{"id":145603,"date":"2026-09-03T16:31:59","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:31:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=145603"},"modified":"2026-09-03T17:00:41","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T17:00:41","slug":"ninhursag","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/ninhursag\/","title":{"rendered":"Ninhursag"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"145603\" class=\"elementor elementor-145603 elementor-3018 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b64a8c8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b64a8c8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f1017cf e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f1017cf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b78047d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b78047d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-933a07a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"933a07a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ninhursag, mezopot\u00e1msk\u00e1 matka bohyn\u011b<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9608cf7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9608cf7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ninhursag je sumersk\u00e1 matka bohyn\u011b a pan\u00ed zem\u011b, uct\u00edvan\u00e1 jako porodn\u00ed pomocnice boh\u016f i lid\u00ed. Ninhursag je starov\u011bk\u00e1 mezopot\u00e1msk\u00e1 matka bohyn\u011b, jedna z velk\u00fdch stvo\u0159itelsk\u00fdch bo\u017estev sumersk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed a po Anuovi, Enlilovi a Enkim nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed postava star\u00e9 sumersk\u00e9 bo\u017esk\u00e9 hierarchie.<\/p><p>Jej\u00ed jm\u00e9no znamen\u00e1 \u201ePan\u00ed hory\u201c, co\u017e odkazuje na jej\u00ed zakotven\u00ed v p\u0159edasijsk\u00fdch vyso\u010din\u00e1ch a na jej\u00ed vztah ke kameni, zrozen\u00ed a \u017eivotn\u00ed s\u00edle. V r\u016fzn\u00fdch tradic\u00edch vystupuje i pod dal\u0161\u00edmi jm\u00e9ny jako Ninmah, Nintur nebo Damgalnuna.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-141eebc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"141eebc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b41c2cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b41c2cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"B\u016fh \/ bohyn\u011b: Zosobn\u011bn\u00e1 nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed moc v panteonu ur\u010dit\u00e9 kultury, s jasn\u011b vymezen\u00fdmi pravomocemi \u2014 p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed s\u00edly, osud, v\u00e1lka, plodnost. Uct\u00edv\u00e1ni prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm kult\u016f, ob\u011bt\u00ed a chr\u00e1mov\u00fdch instituc\u00ed.\">B\u016fh<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/mezopotamie\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Kol\u00e9bka dokumentovan\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed \u2014 Sumer, Akkad, Babyl\u00f3n, As\u00fdrie (cca 3500 p\u0159. n. l. a\u017e 330 p\u0159. n. l.).\">Mezopot\u00e1mie<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8dba4bc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8dba4bc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e5bac7c elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"e5bac7c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na t\\u00e9to str\\u00e1nce nebyly nalezeny \\u017e\\u00e1dn\\u00e9 nadpisy.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__e5bac7c\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__e5bac7c\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__e5bac7c\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32726c0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"32726c0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff7e949 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ff7e949\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_ninhursag-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-147228\" alt=\"Ninhursag - bohov\u00e9 z mezopot\u00e1msk\u00e9 tradice, historicko-ilustrativn\u00ed\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_ninhursag-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_ninhursag-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_ninhursag-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_ninhursag.