{"id":145607,"date":"2026-09-03T16:32:00","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:32:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=145607"},"modified":"2026-09-03T17:00:46","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T17:00:46","slug":"gula","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/gula\/","title":{"rendered":"Gula"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"145607\" class=\"elementor elementor-145607 elementor-3020 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1271f7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d1271f7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-41ed33b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"41ed33b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2edc596 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2edc596\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-12f18b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"12f18b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gula, babylonsk\u00e1 bohyn\u011b l\u00e9\u010ditelstv\u00ed<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f18265 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9f18265\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gula je babylonsk\u00e1 bohyn\u011b l\u00e9\u010ditelstv\u00ed a je zobrazov\u00e1na jako pan\u00ed ps\u016f, jej\u00ed\u017e zv\u00ed\u0159e je pova\u017eov\u00e1no za <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1zorn\u00fd obraz, kter\u00fd zastupuje abstraktn\u00ed my\u0161lenku.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> uzdraven\u00ed. Gula je nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed l\u00e9\u010ditelskou bohyn\u00ed starobabylonsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed. Je uct\u00edv\u00e1na p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm ve starobabylonsk\u00e9m a novoasyrsk\u00e9m obdob\u00ed a byla pova\u017eov\u00e1na za patronku l\u00e9\u010ditelstv\u00ed, l\u00e9ka\u0159\u016f a porodn\u00edch babi\u010dek.<\/p><p>Jej\u00edm atributem je pes, zv\u00ed\u0159e, kter\u00e9 ve starobabylonsk\u00e9 p\u0159edstav\u011b spojovalo l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed i hranici mezi \u017eivotem a smrt\u00ed. Jej\u00ed nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba, kter\u00e1 slou\u017e\u00ed uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1my<\/span> se nach\u00e1zely v Isinu, Nippuru a Babylonu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-33d0197 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"33d0197\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d98a816 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"d98a816\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"B\u016fh \/ bohyn\u011b: Zosobn\u011bn\u00e1 nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed moc v panteonu ur\u010dit\u00e9 kultury, s jasn\u011b vymezen\u00fdmi pravomocemi \u2014 p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed s\u00edly, osud, v\u00e1lka, plodnost. Uct\u00edv\u00e1ni prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm kult\u016f, ob\u011bt\u00ed a chr\u00e1mov\u00fdch instituc\u00ed.\">B\u016fh<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/mezopotamie\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Kol\u00e9bka dokumentovan\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed \u2014 Sumer, Akkad, Babyl\u00f3n, As\u00fdrie (cca 3500 p\u0159. n. l. a\u017e 330 p\u0159. n. l.).\">Mezopot\u00e1mie<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b45b9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2b45b9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5202ae elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"d5202ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na t\\u00e9to str\\u00e1nce 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8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__d5202ae\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg 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0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__d5202ae\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e80ad34 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e80ad34\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-455e8e3 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"455e8e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gula-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-147229\" alt=\"Gula \u2013 bohov\u00e9 z mezopot\u00e1msk\u00e9 tradice, historicko-ilustrativn\u00ed\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gula-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gula-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gula-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gula.