{"id":145605,"date":"2026-09-03T16:32:00","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:32:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=145605"},"modified":"2026-09-03T17:00:45","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T17:00:45","slug":"dumuzi","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/dumuzi\/","title":{"rendered":"Dumuzi"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"145605\" class=\"elementor elementor-145605 elementor-3019 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bff8091 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"bff8091\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ab6452 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7ab6452\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c235633 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c235633\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b6d68c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3b6d68c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dumuzi, mezopotamsk\u00fd b\u016fh past\u00fd\u0159\u016f a vegetace<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9d3da3c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9d3da3c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dumuzi je mezopotamsk\u00fd b\u016fh past\u00fd\u0159\u016f a vegetace, jeho\u017e smrt a n\u00e1vrat odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed st\u0159\u00edd\u00e1n\u00ed ro\u010dn\u00edch obdob\u00ed. Dumuzi, v akkadsk\u00e9 podob\u011b Tammuz, je starosumersk\u00fd b\u016fh past\u00fd\u0159\u016f, mladistv\u00fd man\u017eel bohyn\u011b Inanny (I\u0161tar) a kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 postava vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o smrti a n\u00e1vratu ve starosumersk\u00e9m n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.<\/p><p>Jeho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o boz\u00edch, po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch a uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u011bta.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00fdtus<\/span>, kter\u00fd pojedn\u00e1v\u00e1 o jeho cyklick\u00e9m sestupu do podsv\u011bt\u00ed a \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u00e9m n\u00e1vratu do zem\u011b \u017eiv\u00fdch, pat\u0159\u00ed k nejp\u016fsobiv\u011bj\u0161\u00edm text\u016fm starosumersk\u00e9 literatury a ovlivnil n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 p\u0159edstavy cel\u00e9ho starov\u011bk\u00e9ho P\u0159edn\u00edho v\u00fdchodu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7281f62 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7281f62\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83518db elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"83518db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"B\u016fh \/ bohyn\u011b: Zosobn\u011bn\u00e1 nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed moc v panteonu ur\u010dit\u00e9 kultury, s jasn\u011b vymezen\u00fdmi pravomocemi \u2014 p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed s\u00edly, osud, v\u00e1lka, plodnost. Uct\u00edv\u00e1ni prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm kult\u016f, ob\u011bt\u00ed a chr\u00e1mov\u00fdch instituc\u00ed.\">B\u016fh<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/mezopotamie\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Kol\u00e9bka dokumentovan\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed \u2014 Sumer, Akkad, Babyl\u00f3n, As\u00fdrie (cca 3500 p\u0159. n. l. a\u017e 330 p\u0159. n. l.).\">Mezopot\u00e1mie<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec397f2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ec397f2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0cc6dd4 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"0cc6dd4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na t\\u00e9to str\\u00e1nce 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8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__0cc6dd4\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg 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0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__0cc6dd4\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c5c46a3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c5c46a3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3c3eae iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e3c3eae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_dumuzi-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-147232\" alt=\"Dumuzi \u2013 bohov\u00e9 z mezopot\u00e1msk\u00e9 tradice, historicko-ilustra\u010dn\u00ed\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_dumuzi-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_dumuzi-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_dumuzi-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_dumuzi.