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc97a5e e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"fc97a5e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fbf9b2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fbf9b2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cff9d29 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cff9d29\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">M\u00fdtus a p\u016fvod<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b59d7c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b59d7c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ninhursag pat\u0159\u00ed k nejstar\u0161\u00ed vrstv\u011b mezopot\u00e1msk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed. Ji\u017e ve 3. tis\u00edcilet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l. je dolo\u017eena v n\u00e1pisech p\u0159edsargonovsk\u00e9 Mezopot\u00e1mie, zejm\u00e9na v m\u011bstsk\u00fdch st\u00e1tech Ki\u0161, Adab a Mari.<\/p><p>Jej\u00ed ko\u0159eny z\u0159ejm\u011b sahaj\u00ed k venkovsko-mytick\u00fdm p\u0159edstav\u00e1m, v nich\u017e byla zem\u011b ch\u00e1p\u00e1na jako rod\u00edc\u00ed moc, z n\u00ed\u017e vzch\u00e1zej\u00ed kameny, rostliny a \u017eiv\u00e9 bytosti. Spojen\u00ed s horami, kter\u00e9 byly pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za zdroj drah\u00fdch kamen\u016f, d\u0159eva a kovu, vysv\u011btluje jej\u00ed p\u0159\u00eddomek \u201ePan\u00ed hory\u201c.<\/p>\n<p>Ve star\u00e9 sumersk\u00e9 teogonii je Ninhursag n\u011bkdy sestrou nebo man\u017eelkou Enlila, v pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edch textech \u010dasto man\u017eelkou Enkiho, boha moudrosti a sladk\u00e9 vody. Toto prom\u011bnliv\u00e9 postaven\u00ed v rodin\u011b nen\u00ed z pohledu d\u011bjin n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fdm rozporem, n\u00fdbr\u017e v\u00fdrazem modularity star\u00fdch mezopot\u00e1msk\u00fdch m\u00fdt\u016f, v nich\u017e je ka\u017ed\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytost uct\u00edvan\u00e1 jako bo\u017esk\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estvo<\/span> podle pot\u0159eby za\u010dlen\u011bno do r\u016fzn\u00fdch vztahov\u00fdch s\u00edt\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>D\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm dokladem jej\u00ed \u00facty je <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Posv\u00e1tn\u00e9 m\u00edsto zasv\u011bcen\u00e9 uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bo\u017estva.\" tabindex=\"0\">svatyn\u011b<\/span> v Tell el-Obeidu, pobl\u00ed\u017e Uru, vybudovan\u00e1 v ran\u011b dynastick\u00e9m obdob\u00ed. N\u00e1pisy Aanepady, kr\u00e1le Uru, ji uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed jako hlavn\u00ed bohyni tohoto komplexu.<\/p><p>Tak\u00e9 v Laga\u0161i m\u011bla d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bo\u017estva nebo posv\u00e1tn\u00e9 bytosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> a Gudea, m\u011bstsk\u00fd vl\u00e1dce zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fd ji\u017e v p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku o Ninurtovi, oslavuje sv\u016fj vztah k n\u00ed ve sv\u00fdch socha\u0159sk\u00fdch n\u00e1pisech.<\/p>\n<p>Jej\u00edm hlavn\u00edm m\u00fdtem je vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed \u201eEnki a Ninhursag\u201c, star\u00e9 sumersk\u00e9 d\u00edlo, kter\u00e9 l\u00ed\u010d\u00ed ostrov Dilmun (dne\u0161n\u00ed Bahrajn) jako \u010distou, rajskou zemi. Enki a Ninhursag tam spole\u010dn\u011b stvo\u0159\u00ed prvn\u00ed zahradu a prvn\u00ed \u017eiv\u00e9 bytosti.<\/p><p>Toto vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed pat\u0159\u00ed k nejstar\u0161\u00edm dolo\u017een\u00fdm stvo\u0159itelsk\u00fdm m\u00fdt\u016fm Mezopot\u00e1mie a rozv\u00edj\u00ed teologicky bohat\u00fd sv\u011bt obraz\u016f, v n\u011bm\u017e voda, zem\u011b a osivo vstupuj\u00ed do \u017eiv\u00e9ho vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9ho vztahu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76c032e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"76c032e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a28c4f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a28c4f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Symboly a atributy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e44a5f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2e44a5f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ninhursag je v obrazov\u00e9m um\u011bn\u00ed zobrazov\u00e1na jako d\u016fstojn\u00e1 sed\u00edc\u00ed bohyn\u011b, \u010dasto s rohatou korunou a dlouh\u00fdm \u0159asen\u00fdm rouchem. Na n\u011bkter\u00fdch reli\u00e9fech nese <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak, kter\u00fd zastupuje ur\u010ditou p\u0159edstavu nebo v\u00fdznam.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> zrozen\u00ed, takzvan\u00e9 omega znamen\u00ed, vykl\u00e1dan\u00e9 jako stylizovan\u00e1 \u017eensk\u00e1 p\u00e1nev nebo porodn\u00ed roh. Tento znak se objevuje na hrani\u010dn\u00edch kamenech (kudurru) kassitsk\u00e9ho obdob\u00ed i na starobabylonsk\u00fdch otisc\u00edch pe\u010det\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Dal\u0161\u00edm jej\u00edm atributem je hora, kter\u00e1 spoluur\u010duje jej\u00ed jm\u00e9no. Na reli\u00e9fech \u010dasto sed\u00ed na stylizovan\u00e9 ho\u0159e, co\u017e zd\u016fraz\u0148uje jej\u00ed funkci pan\u00ed vysoko polo\u017een\u00fdch pramen\u016f, kamen\u016f a kov\u016f.