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f2a883 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2f2a883\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7cf2575 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7cf2575\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75b60ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"75b60ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">M\u00fdtus a p\u016fvod<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-210fc41 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"210fc41\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gula je pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a rozvinut\u011bj\u0161\u00ed podobou n\u011bkolika star\u0161\u00edch l\u00e9\u010ditelsk\u00fdch bohyn\u00ed, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm Ninisiny, Bau a Ninkarraky, kter\u00e9 byly uct\u00edv\u00e1ny ve starosumersk\u00fdch m\u011bstsk\u00fdch st\u00e1tech Isin, Laga\u0161 a Sippar. Ninisina, \u201epan\u00ed Isinu\u201c, je nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed p\u0159edch\u016fdkyn\u00ed.<\/p><p>Ji\u017e v kr\u00e1lovsk\u00fdch n\u00e1pisech dynastie Isin kolem roku 2000 p\u0159. n. l. vystupuje jako nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed l\u00e9\u010ditelsk\u00e1 a m\u011bstsk\u00e1 bohyn\u011b. Ve starobabylonsk\u00e9m obdob\u00ed se jej\u00ed funkce a vlastnosti slou\u010dily do jednotn\u00e9 postavy Guly.<\/p>\n<p>Jej\u00ed jm\u00e9no Gula znamen\u00e1 v akkad\u0161tin\u011b \u201eVelk\u00e1\u201c. N\u00e1pisy ji naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed azugallu, tedy \u201evelk\u00e1 l\u00e9ka\u0159ka\u201c. Je dcerou Anua, boha nebes, nebo v jin\u00fdch tradic\u00edch dcerou Enlila. Jej\u00edm man\u017eelem je Ninurta, b\u016fh v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00edk\u016f a orby, s n\u00edm\u017e tvo\u0159\u00ed dopl\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed se p\u00e1r: on p\u0159edstavuje bojov\u00e9 dob\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed, ona l\u00e9\u010div\u00e9 obnoven\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Jej\u00ed nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed svatyn\u011b se nach\u00e1zely v Isinu, m\u011bst\u011b v ji\u017en\u00ed Mezopot\u00e1mii, a v Nippuru, n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9m centru. V Babylonu j\u00ed byl ve starobabylonsk\u00e9m obdob\u00ed postaven <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba, kter\u00e1 slou\u017e\u00ed uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> E-galmah. V Sipparu byla dom\u00e1c\u00ed v podob\u011b Ninkarraky. Toto geografick\u00e9 roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed dokl\u00e1d\u00e1 nadregion\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdznam bohyn\u011b.<\/p>\n<p>Zn\u00e1m\u00e1 hymna na Gulu, \u201ehymna Bullussa-rabi\u201c, poch\u00e1z\u00ed ze st\u0159edobabylonsk\u00e9ho obdob\u00ed a nab\u00edz\u00ed obs\u00e1hl\u00e9 sebep\u0159edstaven\u00ed bohyn\u011b. Popisuje se jako l\u00e9ka\u0159ka, o\u0161et\u0159ovatelka, porodn\u00ed b\u00e1ba a z\u00e1rove\u0148 spravedliv\u00e1 soudkyn\u011b. Hymna je z n\u00e1bo\u017eenskohistorick\u00e9ho hlediska d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1, proto\u017ee shrnuje \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed funkce bohyn\u011b v liter\u00e1rn\u011b vyt\u0159\u00edben\u00e9 form\u011b.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b2c394 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2b2c394\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8207a8e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8207a8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Symboly a atributy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7dde330 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7dde330\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm atributem Guly je pes. Na hrani\u010dn\u00edch kamenech kudurru a na reli\u00e9fech sed\u00ed pes u jej\u00edho tr\u016fnu nebo u jej\u00edch nohou.<\/p><p>Pes ve starobabylonsk\u00e9 p\u0159edstav\u011b spojoval l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed a smrt: jeho sliny byly pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za l\u00e9\u010div\u00e9, co\u017e je archeologicky dolo\u017eeno ps\u00edmi kostmi ve svatyn\u00edch a l\u00e9\u010debn\u00fdmi texty, kter\u00e9 pron\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed zakl\u00ednac\u00ed formule pomoc\u00ed slin psa. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 byli psi pr\u016fvodci podsv\u011btn\u00edho bo\u017estva a mohli b\u00fdt ch\u00e1p\u00e1ni jako pr\u016fvodci mrtv\u00fdch.<\/p>\n<p>Dal\u0161\u00edm atributem je lancetka nebo l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e1 h\u016fl. Na n\u011bkter\u00fdch vyobrazen\u00edch dr\u017e\u00ed n\u00e1stroj p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00ed chirurgick\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje. Na otisc\u00edch pe\u010det\u00ed se \u010dasto objevuje p\u0159ed nemocnou osobou, k n\u00ed\u017e se obrac\u00ed s l\u00e9\u010div\u00fdm gestem.<\/p>\n<p>Na mnoha kamenech kudurru se vedle jin\u00fdch astr\u00e1ln\u00edch \u010di kosmick\u00fdch znak\u016f objevuje <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak, kter\u00fd zastupuje ur\u010ditou p\u0159edstavu nebo v\u00fdznam.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> sed\u00edc\u00edho psa. Gula tak byla ned\u00edlnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed teologick\u00e9 geografie hrani\u010dn\u00edch kamen\u016f.