{"id":145606,"date":"2026-09-03T16:32:00","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:32:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=145606"},"modified":"2026-09-03T17:00:46","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T17:00:46","slug":"gilgames","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/gilgames\/","title":{"rendered":"Gilgame\u0161"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"145606\" class=\"elementor elementor-145606 elementor-3021 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f3e3c3b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f3e3c3b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bbc821e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bbc821e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d188d32 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d188d32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-058fd72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"058fd72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gilgame\u0161, kr\u00e1l Uruku a hrdina eposu<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e492cb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3e492cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gilgame\u0161 je kr\u00e1l Uruku a jako hrdina eposu \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed postava nejstar\u0161\u00edho kl\u00ednopisn\u011b dochovan\u00e9ho velk\u00e9ho eposu lidstva. Gilgame\u0161 je pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b nejslavn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm liter\u00e1rn\u00edm hrdinou starobabylonsk\u00e9 tradice.<\/p><p>Jako b\u00e1jn\u00fd kr\u00e1l Uruku vl\u00e1dne podle kr\u00e1lovsk\u00fdch seznam\u016f p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 126 let a postupn\u011b se st\u00e1v\u00e1 polobo\u017eskou postavou, jej\u00ed\u017e hled\u00e1n\u00ed nesmrtelnosti je hlavn\u00edm t\u00e9matem eposu nesouc\u00edho jeho jm\u00e9no.<\/p><p>Epos o Gilgame\u0161ovi ve sv\u00e9 kanonick\u00e9 standardn\u00ed verzi o 12 tabulk\u00e1ch pat\u0159\u00ed k nejstar\u0161\u00edm zachovan\u00fdm d\u00edl\u016fm sv\u011btov\u00e9 literatury a zab\u00fdv\u00e1 se \u00fast\u0159edn\u00edmi ot\u00e1zkami lidsk\u00e9 existence.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc9ddbb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cc9ddbb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f6b7fd5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"f6b7fd5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"B\u016fh \/ bohyn\u011b: Zosobn\u011bn\u00e1 nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed moc v panteonu ur\u010dit\u00e9 kultury, s jasn\u011b vymezen\u00fdmi pravomocemi \u2014 p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed s\u00edly, osud, v\u00e1lka, plodnost. Uct\u00edv\u00e1ni prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm kult\u016f, ob\u011bt\u00ed a chr\u00e1mov\u00fdch instituc\u00ed.\">B\u016fh<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/mezopotamie\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Kol\u00e9bka dokumentovan\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed \u2014 Sumer, Akkad, Babyl\u00f3n, As\u00fdrie (cca 3500 p\u0159. n. l. a\u017e 330 p\u0159. n. l.).\">Mezopot\u00e1mie<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-27e3cd9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"27e3cd9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae065e5 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"ae065e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na t\\u00e9to str\\u00e1nce 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8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__ae065e5\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg 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0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__ae065e5\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ee736b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8ee736b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b44efa iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3b44efa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gilgamesh-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-147230\" alt=\"Gilgame\u0161 \u2013 bohov\u00e9 z mezopot\u00e1msk\u00e9 tradice, historicko-ilustrativn\u00ed zobrazen\u00ed\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gilgamesh-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gilgamesh-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gilgamesh-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gilgamesh.