<\/p><p>Jej\u00ed v\u00fdznam jako pan\u00ed hor ji spojuje s p\u0159edpol\u00edm mezopot\u00e1msk\u00e9 civilizace, tedy s oblastmi, kde se t\u011b\u017eilo d\u0159evo, k\u00e1men a rudy.<\/p>\n<p>Zv\u00ed\u0159ata, kter\u00e1 jsou j\u00ed p\u0159i\u0159azov\u00e1na, pat\u0159\u00ed k symbol\u016fm spojen\u00fdm s plodnost\u00ed. Ovce a kozy se v chr\u00e1mov\u00fdch n\u00e1pisech \u010dasto objevuj\u00ed jako ob\u011bti pro ni, proto\u017ee jako bohyn\u011b zrozen\u00ed bere pod svou ochranu jak lidi, tak zv\u00ed\u0159ata.<\/p><p>Ve starov\u011bk\u00e9 mezopot\u00e1msk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nauka o obsahu obraz\u016f a jejich v\u00fdznamu.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografii<\/span> ji nav\u00edc \u010dasto doprov\u00e1z\u00ed mal\u00e9 d\u00edt\u011b nebo kojenec, co\u017e odkazuje na jej\u00ed funkci patronky porodn\u00ed pomoci.<\/p>\n<p>Pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed tradice ji zobrazuje s n\u00e1hrdeln\u00edkem ve tvaru misek, kter\u00fd m\u00e1 souviset s porodn\u00ed v\u00e1hou d\u011bt\u00ed. Tyto ikonografick\u00e9 detaily se dochovaly p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v za\u0159\u00edk\u00e1vac\u00edch textech k porodn\u00ed pomoci, kter\u00e9 jej\u00ed jm\u00e9no p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161ely po stalet\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f4f0e2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f4f0e2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc5dd9a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"dc5dd9a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult a uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-065eb31 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"065eb31\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hlavn\u00ed kult Ninhursag se soust\u0159edil v n\u011bkolika m\u011bstsk\u00fdch st\u00e1tech, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v Adabu, Ki\u0161i, Tell el-Obeidu a Laga\u0161i. Adab, jedno z nejstar\u0161\u00edch kultovn\u00edch center, s n\u00ed byl \u00fazce spjat, a ran\u00ed kr\u00e1lov\u00e9 Ki\u0161e se chlubili t\u00edm, \u017ee byli povol\u00e1ni pr\u00e1v\u011b j\u00ed. Jej\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> v Adabu, jeho\u017e p\u0159esn\u00fd n\u00e1zev nen\u00ed jist\u00fd, byl m\u00edstem kon\u00e1n\u00ed porodn\u00edch ob\u0159ad\u016f a l\u00e9\u010debn\u00fdch ceremoni\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>V Laga\u0161i a Girsu byla Ninhursag uct\u00edv\u00e1na v podob\u011b Bau, l\u00e9\u010div\u00e9 bohyn\u011b s n\u00ed splynul\u00e9. Gudeovy n\u00e1pisy vypov\u00eddaj\u00ed o n\u00e1dhern\u00fdch ob\u011btech a so\u0161e, kterou tento m\u011bstsk\u00fd vl\u00e1dce bohyni zasv\u011btil. Ve starobabylonsk\u00e9m obdob\u00ed byla d\u00e1le uct\u00edv\u00e1na v n\u011bkolika m\u011bstsk\u00fdch st\u00e1tech, \u010dasto pod jm\u00e9ny Ninmah nebo Aruru.<\/p>\n<p>Jej\u00ed \u00faloha p\u0159i porodn\u00edch ob\u0159adech je dolo\u017eena \u010detn\u00fdmi za\u0159\u00edk\u00e1vac\u00edmi texty. \u017deny ji vz\u00fdvaly b\u011bhem porodn\u00edch bolest\u00ed, porodn\u00ed b\u00e1by pron\u00e1\u0161ely nad b\u0159ichem rodi\u010dky za\u0159\u00edk\u00e1n\u00ed, v nich\u017e m\u011bla Ninhursag otev\u0159\u00edt l\u016fno a umo\u017enit d\u00edt\u011bti bezpe\u010dn\u011b p\u0159ij\u00edt na sv\u011bt. Takov\u00e9 texty jsou dolo\u017eeny a\u017e do pozdn\u011b babylonsk\u00e9ho obdob\u00ed a dokl\u00e1daj\u00ed kontinuitu jej\u00ed \u00facty.<\/p>\n<p>V novoasyrsk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161i v\u00fdznam Ninhursag poklesl, co\u017e souviselo se siln\u011bj\u0161\u00edm d\u016frazem na mu\u017esk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161sk\u00e9 bohy A\u0161\u0161ura a Ninurtu. P\u0159esto z\u016fstala p\u0159\u00edtomna v l\u00e9\u010debn\u00fdch textech a jej\u00ed jm\u00e9nov\u00e9 varianty se objevuj\u00ed v n\u00e1pisech a\u017e do pozdn\u011b achaimenovsk\u00e9ho obdob\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Pozdn\u00ed kontinuitu ukazuje <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bo\u017estva nebo posv\u00e1tn\u00e9 bytosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> i v Dilmunu, dne\u0161n\u00edm Bahrajnu. Archeologick\u00e9 v\u00fdzkumy tam odkryly rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 chr\u00e1mov\u00e9 komplexy, kde byla Ninhursag uct\u00edv\u00e1na ve spojen\u00ed s Enkim. Toto spojen\u00ed vypl\u00fdv\u00e1 z <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00e9 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o boz\u00edch, po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch a \u0159\u00e1du sv\u011bta.