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5200572 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5200572\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-132083b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"132083b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-04820bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"04820bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">M\u00fdtus a p\u016fvod<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-303e748 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"303e748\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dumuzi je ve starosumersk\u00fdch textech dolo\u017een jako b\u016fh past\u00fd\u0159\u016f, kter\u00fd chr\u00e1n\u00ed st\u00e1do a t\u00edm i \u017eivobyt\u00ed venkovsk\u00e9ho obyvatelstva. Jeho jm\u00e9no znamen\u00e1 \u00abv\u011brn\u00fd syn\u00bb.<\/p><p>V kr\u00e1lovsk\u00fdch seznamech star\u00e9ho Sumeru je uv\u00e1d\u011bn jako mytick\u00fd kr\u00e1l Bad-tibiry, jednoho z m\u011bst existuj\u00edc\u00edch p\u0159ed velkou potopou. Toto kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 postaven\u00ed jej \u00fazce spojuje s politick\u00fdm sebech\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00edm starosumersk\u00fdch m\u011bstsk\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>Jeho nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm mytick\u00fdm kontextem je vztah k Inann\u011b, bohyni l\u00e1sky, v\u00e1lky a plodnosti. V milostn\u00fdch p\u00edsn\u00edch \u00abDumuzi a Inanna\u00bb a \u00abSvatba Inanny\u00bb je l\u00ed\u010deno dvo\u0159en\u00ed obou bo\u017estev t\u011blesn\u00fdm a erotick\u00fdm jazykem.<\/p><p>Tyto texty jsou z n\u00e1bo\u017eensko-historick\u00e9ho hlediska d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9, proto\u017ee rozv\u00edjej\u00ed koncept svatebn\u00ed alegorie mezi bohy, v n\u00ed\u017e je propletena ro\u010dn\u00ed plodnost s kosmick\u00fdm \u0159\u00e1dem.<\/p>\n<p>\u00dast\u0159edn\u00edm vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00edm o Dumuzim je p\u00edse\u0148 \u00abInannin sestup do podsv\u011bt\u00ed\u00bb. Inanna sestupuje do \u0159\u00ed\u0161e sv\u00e9 sestry Ere\u0161kigal, je tam usmrcena a pot\u00e9 op\u011bt o\u017eivena, av\u0161ak jen za podm\u00ednky, \u017ee najde n\u00e1hradu. Vybere si Dumuziho, kter\u00fd bezstarostn\u011b sed\u011bl na jej\u00edm tr\u016fnu, m\u00edsto aby truchlil.<\/p><p>D\u00e9moni galla jej vle\u010dou do podsv\u011bt\u00ed. Jeho sestra Ge\u0161tinanna, bohyn\u011b vinn\u00e9 r\u00e9vy, se nab\u00eddne, \u017ee jej po \u010d\u00e1st roku zastoup\u00ed, tak\u017ee Dumuzi a Ge\u0161tinanna pob\u00fdvaj\u00ed v ro\u010dn\u00edm cyklu jednou v podsv\u011bt\u00ed, jednou ve sv\u011bt\u011b \u017eiv\u00fdch.<\/p>\n<p>Toto vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed se v\u00e1\u017ee na zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fd kalend\u00e1\u0159: Dumuzi byl ch\u00e1p\u00e1n jako mladistv\u00fd b\u016fh vegetace, jeho\u017e z\u00e1nik v such\u00e9m l\u00e9t\u011b doprov\u00e1zely hlasit\u00e9 ob\u0159ady truchlen\u00ed a jeho\u017e n\u00e1vrat na ja\u0159e byl slaven sv\u00e1tky.<\/p><p>V\u00fdchodosemitsk\u00e1 podoba Tammuz dala jm\u00e9no m\u011bs\u00edci v \u017eidovsk\u00e9m kalend\u00e1\u0159i a v biblick\u00e9 knize Ezechiel jsou zm\u00edn\u011bny \u017eeny, kter\u00e9 v Jeruzal\u00e9m\u011b plakaly nad Tammuzem, co\u017e dokl\u00e1d\u00e1 \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed kultu i za hranice Mezopot\u00e1mie.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72dca9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"72dca9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c5362d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7c5362d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Symboly a atributy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-45a4e3f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"45a4e3f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dumuzi vystupuje ve v\u00fdtvarn\u00e9m um\u011bn\u00ed jako mladistv\u00fd, bezvous\u00fd mu\u017e s past\u00fd\u0159skou berlou a st\u00e1dem jeh\u0148at. Na n\u011bkter\u00fdch vyobrazen\u00edch m\u00e1 kr\u00e1tkou z\u00e1st\u011bru, na jin\u00fdch svatebn\u00ed roucho, co\u017e odkazuje na jeho \u00falohu ve svatebn\u00edch ritu\u00e1lech s Inannou. Na otisc\u00edch pe\u010det\u00ed stoj\u00ed \u010dasto vedle \u017eeny, kterou identifikuje rohat\u00e1 korunka a \u0161perky jako Inannu.<\/p>\n<p>Jehn\u011b je jeho nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm symbolick\u00fdm zv\u00ed\u0159etem. Ozna\u010duje jej jako patrona chovu ovc\u00ed, kter\u00fd hr\u00e1l v mezopotamsk\u00e9 ekonomice \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed roli. Vlna, ml\u00e9ko a maso byly d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdmi hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdmi statky, proto zauj\u00edmal b\u016fh past\u00fd\u0159\u016f v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 postaven\u00ed v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn boh\u016f ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed nebo kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonu<\/span>.<\/p><p>Brat\u0159i Dumuziho, nap\u0159\u00edklad b\u016fh roln\u00edk\u016f Enkimdu, jsou se n\u00edm v jednom starosumersk\u00e9m sporu stav\u011bni do konkurence, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e se Inanna nakonec rozhodne pro past\u00fd\u0159e.<\/p>\n<p>Vinn\u00e1 r\u00e9va je atribut sp\u00ed\u0161e p\u0159i\u0159azovan\u00fd jeho sest\u0159e Ge\u0161tinann\u011b, av\u0161ak d\u00edky t\u011bsn\u00e9mu mytick\u00e9mu spojen\u00ed obou sourozenc\u016f p\u0159e\u0161el i na samotn\u00e9ho Dumuziho.