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f624568 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f624568\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-642c4d0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"642c4d0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-01e289b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"01e289b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">M\u00fdtus a p\u016fvod<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1063586 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1063586\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gilgame\u0161 je historicky pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b odvozen od kr\u00e1le Uruku z ran\u011b dynastick\u00e9ho obdob\u00ed po\u010d\u00e1tku 3. tis\u00edcilet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l. Jeho jm\u00e9no se objevuje v sumersk\u00fdch kr\u00e1lovsk\u00fdch seznamech jako p\u00e1t\u00fd kr\u00e1l prvn\u00ed dynastie Uruku, v \u0159ad\u011b vl\u00e1dc\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed maj\u00ed z\u010d\u00e1sti polobo\u017esk\u00fd charakter.<\/p><p>Ji\u017e ve starosumersk\u00e9 tradici byl pova\u017eov\u00e1n za nap\u016fl bo\u017esk\u00e9ho, proto\u017ee jeho matka Ninsun, men\u0161\u00ed bohyn\u011b, byla spojov\u00e1na s Lugalbandou, rovn\u011b\u017e zbo\u017e\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdm vl\u00e1dcem.<\/p>\n<p>Starosumersk\u00e1 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o Gilgame\u0161ovi netvo\u0159\u00ed jednotn\u00fd rom\u00e1n, n\u00fdbr\u017e \u0159adu jednotliv\u00fdch p\u00edsn\u00ed. K nim pat\u0159\u00ed \u00abGilgame\u0161 a Aga\u00bb, \u00abGilgame\u0161 a Chuvava\u00bb, \u00abGilgame\u0161 a nebesk\u00fd b\u00fdk\u00bb, \u00abGilgame\u0161ova smrt\u00bb a \u00abGilgame\u0161, Enkidu a podsv\u011bt\u00ed\u00bb.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Ve starobabylonsk\u00e9 dob\u011b, kolem roku 1800 p\u0159. n. l., byly tyto p\u00edsn\u011b poprv\u00e9 spojeny do souvisl\u00e9 kompozice, nyn\u00ed v akkadsk\u00e9m jazyce. Ve st\u0159edoasyrsk\u00e9 dob\u011b, kolem roku 1200 p\u0159. n. l., vznikla pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed standardn\u00ed verze o dvan\u00e1cti tabulk\u00e1ch, p\u0159isuzovan\u00e1 kn\u011bzi Sin-leqi-unninnimu.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Epos nejprve sleduje neukrotiteln\u00e9ho kr\u00e1le Gilgame\u0161e, kter\u00fd sv\u00fdmi p\u0159emr\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdmi n\u00e1roky su\u017euje sv\u00e9 poddan\u00e9. Bohov\u00e9 stvo\u0159\u00ed Enkidua, divoce \u017eij\u00edc\u00edho mu\u017ee, jen\u017e se mu silou vyrovn\u00e1. Oba se stanou p\u0159\u00e1teli a spole\u010dn\u011b vyt\u00e1hnou, aby porazili str\u00e1\u017ece cedrov\u00e9ho lesa, Chuvavu.<\/p><p>Po tomto v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed Gilgame\u0161 uraz\u00ed bohyni I\u0161tar, kter\u00e1 na trest pos\u00edl\u00e1 na m\u011bsto nebesk\u00e9ho b\u00fdka. Oba hrdinov\u00e9 b\u00fdka zabij\u00ed, na co\u017e bohov\u00e9 dopust\u00ed, aby Enkidu onemocn\u011bl jako ob\u011btn\u00ed ob\u011b\u0165 za tento \u010din. Jeho smrt uvrhne Gilgame\u0161e do hlubok\u00e9 \u017eivotn\u00ed krize a p\u0159im\u011bje jej vydat se na hled\u00e1n\u00ed nesmrtelnosti.<\/p>\n<p>Gilgame\u0161 putuje k Utnapi\u0161timovi, jen\u017e p\u0159e\u017eil velkou potopu a vypr\u00e1v\u00ed mu jej\u00ed p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh a ukl\u00e1d\u00e1 mu zkou\u0161ky, v nich\u017e Gilgame\u0161 neusp\u011bje. Na zp\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed cest\u011b najde rostlinu, je\u017e m\u00e1 vr\u00e1tit ml\u00e1d\u00ed, av\u0161ak ta je ukradena hadem.<\/p><p>Gilgame\u0161 se vrac\u00ed do Uruku a s hrdost\u00ed hled\u00ed na hradby sv\u00e9ho m\u011bsta: to je jeho trval\u00e1 slavn\u00e1 pam\u00e1tka. Toto z\u00e1v\u011bre\u010dn\u00e9 vyzn\u011bn\u00ed je pova\u017eov\u00e1no za jedno z nejp\u016fsobiv\u011bj\u0161\u00edch zakon\u010den\u00ed antick\u00e9 literatury.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-00d601c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"00d601c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-209af5e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"209af5e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Symboly a atributy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a25502 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9a25502\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gilgame\u0161 je v obrazov\u00e9m um\u011bn\u00ed zobrazov\u00e1n jako vysok\u00fd hrdina s vousem a kudrnat\u00fdmi vlasy. Jeho nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi atributy jsou bojov\u00e1 palice, \u010dasto s dvojitou hlavic\u00ed, a luk. Na novoasyrsk\u00fdch reli\u00e9fech se ob\u010das objevuje s lvem pod pa\u017e\u00ed, co\u017e symbolicky vyjad\u0159uje jeho nad\u0159azenou fyzickou s\u00edlu.<\/p>\n<p>Jedna ikonografick\u00e1 tradice jej zobrazuje jako h\u00e9roa mezi dv\u011bma vzty\u010den\u00fdmi lvy, co\u017e je pozice, kter\u00e1 v starobabylonsk\u00e9m obrazov\u00e9m programu ozna\u010duje \u00abp\u00e1na zv\u00ed\u0159at\u00bb. Tuto pozici sd\u00edl\u00ed n\u011bkolik hrdinsk\u00fdch postav a boh\u016f panteonu. Reli\u00e9fy z pal\u00e1ce Sargona II. v Chors\u00e1b\u00e1du jej v t\u00e9to pozici zobrazuj\u00ed, co\u017e podtrhuje mezikulturn\u00ed p\u0159esah jeho postavy.