{"id":145619,"date":"2026-09-03T16:32:09","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:32:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=145619"},"modified":"2026-09-03T17:01:07","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T17:01:07","slug":"leshy","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/leshy\/","title":{"rendered":"Leshy"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"145619\" class=\"elementor elementor-145619 elementor-3033 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f5cdee0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f5cdee0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fe2c2ca e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fe2c2ca\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-58b6feb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"58b6feb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df528a8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"df528a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Leshy, slovansk\u00fd lesn\u00ed duch<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fe67b5f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fe67b5f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Leshy (ps\u00e1no tak\u00e9 Leschij nebo Leschi) je slovansk\u00fd lesn\u00ed duch a str\u00e1\u017ece divo\u010diny, kter\u00fd dohl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed na zv\u011b\u0159 a stromy sv\u00e9ho rev\u00edru a m\u016f\u017ee poutn\u00edky sv\u00e9st z cesty. Leshy (rusky \u041b\u0435\u0448\u0438\u0439, ukrajinsky \u041b\u0456\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043a, polsky Leszy, jihoslovansky Le\u0161nik) je ve v\u00fdchodoslovansk\u00e9 lidov\u00e9 v\u00ed\u0159e p\u00e1nem lesa, p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edm duchem ambivalentn\u00edho charakteru, kter\u00fd vl\u00e1dne strom\u016fm, div\u00e9 zv\u011b\u0159i a hou\u0161tin\u00e1m.<\/p><p>Na rozd\u00edl od ofici\u00e1ln\u00edch boh\u016f vladimirsk\u00e9 \u0161estice boh\u016f nepat\u0159\u00ed Leshy k teologick\u00e9mu panteonu Kyjevsk\u00e9 Rusi, n\u00fdbr\u017e k hlub\u0161\u00ed vrstv\u011b \u00abni\u017e\u0161\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn tradovan\u00fdch vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o boz\u00edch v dan\u00e9 kultu\u0159e.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytologie<\/span>\u00bb, tomu duchovn\u00edmu sv\u011btu les\u016f, pol\u00ed, \u0159ek a dom\u016f, kter\u00fd se p\u0159es k\u0159es\u0165anskou f\u00e1zi zachoval do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry nep\u0159eru\u0161en.<\/p><p>Sergej Tokarev a Vladimir Propp popsali Leshyho jako nejlep\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edklad v\u00fdchodoslovansk\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edho d\u00e9mona, jeho\u017e obraz lze rekonstruovat ze stovek lidov\u00fdch vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed a rolnick\u00fdch zpr\u00e1v.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c5f94d7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c5f94d7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-57bfb66 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"57bfb66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"B\u016fh \/ Bohyn\u011b: Personifikovan\u00e1 nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed moc v panteonu ur\u010dit\u00e9 kultury, s jasn\u011b vymezen\u00fdmi oblastmi p\u016fsobnosti \u2014 p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed s\u00edly, osud, v\u00e1lka, plodnost. Uct\u00edvan\u00e1 prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm kult\u016f, ob\u011bt\u00ed a chr\u00e1mov\u00fdch instituc\u00ed.\">B\u016fh<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/slovanske\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Slovansk\u00e1 mytologie a lidov\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed, od 10. stolet\u00ed p\u0159ekryt\u00e9 k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00edm.\">Slovansk\u00fd<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b2d737 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5b2d737\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fad936f elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"fad936f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na t\\u00e9to str\\u00e1nce nebyly nalezeny 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0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__fad936f\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c144d3b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c144d3b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18dc338 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"18dc338\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_slawisch_leshy-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-147214\" alt=\"Leshy \u2013 b\u016fh ze slovansk\u00e9 tradice, historicko-ilustrativn\u00ed zobrazen\u00ed\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_slawisch_leshy-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_slawisch_leshy-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_slawisch_leshy-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_slawisch_leshy.