<\/p><p>Symbolika psa p\u0159itom z\u016fstala z\u00e1vazn\u00fdm znakem, d\u00edky n\u011bmu\u017e byla nezam\u011bniteln\u00e1. Archeologick\u00e9 n\u00e1lezy z Isinu potvrdily ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdznam psa v jej\u00edm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch uct\u00edvac\u00edch \u00fakon\u016f v\u011bnovan\u00fdch bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 postav\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultu<\/span>, proto\u017ee tam byly nalezeny ps\u00ed kosti uspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u00e9 zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edm zp\u016fsobem.<\/p>\n<p>Chr\u00e1mov\u00e9 reli\u00e9fy ukazuj\u00ed Gulu n\u011bkdy s hv\u011bzdou nebo polumes\u00edcem jako odkaz na astr\u00e1ln\u00ed rozm\u011br jej\u00edho uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed. Spojen\u00ed mezi l\u00e9\u010den\u00edm, v\u00fdkladem hv\u011bzd a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jazykov\u00fd ritu\u00e1l, kter\u00fd m\u00e1 p\u0159ivolat nebo spoutat n\u011bjakou moc.\" tabindex=\"0\">zakl\u00edn\u00e1n\u00edm<\/span> bylo ve starobabylonsk\u00e9m my\u0161len\u00ed \u00fazk\u00e9 a Gula jako l\u00e9\u010ditelsk\u00e1 bohyn\u011b st\u00e1la z\u00e1rove\u0148 v centru astr\u00e1ln\u00edho pozn\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b1981b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1b1981b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ffb7cb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7ffb7cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult a uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d417134 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d417134\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hlavn\u00ed kult Guly se soust\u0159edil v Isinu, v ji\u017en\u00ed Mezopot\u00e1mii. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u00edsto zasv\u011bcen\u00e9 uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bo\u017estva.\" tabindex=\"0\">Svatyn\u011b<\/span> E-gal-mah byla shroma\u017e\u010fovac\u00edm m\u00edstem pro l\u00e9ka\u0159e, porodn\u00ed babi\u010dky a pacienty. Hlin\u011bn\u00e9 votivn\u00ed dary ve tvaru nemocn\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed t\u011bla, srovnateln\u00e9 s votivn\u00edmi dary v jihoitalsk\u00fdch l\u00e9\u010debn\u00fdch kultech, byly na tomto m\u00edst\u011b nalezeny ve velk\u00e9m mno\u017estv\u00ed.<\/p><p>Poskytuj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edm\u00fd vhled do praxe: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u010clov\u011bk, kter\u00fd podnik\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eensky motivovanou cestu na svat\u00e9 m\u00edsto.\" tabindex=\"0\">poutn\u00edci<\/span> j\u00ed v\u011bnovali modely nemocn\u00fdch o\u010d\u00ed, kon\u010detin nebo \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed b\u0159icha v nad\u011bji na uzdraven\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>V Nippuru byl jej\u00edm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00ad\u00edc\u00ed uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1mem<\/span> E-mah, kde se sch\u00e1zel sbor l\u00e9ka\u0159\u016f.<\/p><p>Novoasyrsk\u00e9 slovo pro l\u00e9ka\u0159e, asu, je odvozeno od jej\u00ed funkce. V Sipparu byla uct\u00edv\u00e1na pod jm\u00e9nem Ninkarrak, v Babylonu v E-galmah. V Borsipp\u011b, sestersk\u00e9m m\u011bst\u011b Babylonu, byla integrov\u00e1na jako doprovodn\u00e1 bohyn\u011b Nabua, boha p\u00edsma.<\/p>\n<p>Jej\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factn\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f v\u016f\u010di bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 postav\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> byl obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b obl\u00edben\u00fd u \u017een a l\u00e9ka\u0159\u016f. Za\u0159\u00edk\u00e1vac\u00ed texty ze starobabylonsk\u00e9 a novoasyrsk\u00e9 doby ji vz\u00fdvaj\u00ed p\u0159i porodech, hore\u010dk\u00e1ch, had\u00edm u\u0161tknut\u00ed a psychick\u00fdch poruch\u00e1ch. Sb\u00edrky za\u0159\u00edk\u00e1n\u00ed z kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 knihovny A\u0161\u0161urbanipala obsahuj\u00ed \u010detn\u00e9 texty, v nich\u017e je Gula vz\u00fdv\u00e1na spole\u010dn\u011b s Mardukem, Eou a \u0160ama\u0161em jako l\u00e9\u010ditelsk\u00e1 bohyn\u011b.<\/p>\n<p>Za\u0159\u00edk\u00e1vac\u00ed praxe u l\u016f\u017eka nemocn\u00e9ho obvykle prob\u00edhala ve v\u00edce f\u00e1z\u00edch. Nejprve za\u0159\u00edk\u00e1vac\u00ed kn\u011bz asipu vz\u00fdval Gulu formulovit\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem. Pot\u00e9 n\u00e1sledovaly konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed pokyny, \u010dasto s bylinn\u00fdmi sm\u011bsmi nebo ritu\u00e1ln\u00edmi \u00fakony, jako je pot\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed vln\u011bnou nit\u00ed, kter\u00e1 se pot\u00e9 sp\u00e1lila, aby se nemoc symbolicky zni\u010dila.<\/p><p>Tato praxe, \u010dasto spojen\u00e1 s psem jako ritu\u00e1ln\u00edm zv\u00ed\u0159etem, je dokumentov\u00e1na na stovk\u00e1ch hlin\u011bn\u00fdch desti\u010dek.<\/p>\n<p>V novoasyrsk\u00e9 dob\u011b se st\u00e1tn\u00ed uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed Guly zv\u00fd\u0161ilo. A\u0161\u0161urbanipal nechal jej\u00ed texty opsat a za\u0159adit do sv\u00e9 knihovny. Tak\u00e9 kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 \u017eeny j\u00ed p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ely osobn\u00ed votivn\u00ed dary, co\u017e zd\u016fraz\u0148uje spojen\u00ed bohyn\u011b s porodem a matere\u0159stv\u00edm.