<\/p>\n<p>Jeho spole\u010dn\u00edk Enkidu p\u0159edstavuje vlastn\u00ed ikonografick\u00fd typ, \u010dasto zobrazovan\u00fd s dlouh\u00fdmi vlasy, ko\u017ee\u0161inov\u00fdm od\u011bvem a rysy divok\u00e9ho zv\u00ed\u0159ete. Oba hrdinov\u00e9 spole\u010dn\u011b tvo\u0159\u00ed starobabylonsk\u00fd p\u00e1rov\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opakuj\u00edc\u00ed se obsahov\u00fd prvek v um\u011bn\u00ed nebo vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span>, kter\u00fd se pozd\u011bji v obdobn\u00e9 form\u011b objevuje v \u0159eck\u00fdch a persk\u00fdch vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00edch. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opakuj\u00edc\u00ed se obsahov\u00fd prvek v um\u011bn\u00ed nebo vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">Motiv<\/span> t\u011bsn\u00e9ho hrdinsk\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00e1telstv\u00ed p\u0159evzal Friedrich Schiller a \u0159ada dal\u0161\u00edch autor\u016f novov\u011bku.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-099eba1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"099eba1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11c9a82 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"11c9a82\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult a uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d7655e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d7655e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gilgame\u0161 byl na rozd\u00edl od mnoha hrdin\u016f starov\u011bk\u00e9ho sv\u011bta skute\u010dn\u011b kultovn\u011b uct\u00edv\u00e1n. N\u00e1pisy ze starosumersk\u00e9 a starobabylonsk\u00e9 doby dokl\u00e1daj\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017estvu vyjad\u0159uj\u00edc\u00ed d\u00edk, prosbu nebo \u00factu.\" tabindex=\"0\">ob\u011bti<\/span>, kter\u00e9 byly jeho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bezt\u011blesn\u00e1 bytost, j\u00ed\u017e je p\u0159isuzov\u00e1no p\u016fsoben\u00ed ve sv\u011bt\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">duchu<\/span> p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161eny v m\u011bs\u00edci smute\u010dn\u00edch ob\u0159ad\u016f. Byl vz\u00fdv\u00e1n p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm jako v\u011b\u0161teck\u00e9 a soudn\u00ed bo\u017estvo podsv\u011bt\u00ed, kde m\u011bl v\u00edtat mrtv\u00e9 a ukazovat jim cestu.<\/p>\n<p>D\u016fle\u017eitou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u00edsto posv\u011bcen\u00e9 k uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bo\u017estva.\" tabindex=\"0\">svatyn\u00ed<\/span> byl Eturkalama v Uruku, kter\u00fd byl <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho \u00fakonu p\u0159ed\u00e1no svat\u00e9mu, a t\u00edm vy\u0148ato z b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho.\" tabindex=\"0\">zasv\u011bcen<\/span> jemu a jeho p\u0159edk\u016fm. Tak\u00e9 v Nippuru a Babylonu byla jeho jm\u00e9na vz\u00fdv\u00e1na v za\u0159\u00edk\u00e1vac\u00edch textech a smute\u010dn\u00edch liturgi\u00edch. Jeho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bezt\u011blesn\u00e1 bytost, j\u00ed\u017e je p\u0159isuzov\u00e1no p\u016fsoben\u00ed ve sv\u011bt\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">duch<\/span> platil za obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b mocn\u00fd p\u0159i v\u011b\u0161tebn\u00fdch praktik\u00e1ch, proto\u017ee jako hrdina vstoupil do podsv\u011bt\u00ed dvakr\u00e1t: jednou, aby p\u0159ivedl zp\u011bt Enkidua, a jednou po sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed smrti.<\/p>\n<p>V novoasyrsk\u00e9 dob\u011b z\u016fstala jeho liter\u00e1rn\u00ed presti\u017e nezmen\u0161ena, av\u0161ak kultovn\u00ed rozm\u011br sl\u00e1bl. A\u0161\u0161urbanipal, velk\u00fd kr\u00e1l-knihovn\u00edk, uchov\u00e1val Epos o Gilgame\u0161ovi v n\u011bkolika exempl\u00e1\u0159\u00edch ve sv\u00e9 knihovn\u011b.<\/p><p>Velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed zachovan\u00fdch tabulek poch\u00e1z\u00ed z t\u00e9to kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 sb\u00edrky v Ninive. Tak\u00e9 v Chattu\u0161e, hlavn\u00edm m\u011bst\u011b Hetit\u016f, vznikl hetitsk\u00fd p\u0159eklad, co\u017e dokl\u00e1d\u00e1 mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed tohoto l\u00e1tky.<\/p>\n<p>V pozdn\u011b babylonsk\u00e9 a seleukovsk\u00e9 dob\u011b liter\u00e1rn\u00ed tradice sl\u00e1bla. Stopy gilgame\u0161ovsk\u00e9 l\u00e1tky se v\u0161ak objevuj\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b v \u017eidovsko-aramejsk\u00fdch a syrsk\u00fdch pramenech, \u010dasto p\u0159enesen\u00e9 na jin\u00e9 hrdiny. P\u0159\u00edm\u00e1 tradice skon\u010dila a\u017e \u00fapln\u00fdm z\u00e1nikem mezopotamsk\u00e9 p\u00edsemn\u00e9 kultury v 1. stolet\u00ed n. l.