<\/p><p>V n\u011bkter\u00fdch textech se Dumuzi objevuje jako znalec v\u00edna a d\u00e1rce lihov\u00fdch n\u00e1poj\u016f. Dal\u0161\u00edmi rostlinami, kter\u00e9 jsou mu p\u0159i\u0159azov\u00e1ny, jsou druhy r\u00e1kosu z ba\u017ein, kde podle starosumersk\u00e9 tradice hled\u00e1 \u00fato\u010di\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ed d\u00e9mony galla.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aab866e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aab866e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d56ca6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4d56ca6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult a uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-319c743 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"319c743\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factyhodn\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f v\u016f\u010di bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 postav\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kult<\/span> Dumuziho m\u011bl dva ro\u010dn\u00ed vrcholy: svatebn\u00ed slavnost s Inannou na ja\u0159e a smute\u010dn\u00ed slavnost v hlubok\u00e9m l\u00e9t\u011b.<\/p><p>P\u0159i svatebn\u00ed slavnosti, tzv. svat\u00e9 svatb\u011b neboli hieros gamos, byla pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b vykon\u00e1v\u00e1na ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed spojen\u00ed mezi kn\u011b\u017ekou a panovn\u00edkem, je\u017e symbolicky napodobovala svatbu Inanny a Dumuziho. Tato praxe je dolo\u017eena pro n\u011bkolik sumersk\u00fdch m\u011bstsk\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f, zejm\u00e9na pro Uruk, Isin a Larsu.<\/p>\n<p>Smute\u010dn\u00ed slavnost v hlubok\u00e9m l\u00e9t\u011b, v m\u011bs\u00edci Du&#8217;uzu (Tammuz), doprov\u00e1zela usych\u00e1n\u00ed vegetace. \u017deny ve\u0159ejn\u011b plakaly nad zesnul\u00fdm bohem past\u00fd\u0159\u016f, zp\u00edvaly \u017ealozp\u011bvy a p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ely drobn\u00e9 ob\u011btiny. Tato truchl\u00edc\u00ed tradice je liter\u00e1rn\u011b zachov\u00e1na v textech jako \u00ab\u017dalozp\u011bv nad Dumuzim\u00bb a \u00ab\u017dalozp\u011bvy Inanny\u00bb, n\u011bkter\u00e9 v velmi poetick\u00e9 sumersk\u00e9 \u0159e\u010di.<\/p>\n<p>V Bad-tibi\u0159e, jednom ze starosumersk\u00fdch m\u011bst, byl Dumuzi m\u011bstsk\u00fdm bohem. Jeho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> se naz\u00fdval E-mu\u0161, \u00abd\u016fm hada\u00bb, co\u017e odkazuje na chtonickou vrstvu jeho kultu. V Uruku, hlavn\u00edm kultovn\u00edm centru Inanny, byl Dumuzi uct\u00edv\u00e1n po jej\u00edm boku a byl sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed sv\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edho ritu\u00e1lu. Stopy jeho kultu jsou dolo\u017eeny i v Akkadu, Babylonu a Nippuru.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00fdchodosemitsk\u00e1 podoba Tammuz byla v pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed dob\u011b uct\u00edv\u00e1na daleko za hranicemi Mezopot\u00e1mie. V oblasti Levanty se \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b slila s Adonisem, \u0159eck\u00fdm vegeta\u010dn\u00edm jino\u0161em.<\/p><p>Ve f\u00e9nick\u00e9m a syrsk\u00e9m n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed byly slaveny podobn\u00e9 smute\u010dn\u00ed sv\u00e1tky. M\u011bs\u00edc Tammuz v \u017eidovsk\u00e9m kalend\u00e1\u0159i, ve kter\u00e9m se p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 i obl\u00e9h\u00e1n\u00ed Jeruzal\u00e9ma dne 17. Tammuz, je posledn\u00ed jazykovou stopou jeho kultu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d25eda4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d25eda4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ed01dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1ed01dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 m\u00fdty<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-af8399e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"af8399e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00abInannin sestup do podsv\u011bt\u00ed\u00bb je nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed Dumuziho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00e9 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o boz\u00edch, po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch a uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u011bta.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00fdtus<\/span>. Inanna se rozhodne sestoupit do podsv\u011bt\u00ed ke sv\u00e9 sest\u0159e Ere\u0161kigal, a\u0165 u\u017e ze smutku nad smrt\u00ed Ere\u0161kigalina man\u017eela, nebo z touhy vl\u00e1dnout podsv\u011bt\u00ed.<\/p><p>Mus\u00ed proj\u00edt sedmi branami a u ka\u017ed\u00e9 z nich odlo\u017e\u00ed kus sv\u00fdch \u0161perk\u016f a od\u011bvu. Nah\u00e1 a bez ozdob doraz\u00ed k Ere\u0161kigalinu tr\u016fnu, ta ji ov\u0161em okam\u017eit\u011b zabije. T\u0159i dny a t\u0159i noci vis\u00ed jej\u00ed mrtv\u00e9 t\u011blo na h\u00e1ku.