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00fdtu<\/span> \u201eEnki a Ninhursag\u201c, kter\u00fd l\u00ed\u010d\u00ed Dilmun jako rajskou prap\u016fvodn\u00ed krajinu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0c594aa e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0c594aa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d96a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d96a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 m\u00fdty<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70981c3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"70981c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00abEnki a Ninhursag\u00bb je centr\u00e1ln\u00edm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o boz\u00edch, po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch a uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u011bta.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00fdtem<\/span> a jedn\u00edm z nejstar\u0161\u00edch dokumentovan\u00fdch text\u016f o stvo\u0159en\u00ed. Za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 popisem Dilmunu jako \u010dist\u00e9ho m\u00edsta, nedot\u010den\u00e9ho smrt\u00ed a nemoc\u00ed.<\/p><p>Enki p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed na ostrov sladkou vodu a u\u010din\u00ed jej plodn\u00fdm. V \u0159ad\u011b k\u0159\u00ed\u017e\u00edc\u00edch se genera\u010dn\u00edch lini\u00ed zplod\u00ed s Ninhursag a jej\u00edmi potomky s\u00e9rii dcer, co\u017e bohyni p\u0159ivede do sporu s n\u00edm.<\/p><p>Enki pot\u00e9 sn\u00ed osm rostlin, kter\u00e9 Ninhursag vyp\u011bstovala v zahrad\u011b, a za to je j\u00ed proklet a posti\u017een osmi nemocemi v r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stech t\u011bla. Nakonec se s Enkim usm\u00ed\u0159\u00ed a pro ka\u017edou nemoc porod\u00ed l\u00e9\u010div\u00e9 bo\u017estvo. Vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed je teologick\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem vztahu mezi stvo\u0159en\u00edm, vinou a uzdraven\u00edm.<\/p>\n<p>Druh\u00fdm d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm textem je \u00abEnki a Ninmah\u00bb, v n\u011bm\u017e oba bohov\u00e9 v jak\u00e9msi sout\u011b\u017een\u00ed o stvo\u0159en\u00ed formuj\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bka z hl\u00edny.<\/p><p>Ninmah nejprve stvo\u0159\u00ed lidi s posti\u017een\u00edm, pro kter\u00e9 Enki najde m\u00edsto ve spole\u010densk\u00e9m uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed, pot\u00e9 Enki zformuje sedm monstr\u00f3zn\u00edch bytost\u00ed, kter\u00e9 u\u017e nikdo nedok\u00e1\u017ee za\u010dlenit. Vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed obsahuje hlubokou etickou \u00favahu o odpov\u011bdnosti tv\u016frce a o mez\u00edch uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>T\u0159et\u00ed vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed se nach\u00e1z\u00ed v \u00ab<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o boz\u00edch, po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch a uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u011bta.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00fdtu<\/span> o Lugalbandovi a pt\u00e1ku Anzu\u00bb, v n\u011bm\u017e Ninhursag stoj\u00ed po boku hrdiny Lugalbandy a podporuje jej p\u0159i spln\u011bn\u00ed jeho \u00fakolu. Bohyn\u011b tu vystupuje jako ochrann\u00e1 a poradn\u00ed s\u00edla, funkce, kterou zast\u00e1v\u00e1 v mnoha mezopotamsk\u00fdch hrdinsk\u00fdch vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00edch.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-292129e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"292129e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d784928 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d784928\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vztahy v panteonu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8cdacde elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8cdacde\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ninhursag je jedn\u00edm ze \u010dty\u0159 nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edch sumersk\u00fdch bo\u017estev, vedle Anua, Enlila a Enkiho. V textech o stvo\u0159en\u00ed vystupuje jako samostatn\u00e1 moc, kter\u00e1 spole\u010dn\u011b s Enkim tvo\u0159\u00ed lidi a zv\u00ed\u0159ata. S Enkim sd\u00edl\u00ed p\u00e9\u010di o plodnost a uzdraven\u00ed, s Enlilem p\u00e9\u010di o \u0159\u00e1d a pr\u00e1vo, s Anuem svrchovanost nad prapo\u010d\u00e1tkem.