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-722db8b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"722db8b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9000838 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9000838\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 m\u00fdty<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1285d50 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1285d50\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hlavn\u00edm d\u00edlem je Epos o Gilgame\u0161ovi ve standardn\u00ed verzi o dvan\u00e1cti tabulk\u00e1ch. Tabulky I a\u017e II popisuj\u00ed mlad\u00e9ho, panova\u010dn\u00e9ho Gilgame\u0161e a stvo\u0159en\u00ed Enkidua bohyn\u00ed Aruru. Setk\u00e1n\u00ed obou hrdin\u016f, jejich z\u00e1pas a n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00e1telstv\u00ed jsou z n\u00e1bo\u017eenskohistorick\u00e9ho hlediska v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00e9, proto\u017ee klasick\u00fd konflikt mezi m\u011bstem a step\u00ed p\u0159etv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed v pouto l\u00e1sky.<\/p>\n<p>Tabulky III a\u017e V l\u00ed\u010d\u00ed cestu do cedrov\u00e9ho lesa a boj s Humbabou, str\u00e1\u017ecem lesa. Tato epizoda je n\u00e1bo\u017eenskohistoricky pozoruhodn\u00e1, proto\u017ee propojuje kosmickou geografii s konkr\u00e9tn\u00edm obchodem se d\u0159evem. T\u011b\u017eba cedrov\u00e9ho d\u0159eva v Libanonu byla re\u00e1lnou hospod\u00e1\u0159skou \u010dinnost\u00ed mezopotamsk\u00fdch kr\u00e1l\u016f a epos ji m\u00fdticky legitimizuje.<\/p>\n<p>Tabulky VI a\u017e VIII obsahuj\u00ed epizodu s I\u0161tar, zabit\u00ed nebesk\u00e9ho b\u00fdka a smrt Enkidua. Zde jsou n\u00e1bo\u017eenskohistorick\u00e1 t\u00e9mata nejhust\u0161\u00ed.<\/p><p>Gilgame\u0161ovo odm\u00edtnut\u00ed vz\u00edt si I\u0161tar za \u017eenu a jeho v\u00fd\u010det p\u0159edchoz\u00edch milenc\u016f bohyn\u011b jsou vz\u00e1cnou polemikou proti mocn\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytost uct\u00edvan\u00e1 jako bo\u017esk\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estvu<\/span>. Reakce boh\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed daj\u00ed zem\u0159\u00edt Enkiduovi, dod\u00e1v\u00e1 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed teologickou hloubku.<\/p>\n<p>Tabulky IX a\u017e XI jsou v\u011bnov\u00e1ny cest\u011b Gilgame\u0161ova zoufalstv\u00ed. Proch\u00e1z\u00ed tunely slune\u010dn\u00edho boha, p\u0159ekra\u010duje vody smrti, dosahuje Utnapi\u0161tima a sly\u0161\u00ed vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o potop\u011b.<\/p><p>Tabulka XI se sv\u00fdm podrobn\u00fdm l\u00ed\u010den\u00edm potopy je historicky obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1, proto\u017ee byla \u010dtena jako paralela k biblick\u00e9mu p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu o potop\u011b a v 19. stolet\u00ed hluboce ovlivnila diskusi o liter\u00e1rn\u00ed prehistorii Pentateuchu.<\/p>\n<p>Tabulka XII, pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed dodatek, l\u00ed\u010d\u00ed Gilgame\u0161\u016fv \u017eal nad Enkiduem a n\u00e1vrat Enkiduova ducha z podsv\u011bt\u00ed. Tato \u010d\u00e1st je vlastn\u011b p\u0159ekladem sumersk\u00e9 p\u00edsn\u011b \u00abGilgame\u0161, Enkidu a podsv\u011bt\u00ed\u00bb a nezapad\u00e1 do vypr\u00e1v\u011bc\u00edho sch\u00e9matu standardn\u00ed verze, proto ji badatel\u00e9 pova\u017euj\u00ed za p\u0159\u00edlohu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8302448 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8302448\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aae4bfc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"aae4bfc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vztahy v panteonu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8cbbfd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8cbbfd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gilgame\u0161 jako historick\u00e1 postava nen\u00ed v \u00fazk\u00e9m slova smyslu sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed panteonu, av\u0161ak posmrtn\u011b byl uct\u00edv\u00e1n jako polob\u016fh a soudce podsv\u011bt\u00ed. Jeho matka Ninsun, bohyn\u011b mudrosti a chovu skotu, pat\u0159\u00ed k <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn boh\u016f ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed nebo kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonu<\/span> Uruku. Jeho otec Lugalbanda byl zbo\u017e\u0161t\u011bn\u00fd p\u0159edch\u016fdce na tr\u016fnu Uruku.<\/p>\n<p>Jeho druh Enkidu nen\u00ed ch\u00e1p\u00e1n jako <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytost uct\u00edvan\u00e1 jako bo\u017esk\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estvo<\/span>, n\u00fdbr\u017e jako divoce \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed stvo\u0159en\u00e1 postava, kter\u00e1 po sv\u00e9 smrti vch\u00e1z\u00ed do \u0159\u00ed\u0161e Ere\u0161kigal. S Inannou (I\u0161tar), m\u011bstskou bohyn\u00ed Uruku, je Gilgame\u0161 ve vztahu pln\u00e9m konflikt\u016f. Se \u0160ama\u0161em, slune\u010dn\u00edm bohem a bohem pr\u00e1va, je naproti tomu ve vztahu ochrann\u00e9m, proto\u017ee \u0160ama\u0161 mu pom\u00e1h\u00e1 p\u0159i hrdinsk\u00fdch \u00fakolech.