<\/p><p>S pomoc\u00ed Enkiho, boha moudrosti, je Inanna o\u017eivena, av\u0161ak z\u00e1kony podsv\u011bt\u00ed vy\u017eaduj\u00ed n\u00e1hradu. Inanna proto proch\u00e1z\u00ed zem\u00ed a hled\u00e1 ji. U Dumuziho ji nalezne sed\u00edc\u00edho na jej\u00edm tr\u016fnu, n\u00e1dhern\u011b oble\u010den\u00e9ho a bez jedin\u00e9 stopy smutku nad jej\u00ed smrt\u00ed. Vyd\u00e1 ho tedy d\u00e9mon\u016fm galla.<\/p><p>Dumuzi se sna\u017e\u00ed uniknout, prom\u011bn\u00ed se v \u017e\u00e1bu a v hada, ale nakonec je dopaden. Jeho sestra Ge\u0161tinanna p\u0159emluv\u00ed bohy, aby na sebe vzala polovinu jeho osudu, a tak oba sourozenci ob\u00fdvaj\u00ed podsv\u011bt\u00ed v ro\u010dn\u00edm st\u0159\u00edd\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Druh\u00e9 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed, \u00abDumuziho sen\u00bb, popisuje p\u0159edtuchu past\u00fd\u0159sk\u00e9ho boha. Zd\u00e1 se mu o bl\u00ed\u017e\u00edc\u00ed se smrti a hled\u00e1 \u00fato\u010di\u0161t\u011b ve stepi, je v\u0161ak pron\u00e1sledov\u00e1n d\u00e9mony galla a nakonec dopaden.<\/p><p>Jeho sestra Ge\u0161tinanna je vz\u00fdv\u00e1na, ale nem\u016f\u017ee ho zachr\u00e1nit, m\u016f\u017ee jen pod\u00edl na osudu rozd\u011blit. Toto vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed zhu\u0161\u0165uje <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opakuj\u00edc\u00ed se obsahov\u00fd prvek v um\u011bn\u00ed nebo vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span> nevyhnuteln\u00e9ho osudu a sestersk\u00e9 loajality.<\/p>\n<p>T\u0159et\u00ed vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed je \u00abDumuzi a Enkimdu\u00bb. Inanna m\u00e1 vybrat mezi Dumuzim, past\u00fd\u0159em, a Enkimduem, roln\u00edkem. Oba se o ni uch\u00e1zej\u00ed a doch\u00e1z\u00ed mezi nimi k dialogick\u00e9mu sporu.<\/p><p>Inanna se, nikoli bez zav\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed, rozhodne pro past\u00fd\u0159e Dumuziho. Toto vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed pat\u0159\u00ed mezi \u00absporn\u00e9 dialogy\u00bb, starosumersk\u00fd liter\u00e1rn\u00ed \u017e\u00e1nr, kter\u00fd \u010dasto srovn\u00e1v\u00e1 dva aspekty hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88e5f91 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"88e5f91\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcfe98f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bcfe98f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vztahy v panteonu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f511806 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f511806\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dumuzi je synem Sirtur (v n\u011bkter\u00fdch textech tak\u00e9 Duttur), bohyn\u011b ov\u010d\u00ed matky, a bratrem Ge\u0161tinanny, bohyn\u011b vinn\u00e9 r\u00e9vy. Jeho nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm vztahem je vztah k Inann\u011b, bohyni l\u00e1sky a v\u00e1lky. Tento vztah je z\u00e1rove\u0148 erotick\u00fd, agr\u00e1rn\u00ed a kosmick\u00fd a stoj\u00ed ve st\u0159edu n\u011bkolika mytick\u00fdch text\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>S Ere\u0161kigal, bohyn\u00ed podsv\u011bt\u00ed a Inanninou sestrou, je Dumuzi spojen jen nep\u0159\u00edmo, prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm sv\u00e9 cyklick\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edtomnosti v jej\u00edm kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed. S Enkimduem, bohem roln\u00edk\u016f, je v mytick\u00e9 sout\u011b\u017ei, kter\u00e1 v\u0161ak ve starosumersk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e1 nauka o Bohu a v\u00ed\u0159e n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologii<\/span> nevede k rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed jejich spole\u010dn\u00e9 hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 funkce.<\/p>\n<p>V \u0161ir\u0161\u00edm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn boh\u016f n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed nebo kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonu<\/span> sd\u00edl\u00ed Dumuzi s Damuem, dal\u0161\u00edm bohem l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed a vegetace, mnoho vlastnost\u00ed. V pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edch textech byli oba bohov\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b slou\u010deni. V syrsko-z\u00e1padosemitsk\u00e9 tradici byl identifikov\u00e1n s Adonisem, v pozdn\u011bantick\u00e9m <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Splynut\u00ed p\u0159edstav nebo bo\u017estev z r\u016fzn\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch tradic.\" tabindex=\"0\">synkretismu<\/span> s Osiridem ve srovnateln\u00fdch vegeta\u010dn\u00edch m\u00fdtech.<\/p>\n<p>Dumuzi je v \u00fazk\u00e9m vztahu s Damuem, l\u00e9\u010ditelsk\u00fdm bohem z Isinu, jeho\u017e matka Ninisinna ho oplak\u00e1v\u00e1 jako ztracen\u00e9ho syna. N\u00e1\u0159ky nad Damuem jsou \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b propleteny s n\u00e1\u0159ky nad Dumuzim, tak\u017ee ob\u011b bo\u017esk\u00e9 postavy je n\u011bkdy obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 rozli\u0161it. Tento jev slu\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1\u0159k\u016f byl interpretov\u00e1n Markem Cohenem a Andrewem Georgem jako d\u016fsledek region\u00e1ln\u00edho posunu v liturgii.