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0b98460 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"0b98460\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-915ac28 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"915ac28\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-42b53fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"42b53fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jm\u00e9no a etymologie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b21db8b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b21db8b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jm\u00e9no \u00abLeshy\u00bb (\u041b\u0435\u0448\u0438\u0439) je odvozeno od starorusk\u00e9ho \u00ables\u00bb (les) a znamen\u00e1 doslova \u00abten, kdo pat\u0159\u00ed k lesu\u00bb. Synonymy jsou \u00abLesovik\u00bb, \u00abLesnik\u00bb, \u00abLesnoj d\u011bd\u00bb (lesn\u00ed d\u011bdek), \u00abLesovoj\u00bb, \u00abBorovoj\u00bb (od \u00abbor\u00bb, borov\u00fd les) a \u00abVodjanij d\u011bd\u00bb v kombinovan\u00fdch tvarech.<\/p><p>Jihoslovansk\u00e9 prot\u011bj\u0161ky \u00abLe\u0161y\u00bb, \u00abLe\u0161nik\u00bb a polsk\u00e9 \u00abLeszy\u00bb ukazuj\u00ed panslovansk\u00e9 roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed tohoto konceptu, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e nejv\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn tradovan\u00fdch vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o boz\u00edch v dan\u00e9 kultu\u0159e.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytologie<\/span> je dochov\u00e1na ve v\u00fdchodoslovansk\u00e9m prostoru.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e7f9ed4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e7f9ed4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-741046b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"741046b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vzhled a schopnost prom\u011bny<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-95fc579 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"95fc579\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Leshy je klasick\u00fd tvaroh\u00fdba\u010d. Nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed popis jej zobrazuje jako star\u00e9ho mu\u017ee s dlouh\u00fdm \u0161ed\u00fdm nebo zelen\u00fdm vousem, od\u011bn\u00e9ho do ko\u017ee\u0161inov\u00fdch \u0161at\u016f, \u010dasto s obuv\u00ed obr\u00e1cenou naruby, s lev\u00fdm od\u011bvem p\u0159ehozen\u00fdm p\u0159es prav\u00e9 ramene a bez st\u00ednu.<\/p><p>O\u010d\u00ed se v zpr\u00e1v\u00e1ch jev\u00ed n\u011bkdy zelenav\u011b z\u00e1\u0159\u00edc\u00ed, jindy jako ho\u0159\u00edc\u00ed sv\u011btla mezi stromy. Tyto detailn\u00ed znaky (\u00abvendsk\u00fd inverzn\u00ed vzorec\u00bb) jsou ve v\u00fdchodoslovansk\u00e9 folkloristice b\u011b\u017en\u00fdm rozpozn\u00e1vac\u00edm znakem bytost\u00ed z onoho sv\u011bta.<\/p>\n<p>Leshy m\u016f\u017ee svou velikost libovoln\u011b m\u011bnit: jednou je vysok\u00fd jako nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed jehli\u010dnan, jindy mal\u00fd jako st\u00e9blo tr\u00e1vy. M\u016f\u017ee se prom\u011bnit v jak\u00e9koli lesn\u00ed zv\u00ed\u0159e, nej\u010dast\u011bji ve vlka, medv\u011bda, zaj\u00edce nebo sovu, p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitostn\u011b i v spadl\u00fd kmen stromu.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Tato schopnost prom\u011bny jej spojuje se \u0161amansk\u00fdm substr\u00e1tem v\u00fdchodoevropsk\u00e9 religiozity, kter\u00fd Mircea Eliade popsal v \u00abLe chamanisme\u00bb (1951) jako univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed pozad\u00ed mnoha p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch duch\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-017dfa1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"017dfa1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-525c237 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"525c237\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Funkce a chov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-907ef3b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"907ef3b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jako p\u00e1n lesa \u0159\u00edd\u00ed Le\u0161ij v\u0161e, co se v lese d\u011bje. Shroma\u017e\u010fuje divou zv\u011b\u0159, usm\u011br\u0148uje jej\u00ed putov\u00e1n\u00ed a chr\u00e1n\u00ed ji p\u0159ed p\u0159ehnan\u011b drav\u00fdmi lovci. St\u0159e\u017e\u00ed houby, lesn\u00ed plody i medov\u00e9 z\u00e1soby divok\u00fdch v\u010del.<\/p><p>Z\u00e1rove\u0148 je strategem bludn\u00fdch cest: poutn\u00edky, kte\u0159\u00ed ho urazili nebo se v lese chovali neuctiv\u011b, Le\u0161ij &#8222;zavede&#8220; a ti pak i na zn\u00e1m\u00fdch cest\u00e1ch nenajdou dom\u016f. Tento <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opakuj\u00edc\u00ed se obsahov\u00fd prvek v um\u011bn\u00ed nebo vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span> &#8222;vod\u011bn\u00ed Le\u0161ijem v kruhu&#8220; je v rusk\u00fdch lidov\u00fdch vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00edch nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00edm Le\u0161ijov\u00fdm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opakuj\u00edc\u00ed se obsahov\u00fd prvek v um\u011bn\u00ed nebo vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivem<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159ed zaveden\u00edm chr\u00e1n\u00ed ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed obr\u00e1cen\u00ed: sundat boty a oble\u010den\u00ed a znovu si je obl\u00e9knout naopak, nebo mluvit slova pozp\u00e1tku. Tato praxe z\u00e1rove\u0148 potvrzuje p\u0159\u00edbuznost Le\u0161ije s dal\u0161\u00edmi &#8222;obr\u00e1cen\u00fdmi&#8220; bytostmi, jejich\u017e sv\u011bt je zrcadlov\u011b oto\u010den\u00fd v\u016f\u010di lidsk\u00e9mu.