<\/p>\n<p>Jej\u00ed dcery, zrozen\u00e9 v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o boz\u00edch, po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch a uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u011bta.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00fdtu<\/span> \u00abEnki a Ninhursag\u00bb, pat\u0159\u00ed z\u010d\u00e1sti k d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm kultovn\u00edm bohyn\u00edm dal\u0161\u00edch m\u011bstsk\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f. Jednou z nich je Ninkurra, bohyn\u011b kamenosocha\u0159stv\u00ed, dal\u0161\u00ed je Ninimma, znal\u00e1 p\u00edsma. Tato genealogie spojuje Ninhursag s nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi \u0159emesln\u00fdmi a kulturn\u00edmi kulty Mezopot\u00e1mie.<\/p>\n<p>S Bau a Gulou ji spojuj\u00ed l\u00e9\u010ditelsk\u00e9 funkce, s Inanou vztah rivality, proto\u017ee Inana v staro\u00adsumersk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e1 nauka o Bohu a v\u00ed\u0159e n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologii<\/span> st\u00e1le v\u00edce p\u0159evzala p\u0159edn\u00ed postaven\u00ed mezi bohyn\u011bmi. V hel\u00e9nisticko-\u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9m <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Splynut\u00ed p\u0159edstav nebo bo\u017estev z r\u016fzn\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch tradic.\" tabindex=\"0\">synkretismu<\/span> se s \u0159eck\u00fdmi bohyn\u011bmi p\u0159\u00edmo nesetk\u00e1v\u00e1, proto\u017ee jej\u00ed kult ji\u017e d\u0159\u00edve odezn\u011bl.<\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>S Damgalnunou, man\u017eelkou Enkiho, sd\u00edlela Ninhursag v ji\u017en\u00edm Sumeru n\u011bkter\u00e9 funkce, co\u017e vedlo k vz\u00e1cn\u00e9, ale dokumentovan\u00e9 identifikaci Damgalnuna-Ninhursag v textech z Eridu. Wilfred G. Lambert tuto splynut\u00ed interpretoval ve studii z roku 1992 jako d\u016fkaz region\u00e1ln\u00ed mnohotv\u00e1rnosti sumersk\u00fdch jmen boh\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>V akkadsk\u00e9m <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn boh\u016f ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed nebo kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonu<\/span> vystupuje Ninhursag jako Mami nebo Mama, stvo\u0159itelka lid\u00ed v eposu Atrahasis. Podle Enkiho pokynu sm\u00edch\u00e1 hl\u00ednu a krev usmrcen\u00e9ho boha We-ily a vytvo\u0159\u00ed sedm lidsk\u00fdch p\u00e1r\u016f. Tato sc\u00e9na stvo\u0159en\u00ed je nejstar\u0161\u00edm vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00edm o stvo\u0159en\u00ed z hl\u00edny ve sv\u011btov\u00e9 literatu\u0159e a m\u00e1 \u010detn\u00e9 n\u00e1sledovn\u00edky v semitsk\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edch.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-acebfa4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"acebfa4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b94b971 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b94b971\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepce a odkaz<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bfab884 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bfab884\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>S koncem mezopot\u00e1msk\u00e9 vysok\u00e9 kultury <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factn\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f v\u016f\u010di bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 postav\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> Ninhursag postupn\u011b vymizel, av\u0161ak l\u00e9\u010debn\u00e9 texty nesouc\u00ed jej\u00ed jm\u00e9no byly je\u0161t\u011b v pozdn\u011b babylonsk\u00e9m a achajmenovsk\u00e9m obdob\u00ed opisov\u00e1ny a p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1ny d\u00e1l.<\/p><p>V 19. stolet\u00ed byla bohyn\u011b rekonstruov\u00e1na d\u00edky znovuobjeven\u00ed sumersk\u00fdch text\u016f, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm d\u00edky pr\u00e1ci Samuela Noaha Kramera, kter\u00fd se v\u00fdrazn\u011b pod\u00edlel na formov\u00e1n\u00ed sumerologie jako v\u011bdn\u00edho oboru.<\/p>\n<p>V modern\u00ed religionistice pat\u0159\u00ed Ninhursag k nej\u010dast\u011bji citovan\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edklad\u016fm starov\u011bk\u00e9 orient\u00e1ln\u00ed matky-bohyn\u011b, o n\u00ed\u017e se diskutovalo jako o historick\u00e9m ko\u0159eni pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edch st\u0159edomo\u0159sk\u00fdch bohyn\u00ed, jako je D\u00e9m\u00e9t\u00e9r, Kybel\u00e9 nebo Isis. Tato teze je dnes vn\u00edm\u00e1na sp\u00ed\u0161e zdr\u017eenliv\u011b, proto\u017ee p\u0159\u00edmou genealogickou linii nelze dolo\u017eit. Typologick\u00e1 podobnost v\u0161ak z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm t\u00e9matem religionistiky.