<\/p>\n<p>S Ningi\u0161zidou, bohem podsv\u011bt\u00ed a vr\u00e1tn\u00fdm Anuova pal\u00e1ce, m\u00e1 Dumuzi zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed dvojroli: v n\u011bkter\u00fdch textech jsou oba ozna\u010dov\u00e1ni jako br\u00e1ny Anuova sv\u011bta a spole\u010dn\u011b je vz\u00fdv\u00e1 Adapa. Tato dvojit\u00e1 identita je v\u00fdrazem mezopot\u00e1msk\u00e9 p\u0159edstavy, \u017ee br\u00e1na mezi \u017eivotem a smrt\u00ed je spole\u010dn\u011b str\u00e1\u017eena v\u00edce bohy.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3984e39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3984e39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e65b92e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e65b92e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepce a odkaz<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55ffa98 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"55ffa98\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o boz\u00edch, po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch a uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u011bta.\" tabindex=\"0\">M\u00fdtus<\/span> o Dumuzim a Inann\u011b pat\u0159\u00ed k nej\u010dast\u011bji citovan\u00fdm starov\u011bk\u00fdm mezopot\u00e1msk\u00fdm text\u016fm v modern\u00ed religionistice.<\/p><p>James George Frazer se Dumuzim-Tamm\u00fazem podrobn\u011b zab\u00fdval ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle \u00abThe Golden Bough\u00bb, kde ho analyzoval jako p\u0159\u00edklad um\u00edraj\u00edc\u00edch a vzk\u0159\u00ed\u0161en\u00fdch vegeta\u010dn\u00edch bo\u017estev vedle Adonise, Attise a Osirida. Toto srovn\u00e1vac\u00ed pojet\u00ed je dnes metodologicky sporn\u00e9, ale siln\u011b ovlivnilo modern\u00ed ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed starov\u011bk\u00e9ho bl\u00edzkov\u00fdchodn\u00edho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>V psychoanalytick\u00e9 recepci 20. stolet\u00ed byl Inannin sestup do podsv\u011bt\u00ed vykl\u00e1d\u00e1n jako obraz inicia\u010dn\u00edho a zr\u00e1n\u00ed procesu. Sylvia Brinton Perera a dal\u0161\u00ed \u010detli text jako archetyp\u00e1ln\u00ed vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o \u017eensk\u00e9m v\u011bdom\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>V popul\u00e1rn\u00ed kultu\u0159e se Tamm\u00faz objevuje v rom\u00e1nech, hr\u00e1ch a hudebn\u00edch d\u00edlech, \u010dasto jako <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u00fdsti\u017en\u00fd obraz, kter\u00fd zastupuje abstraktn\u00ed my\u0161lenku.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> ztracen\u00e9ho ml\u00e1d\u00ed nebo cyklick\u00e9 obnovy. V biblistice se o tamm\u00fazsk\u00e9m <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factyhodn\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f v\u016f\u010di bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 postav\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultu<\/span> diskutuje jako o pozad\u00ed n\u011bkolika forem \u017ealu a smutku, kter\u00e9 se pozd\u011bji dostaly do \u017eidovsk\u00e9 a k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stanoven\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d bohoslu\u017eby n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 obce.\" tabindex=\"0\">liturgie<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>Topos tamm\u00fazsk\u00e9 \u017ealoby je hluboce zakotven v judaisticko-k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 tradici. Jeron\u00fdm ve sv\u00e9m 58. listu Paulinovi z Noly p\u00ed\u0161e, \u017ee \u017ealozp\u011bv nad Tamm\u00fazem se ve syrsk\u00fdch vesnic\u00edch kolem Betl\u00e9mem udr\u017eoval je\u0161t\u011b v jeho dob\u011b (4. stolet\u00ed n. l.).<\/p><p>Toto pozdn\u00ed sv\u011bdectv\u00ed spojuje mezopot\u00e1msk\u00e9ho vegeta\u010dn\u00edho boha se vznikaj\u00edc\u00edm k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fdm velkop\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edm \u017ealozp\u011bvem. Hans-Peter Mathys se ve v\u00edce studi\u00edch v\u011bnoval linii od tamm\u00fazsk\u00e9 \u017ealoby k velkop\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edmu ritu\u00e1lu a upozornil na religionistick\u00e9 paralely, ani\u017e by tvrdil p\u0159\u00edmou z\u00e1vislost.<\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>V modern\u00ed poezii pou\u017eil T. S. Eliot komplex Dumuzi-Tamm\u00faz v d\u00edle \u00abThe Waste Land\u00bb (1922) jako pozadov\u00fd topos. Spojen\u00ed Frazerova \u00abGolden Bough\u00bb, zaplaven\u011b-vyprahl\u00e9 zem\u011b a um\u00edraj\u00edc\u00edho ryb\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho kr\u00e1le vede p\u0159\u00edmo k dumuziovsk\u00e9 linii. Eliot s\u00e1m ozna\u010dil Frazera za hlavn\u00ed zdroj a postavil tak mezopot\u00e1mskou n\u00e1bo\u017eenskou historii do centra liter\u00e1rn\u00ed moderny.