<\/p>\n<p>Le\u0161ij nen\u00ed zlomysln\u00fd ze sv\u00e9 podstaty. Respektuje slu\u0161n\u00e9 lovce, pastevce a d\u0159evorubce, pokud dodr\u017euj\u00ed lesn\u00ed etiketu: nek\u0159i\u010det nahlas, nezakl\u00e1dat ohe\u0148 bez dovolen\u00ed, nezbyte\u010dn\u011b nek\u00e1cet stromy ani nezab\u00edjet zv\u00ed\u0159ata. P\u0159i poru\u0161en\u00ed t\u011bchto pravidel odpov\u00edd\u00e1 cel\u00fdm reperto\u00e1rem od zav\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed na bludn\u00e9 cesty p\u0159es nemoci a n\u00e1hl\u00e9 zm\u011bny po\u010das\u00ed a\u017e po zmizen\u00ed dobytka nebo d\u011bt\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1977eca e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1977eca\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fdf7e02 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fdf7e02\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Podvr\u017een\u00e9 d\u00edt\u011b, v\u00fdm\u011bna a smlouvy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff98796 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ff98796\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Temn\u00e1 stopa Leshyho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00e1 lidov\u00e1 kultura se zvyky, vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00edmi a p\u00edsn\u011bmi.\" tabindex=\"0\">folkloru<\/span> se t\u00fdk\u00e1 t\u00e9matu v\u00fdm\u011bny. Lehkov\u00e1\u017en\u011b zaklit\u00e9 d\u00edt\u011b (\u00aba\u0165 t\u011b Leshy vezme!\u00bb) m\u016f\u017ee podle lidov\u00e9 tradice Leshy odn\u00e9st; na jeho m\u00edst\u011b z\u016fstane podvr\u017een\u00e9 d\u00edt\u011b (Lesnoj). Tyto d\u011bti maj\u00ed b\u00fdt pozd\u011bji jako dosp\u011bl\u00ed pla\u0161\u00ed a maj\u00ed pot\u00ed\u017ee s \u0159e\u010d\u00ed a v noci ut\u00edkat do lesa.<\/p><p>Pastevci a v\u010dela\u0159i uzav\u00edraj\u00ed s Leshym smlouvy: slibuj\u00ed mu ro\u010dn\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017estvu vyjad\u0159uj\u00edc\u00ed d\u00edky, prosbu nebo \u00factu.\" tabindex=\"0\">ob\u011btiny<\/span> (prvn\u00ed ml\u00e9ko, prvn\u00ed med, kr\u00e1vu jako hostinu), a Leshy za to garantuje bezpe\u010dnost st\u00e1da a v\u010del\u00edch \u00fal\u016f. Tyto smlouvy jsou dob\u0159e dolo\u017eeny v rusk\u00fdch, ukrajinsk\u00fdch a b\u011blorusk\u00fdch pramenech 19. stolet\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b32c58b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b32c58b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8150b14 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8150b14\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Leshyho rodina a spole\u010densk\u00fd sv\u011bt<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9dc63fe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9dc63fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ve v\u00fdchodoslovansk\u00fdch vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00edch Leshy v\u016fbec ne\u017eije jako samot\u00e1\u0159. M\u00e1 rodinu: Leshachichu (svou \u017eenu, n\u011bkdy identifikovanou s Kikimorou) a Leshenata (sv\u00e9 d\u011bti). P\u0159i boj\u00edch mezi r\u016fzn\u00fdmi lesn\u00edmi Leshy vznikaj\u00ed bou\u0159e, padaj\u00edc\u00ed stromy a vyt\u00ed, kter\u00e9 je sly\u0161et v bou\u0159k\u00e1ch.<\/p><p>Tak\u00e9 ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u00ed \u00abLeshyho putov\u00e1n\u00ed\u00bb na konci z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed a\u017e za\u010d\u00e1tku \u0159\u00edjna (kolem sv\u00e1tku Erevody podle pravoslavn\u00e9ho kalend\u00e1\u0159e) je zaveden\u00fdm t\u00e9matem: Leshy se st\u011bhuje ze sv\u00e9ho letn\u00edho lesa do zimn\u00edho lesa, p\u0159itom bur\u00e1cej\u00ed bou\u0159e, padaj\u00ed stromy, les je zu\u0159iv\u00fd a nebezpe\u010dn\u00fd. B\u011bhem tohoto obdob\u00ed se doporu\u010duje do lesa nechodit.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-acac3ed e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"acac3ed\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5cf6cde elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5cf6cde\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">N\u00e1bo\u017eenskohistorick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3807c09 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3807c09\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Le\u0161ij pat\u0159\u00ed k v\u00fdchodoslovansk\u00e9 \u201eni\u017e\u0161\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn tradovan\u00fdch vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o boz\u00edch ur\u010dit\u00e9 kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytologii<\/span>\u201c, kterou Sergej Tokarev a Linda Ivanits (\u00abRussian Folk Belief\u00bb, 1989) ozna\u010dili za skute\u010dn\u011b \u017eiv\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 podlo\u017e\u00ed rusk\u00e9ho rolnictva. Tato vrstva do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry p\u0159e\u017eila ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed christianizaci a formovala ka\u017edodenn\u00ed \u017eivot venkovsk\u00e9ho obyvatelstva a\u017e do 20. stolet\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p>Zat\u00edmco Perun, Veles a ostatn\u00ed hlavn\u00ed bohov\u00e9 zmizeli se z\u00e1nikem pohansk\u00e9ho panteonu, Le\u0161ij v rolnick\u00fdch obc\u00edch p\u0159e\u017e\u00edval, proto\u017ee jeho funkce nep\u0159evzala c\u00edrkev: kdo vstupuje do lesa, pot\u0159ebuje p\u00e1na lesa.