<\/p>\n<p>S Utnapi\u0161timem a jeho \u017eenou ho poj\u00ed setk\u00e1n\u00ed na konci sv\u011bta, se Siduri, hostinskou u vody smrti, filosofick\u00e9 pou\u010den\u00ed o lidsk\u00e9 existenci. Tato setk\u00e1n\u00ed rozv\u00edjej\u00ed bohatou teologickou krajinu, v n\u00ed\u017e se Gilgame\u0161 st\u00e1le v\u00edce st\u00e1v\u00e1 u\u010ditelem \u010dten\u00e1\u0159e.<\/p>\n<p>Gilgame\u0161\u016fv vztah k matce Ninsun m\u00e1 kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd v\u00fdznam. Ninsun, jej\u00ed\u017e jm\u00e9no znamen\u00e1 \u00abpan\u00ed divok\u00fdch krav\u00bb, je bohyn\u00ed m\u011bsta Uruku a je zobrazov\u00e1na jako poradkyn\u011b a vyklada\u010dka sn\u016f hrdiny.<\/p><p>V tabulce I vykl\u00e1d\u00e1 Gilgame\u0161ovy sny, v nich\u017e se Enkidu objevuje jako budouc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edtel. Tato funkce bo\u017esk\u00e9 matky je archaick\u00fdm prvkem, kter\u00fd hraje roli i v jin\u00fdch mezopotamsk\u00fdch hrdinsk\u00fdch eposech, nap\u0159\u00edklad u Lugalbandy a Etany.<\/p>\n<p>Jeho otec Lugalbanda je s\u00e1m hrdinskou postavou, j\u00ed\u017e jsou v\u011bnov\u00e1ny dva samostatn\u00e9 sumersk\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhy. Teogonick\u00e1 linie Gilgame\u0161\u2013Lugalbanda\u2013Ninsun spojuje m\u011bsto Uruk s bo\u017esko-kr\u00e1lovskou genealogi\u00ed, kter\u00e1 sah\u00e1 p\u0159es t\u0159i generace. Tato genealogie byla zaznamen\u00e1na v Sumersk\u00e9m kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9m seznamu a dala m\u011bstu Uruk teologickou d\u016fstojnost, je\u017e p\u0159esahovala pouh\u00e9 d\u011bjiny m\u011bsta.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32f1d5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"32f1d5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c880a2c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c880a2c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepce a odkaz<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1467b6f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1467b6f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Epos o Gilgame\u0161ovi byl rozlu\u0161t\u011bn roku 1872 Georgem Smithem v Britsk\u00e9m muzeu, co\u017e vyvolalo v\u011bdeckou senzaci kolem tabulky s potopou. Od t\u00e9 doby byl p\u0159elo\u017een do des\u00edtek jazyk\u016f a vy\u0161el v mnoha vyd\u00e1n\u00edch.<\/p><p>Reiner Maria Rilke jej nazval \u00abjedn\u00edm z nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch d\u011bl lidsk\u00e9 literatury\u00bb, Carl Gustav Jung jej v archetypick\u00e9m smyslu interpretoval jako cestu v\u011bdom\u00e9ho j\u00e1 do hlubin du\u0161e.<\/p>\n<p>V modern\u00ed literatu\u0159e se gilgame\u0161ovsk\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opakuj\u00edc\u00ed se obsahov\u00fd prvek v um\u011bn\u00ed nebo vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span> objevuje mnohokr\u00e1t, nap\u0159\u00edklad u Hanse Henny Jahnna, Stephana Grundyho, Roberta Silverberga a Joan London.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Skladatel Bohuslav Martin\u016f napsal \u00abThe Epic of Gilgamesh\u00bb, kant\u00e1tu pro sopr\u00e1n, sbor a orchestr, jej\u00ed\u017e premi\u00e9ra se konala roku 1958 v Basileji. V komiksech, filmech a hr\u00e1ch se hrdina objevuje v mnoha adaptac\u00edch, \u010dasto s velk\u00fdmi volnostmi v\u016f\u010di antick\u00e9 l\u00e1tce.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>V d\u011bjin\u00e1ch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed hraje epos kl\u00ed\u010dovou roli p\u0159i srovn\u00e1vac\u00edm v\u00fdzkumu hrdiny, smrti a potopy. Paralely k biblick\u00e9 Genesis jsou od objevu standardn\u00edm t\u00e9matem teologick\u00fdch a v\u011bdeck\u00fdch u\u010debnic. Ot\u00e1zka historick\u00e9 z\u00e1vislosti nebo spole\u010dn\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu je diskutov\u00e1na a\u017e do sou\u010dasnosti.<\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>V modern\u00edch d\u011bjin\u00e1ch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed z\u00e1sadn\u011b zm\u011bnil Epos o Gilgame\u0161ovi diskusi o p\u016fvodu biblick\u00e9 potopy. Hermann Gunkel formuloval ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle \u00abGenesis\u00bb (1901) tezi, \u017ee mezopotamsk\u00e1 tradice jazykov\u011b i motivicky utv\u00e1\u0159ela biblick\u00e9 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p>Tuto tezi p\u0159evzal Claus Westermann ve sv\u00e9m velk\u00e9m koment\u00e1\u0159i k Genesis a dnes je v\u0161eobecn\u011b p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1na. P\u0159esn\u00e1 forma zprost\u0159edkov\u00e1n\u00ed, a\u0165 p\u0159\u00edmo prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm babylonsk\u00e9ho zajet\u00ed, nebo \u00fastn\u00edmi tradicemi na Bl\u00edzk\u00e9m v\u00fdchod\u011b, z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 p\u0159edm\u011btem diskuse.<\/p>\n<p>V modern\u00ed literatu\u0159e se Gilgame\u0161 stal \u0161ifrou pro hled\u00e1n\u00ed smyslu po ztr\u00e1t\u011b p\u0159\u00edtele.