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13d00a9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"13d00a9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f61bbc8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f61bbc8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Religionistick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee432df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee432df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Thorkild Jacobsen ve v\u00edce studi\u00edch popsal dumuziovsk\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factyhodn\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f v\u016f\u010di bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 postav\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> jako kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd doklad star\u00e9 sumersk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e1 nauka o Bohu a v\u00ed\u0159e n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologie<\/span> cyklick\u00e9 smrti a n\u00e1vratu. V Dumuzim nevid\u00ed monot\u00f3nn\u00edho vegeta\u010dn\u00edho boha, ale mnohovrstevnatou postavu, v n\u00ed\u017e se spojuje funkce past\u00fd\u0159e a kr\u00e1le.<\/p>\n<p>Jean Bott\u00e9ro zd\u016fraz\u0148uje soci\u00e1ln\u00ed zakotven\u00ed kultu. \u017dalozp\u011bvn\u00e9 sv\u00e1tky v \u010dervenci a srpnu byly ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 akce, na kter\u00fdch se \u00fa\u010dastnily p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm \u017eeny, co\u017e z Dumuziho \u010din\u00ed z n\u00e1bo\u017eenskosociologick\u00e9ho hlediska boha \u017eensk\u00e9ho \u017ealu a spole\u010dn\u00e9ho truchlen\u00ed.<\/p><p>Walther Sallaberger systematicky rekonstruoval tamm\u00fazsk\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factyhodn\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f v\u016f\u010di bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 postav\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> v kalend\u00e1\u0159i III. dynastie z Uru a uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee \u017ealozp\u011bvn\u00e1 f\u00e1ze byla kalend\u00e1rn\u011b p\u0159esn\u011b zakotvena ve vyprahl\u00e9m vrcholn\u00e9m l\u00e9t\u011b.<\/p>\n<p>Stefan Maul, Andrew George a Bendt Alster tyto liter\u00e1rn\u00ed texty edovali a komentovali. Bendt Alster ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle \u00abDumuzi&#8217;s Dream\u00bb rekonstruoval starosumerskou p\u0159edlohu, Andrew George v \u00abThe Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic\u00bb analyzoval propojen\u00ed dumuziovsk\u00e9 l\u00e1tky s Epopej\u00ed o Gilgame\u0161ovi. Stephanie Dalley p\u0159elo\u017eila <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o boz\u00edch, po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch a uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u011bta.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00fdtus<\/span> \u00abInannin sestup do podsv\u011bt\u00ed\u00bb pro \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed ve\u0159ejnost.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae2ac28 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ae2ac28\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2b04dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a2b04dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Inannin sestup a Dumuziho smrt<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11d7562 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11d7562\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o boz\u00edch, po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch a uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u011bta.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00fdtem<\/span> o Dumuzim je \u00abInannin sestup do podsv\u011bt\u00ed\u00bb, sumersk\u00fd text o 412 \u0159\u00e1dc\u00edch, kter\u00fd pat\u0159\u00ed k nejhutn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00edm mezopot\u00e1msk\u00e9 literatury. Text z\u00e1sadn\u011b edoval Samuel Noah Kramer v roce 1937 a v \u00fapln\u00e9 podob\u011b William R. Sladek v roce 1974 ve sv\u00e9 disertaci \u00abInanna&#8217;s Descent to the Netherworld\u00bb.<\/span><\/p><p>Inanna, bohyn\u011b l\u00e1sky a v\u00e1lky, sestupuje do \u0159\u00ed\u0161e sv\u00e9 sestry Ere\u0161kigal, aby si tam n\u00e1rokovala moc. U sedmi bran podsv\u011bt\u00ed mus\u00ed u ka\u017ed\u00e9 br\u00e1ny odlo\u017eit jeden kus od\u011bvu nebo \u0161perku, dokud nestoj\u00ed nah\u00e1 p\u0159ed Ere\u0161kigalin\u00fdm tr\u016fnem a nezem\u0159e.<\/p>\n<p>Enki ji zachr\u00e1n\u00ed pomoc\u00ed dvou bytost\u00ed stvo\u0159en\u00fdch z hl\u00edny, Galaturry a Kurgarry, kte\u0159\u00ed p\u0159ijmou Ere\u0161kigalin \u017eal a na opl\u00e1tku si vymohou svolen\u00ed p\u0159iv\u00e9st Inannu zp\u011bt k \u017eivotu. Inanna se v\u0161ak vrac\u00ed pouze pod podm\u00ednkou, \u017ee do podsv\u011bt\u00ed vy\u0161le n\u00e1hradn\u00edka.<\/p><p>Nalezne sv\u00e9ho man\u017eela Dumuziho, jak sed\u00ed v kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9m ozdoben\u00ed na sv\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edm tr\u016fnu, m\u00edsto aby ji truchlil. Rozho\u0159\u010dena ho vyd\u00e1 d\u00e9mon\u016fm galla, kte\u0159\u00ed ho odvle\u010dou do podsv\u011bt\u00ed. Tato epizoda je m\u00fdtick\u00fdm vysv\u011btlen\u00edm Dumuziho ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u00edho zmizen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se shoduje s letn\u00edm such\u00fdm obdob\u00edm.