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0450dcc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0450dcc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66dcc1e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"66dcc1e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 m\u00fdty<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0da6404 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0da6404\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gula vystupuje v narativn\u00edch textech m\u00e9n\u011b \u010dasto ne\u017e Inanna nebo Marduk. Jej\u00edm nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm textem je \u00abHymna Bullussa-rabi\u00bb, rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 sebeprezentace bohyn\u011b o 200 \u0159\u00e1dc\u00edch.<\/p><p>V n\u00ed se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 dcerou Anua, man\u017eelkou Ninurty, l\u00e9ka\u0159kou velk\u00fdch boh\u016f, porodn\u00ed b\u00e1bou n\u00e1rod\u016f a spravedlivou ochr\u00e1nkyn\u00ed slab\u00fdch. Hymna je n\u00e1bo\u017eensko-historicky pozoruhodn\u00e1, nebo\u0165 dovr\u0161uje teologickou konsolidaci mnoh\u00fdch l\u00e9\u010ditelsk\u00fdch bohy\u0148 pod jm\u00e9nem Guly.<\/p>\n<p>V <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159ed\u00e1van\u00e9 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o boz\u00edch, po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch a \u0159\u00e1du sv\u011bta.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00fdtu<\/span> o Anzuovi Gula p\u0159\u00edmo nevystupuje, av\u0161ak v pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edch verz\u00edch je po Ninurtov\u011b v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed zmi\u0148ov\u00e1na spole\u010dn\u011b s n\u00edm a \u00fa\u010dastn\u00ed se triumf\u00e1ln\u00ed slavnosti. Toto spojen\u00ed ji za\u0159azuje do kosmick\u00e9ho heroick\u00e9ho eposu a d\u00e1v\u00e1 j\u00ed narativn\u00ed vazbu na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159ed\u00e1van\u00e9 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o boz\u00edch, po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch a \u0159\u00e1du sv\u011bta.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00fdtus<\/span> o Anzuovi.<\/p>\n<p>Kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed vypr\u00e1v\u00ed o Gulin\u011b psovi, kter\u00fd jednoho dne onemocn\u011bl. Bohyn\u011b mu musela pomoci sama a pou\u017eila p\u0159i tom n\u011bkolik sv\u00fdch l\u00e9\u010div\u00fdch bylin.<\/p><p>Z t\u00e9to bolesti, jak se \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, vyrostla jej\u00ed schopnost l\u00e9\u010dit, proto\u017ee utrpen\u00ed nejprve za\u017eila na vlastn\u00edm zv\u00ed\u0159eti. Toto vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed, zachovan\u00e9 v n\u011bkolika fragmentech, d\u00e1v\u00e1 bohyni empatick\u00fd charakter, kter\u00fd ji odli\u0161uje od \u010dist\u011b pr\u00e1vn\u011b-trestaj\u00edc\u00edch bo\u017estev.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f96a216 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f96a216\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc8fdd1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fc8fdd1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vztahy v panteonu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b98975f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b98975f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gula je provd\u00e1na za Ninurtu, boha v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00edka a orby. Oba tvo\u0159\u00ed komplement\u00e1rn\u00ed p\u00e1r, v n\u011bm\u017e jsou propojeny v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fd ot\u0159es a l\u00e9\u010div\u00e9 obnoven\u00ed. S Damuem, mlad\u0161\u00edm l\u00e9\u010ditelsk\u00fdm bohem a jej\u00edm synem, m\u00e1 \u00fazk\u00fd rodinn\u00fd vztah. Damu je \u010dasto vykl\u00e1d\u00e1n jako n\u00e1stupce Guly v l\u00e9\u010ditelsk\u00e9 funkci.<\/p>\n<p>S Ninisinou, Bau a Ninkarrak je kultovn\u011b slou\u010dena, co\u017e ukazuje teologick\u00fd konsolida\u010dn\u00ed proces starobabylonsk\u00e9 doby. S Mardukem, \u0159\u00ed\u0161sk\u00fdm bohem Babylonu, je ve vztahu kultovn\u00ed spolupr\u00e1ce: v l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edk\u00e1n\u00edch jsou oba \u010dasto vz\u00fdv\u00e1ni spole\u010dn\u011b, proto\u017ee Marduk zauj\u00edmal v babylonsk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e1 nauka o Bohu a v\u00ed\u0159e n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologii<\/span> st\u00e1le centr\u00e1ln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed roli a \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b p\u0159evzal i l\u00e9\u010ditelsk\u00e9 funkce.<\/p>\n<p>V \u0161ir\u0161\u00edm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn boh\u016f n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed nebo kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonu<\/span> m\u00e1 Gula vztahy k \u0160ama\u0161ovi, bohu slunce a pr\u00e1va, i k Eovi, bohu moudrosti. Spojen\u00ed s Eou je zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 t\u011bsn\u00e9, proto\u017ee ten je pova\u017eov\u00e1n za kosmick\u00e9ho u\u010ditele l\u00e9\u010ditelsk\u00e9ho um\u011bn\u00ed a Gula funguje jako jeho pozemsk\u00fd prot\u011bj\u0161ek.