<\/p>\n<p>Ve feministick\u00e9 recepci 20. a 21. stolet\u00ed je Ninhursag ch\u00e1p\u00e1na jako p\u0159\u00edklad mocn\u00e9ho, samostatn\u011b jednaj\u00edc\u00edho \u017eensk\u00e9ho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytost uct\u00edvan\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed jako bo\u017esk\u00e1.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estva<\/span> z ran\u00fdch vysok\u00fdch kultur.<\/p><p>Ve studi\u00edch o d\u011bjin\u00e1ch kultu matky stoj\u00ed vedle Ninlil, Inanny a Tiamat. V popul\u00e1rn\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrnn\u00fd pojem pro u\u010den\u00ed, kter\u00e1 si n\u00e1rokuj\u00ed skryt\u00e9 pozn\u00e1n\u00ed dostupn\u00e9 jen zasv\u011bcen\u00fdm.\" tabindex=\"0\">esoterice<\/span> vystupuje pod jm\u00e9nem \u201eSumersk\u00e1 Matka Zem\u011b\u201c, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e takov\u00fdm adaptac\u00edm \u010dasto chyb\u00ed v\u011bdeck\u00e1 p\u0159esnost.<\/p>\n<p>V modern\u00edm biblick\u00e9m b\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed se velk\u00e9 pozornosti dostalo spojen\u00ed s Evin\u00fdm \u017eebrem. Kramerovu hypot\u00e9zu, \u017ee zrozen\u00ed Ninhursag z Enkiho \u017eebra bylo motivick\u00fdm p\u0159edobrazem Evy, rozeb\u00edral teolog Claus Westermann ve sv\u00e9m koment\u00e1\u0159i k Genesis a d\u00e1le ji rozvinul John Day.<\/p><p>P\u0159esn\u00e1 podoba p\u0159enosu z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 otev\u0159en\u00e1, av\u0161ak existence mezopot\u00e1msk\u00fdch p\u0159edloh pro biblick\u00e9 motivy je dnes v\u0161eobecn\u011b uzn\u00e1van\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Dal\u0161\u00ed linie p\u016fsoben\u00ed vede p\u0159es hel\u00e9nistickou Magna Mater. Ji\u017e Berossos uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee obyvatel\u00e9 Aig\u00edny identifikovali mezopot\u00e1mskou Mami s Rheou. Walter Burkert ve sv\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci \u201eBabylon, Memphis, Persepolis\u201c (2003) sledoval stopy tohoto p\u0159enosu a p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 nep\u0159\u00edm\u00fd vliv na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factn\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f v\u016f\u010di bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 postav\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> Kybel\u00e9 ve Frygii.<\/span><\/p><p>P\u0159esn\u00e9 kroky tohoto p\u0159enosu nejsou zcela objasn\u011bny, ale badatel\u00e9 p\u0159edpokl\u00e1daj\u00ed motivickou kontinuitu od Ninhursag p\u0159es Mami a\u017e k Magna Mater.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd20727 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bd20727\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-161d541 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"161d541\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Religionistick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f2e68d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f2e68d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Thorkild Jacobsen ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle \u201eThe Treasures of Darkness\u201c vykl\u00e1d\u00e1 Ninhursag jako p\u0159\u00edklad chtonick\u00e9 bohyn\u011b, jej\u00ed\u017e p\u016fsoben\u00ed se vztahuje k porodu, zemi a kameni. Ve sv\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn tradovan\u00fdch vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o boz\u00edch v dan\u00e9 kultu\u0159e.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytologii<\/span> spat\u0159uje archaick\u00fd vrstevnat\u00fd model, v n\u011bm\u017e je zem\u011b pro\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na nikoli jen jako geografick\u00e1 skute\u010dnost, ale jako zpersonifikovan\u00e1 moc.<\/p>\n<p>Jean Bott\u00e9ro zd\u016fraz\u0148uje teologickou samostatnost bohyn\u011b a jej\u00ed funkci jako vyrovn\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed s\u00edly v\u016f\u010di mu\u017esk\u00fdm tv\u016fr\u010d\u00edm bo\u017estv\u016fm. Walther Sallaberger ve sv\u00e9 studii o kalend\u00e1\u0159i III. dynastie z Uru podrobn\u011b rekonstruoval <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factn\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f v\u016f\u010di bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 postav\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> Ninhursag a uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee bohyn\u011b hr\u00e1la z\u00e1sadn\u00ed roli p\u0159i d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdch st\u00e1tn\u00edch sv\u00e1tc\u00edch.