<\/p>\n<p>\u010c\u00e1ste\u010dn\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed Ge\u0161tinanna, Dumuziho sestra. Nab\u00eddne se, \u017ee polovinu roku p\u0159evezme jeho m\u00edsto v podsv\u011bt\u00ed, tak\u017ee se Dumuzi a Ge\u0161tinanna vyst\u0159\u00eddaj\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00fdch \u0161est m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f.<\/p><p>Toto \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed sez\u00f3nn\u00edho rozd\u011blen\u00ed je religionisticky p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00e9 s osudem Persefony v \u0159eck\u00e9m dem\u00e9trovsk\u00e9m <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o boz\u00edch, po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch a uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u011bta.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00fdtu<\/span>. Thorkild Jacobsen v d\u00edle \u00abThe Treasures of Darkness\u00bb tyto struktur\u00e1ln\u00ed paralely vypracoval a upozornil na mo\u017enou typologickou p\u0159\u00edbuznost, ani\u017e by tvrdil p\u0159\u00edmou z\u00e1vislost.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-20f680d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"20f680d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6361ff8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6361ff8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u017dalozp\u011bvy a sv\u00e1tkov\u00fd kalend\u00e1\u0159<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-997c227 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"997c227\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Samostatn\u00fdm \u017e\u00e1nrem mezopotamsk\u00e9 literatury jsou dumuziovsk\u00e9 \u017ealozp\u011bvy, kter\u00e9 byly zp\u00edv\u00e1ny v hork\u00fdch m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch du&#8217;uzu (\u010derven a \u010dervenec). Zachovalo se p\u0159es dvan\u00e1ct takov\u00fdch \u017ealozp\u011bv\u016f v sumersk\u00e9m a akkadsk\u00e9m jazyce, vydan\u00fdch v d\u00edle Marka Cohena \u00abThe Canonical Lamentations of Ancient Mesopotamia\u00bb (1988).<\/span><\/p><p>Zn\u00e1m\u00fdmi texty jsou \u00abEdina usagake\u00bb, \u00abVe stepi na ran\u00e9m jarn\u00edm porostu\u00bb a \u00abUshumgalkalama\u00bb, \u00abDrak zem\u011b\u00bb. Tyto texty zobrazuj\u00ed Inannu nebo jej\u00ed sestru Geshtinannu p\u0159i hled\u00e1n\u00ed zmizel\u00e9ho Dumuziho a jsou ps\u00e1ny siln\u011b opakuj\u00edc\u00edm \u017ealozp\u011bvn\u00fdm stylem, kter\u00fd kompenzuje ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed formu p\u0159ednesu.<\/p>\n<p>\u017dalozp\u011bvy p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161ely profesion\u00e1ln\u00ed pla\u010dky, gala, \u010dasto v \u017eensk\u00e9m jazyce emesal. Texty v emesalu se gramaticky i foneticky li\u0161\u00ed od b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho sumersk\u00e9ho jazyka, emegiru.<\/p><p>\u017deny gala tvo\u0159ily samostatnou ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed profesn\u00ed skupinu, jej\u00ed\u017e soci\u00e1ln\u00ed postaven\u00ed podrobn\u011b zkoumal Walther Sallaberger. Jejich \u017ealozp\u011bvy byly sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed kosmick\u00e9ho ritu\u00e1lu, v n\u011bm\u017e se truchlilo nad zmizen\u00edm bo\u017estva vegetace a jeho\u017e prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm se p\u0159ipravoval jeho n\u00e1vrat na podzim.<\/p>\n<p>Ve sv\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edm kalend\u00e1\u0159i byl m\u011bs\u00edc du&#8217;uzu v hlubok\u00e9m l\u00e9t\u011b slaven jako doba smutku za Dumuziho. \u017deny p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ely \u017ealozp\u011bvy, \u010dasto doprov\u00e1zen\u00e9 ritu\u00e1ln\u00edm sebebi\u010dov\u00e1n\u00edm a syp\u00e1n\u00edm popela.<\/p><p>Tyto ritu\u00e1ly jsou nep\u0159\u00edmo dolo\u017eeny v Ezechielovi 8,14, kde prorok vid\u00ed u br\u00e1ny jeruzal\u00e9msk\u00e9ho chr\u00e1mu \u00ab\u017eeny, je\u017e plakaly nad Tamm\u00fazem\u00bb, a p\u0159ipojuje se k z\u00e1kazu t\u00e9to praxe. Tato biblick\u00e1 pas\u00e1\u017e ukazuje, jak daleko za hranice Mezopot\u00e1mie pronikl dumuziovsk\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factyhodn\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f v\u016f\u010di bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 postav\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> do syrsko-palestinsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ad2ae1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1ad2ae1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6da19b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6da19b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Linie Adonis-Tamm\u00faz a mytick\u00e1 pou\u0165<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3750c65 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3750c65\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Linii um\u00edraj\u00edc\u00edho a znovu se navracej\u00edc\u00edho bo\u017estva vegetace lze sledovat od Dumuziho p\u0159es Tamm\u00faze, akkadskou formu jm\u00e9na, p\u0159es Adonise ve f\u00e9nick\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed a\u017e do hel\u00e9nistick\u00e9ho St\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ed. James George Frazer p\u0159edstavil tuto linii ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle \u00abThe Golden Bough\u00bb (12 svazk\u016f, 1890 a\u017e 1915) jako paradigma sv\u00e9 obecn\u00e9 teorie vegeta\u010dn\u00edho m\u00fdtu.