<\/p>\n<p>V teologick\u00e9m seznamu An je Gula rovnocenn\u00e1 s Ninkarrak, l\u00e9\u010ditelskou bohyn\u00ed Akkadu, kter\u00e1 je v prokl\u00ednac\u00edch formul\u00edch Chammurapiho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stoj\u00edc\u00ed, popsan\u00e1 nebo zdoben\u00e1 kamenn\u00e1 \u010di d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e1 deska.\" tabindex=\"0\">st\u00e9ly<\/span> uv\u00e1d\u011bna jako adres\u00e1tka l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00fdch trest\u016f.<\/p><p>Jej\u00edm man\u017eelem je Pabilsag, b\u016fh v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00edk a l\u00e9\u010ditel, kter\u00fd je v pozdn\u011b babylonsk\u00e9 astronomii identifikov\u00e1n s hv\u011bzdn\u00fdm souhv\u011bzd\u00edm St\u0159elce. Toto spojen\u00ed l\u00e9\u010ditelsk\u00e9 bohyn\u011b a v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00edka je pro Mezopot\u00e1mii typickou konstelac\u00ed, v n\u00ed\u017e jsou ochrana a agresivita spojeny v t\u00e9m\u017e bo\u017esk\u00e9m p\u00e1ru.<\/p>\n<p>Zaj\u00edmav\u00fdm zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpadem je identifikace Gula-I\u0161tar v n\u011bkter\u00fdch pozdn\u011b babylonsk\u00fdch hymn\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 se sna\u017e\u00ed pojmout ob\u011b bohyn\u011b jako aspekty jedn\u00e9 jedin\u00e9 \u017eensk\u00e9 moci. Toto splynut\u00ed je sporn\u00e9 a je pova\u017eov\u00e1no za zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpad pozdn\u00ed teologick\u00e9 spekulace, kter\u00e1 se pod vlivem nar\u016fstaj\u00edc\u00ed Mardukovy monolatrie sna\u017eila sjednotit i hlavn\u00ed \u017eensk\u00e9 bohyn\u011b.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2cc258e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2cc258e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f15cc1a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f15cc1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepce a odkaz<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa97ec3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"aa97ec3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gul\u016fv <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factyhodn\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f v\u016f\u010di bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 postav\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> zanikl s koncem babylonsk\u00e9 vysok\u00e9 kultury v seleukovsk\u00e9m obdob\u00ed. Jej\u00ed l\u00e9\u010debn\u00e9 texty se ale d\u00e1le opisovaly a byly uchov\u00e1v\u00e1ny v knihovn\u00e1ch hel\u00e9nistick\u00e9ho sv\u011bta. Sumerologick\u00e9 studie 19. a 20. stolet\u00ed ji rekonstruovaly jako kl\u00ed\u010dovou postavu mezopot\u00e1msk\u00fdch d\u011bjin medic\u00edny.<\/p>\n<p>V modern\u00edch d\u011bjin\u00e1ch medic\u00edny je Gula uzn\u00e1v\u00e1na jako jedna z nejstar\u0161\u00edch dokumentovan\u00fdch ochrann\u00fdch bohy\u0148 l\u00e9ka\u0159stv\u00ed. Reli\u00e9fy z Isinu jsou zobrazeny v mnoha u\u010debnic\u00edch d\u011bjin medic\u00edny. V n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch d\u011bjin\u00e1ch psa se objevuje jako d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 dolo\u017een\u00e1 postava pro dvoj\u00ed funkci psa jako l\u00e9\u010ditele a pr\u016fvodce mrtv\u00fdch.<\/p>\n<p>V popul\u00e1rn\u00ed kultu\u0159e se Gula dnes objevuje jen z\u0159\u00eddka, av\u0161ak v textech o starov\u011bk\u00e9 orient\u00e1ln\u00ed medic\u00edn\u011b a ve studi\u00edch o d\u011bjin\u00e1ch porodnictv\u00ed je kl\u00ed\u010dovou referen\u010dn\u00ed postavou. Spojen\u00ed mezi jej\u00ed ps\u00ed symbolikou a pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi l\u00e9\u010div\u00fdmi bo\u017estvy se psem (nap\u0159\u00edklad Askl\u00e9piem s hadem a psem v \u0159eck\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b) je diskutov\u00e1no ve srovn\u00e1vac\u00edm n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9m b\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>V hel\u00e9nistick\u00e9 Mezopot\u00e1mii byla Gula identifikov\u00e1na s Hekat\u00e9, \u0159eckou bohyn\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktiky, kter\u00e9 se prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edch \u00fakon\u016f nebo formul\u00ed sna\u017e\u00ed zas\u00e1hnout do b\u011bhu v\u011bc\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">magie<\/span> a ps\u016f. Tato identifikace je epigraficky dosv\u011bd\u010dena v seleukovsk\u00fdch n\u00e1pisech z Uruku, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na bilingvn\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vzp\u0159\u00edmen\u011b stoj\u00edc\u00ed kamenn\u00e1 nebo d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e1 deska s n\u00e1pisem nebo vyobrazen\u00edm.\" tabindex=\"0\">st\u00e9le<\/span> ze 3. stolet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l. Spole\u010dn\u00fdm rysem je ps\u00ed atribut a no\u010dn\u00ed l\u00e9\u010ditelsk\u00e1 funkce.<\/p><p>Walter Burkert ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle \u00abBabylon, Memphis, Persepolis\u00bb na\u010drtl n\u00e1bo\u017eenskohistorickou linii od Guly p\u0159es Hekat\u00e9 a\u017e k pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed Dian\u011b.