<\/p>\n<p>Stefan Maul a Andrew George vydali l\u00e9\u010debn\u00e9 texty nesouc\u00ed jej\u00ed jm\u00e9no. Z t\u011bchto text\u016f vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee Ninhursag byla jedn\u00edm z m\u00e1la mezopot\u00e1msk\u00fdch bo\u017estev, jejich\u017e pomoc bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 vyprosit v extr\u00e9mn\u011b rozd\u00edln\u00fdch \u017eivotn\u00edch situac\u00edch: p\u0159i porodu, p\u0159i nemoci, p\u0159i setb\u011b i p\u0159i stavb\u011b chr\u00e1mu.<\/p><p>Stephanie Dalley a Wilfred Lambert ji za\u0159azuj\u00ed do liter\u00e1rn\u00ed tradice, v n\u00ed\u017e vystupuje jako nepostradateln\u00e1 partnerka Enkiho v n\u011bkolika vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00edch o stvo\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-27822d0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"27822d0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f13d646 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f13d646\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ke\u0161 hymnus a teologie chr\u00e1mu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf9684e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cf9684e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Chr\u00e1mov\u00fd hymnus z Ke\u0161e je jedn\u00edm z nejstar\u0161\u00edch dochovan\u00fdch sumersk\u00fdch text\u016f a z\u00e1rove\u0148 je pova\u017eov\u00e1n za jeden z prvn\u00edch n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch text\u016f sv\u011btov\u00e9 literatury. Fragmenty sahaj\u00edc\u00ed a\u017e do doby t\u0159et\u00ed dynastie z Uru (21. stolet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l.) jsou dochov\u00e1ny prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edch p\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00fdch knihoven v Nippuru, Sipparu a Uru.<\/p><p>Text oslavuje <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slouzici k uctivani jednoho nebo vice bozstev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> m\u011bsta Ke\u0161 a jeho bohyni Ninhursag ve 134 \u0159\u00e1dc\u00edch rozd\u011blen\u00fdch do osmi strof, z nich\u017e ka\u017ed\u00e1 kon\u010d\u00ed formul\u00ed \u201eKdo to kdy vid\u011bl, kdo to kdy vid\u011bl?\u201c.<\/p><p>Toto opakov\u00e1n\u00ed d\u00e1v\u00e1 hymnu t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 meditativn\u00ed strukturu. Text je tradi\u010dn\u011b p\u0159ipisov\u00e1n kn\u011bzi-b\u00e1sn\u00ed\u0159ce Enheduann\u011b, dce\u0159i Sargona Akkadsk\u00e9ho, av\u0161ak nejstar\u0161\u00ed fragmenty jsou je\u0161t\u011b star\u0161\u00ed a poch\u00e1zej\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b z n\u011bkolik set let trvaj\u00edc\u00ed \u00fastn\u00ed tradice.<\/p>\n<p>Obsahov\u011b hymnus zd\u016fraz\u0148uje funkci Ninhursag jako porodn\u00ed pomocnice boh\u016f i kr\u00e1l\u016f. Je \u201eMatkou kamen\u016f\u201c a \u201eStr\u00e1\u017ekyn\u00ed \u017eivotn\u00ed m\u00edhy\u201c, jak stoj\u00ed v \u0159\u00e1dc\u00edch 12 a\u017e 17.<\/p><p>Toto dvoj\u00ed zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed na geologii a biologii je ur\u010duj\u00edc\u00edm rysem Ninhursagovy <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e1 nauka o Bohu a v\u00ed\u0159e dan\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologie<\/span> a odli\u0161uje ji od jin\u00fdch matek-bohyn\u00ed Mezopot\u00e1mie. Samotn\u00fd Ke\u0161sk\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slouzici k uctivani jednoho nebo vice bozstev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> nebyl v archeologick\u00e9m b\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed dlouho lokalizov\u00e1n; teprve od n\u011bmeck\u00fdch vykop\u00e1vek v Tell al-Wilayah je pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e1 identifikace s tamn\u00ed nalezenou chr\u00e1movou stavbou.<\/p>\n<p>Podrobnou edici s p\u0159ekladem a koment\u00e1\u0159em p\u0159edlo\u017eili Robert D. Biggs a Jane M. Cohen. Ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee hymnus m\u00e1 stylistickou p\u0159\u00edbuznost se 42 chr\u00e1mov\u00fdmi hymny Enheduanny, kter\u00e9 jsou zn\u00e1my pod souborn\u00fdm n\u00e1zvem \u201eSumerian Temple Hymns\u201c.<\/p><p>Sedm\u00e1 sekce t\u00e9to sb\u00edrky je v\u011bnov\u00e1na Ninhursagovu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slouzici k uctivani jednoho nebo vice bozstev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1mu<\/span> v Adabu a ozna\u010duje ji za \u201eMatku v\u0161ech d\u011bt\u00ed\u201c, co\u017e dokl\u00e1d\u00e1 roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed kultu v Mezopot\u00e1mii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-14fb2a6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"14fb2a6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a16307d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a16307d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Epizoda o Dilmunu a Enki<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-14ad7c8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"14ad7c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Dlouh\u00fd sumersk\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o boz\u00edch, po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch a uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u011bta, kter\u00e9 se dochovalo v tradici.