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi liter\u00e1rn\u00edmi adaptacemi jsou \u00abDas Buch von Gilgamesch\u00bb (1972) Stefana Heyma, \u00abGilgamesh\u00bb (2001) Joan London a rom\u00e1n \u00abGilgamesh the King\u00bb (1984) Roberta Silverberga. Ve filmu je Tarkovsk\u00e9ho \u00abStalker\u00bb (1979) ovlivn\u011bn gilgame\u0161ovsk\u00fdmi motivy, co\u017e on s\u00e1m v\u00fdslovn\u011b zm\u00ednil ve sv\u00fdch z\u00e1pisc\u00edch.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3751e1a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3751e1a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ede18c9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ede18c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Religionistick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1cbef3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a1cbef3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Andrew George ve sv\u00e9m edi\u010dn\u00edm vyd\u00e1n\u00ed \u00abThe Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic\u00bb rekonstruoval rukopisnou tradici a analyzoval epos v jeho starov\u011bk\u00e9m orient\u00e1ln\u00edm kontextu. Jeho pr\u00e1ce je pova\u017eov\u00e1na za standardn\u00ed d\u00edlo a z\u00e1sadn\u011b ovlivnila v\u011bdeck\u00e9 ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed tohoto t\u00e9matu. Stefan Maul v n\u011bkolika studi\u00edch analyzoval magicko-ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed aspekty eposu.<\/p>\n<p>Thorkild Jacobsen vid\u00ed v l\u00e1tce o Gilgame\u0161ovi starobabylonskou formu reflexe o smrti a um\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed. Podle jeho n\u00e1zoru nen\u00ed epos prim\u00e1rn\u011b hrdinsk\u00fdm rom\u00e1nem, ale teologick\u00fdm vyrovn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm se s kone\u010dnost\u00ed. Jean Bott\u00e9ro zd\u016fraz\u0148uje soci\u00e1ln\u00ed funkci textu, kter\u00fd byl opisov\u00e1n ve \u0161kol\u00e1ch p\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00fdch u\u010d\u0148\u016f, a stal se tak vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00edm z\u00e1kladem staromezopotamsk\u00e9 elity.<\/p>\n<p>Stephanie Dalleyov\u00e1 a Wilfred Lambert p\u0159edlo\u017eili p\u0159eklady a koment\u00e1\u0159e, kter\u00e9 d\u00edlo zp\u0159\u00edstupnily \u0161ir\u0161\u00edmu publiku. Walther Sallaberger rekonstruoval starosumersk\u00e9 p\u0159edlohy. V\u00fdzkum dnes vid\u00ed v Eposu o Gilgame\u0161ovi jedno z nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch sv\u011bdectv\u00ed staromezopotamsk\u00e9 vysp\u011bl\u00e9 kultury o sob\u011b sam\u00e9 a kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd text k ot\u00e1zce, jak ran\u00e1 vysp\u011bl\u00e1 kultura reflektovala smrtelnost, p\u0159\u00e1telstv\u00ed a sl\u00e1vu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4d2adc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d4d2adc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9d1926c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9d1926c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Standardn\u00ed verze a Sin-leqi-unninni<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf00aa0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cf00aa0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Liter\u00e1rn\u011b nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed formou Eposu o Gilgame\u0161ovi je tzv. standardn\u00ed verze, akkadsk\u00e1 kompozice o dvan\u00e1cti tabulk\u00e1ch, kter\u00e1 byla sestavena v polovin\u011b 2. tis\u00edcilet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l. pod n\u00e1zvem \u00abSha naqba imuru\u00bb, \u00abTen, kdo v\u0161e vid\u011bl\u00bb.<\/p><p>Die <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha \u0159eck\u00e9 a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 kultury, zhruba od 800 p\u0159. n. l. do 600 n. l.\" tabindex=\"0\">antick\u00e1<\/span> tradice p\u0159ipisuje redakci u\u010den\u00e9mu babylonsk\u00e9mu mu\u017ei jm\u00e9nem Sin-leqi-unninni, \u010darod\u011bji a p\u00edsa\u0159i, kter\u00fd pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b p\u016fsobil ve st\u0159edobabylonsk\u00e9m obdob\u00ed (12. stolet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l.).<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Jeho jm\u00e9no se objevuje v p\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00fdch seznamech z Ninive jako \u00abten, kdo sestavil tabulky\u00bb. Andrew George ve sv\u00e9m monument\u00e1ln\u00edm vyd\u00e1n\u00ed \u00abThe Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic\u00bb (Oxford 2003) pe\u010dliv\u011b rekonstruoval historii textu a porovnal prameny z Ninive, Sultantepe, Babylonu, Uruku a Mezopot\u00e1mie.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Standardn\u00ed verze se d\u011bl\u00ed do dvan\u00e1cti tabulek. Tabulky I a II pojedn\u00e1vaj\u00ed o stvo\u0159en\u00ed Enkidua a jeho setk\u00e1n\u00ed s Gilgame\u0161em. Tabulky III a\u017e V popisuj\u00ed cestu do cedrov\u00e9ho lesa a boj s Humbabou. Tabulka VI vypr\u00e1v\u00ed o setk\u00e1n\u00ed s I\u0161tar a zabit\u00ed nebesk\u00e9ho b\u00fdka.