<\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>V d\u011bjin\u00e1ch medic\u00edny plat\u00ed Gula za nejstar\u0161\u00ed jmenovit\u011b zm\u00edn\u011bnou l\u00e9\u010divou bohyni, kter\u00e1 patronovala vlastn\u00ed profesi. Jej\u00ed kult je ko\u0159enem pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edho komplexu Askl\u00e9pios-Hippokrates, co\u017e podrobn\u011b rozpracoval Vivian Nutton v d\u00edle \u00abAncient Medicine\u00bb (2004).<\/span><\/p><p>Sou\u010dasn\u00fd medic\u00ednsko-historick\u00fd v\u00fdzkum vid\u00ed tradici Guly jako d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd prvek p\u0159edehry \u0159eck\u00e9ho l\u00e9ka\u0159stv\u00ed, s konkr\u00e9tn\u00edmi stopami ve farmakologii a diagnostice.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94697bd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"94697bd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e259579 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e259579\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Religionistick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e7c31b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e7c31b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Thorkild Jacobsen za\u0159azuje Gulu do okruhu velk\u00fdch \u017eensk\u00fdch ochrann\u00fdch bo\u017estev, jejich\u017e funkce se ve starobabylonsk\u00e9m obdob\u00ed soust\u0159edila na l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed a porod. V jej\u00edm splynut\u00ed s Ninisinou vid\u00ed typick\u00fd proces konsolidace, p\u0159i n\u011bm\u017e se n\u011bkolik m\u011bstsk\u00fdch bohyn\u00ed slou\u010dilo do jedn\u00e9 celo\u0159\u00ed\u0161sky platn\u00e9 postavy.<\/p>\n<p>Jean Bott\u00e9ro zd\u016fraz\u0148uje soci\u00e1ln\u00ed funkci jej\u00edho kultu. Gula byla patronkou cel\u00e9 profesn\u00ed skupiny, asu a asipu, tedy medic\u00ednsko-ritu\u00e1ln\u00edch specialist\u016f. Spojen\u00ed t\u00e9to profesn\u00ed skupiny s <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Budova slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed k uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1mem<\/span> bylo d\u016fle\u017eitou strukturn\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed starosemezopot\u00e1msk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti.<\/p>\n<p>Stefan Maul ve sv\u00fdch studi\u00edch o v\u011b\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktiky, kter\u00e9 se prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edch \u00fakon\u016f nebo formul\u00ed sna\u017e\u00ed zas\u00e1hnout do b\u011bhu v\u011bc\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">magii<\/span> zdokumentoval \u00fazk\u00e9 propleten\u00ed Gulina <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factyhodn\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f v\u016f\u010di bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 postav\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultu<\/span> a za\u0159\u00edk\u00e1vac\u00ed praxe. Walther Sallaberger a Andrew George archeologicky a textov\u011b rekonstruovali chr\u00e1mov\u00fd kult v Isinu a Nippuru.<\/p><p>Wilfred Lambert kriticky vydal a komentoval \u00abHymnu Bullussa-rabi\u00bb. V\u00fdzkum vid\u00ed v Gule jeden z nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch kl\u00ed\u010d\u016f k pochopen\u00ed starosemezopot\u00e1msk\u00e9 medic\u00edny a n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e4ff51 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3e4ff51\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c92749 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4c92749\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hymnus na Gulu od Bullussa-rabi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c65e523 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c65e523\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm liter\u00e1rn\u00edm textem o bohyni je velk\u00fd hymnus na Gulu od Bullussa-rabi, jmenovit\u011b zn\u00e1m\u00e9 p\u00edsa\u0159ky ze st\u0159edobabylonsk\u00e9ho obdob\u00ed, pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b z 12. stolet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l. Text o rozsahu 200 \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f je dochov\u00e1n v n\u011bkolika exempl\u00e1\u0159\u00edch, nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed tabulky poch\u00e1zej\u00ed z knihoven Assuru, Ninive a Babylonu.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Poprv\u00e9 byl hymnus vyd\u00e1n roku 1967 Wilfredem G. Lambertem v Orientalia 36, s podrobn\u00fdm koment\u00e1\u0159em a p\u0159ekladem. Text je naps\u00e1n ve stylu sebepredikace, v n\u011bm\u017e Gula mluv\u00ed v prvn\u00ed osob\u011b o sv\u00fdch vlastnostech, sil\u00e1ch a l\u00e9\u010ditelsk\u00fdch funkc\u00edch.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Bullussa-rabi prezentuje bohyni v encyklopedick\u00e9m v\u00fd\u010dtu jej\u00edch jmen a funkc\u00ed. Je Belet-ili, pan\u00ed boh\u016f, Nintinugga, Bau a Ninisinna, kter\u00e9 byly uct\u00edv\u00e1ny v r\u016fzn\u00fdch sumersk\u00fdch m\u011bstech.