sporn\u00fd: \u201em\u011bkk\u00e9 vep\u0159ov\u00e9 maso\u201c (Rhys Davids), \u201ehouby vyhraban\u00e9 prasaty\u201c (Walpola Rahula), \u201emlad\u00e9 bambusov\u00e9 v\u00fdhonky\u201c. Badatel\u00e9 se shoduj\u00ed, \u017ee Buddha po tomto j\u00eddle prod\u011blal t\u011b\u017ekou \u017ealude\u010dn\u00ed krizi, pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b bakteri\u00e1ln\u00ed otravu j\u00eddlem nebo epizodu mezenterick\u00e9ho infarktu.<\/p><p>Buddha ve\u0159ejn\u011b obhajoval Cundu t\u00edm, \u017ee \u0159ekl, \u017ee d\u00e1rcovsk\u00e9 j\u00eddlo p\u0159edch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed osv\u00edcen\u00ed a j\u00eddlo p\u0159ed parinirv\u00e1no jsou dv\u011bma nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edmi z\u00e1sluhami.<\/p><p>Toto gesto se v b\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed dostalo \u0161irok\u00e9ho ohlasu, proto\u017ee symbolicky p\u0159esouv\u00e1 odpov\u011bdnost za smrt u\u010ditele a zbavuje ot\u00e1zku viny. Hellmuth Hecker v n\u011bkolika stat\u00edch o Cundovi vypracoval l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00fd i religionsfenomenologick\u00fd aspekt.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9283984 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9283984\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-220b27b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"220b27b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u010casto kladen\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a83b72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2a83b72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Kdy \u017eil historick\u00fd Buddha?<\/strong> Star\u0161\u00ed b\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed jej datovalo do let 563 a\u017e 483 p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem.<\/p><p>V\u00fdzkumy Heinze Bechert\u0430 uk\u00e1zaly, \u017ee \u201ekr\u00e1tk\u00e1 chronologie\u201c s daty \u017eivota kolem 480 a\u017e 400 p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem l\u00e9pe odpov\u00edd\u00e1 stavu pramen\u016f. Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed b\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed se dnes p\u0159ikl\u00e1n\u00ed k datu \u00famrt\u00ed mezi lety 410 a 380 p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Kde se Buddha narodil?<\/strong> V Lumbin\u00ed v dne\u0161n\u00edm ji\u017en\u00edm Nep\u00e1lu. M\u00edsto je jmenovit\u011b identifikov\u00e1no d\u00edky A\u0161\u00f3kovu sloupu ze 3. stolet\u00ed p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem.<\/p>\n<p>Jak\u00fd je rozd\u00edl mezi historick\u00fdm Buddhou a Buddhou v mah\u00e1j\u00e1n\u011b? V th\u00e9rav\u00e1dov\u00e9m buddhismu je \u0160\u00e1kjamuni historick\u00fdm u\u010ditelem tohoto v\u011bku sv\u011bta. V mah\u00e1j\u00e1n\u011b je jednou z mnoha manifestac\u00ed kosmicky ch\u00e1pan\u00e9ho principu Buddhy. Ob\u011b koncepce existuj\u00ed paraleln\u011b a ve v\u011bdeck\u00e9m b\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed jsou diskutov\u00e1ny odd\u011blen\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Jak\u00fdm jazykem Buddha mluvil?<\/strong> S vysokou pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed staroindo\u00e1rijsk\u00fdm lidov\u00fdm jazykem, pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b bl\u00edzce p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdm dne\u0161n\u00ed magadh\u00ed. P\u00e1l\u00ed, ve kter\u00e9m je dochov\u00e1n nejstar\u0161\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Za z\u00e1vazn\u00fd uzn\u00e1van\u00fd soubor svat\u00fdch text\u016f n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">k\u00e1non<\/span>, je liter\u00e1rn\u011b vybrou\u0161en\u00e1 forma, kter\u00e1 s magadh\u00ed nen\u00ed toto\u017en\u00e1, ale je s n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00e1.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3273,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Buddha Gautama","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Buddha Gautama \u2013 zakladatel buddhismu | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Siddh\u00e1rtha Gautama, historick\u00fd Buddha, zakladatel buddhismu, \u010cty\u0159i vzne\u0161en\u00e9 pravdy a Osmi\u010dlenn\u00e1 stezka. \u017divot, u\u010den\u00ed a p\u016fsoben\u00ed.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-145621","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Buddha Gautama \u2013 zakladatel buddhismu | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Siddh\u00e1rtha Gautama, historick\u00fd Buddha, zakladatel buddhismu, \u010cty\u0159i vzne\u0161en\u00e9 pravdy a Osmi\u010dlenn\u00e1 stezka. \u017divot, u\u010den\u00ed a p\u016fsoben\u00ed.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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