<\/p><p>Tabulka VII obsahuje smrt Enkidua a Gilgame\u0161\u016fv \u017eal. Tabulky VIII a\u017e XI vypr\u00e1v\u011bj\u00ed o Gilgame\u0161ov\u011b hled\u00e1n\u00ed nesmrtelnosti, o setk\u00e1n\u00ed s Utnapi\u0161timem, mezopotamsk\u00fdm Noem, a o vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o potop\u011b. Tabulka XII je sumersk\u00fd dodatek, kter\u00fd jako p\u0159\u00edloha reprodukuje \u00faryvek z d\u00edla \u00abGilgame\u0161, Enkidu a podsv\u011bt\u00ed\u00bb.<\/p>\n<p>Vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o potop\u011b v tabulce XI pat\u0159\u00ed k nejslavn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm epizod\u00e1m sv\u011btov\u00e9 literatury. Utnapi\u0161tim vypr\u00e1v\u00ed Gilgame\u0161ovi, jak ho Enki varoval p\u0159ed velkou potopou, kterou na lidstvo uvalil b\u016fh Enlil. Utnapi\u0161tim postavil archu, do n\u00ed\u017e zachr\u00e1nil svou rodinu, v\u0161echny \u017eiv\u00e9 tvory a pozn\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Po sedmi dnech potopy p\u0159ist\u00e1la archa na ho\u0159e Nisir a bohov\u00e9 u\u010dinili Utnapi\u0161tima nesmrteln\u00fdm. Vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed poprv\u00e9 publikoval v roce 1872 George Smith v Britsk\u00e9m muzeu a vyvolalo v\u011bdeckou i teologickou senzaci, proto\u017ee ukazovalo na mo\u017enou mezopotamskou p\u0159edlohu biblick\u00e9ho vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o potop\u011b.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6bf92d0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6bf92d0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0f5377 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a0f5377\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Starobabylonsk\u00e9 verze a texty o Bilgamesovi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a698770 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a698770\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>P\u0159ed standardn\u00ed verz\u00ed existovalo n\u011bkolik starobabylonsk\u00fdch verz\u00ed ze 18. stolet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l., mezi nimi tabulka z Pennsylv\u00e1nie a tabulka z Yale, kter\u00e9 byly v obou p\u0159\u00edpadech ops\u00e1ny akademick\u00fdmi \u017e\u00e1ky jako p\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00e9 cvi\u010den\u00ed.<\/p><p>Tyto starobabylonsk\u00e9 verze jsou \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b stru\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a liturgicky pru\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e standardn\u00ed verze a obsahuj\u00ed varianty, kter\u00e9 nazna\u010duj\u00ed \u0161\u0165astn\u00fd konec vztahu mezi Gilgame\u0161em a Enkiduem. Tabulka z Pennsylv\u00e1nie za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 snovou p\u0159edzv\u011bst\u00ed Enkidua, kterou vyslovuje Gilgame\u0161ova matka Ninsun, sc\u00e9nou, je\u017e je ve standardn\u00ed verzi pod\u00e1na zkr\u00e1cen\u011b.<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159ed starobabylonsk\u00fdmi verzemi existuje sumersk\u00e1 tradice, v n\u00ed\u017e Gilgame\u0161 vystupuje pod jm\u00e9nem Bilgames v p\u011bti samostatn\u00fdch vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00edch.<\/p><p>Tyto texty o Bilgamesovi jsou: \u00abBilgames a Aga\u00bb, vyl\u00ed\u010den\u00ed oble\u017een\u00ed Uruku sousedn\u00edm kr\u00e1lem Agou; \u00abBilgames a Huwawa\u00bb, p\u0159edch\u016fdce epizody s Humbabou; \u00abBilgames a nebesk\u00fd b\u00fdk\u00bb; \u00abBilgames, Enkidu a podsv\u011bt\u00ed\u00bb; a \u00abSmrt Bilgamesova\u00bb.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>T\u011bchto p\u011bt sumersk\u00fdch text\u016f je star\u0161\u00edch ne\u017e akkadsk\u00e1 tradice a sah\u00e1 a\u017e do doby t\u0159et\u00ed dynastie z Uru (21. stolet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l.). \u00dapln\u00e9 vyd\u00e1n\u00ed s anglick\u00fdm p\u0159ekladem p\u0159edlo\u017eil Andrew George v d\u00edle \u00abThe Epic of Gilgamesh\u00bb (Penguin Classics, 1999).<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm pramenem je \u00abSmrt Bilgamesova\u00bb, text popisuj\u00edc\u00ed smrt hrdiny a jeho poh\u0159eb. Gilgame\u0161 je v podsv\u011bt\u00ed ustanoven soudcem, funkci, kter\u00e1 se pozd\u011bji uplat\u0148uje i v zakl\u00ednac\u00edch textech.<\/p><p>Toto dvoj\u00ed postaven\u00ed hrdiny minulosti a soudce mrtv\u00fdch je konstrukce typick\u00e1 pro mezopotamsk\u00e9 hrdinsk\u00e9 postavy. Aage Westenholz a Antoine Cavigneaux v n\u011bkolika studi\u00edch analyzovali v\u00fdznam tohoto textu pro mezopotamskou eschatologii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f6f9cf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7f6f9cf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93f2f72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"93f2f72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">D\u011bjiny b\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed a linie p\u016fsoben\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83b2656 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"83b2656\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Objeven\u00ed Eposu o Gilgame\u0161ovi za\u010dalo v roce 1853 vykop\u00e1vkami Hormuzda Rassama v knihovn\u011b A\u0161\u0161urbanipala v Ninive. Hlin\u011bn\u00e9 tabulky byly odvezeny do British Museum, kde je rozlu\u0161til George Smith.