<\/p><p>Toto slou\u010den\u00ed region\u00e1ln\u00edch bohyn\u00ed pod dominantn\u00edm jm\u00e9nem je p\u0159\u00edkladem mezopot\u00e1msk\u00e9 synkretistick\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e1 nauka o Bohu a v\u00ed\u0159e v r\u00e1mci n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologie<\/span>, v n\u00ed\u017e byly m\u00edstn\u00ed kulty sjednoceny pod hlavn\u00edm jm\u00e9nem. Hymnus je z n\u00e1bo\u017eenskohistorick\u00e9ho hlediska zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd, proto\u017ee dokl\u00e1d\u00e1 teologickou integraci mnoha l\u00e9\u010div\u00fdch bohyn\u00ed do jedin\u00e9 postavy Guly.<\/p>\n<p>Obsahov\u011b hymnus popisuje Gulinu \u010dinnost jako l\u00e9ka\u0159ky. Je \u00abvelkou l\u00e9ka\u0159kou, kter\u00e1 obrac\u00ed n\u00e1\u0159ek v radost\u00bb, \u00abuti\u0161uje r\u00e1nu t\u00edm, \u017ee ji obv\u00e1\u017ee\u00bb, \u00abvrac\u00ed mrtv\u00e9ho zp\u011bt do \u017eivota\u00bb.<\/p><p>Posledn\u00ed formulace je hyperbolick\u00e1, ale ukazuje rozsah p\u0159isuzovan\u00e9 l\u00e9\u010div\u00e9 s\u00edly. Zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed m\u00edsto zauj\u00edm\u00e1 v\u00fd\u010det l\u00e9\u010div\u00fdch bylin, jejich\u017e p\u0159esn\u00e1 botanick\u00e1 identifikace p\u016fsob\u00ed modern\u00ed v\u00fdzkumu obt\u00ed\u017ee. Stefan Maul tuto farmakopoeu komentoval ve sv\u00fdch studi\u00edch o babylonsk\u00e9m l\u00e9ka\u0159stv\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aeaf646 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aeaf646\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70447b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"70447b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Isin a chr\u00e1mov\u00e1 archeologie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-701828f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"701828f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hlavn\u00edm centrem kultu Guly bylo Isin, m\u011bsto na doln\u00edm Eufratu, jeho\u017e <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u00c5\u00be\u00edc\u00ed k uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u00c5\u00bestev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> bohyn\u011b nesl jm\u00e9no E-gal-mah, \u201evelk\u00fd vzne\u0161en\u00fd pal\u00e1c&#8220;.<\/p><p>M\u011bsto za\u017e\u00edvalo sv\u016fj rozkv\u011bt ve 20. a 19. stolet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l. za dynastie Isin, jej\u00ed\u017e kr\u00e1lov\u00e9 se naz\u00fdvali \u201ez domu Ninisinny&#8220; (tedy Guly). Stavebn\u00ed n\u00e1pisy Lipit-I\u0161tara a Enlil-baniho dokumentuj\u00ed rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 nadace, mezi jin\u00fdmi renovace chr\u00e1m\u016f, zasv\u011bcen\u00ed soch a z\u0159izov\u00e1n\u00ed l\u00e9\u010debn\u00fdch prostor.<\/p>\n<p>N\u011bmeck\u00fd v\u00fdzkum v Isinu pod veden\u00edm Barthela Hroudy mezi lety 1973 a 1989 odkryl E-gal-mah t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v cel\u00e9m rozsahu. V chr\u00e1mov\u00e9m n\u00e1dvo\u0159\u00ed byla nalezena studna, do n\u00ed\u017e byly po uzdraven\u00ed vhazov\u00e1ny ps\u00ed figurky jako votivn\u00ed dary.<\/p><p>Archeologov\u00e9 vyzdvihli n\u011bkolik set terakotov\u00fdch ps\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed byli do vody vkl\u00e1d\u00e1ni po stalet\u00ed. Tento nezvykl\u00fd druh pramen\u016f potvrzuje symboliku psa u bohyn\u011b zmi\u0148ovanou v hymnu a poskytuje vhled do lidov\u00e9 religiozity l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed hledaj\u00edc\u00edch.<\/p>\n<p>Druh\u00e1 velk\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Svat\u00e9 m\u00edsto zasv\u011bcen\u00e9 uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bo\u00c5\u00bestva.\" tabindex=\"0\">svatyn\u011b<\/span> st\u00e1la v Nippuru a t\u0159et\u00ed v Babylonu, kde se Gula v pozdn\u011b babylonsk\u00e9m obdob\u00ed stala st\u00e1tn\u011b-teologicky centr\u00e1ln\u00ed bohyn\u00ed l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed. Chr\u00e1mov\u00e9 n\u00e1pisy Nabukadnezara II. ji zmi\u0148uj\u00ed jako d\u00e1rkyni uzdraven\u00ed kr\u00e1le po t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 nemoci.<\/p><p>Tak\u00e9 ve m\u011bst\u011b A\u0161\u0161ur v As\u00fdrii existoval E-gal-mah, jen\u017e byl renovov\u00e1n Sinacheribem a A\u0161urbanipalem. Tato nadregion\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159\u00edtomnost d\u011bl\u00e1 z Guly jednu z hlavn\u00edch boh\u016f cel\u00e9 Mezopot\u00e1mie, srovnatelnou co do vlivu s I\u0161tar nebo Mardukem.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4bee2eb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4bee2eb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f24822 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5f24822\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pes jako atribut a votivn\u00ed praxe<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83d8f3f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"83d8f3f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pes je nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm atributem Guly, co\u017e je v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn bo\u00c5\u00bestev jednoho n\u00e1bo\u00c5\u00beenstv\u00ed nebo kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonu<\/span> Mezopot\u00e1mie ojedin\u011bl\u00e9. Ostatn\u00ed bohov\u00e9 maj\u00ed b\u00fdky, lvy nebo draky, ale pouze Gula m\u00e1 psa jako zv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00edho pr\u016fvodce.