<\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Strukturn\u011b m\u00e1 Le\u0161ij paralely v baltsk\u00e9m Velesovi\/Velinasovi, v keltsk\u00e9m \u201eCernunnovi\u201c (rohat\u00e9m p\u00e1nu zv\u00ed\u0159at), v germ\u00e1nsk\u00e9m \u201edivok\u00e9m mu\u017ei\u201c, v \u0159eck\u00e9m Panovi\/Faunovi a v nes\u010detn\u00fdch lesn\u00edch du\u0161\u00edch v cirkumpol\u00e1rn\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn tradovan\u00fdch vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o boz\u00edch ur\u010dit\u00e9 kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytologii<\/span>. Mircea Eliade a Carlo Ginzburg (\u00abI Benandanti\u00bb, 1966) osv\u011btlili panevropskou hloubku komplexu p\u00e1na lesa a lovu.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>V r\u00e1mci slovansk\u00e9ho panteonu je Le\u0161ij funk\u010dn\u011b spojen s Velesem, bohem st\u00e1d a podsv\u011bt\u00ed; n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed badatel\u00e9 (Boris Uspenskij, \u00abFilologicheskie razyskanija v oblasti slavjanskih drevnostej\u00bb, 1982) vid\u00ed v Le\u0161ijovi lidovou reflexi star\u0161\u00edho aspektu Velese.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea8695e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ea8695e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-05cb8ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"05cb8ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Prameny, v\u00fdzkum a sb\u00edrky<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-728ea7e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"728ea7e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Hlavn\u00edmi prameny pro Le\u0161ije jsou etnografick\u00e9 sb\u00edrky 19. stolet\u00ed: Alexandr Afanasjev v d\u00edle \u00abRusskie narodnye skazki\u00bb (1855 a\u017e 1863) uv\u00e1d\u00ed \u0159adu vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o Le\u0161ijovi; Dmitrij Zelenin v knize \u00abRusk\u00fd (v\u00fdchodoslovansk\u00fd) <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdn\u00ed obor zab\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed se ka\u017edodenn\u00ed kulturou, zvyky a tradovan\u00fdmi p\u0159edstavami.\" tabindex=\"0\">n\u00e1rodopis<\/span>\u00bb (n\u011bmeck\u00e9 vyd\u00e1n\u00ed 1927) systematizuje lidov\u00e9 p\u0159edstavy o p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch d\u00e9monech.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Sergej Maksimov v d\u00edle \u00abNechistaja, nevedomaja i krestnaja sila\u00bb (1903) pod\u00e1v\u00e1 panorama rusk\u00e9 lidov\u00e9 v\u00edry, v n\u011bm\u017e m\u00e1 Le\u0161ij \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed m\u00edsto. Pavel \u010cubinsk\u00fd soub\u011b\u017en\u011b shrom\u00e1\u017edil ukrajinsk\u00e9 doklady (\u00abTrudy etnografichesko-statisticheskoi ekspeditsii\u00bb, 1872 a\u017e 1877).<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3f6c07 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d3f6c07\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-279f42d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"279f42d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Odkaz v literatu\u0159e a popul\u00e1rn\u00ed kultu\u0159e<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63ca5cf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"63ca5cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Le\u0161ij je jednou z nejv\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch postav rusk\u00e9 literatury. Alexandr Pu\u0161kin ho vz\u00fdv\u00e1 ve sv\u00fdch \u00abRusskie skazki\u00bb, Alexandr Ostrovskij napsal divadeln\u00ed hru \u00abLeshy\u00bb (1857), Anton \u010cechov nazval jedno ze sv\u00fdch ran\u00fdch dramat \u00abLeshy\u00bb (1889, pozd\u011bji p\u0159epracovan\u00e9 na \u00abStr\u00fd\u010dka V\u00e1\u0148u\u00bb).<\/span><\/p><p>Ve 20. stolet\u00ed se postavy Le\u0161ije objevuj\u00ed u Alexeje Tolst\u00e9ho, Borise Pasternaka a Nikolaje Gogola (v jeho ukrajinsk\u00fdch pov\u00eddk\u00e1ch). V fantasy literatu\u0159e 21. stolet\u00ed je Le\u0161ij v s\u00e9rii \u00abWitcher\u00bb Andrzeje Sapkowsk\u00e9ho zpracov\u00e1n jako \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed postava p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edho ducha, a to i ve stejnojmenn\u00e9 po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e9 hern\u00ed s\u00e9rii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38a946f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"38a946f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-58ff2a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"58ff2a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ochrann\u00e9 a za\u0159\u00edk\u00e1vac\u00ed praktiky<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6bd6fb3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6bd6fb3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tomu, kdo se setk\u00e1 s Le\u0161ijem, podle lidov\u00e9 tradice pom\u00e1haj\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 prost\u0159edky: obr\u00e1tit boty a ko\u0161ili naruby, mluvit a chodit pozp\u00e1tku, polo\u017eit mu kousek chleba se sol\u00ed, od\u0159\u00edkat Ot\u010den\u00e1\u0161 nebo pravoslavnou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jazykov\u00e9 obr\u00e1cen\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bka k bo\u017estvu.