<\/span><\/p><p>Frazerova konstrukce je dnes v detailech sporn\u00e1, zejm\u00e9na konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed ztoto\u017en\u011bn\u00ed s Osirisem a Kristem. Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed teze, \u017ee na Bl\u00edzk\u00e9m v\u00fdchod\u011b existuje souvisl\u00e1 linie um\u00edraj\u00edc\u00edch vegeta\u010dn\u00edch bo\u017estev, v\u0161ak nebyla vyvr\u00e1cena.<\/p>\n<p>Adonis\u016fv <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factyhodn\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f v\u016f\u010di bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 postav\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span>, kter\u00fd podrobn\u011b popisuje L\u00faki\u00e1nos ze Samosaty ve 2. stolet\u00ed n. l. ve spisu \u00abDe dea Syria\u00bb, je jasn\u011b d\u011bdictv\u00edm dumuziovsk\u00e9ho kultu. L\u00faki\u00e1nos popisuje v\u00fdro\u010dn\u00ed \u017ealozp\u011bv za Adonise ve f\u00e9nick\u00e9m Byblosu, ob\u011btov\u00e1n\u00ed jeh\u0148at a rud\u00e9 zabarven\u00ed \u0159eky Adonis, kter\u00e9 vykl\u00e1d\u00e1 astronomicky.<\/p><p>\u017deny Byblosu si jako smute\u010dn\u00ed ritu\u00e1l holily vlasy, co\u017e m\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edmou paralelu v mezopotamsk\u00fdch truchl\u00edc\u00edch praktik\u00e1ch. Hans-Peter Mathys a Peggy L. Day v \u0159ad\u011b studi\u00ed podrobn\u011b sledovali linii od Dumuziho p\u0159es Tamm\u00faze a\u017e k Adonisovi.<\/p>\n<p>Dal\u0161\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eitou etapou je fr\u00fdgsk\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factyhodn\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f v\u016f\u010di bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 postav\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> Attise, kter\u00fd se p\u0159es <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Budova slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed k uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> Kybel\u00e9 v Pessinu dostal do hel\u00e9nistick\u00e9 a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 oblasti.<\/p><p>Attis jako mlad\u00fd milenec Magny Mater vykazuje struktur\u00e1ln\u00ed podobnost s Dumuzim a Inannou, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e praxe sebekastrace kn\u011b\u017e\u00ed galloi p\u0159edstavuje vlastn\u00ed v\u00fdvojovou linii. Walter Burkert v tom vid\u00ed samostatnou reformulaci mezopotamsk\u00e9ho modelu v hel\u00e9nistick\u00e9m kontextu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56ca13c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"56ca13c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-577888e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"577888e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Prameny a dal\u0161\u00ed literatura<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e4c3166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e4c3166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha \u0159eck\u00e9 a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 kultury, p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 800 p\u0159. n. l. a\u017e 600 n. l.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antika<\/span>: prameny \u00abInannin sestup do podsv\u011bt\u00ed\u00bb, \u00abDumuziho sen\u00bb, \u00abDumuzi a Enkimdu\u00bb, \u017ealozp\u011bvy za Dumuziho, hymny na Inannu a Dumuziho, staroakkadsk\u00e9 \u017ealozp\u011bvy za Tamm\u00faze, biblick\u00e1 zm\u00ednka v Ezechielovi 8,14.<\/p>\n<ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Jean Bott\u00e9ro, \u00abLa religion babylonienne\u00bb, Paris 1952.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Bendt Alster, \u00abDumuzi&#8217;s Dream\u00bb, Copenhagen 1972.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Dal\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00ed d\u00edla naleznete v <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/literatura\/\">seznamu literatury<\/a>.<\/span><\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3248,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Dumuzi","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Dumuzi \u2013 um\u00edraj\u00edc\u00ed b\u016fh a milovn\u00edk Inanny | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Dumuzi (Tammuz) je sumersk\u00fd b\u016fh past\u00fd\u0159\u016f a milovn\u00edk Inanny. Um\u00edraj\u00edc\u00ed a vzk\u0159\u00ed\u0161en\u00fd b\u016fh vegetace. M\u00fdtus, \u017ealozp\u011bvy a kult.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-145605","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Dumuzi \u2013 um\u00edraj\u00edc\u00ed b\u016fh a milovn\u00edk Inanny | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Dumuzi (Tammuz) je sumersk\u00fd b\u016fh past\u00fd\u0159\u016f a milovn\u00edk Inanny. Um\u00edraj\u00edc\u00ed a vzk\u0159\u00ed\u0161en\u00fd b\u016fh vegetace. 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