<\/p><p>Na v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b kudurru reli\u00e9f\u016f ze st\u0159edobabylonsk\u00e9ho obdob\u00ed, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na kudurru Meli-\u0160ipaka (12. stolet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l.), se zjevuje tr\u016fn\u00edc\u00ed se psem sed\u00edc\u00edm u jej\u00edch nohou. Tato obrazov\u00e1 tradice je dosv\u011bd\u010dena tak\u00e9 na glazovan\u00fdch cihl\u00e1ch Nabukadnezara II. v Babylonu.<\/p>\n<p>Historicky je symbolika psa mnohovrstevn\u00e1. Psi jsou v Mezopot\u00e1mii na jedn\u00e9 stran\u011b ne\u010dist\u00ed a ob\u00e1van\u00ed, na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b str\u00e1\u017eci prahu. V l\u00e9\u010ditelstv\u00ed je pes z\u0159ejm\u011b gnostick\u00fdm l\u00e9\u010div\u00fdm zv\u00ed\u0159etem, jeho\u017e sliny a l\u00edz\u00e1n\u00ed ran byly v lidov\u00e9 medic\u00edn\u011b pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za hoj\u00edc\u00ed r\u00e1ny.<\/p><p>Beate Pongratz-Leisten upozornila ve sv\u00fdch studi\u00edch o babylonsk\u00e9m n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed na dvojzna\u010dnost psa, kter\u00fd byl ch\u00e1p\u00e1n jako \u010dist\u00fd i ne\u010dist\u00fd z\u00e1rove\u0148. Tak\u00e9 Karen Radner zkoumala v n\u011bkolika \u010dl\u00e1nc\u00edch vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9 p\u016fsoben\u00ed l\u00e9\u010debn\u00e9ho ob\u0159adu a uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed psa.<\/p>\n<p>Votivn\u00ed praxe zahrnovala krom\u011b hlin\u011bn\u00fdch ps\u016f i modely nemocn\u00fdch t\u011blesn\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed. P\u0159i chr\u00e1mov\u00fdch v\u00fdzkumech byly nalezeny hlin\u011bn\u00e9 reprodukce rukou, nohou, o\u010d\u00ed a genit\u00e1li\u00ed, kter\u00e9 pacienti p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161eli jako prosebn\u00e9 dary.<\/p><p>Tato praxe m\u00e1 bezprost\u0159edn\u00ed paralely v pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edch \u0159eck\u00fdch Askl\u00e9piov\u00fdch chr\u00e1mech, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v Epidauru, kde uzdraven\u00ed zanech\u00e1vali hlin\u011bn\u00e9 \u00fady. P\u0159\u00edm\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eenskohistorick\u00e1 kontinuita je diskutov\u00e1na, ale nelze ji jednozna\u010dn\u011b prok\u00e1zat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e7fc9ae e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e7fc9ae\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-191afcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"191afcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Prameny a dal\u0161\u00ed literatura<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2819763 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2819763\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha \u0159eck\u00e9 a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 kultury, zhruba od 800 p\u0159. n. l. do 600 n. l.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antika<\/span>: prameny \u00abHymnus na Bullussa-rabi\u00bb zasv\u011bcen\u00fd Gule, l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9 a za\u0159\u00edk\u00e1vac\u00ed texty ze starobabylonsk\u00e9ho a novoasyrsk\u00e9ho obdob\u00ed, n\u00e1pisy z Isinu, Nippuru a Sipparu, hymny na Ninisinu a Ninkarraku, pozdn\u00ed verze m\u00fdtu o Anzuovi (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o boz\u00edch, po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch a uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u011bta.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00fdtus<\/span>).<\/p>\n<ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Jean Bott\u00e9ro, \u00abMesopotamia: Writing, Reasoning, and the Gods\u00bb, Chicago 1992.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Markham Geller, \u00abAncient Babylonian Medicine\u00bb, Oxford 2010.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Dal\u0161\u00ed standardn\u00ed d\u00edla naleznete v <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/literatura\/\">seznamu literatury<\/a>.<\/span><\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3251,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Gula","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Gula \u2013 babylonsk\u00e1 bohyn\u011b l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed a pan\u00ed ps\u016f | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Gula je babylonsk\u00e1 bohyn\u011b l\u00e9\u010ditelstv\u00ed, medic\u00edny a o\u017eivov\u00e1n\u00ed. Jej\u00edm zv\u00ed\u0159etem je pes. M\u00fdtus, symboly a chr\u00e1m Esabad.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"mesopotamien","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-145607","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Gula \u2013 babylonsk\u00e1 bohyn\u011b l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed a pan\u00ed ps\u016f | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Gula je babylonsk\u00e1 bohyn\u011b l\u00e9\u010ditelstv\u00ed, medic\u00edny a o\u017eivov\u00e1n\u00ed. Jej\u00edm zv\u00ed\u0159etem je pes. 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