\" tabindex=\"0\">modlitbu<\/span>, oslovovat ho zdvo\u0159ile \u00abDiadu\u0161ka\u00bb (\u00abd\u011bdou\u0161ek\u00bb) m\u00edsto \u00abLe\u0161ij\u00bb (co\u017e vn\u00edm\u00e1 jako ur\u00e1\u017eku).<\/p><p>V\u010dela\u0159i pokl\u00e1dali misky s medem na okraje lesa, past\u00fd\u0159i mu na ja\u0159e p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161eli prvn\u00ed nadojen\u00e9 ml\u00e9ko, lovci prvn\u00ed uloven\u00e9 zv\u00ed\u0159e nebo jeho \u010d\u00e1st, ne\u017e ho rozd\u011blili.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8da1a28 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8da1a28\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a64815 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4a64815\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Prameny<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a6486a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6a6486a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Aleksander Afanasjew, \u00abRusskie narodnye skazki\u00bb, 3 svazky, Moskau 1855 bis 1863. Aleksander Afanasjew, \u00abPoeticheskiye vozzreniya slavyan na prirodu\u00bb, 3 svazky, Moskau 1865 bis 1869. Sergej Maksimov, \u00abNechistaja, nevedomaja i krestnaja sila\u00bb, Sankt Petersburg 1903. Dmitrij Zelenin, \u00abRusk\u00fd (v\u00fdchodoslovansk\u00fd) <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdn\u00ed obor zab\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed se ka\u017edodenn\u00ed kulturou, zvyky a tradovan\u00fdmi p\u0159edstavami.\" tabindex=\"0\">n\u00e1rodopis<\/span>\u00bb, Berlin 1927. Pavel Chubinski, \u00abTrudy etnografichesko-statisticheskoi ekspeditsii\u00bb, 7 svazk\u016f, Sankt Petersburg 1872 bis 1877.<\/p>\n<ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Sergej Tokarev, \u00abReligioznye verovaniya vostochnoslavyanskikh narodov\u00bb, Moskau 1957.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Vladimir Propp, \u00abRusskie agrarnye prazdniki\u00bb, Leningrad 1963.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Linda Ivanits, \u00abRussian Folk Belief\u00bb, Armonk 1989.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Boris Uspenskij, \u00abFilologicheskie razyskanija v oblasti slavjanskih drevnostej\u00bb, Moskau 1982.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Aleksander Gieysztor, \u00abMitologia S\u0142owian\u00bb, Warschau 1982.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Henryk \u0141owmia\u0144ski, \u00abReligia S\u0142owian i jej upadek\u00bb, Warschau 1979.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Ji\u0159\u00ed Dynda, \u00abSlovansk\u00e9 pohanstv\u00ed ve st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fdch latinsk\u00fdch pramenech\u00bb, Prag 2017.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Mircea Eliade, \u201eLe chamanisme et les techniques archa\u00efques de l&#8217;extase\u201c, Paris 1951.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffdfc89 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ffdfc89\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d110b1a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d110b1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Le\u0161ij v rusk\u00e9m selsk\u00e9m kalend\u00e1\u0159i<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e79ac6f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e79ac6f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V rusk\u00e9 lidov\u00e9 tradici m\u00e1 Le\u0161ij pevn\u00e9 m\u00edsto v ro\u010dn\u00edm kalend\u00e1\u0159i rolnick\u00e9 religiozity. Se zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edmi zm\u011bnami v jeho chov\u00e1n\u00ed jsou spojeny \u010dty\u0159i d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 term\u00edny.<\/p><p>30. dubna (podle rusk\u00e9ho star\u00e9ho stylu), na konci zimy, se Le\u0161ij vrac\u00ed ze sv\u00e9ho zimn\u00edho \u00fakrytu do lesa; od tohoto data je t\u0159eba do lesa vstupovat op\u011bt se zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed opatrnost\u00ed.<\/p><p>O Letnic\u00edch (Trojici) je jeho moc obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b velk\u00e1; v t\u011bchto dnech se v mnoha vesnic\u00edch neprov\u00e1d\u011bly \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce v lese.<\/p><p>4. \u0159\u00edjna (podle star\u00e9ho stylu) se Le\u0161ij st\u011bhuje do sv\u00e9ho zimn\u00edho lesa; p\u0159i tom se vybou\u0159\u00ed v bou\u0159\u00edch, k\u00e1c\u00ed stromy a m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt nebezpe\u010dn\u00fd. B\u011bhem t\u00e9to doby st\u011bhov\u00e1n\u00ed by m\u011bli past\u00fd\u0159i odv\u00e9st sv\u00e1 st\u00e1da z lesa a lovci by se m\u011bli lesu vyh\u00fdbat.<\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Dmitrij Zelenin ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle \u00abRusk\u00fd (v\u00fdchodoslovansk\u00fd) <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdn\u00ed obor zab\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed se ka\u017edodenn\u00ed kulturou, zvyky a tradovan\u00fdmi p\u0159edstavami.