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Jeho p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161ka \u00abThe Chaldean Account of the Deluge\u00bb p\u0159ed Society of Biblical Archaeology dne 3. prosince 1872 byla \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b financov\u00e1na listem Daily Telegraph a je pova\u017eov\u00e1na za po\u010d\u00e1tek modern\u00ed asyriologie.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Smith pot\u00e9 odjel do Ninive a v roce 1873 nalezl dal\u0161\u00ed fragmenty, kter\u00e9 d\u00edlo doplnily. Jeho vyd\u00e1n\u00ed \u00abThe Chaldean Account of Genesis\u00bb (1876) zp\u0159\u00edstupnilo epos \u0161irok\u00e9 ve\u0159ejnosti.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Modern\u00ed edice se z velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti \u0159\u00edd\u00ed Andrewem Georgem 2003, s dopl\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edmi n\u00e1lezy ze Sultantepe (publikov\u00e1no Jeffreym Tigayem 1982), z Ugaritu (publikov\u00e1no Danielem Arnaudem 2007) a z Chattu\u0161e (Bo\u011fazk\u00f6y, v hetitsk\u00e9m a hurritsk\u00e9m p\u0159ekladu).<\/span><\/p><p>Tyto nadregion\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00e1lezy dokl\u00e1daj\u00ed, \u017ee se epos ve 2. tis\u00edcilet\u00ed \u0161\u00ed\u0159il v n\u011bkolika jazyc\u00edch a v mnoha kultur\u00e1ch P\u0159edn\u00edho v\u00fdchodu, od Levanty a\u017e po Anatolii.<\/p>\n<p>D\u011bjiny p\u016fsoben\u00ed eposu jsou velmi rozmanit\u00e9. V biblistice je diskuse o paralel\u00e1ch mezi Gilgame\u0161em a hebrejskou Bibl\u00ed trval\u00fdm t\u00e9matem od dob George Smithe. Frank Moore Cross, John Day a Othmar Keel identifikovali stopy gilgame\u0161ovsk\u00e9 l\u00e1tky v p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu o potop\u011b, v knize Job a v \u017dalmech.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>V modern\u00ed literatu\u0159e se k eposu odk\u00e1zali Rainer Maria Rilke (v dopisech), Jorge Luis Borges (v pov\u00eddk\u00e1ch) a Philip Roth (v d\u00edle \u00abThe Counterlife\u00bb). N\u011bmeck\u00fd p\u0159eklad Alberta Schotta a Wolframa von Sodena (Reclam 1958) d\u00edlo v n\u011bmeckojazy\u010dn\u00e9 oblasti zavedl.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-64ddfd6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"64ddfd6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d322b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2d322b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Prameny a dal\u0161\u00ed literatura<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2699353 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2699353\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha \u0159eck\u00e9 a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 kultury, p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b od 800 p\u0159. n. l. do 600 n. l.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antika<\/span> Zdroje: Sumersk\u00e9 Gilgame\u0161ovy zp\u011bvy (\u00abGilgame\u0161 a Huwawa\u00bb, \u00abGilgame\u0161 a nebesk\u00fd b\u00fdk\u00bb, \u00abGilgame\u0161ova smrt\u00bb), star\u00e9 babylonsk\u00e9 fragmenty, standardn\u00ed verze Eposu o Gilgame\u0161ovi ve 12 tabulk\u00e1ch, hetitsk\u00fd p\u0159eklad z Chattu\u0161e, tabulky z Ninive z knihovny A\u0161\u0161urbanipala.<\/p>\n<ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Odborn\u00e1 literatura: Andrew George, \u00abThe Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic\u00bb, Oxford 2003.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Thorkild Jacobsen, \u00abThe Treasures of Darkness\u00bb, New Haven 1976.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Jean Bott\u00e9ro, \u00abMesopotamia: Writing, Reasoning, and the Gods\u00bb, Chicago 1992.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Dal\u0161\u00ed standardn\u00ed d\u00edla v <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/literatura\/\">seznamu literatury<\/a>.<\/span><\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3250,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Gilgame\u0161","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Gilgame\u0161 \u2013 kr\u00e1l Uruku a hrdina eposu | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Gilgame\u0161 je mezopotamsk\u00fd h\u00e9ros a kr\u00e1l Uruku. Hrdina Eposu o Gilgame\u0161ovi, hled\u00e1n\u00ed nesmrtelnosti, zpr\u00e1va o potop\u011b","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-145606","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Gilgame\u0161 \u2013 kr\u00e1l Uruku a hrdina eposu | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Gilgame\u0161 je mezopotamsk\u00fd h\u00e9ros a kr\u00e1l Uruku. 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