\" tabindex=\"0\">n\u00e1rodopis<\/span>\u00bb (Berlin 1927) zdokumentoval region\u00e1ln\u00ed rozmanitost t\u011bchto kalend\u00e1\u0159n\u00edch ur\u010den\u00ed a upozornil na jejich v\u00fdznam pro rolnickou \u017eivotn\u00ed praxi. V lesnat\u00fdch oblastech severn\u00edho a st\u0159edn\u00edho Ruska v\u00edra v Le\u0161ije z\u00e1sadn\u00edm zp\u016fsobem strukturovala ka\u017edodenn\u00ed \u017eivot d\u0159evorubc\u016f, lovc\u016f, past\u00fd\u0159\u016f a v\u010dela\u0159\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c53a86e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c53a86e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dce6762 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"dce6762\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Past\u00fd\u0159sk\u00e9 pakty a dobytek Le\u0161ije<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3cdcbcf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3cdcbcf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pakty mezi pastevci a le\u0161ijem pat\u0159\u00ed k nejl\u00e9pe dokumentovan\u00fdm aspekt\u016fm v\u00fdchodoslovansk\u00e9ho lidov\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.<\/p><p>Na russk\u0435\u043c severu, v Karelii a v oblasti On\u011bgy m\u011bli pastevci vlastn\u00ed vazebn\u00e9 formule, jimi\u017e se zavazovali p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161et le\u0161ijovi ur\u010dit\u00e9 ob\u011btiny: prvn\u00ed ml\u00e9ko sez\u00f3ny, jehn\u011b p\u0159i vyh\u00e1n\u011bn\u00ed na pastvu, ve zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edpadech zv\u00ed\u0159e z vlastn\u00edho majetku jako \u00ab\u0161koln\u00e9\u00bb.<\/p><p>Na opl\u00e1tku le\u0161ij sliboval, \u017ee st\u00e1do nerozpt\u00fdl\u00ed a ochr\u00e1n\u00ed ho p\u0159ed vlky.<\/p>\n<p>Smlouva se uzav\u00edrala p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b \u00fastn\u011b-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1le\u017eej\u00edc\u00ed k pevn\u011b stanoven\u00e9mu n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9mu \u00fakonu.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritu\u00e1ln\u011b<\/span>, p\u00edsemn\u00e1 forma nebyla obvykl\u00e1: pastevec ode\u0161el do lesa, poklekl p\u0159ed star\u00fdm stromem (\u010dasto starou jedl\u00ed nebo dubem), polo\u017eil <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017estvu vyjad\u0159uj\u00edc\u00ed d\u00edky, prosbu nebo uct\u011bn\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">ob\u011btinu<\/span> a pronesl formuli, kterou se nau\u010dil bu\u010f od sv\u00e9ho otce, nebo od vesnick\u00e9ho starosty.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>N\u011bkter\u00e9 z t\u011bchto formul\u00ed se zachovaly v etnografick\u00fdch sb\u00edrk\u00e1ch a pat\u0159\u00ed k nejcenn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm pramen\u016fm v\u00fdchodoslovansk\u00e9ho lidov\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed. Linda Ivanits ve sv\u00e9 knize \u00abRussian Folk Belief\u00bb (Armonk 1989) analyzovala tuto paktovou tradici z n\u00e1bo\u017eenskosociologick\u00e9ho hlediska a upozornila na jej\u00ed v\u00fdznam pro stabilitu rolnick\u00e9ho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-adae55c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"adae55c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-679f3ad elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"679f3ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Inverze cesty a magick\u00e9 ochrann\u00e9 praktiky<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-003e5ee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"003e5ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed inverze na ochranu p\u0159ed le\u0161ijem je klasick\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem magicko-n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 logiky lidov\u00e9 tradice.<\/p><p>Je zdokumentov\u00e1no n\u011bkolik praktik: obr\u00e1cen\u00ed ko\u0161ile naruby (\u00abrubaha naiznanku\u00bb), obut\u00ed boty naopak nebo no\u0161en\u00ed lev\u00e9 boty na prav\u00e9 noze, mluven\u00ed slov naopak, t\u0159i kroky vzad, p\u0159el\u00e9z\u00e1n\u00ed kmene stromu levou nohou.<\/p><p>Tyto praktiky jsou jazykov\u011b a symbolicky reflektov\u00e1ny: sv\u011bt le\u0161ije je ch\u00e1p\u00e1n jako zrcadlov\u011b obr\u00e1cen\u00fd sv\u011bt lidsk\u00e9ho sv\u011bta; vlastn\u00ed inverz\u00ed se \u010dlov\u011bk p\u0159izp\u016fsobuje jeho sv\u011btu a odn\u00edm\u00e1 mu tak v\u00fdhodu.<\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Sergej Maksimov a Boris Uspenskij (\u00abFilologi\u010deskije razyskanija v oblasti slavjanskich drevnostej\u00bb, 1982) prok\u00e1zali, \u017ee tyto inverzn\u00ed praktiky sahaj\u00ed daleko za le\u0161ije a p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed obecnou logiku slovansk\u00e9 lidov\u00e9 v\u00edry: p\u0159i styku s jakoukoli formou z\u00e1hrobn\u00ed moci (mrtv\u00ed, \u010darod\u011bjnice, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e1 p\u0159edstava, \u017ee z\u00e1vistiv\u00fd pohled jin\u00e9 osoby m\u016f\u017ee zp\u016fsobit \u0161kodu.\" tabindex=\"0\">uhrany<\/span>) se inverze pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1.<\/span><\/p><p>Le\u0161ij je tak typick\u00fdm, nikoli jedine\u010dn\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edpadem zrcadlov\u011b obr\u00e1cen\u00fdch bytost\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dab2258 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"dab2258\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aff7f21 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"aff7f21\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Rodina le\u0161ije a soci\u00e1ln\u00ed organizace lesa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8943d24 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8943d24\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ve v\u00fdchodoslovansk\u00e9 lidov\u00e9 tradici \u017eije le\u0161ij nikoli osam\u011ble. Jeho \u017eena, le\u0161achicha (n\u011bkdy identifikovan\u00e1 s kikimorou), bydl\u00ed ve stejn\u00e9m lese, \u010dasto v dut\u00e9m kmeni stromu nebo ve star\u00e9 chat\u011b.<\/p><p>Le\u0161enata, jejich d\u011bti, se potuluj\u00ed po lese a d\u011blaj\u00ed \u017eert\u00edky zbloudil\u00fdm poutn\u00edk\u016fm. P\u0159i \u010darod\u011bjnick\u00fdch sabatech, bou\u0159liv\u00fdch noc\u00edch nebo lesn\u00edch bitv\u00e1ch mezi soupe\u0159\u00edc\u00edmi le\u0161iji lze sly\u0161et vyt\u00ed a prask\u00e1n\u00ed na n\u011bkolik kilometr\u016f daleko.<\/p>\n<p>Toto soci\u00e1ln\u00ed uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed lesa je z pohledu antropologie n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed zaj\u00edmav\u00e9: les je ch\u00e1p\u00e1n jako obydlen\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed s vlastn\u00edmi p\u00e1ny, rodinami a konflikty, nikoli jako homogenn\u00ed \u00abdivo\u010dina\u00bb.<\/p><p>Linda Ivanits a Sergej Tokarev uk\u00e1zali, \u017ee toto vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1sadn\u011b formovalo praxi rolnick\u00e9ho obyvatele lesa: vstup do lesa byl v\u017edy p\u0159echodem do jin\u00e9ho soci\u00e1ln\u00edho sv\u011bta, kter\u00fd vy\u017eadoval vlastn\u00ed pravidla a formy zdvo\u0159ilosti.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75c6669 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"75c6669\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d0e8e6e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d0e8e6e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">N\u00e1bo\u017eenskohistorick\u00e1 hloubka a spojen\u00ed s Velesem<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b014a2e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b014a2e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Boris Uspenskij ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle \u00abFilologi\u010deskije razyskanija\u00bb zast\u00e1val tezi, \u017ee le\u0161ij ve sv\u00e9 v\u00fdchodoslovansk\u00e9 form\u011b p\u0159edstavuje lidovou reflexi star\u0161\u00edho aspektu Velese. Veles, b\u016fh st\u00e1d a podsv\u011bt\u00ed v ofici\u00e1ln\u00edm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn boh\u016f n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed nebo kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonu<\/span> Kyjevsk\u00e9 Rusi, m\u011bl \u00fazk\u00e9 vazby k lesu, ke zv\u00ed\u0159at\u016fm a k z\u00e1hrobn\u00edmu sv\u011btu.<\/p><p>Se z\u00e1nikem ofici\u00e1ln\u00edho kultu Velese po roce 988 by le\u0161ij z\u016fstal jako jeho lidov\u00e1, v rolnick\u00e9 tradici p\u0159e\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed manifestace. Tato hypot\u00e9za je pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e1, ale v jednotlivostech obt\u00ed\u017en\u011b prokazateln\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p>Dva hlavn\u00ed \u0159et\u011bzce doklad\u016f le\u0161ijovy tradice jsou etnografick\u00fd (v\u00fdchodoslovansk\u00e1 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed a rolnick\u00e1 praxe 18. a\u017e 20. stolet\u00ed) a lingvistick\u00fd (etymologie a jazykov\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edbuznost). Oba \u0159et\u011bzce doklad\u016f sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed pro star\u00fd, p\u0159edk\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fd ko\u0159en p\u0159edstavy o le\u0161ijovi, kter\u00fd v\u0161ak nelze p\u0159\u00edmo dolo\u017eit v st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fdch hlavn\u00edch pramenech (Nestorova kronika, Slovo o pluku Igorov\u011b).<\/p><p>Tato situace nen\u00ed z hlediska historie n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed neobvykl\u00e1: ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed duchovn\u00ed bytosti b\u00fdvaj\u00ed v hlavn\u00edch kronik\u00e1ch zmi\u0148ov\u00e1ny jen z\u0159\u00eddka, av\u0161ak v lidov\u00e9m n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed jsou zakotveny stabiln\u011bji ne\u017e hlavn\u00ed ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed bohov\u00e9.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3683ad9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3683ad9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc4b293 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"dc4b293\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Indoevropsk\u00e9 a cirkumpol\u00e1rn\u00ed paralely<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b0a25f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b0a25f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Na indoevropsk\u00e9 srovn\u00e1vac\u00ed \u00farovni odpov\u00edd\u00e1 le\u0161ij struktur\u00e1ln\u011b n\u011bkolika postav\u00e1m p\u00e1na lesa. \u0158eck\u00fd Pan a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fd Faunus jsou jeho antick\u00fdmi paralelami; oba jsou ochr\u00e1nci pastevc\u016f a lesn\u00ed bytosti, oba maj\u00ed ambivalentn\u011b lstiv\u00fd charakter, oba mohou zm\u00e1st poutn\u00edky (\u00abpanick\u00e1 hr\u016fza\u00bb).<\/p><p>Keltsk\u00fd Cernunnos, rohat\u00fd \u00abp\u00e1n zv\u00ed\u0159at\u00bb, tvo\u0159\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed paralelu. V germ\u00e1nsk\u00e9m <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn boh\u016f n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed nebo kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonu<\/span> je nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00ed obdobou \u00abdiv\u00fd mu\u017e\u00bb folklorn\u00ed tradice, co\u017e je m\u00e9n\u011b jednotliv\u00e1 postava ne\u017e cel\u00fd komplex lesn\u00edch bytost\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Carlo Ginzburg ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle \u00abI Benandanti\u00bb (1966) a v pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edch prac\u00edch osv\u011btlil panevropskou hloubku tohoto komplexu p\u00e1na lesa a upozornil na jeho spojen\u00ed se \u0161amanskou podstatou v\u00fdchodoevropsk\u00e9 religiozity. Mircea Eliade vedl podobn\u00e9 linie v \u00abLe chamanisme\u00bb (1951). Cirkumpol\u00e1rn\u00ed srovn\u00e1vac\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn tradovan\u00fdch vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o boz\u00edch v kultu\u0159e.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytologie<\/span> zn\u00e1 celou \u0159adu p\u00e1n\u016f lesa u sibi\u0159sk\u00fdch, samojedsk\u00fdch a starosibi\u0159sko-americk\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1b4924 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c1b4924\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fdfb838 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fdfb838\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Le\u0161ij v modern\u00ed popkultu\u0159e<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3967bff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3967bff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 fantasy literatu\u0159e je Leshy v\u00fdraznou postavou. Andrzej Sapkowski zavedl ve sv\u00e9 s\u00e1ze \u00abZakl\u00edna\u010d\u00bb (Witcher, od 1986) a ve stejnojmenn\u00e9 po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e9 hern\u00ed s\u00e9rii (od 2007) \u00abLeshena\u00bb jako centr\u00e1ln\u00edho p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edho ducha a t\u00edm p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017eil slovanskou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00e1 lidov\u00e1 kultura se zvyky, vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00edmi a p\u00edsn\u011bmi.\" tabindex=\"0\">folklorn\u00ed<\/span> tradici mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edmu publiku.<\/span><\/p><p>Marija Semjonovov\u00e1 ve sv\u00e9 s\u00e1ze \u00abVolchv\u00bb, Olga Gromykov\u00e1 a dal\u0161\u00ed rusky p\u00ed\u0161\u00edc\u00ed auto\u0159i fantasy zpracovali Leshyho podobn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem.<\/p>\n<p>Ve v\u00fdtvarn\u00e9m um\u011bn\u00ed 19. a 20. stolet\u00ed (Viktor Vasnecov, Ivan Bilibin, Michail Vrubel) je Leshy opakuj\u00edc\u00ed se postavou. Vasnecovovy obrazy rusk\u00e9ho poh\u00e1dkov\u00e9ho sv\u011bta dodnes formuj\u00ed vizu\u00e1ln\u00ed podobu Leshyho.<\/p><p>V pravoslavn\u00e9m k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00ed je Leshy form\u00e1ln\u011b pova\u017eov\u00e1n za ne\u010distou bytost (\u00abne\u010distaja sila\u00bb); toto teologick\u00e9 odsouzen\u00ed v\u0161ak lidovou n\u00e1bo\u017eenskou praxi nikterak nevymazalo. Naopak ji p\u0159etvo\u0159ilo do sm\u011bsice k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 v\u00edry a p\u0159edk\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9ho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn tradovan\u00fdch zvyk\u016f n\u011bjak\u00e9ho spole\u010denstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">oby\u010dejov\u00e9ho<\/span> d\u011bdictv\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3267,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Leshy","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Leshy \u2013 slovansk\u00fd lesn\u00ed duch a str\u00e1\u017ece divo\u010diny | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Leshy je slovansk\u00fd lesn\u00ed duch, ochr\u00e1nce zv\u011b\u0159e a sv\u016fdce poutn\u00edk\u016f. Objevuje se jako star\u00fd mu\u017e i jako obr. M\u00fdtus a zvyk.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"3","wesen_kultur":"slawisch","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-145619","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Leshy \u2013 slovansk\u00fd lesn\u00ed duch a str\u00e1\u017ece divo\u010diny | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Leshy je slovansk\u00fd lesn\u00ed duch, ochr\u00e1nce zv\u011b\u0159e a sv\u016fdce poutn\u00edk\u016f. Objevuje se jako star\u00fd mu\u017e i jako obr. 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