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00fdtus<\/span> \u00abEnki a Ninhursag\u00bb je jedn\u00edm z nejbohat\u0161\u00edch pramen\u016f pro <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e1 nauka o bohu a v\u00ed\u0159e n\u011bjak\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologii<\/span> obou bo\u017estev. Text, kter\u00fd vydal Pascal Attinger v roce 1984 v d\u00edle \u00abL Hymne \u00e0 Nungal\u00bb, vypr\u00e1v\u00ed o rajsk\u00e9 zemi Dilmun, pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b dne\u0161n\u00edm ostrov\u011b Bahrajn.<\/span><\/p><p>V Dilmunu neexistuje nemoc, st\u00e1\u0159\u00ed ani smrt. Enki, b\u016fh sladk\u00e9 vody, je p\u0159itahov\u00e1n k bohyni zem\u011b Ninhursag. Z jejich spojen\u00ed se rod\u00ed dcera Ninnisig, z jej\u00edch\u017e dal\u0161\u00edch spojen\u00ed s Enkim vzejdou celkem t\u0159i generace dcer. Nakonec Enki sn\u00ed osm rostlin vze\u0161l\u00fdch ze semene Ninhursag a smrteln\u011b onemocn\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Ninhursag Enkiho vyl\u00e9\u010d\u00ed t\u00edm, \u017ee z jeho posti\u017een\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed t\u011bla porod\u00ed osm l\u00e9\u010div\u00fdch bo\u017estev. Ka\u017ed\u00e1 z t\u011bchto bohyn\u00ed je spojena s ur\u010ditou \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed t\u011bla, co\u017e p\u0159edstavuje ranou formu l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9 souvzta\u017enosti mezi bohy a org\u00e1ny. Jednou z t\u011bchto l\u00e9\u010div\u00fdch bohyn\u00ed je Ninti, jej\u00ed\u017e jm\u00e9no znamen\u00e1 \u00abpan\u00ed \u017eebra\u00bb nebo \u00abpan\u00ed \u017eivota\u00bb.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Tuto epizodu interpretoval Samuel Noah Kramer v d\u00edle \u00abHistory Begins at Sumer\u00bb (1956) jako mo\u017enou p\u0159edlohu biblick\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu o Ev\u011b, nebo\u0165 slovn\u00ed hra \u00ab\u017eebro \/ \u017eivot\u00bb zazn\u00edv\u00e1 i v hebrej\u0161tin\u011b. Tato souvislost je dnes sporn\u00e1, av\u0161ak jako motivick\u00e1 ozv\u011bna je p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1na.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Epizoda o Dilmunu je z hlediska d\u011bjin n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00e1 tak\u00e9 proto, \u017ee tematizuje my\u0161lenku rajsk\u00e9 prap\u016fvodn\u00ed zem\u011b, v n\u00ed\u017e neexistuj\u00ed nemoc ani smrt. Tato p\u0159edstava zanechala stopy nad r\u00e1mec Mezopot\u00e1mie i v zoroastrijsk\u00fdch a biblick\u00fdch tradic\u00edch r\u00e1je, jak dokl\u00e1daj\u00ed Thorkild Jacobsen v d\u00edle \u00abThe Treasures of Darkness\u00bb a Jean Bott\u00e9ro v d\u00edle \u00abLa plus vieille religion\u00bb.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c22d47b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c22d47b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ef26a8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8ef26a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zrozen\u00ed, l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed a kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e1 teologie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-06d52b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"06d52b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ninhursag byla uct\u00edv\u00e1na jako bohyn\u011b zrozen\u00ed a l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed. N\u011bkolik mezopotamsk\u00fdch kr\u00e1l\u016f se naz\u00fdvalo \u00absynem Ninhursag\u00bb, mezi nimi Eannatum z Laga\u0161e a Mesannepada z Uru. Sup\u00ed st\u00e9la Eannatuma, datovan\u00e1 kolem roku 2450 p\u0159. n. l., zobrazuje kr\u00e1le ve slo\u017eit\u00e9 sc\u00e9n\u011b, v n\u00ed\u017e ho Ninhursag koj\u00ed na sv\u00fdch prsou.<\/p><p>Tento obrazov\u00fd vzorec bo\u017esk\u00e9ho adoptov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u016fstal konstantn\u00ed po dobu v\u00edce ne\u017e dvou tis\u00edcilet\u00ed a objevuje se je\u0161t\u011b na novoasyrsk\u00fdch reli\u00e9fech.<\/p>\n<p>V l\u00e9\u010ditelsk\u00e9m um\u011bn\u00ed hraje Ninhursag jako Belet-ili, \u00abpan\u00ed boh\u016f\u00bb, \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed roli. Mezopotamsk\u00e1 sb\u00edrka za\u0159\u00edk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed na tabulce BAM 234 obsahuje modlitby k Ninhursag p\u0159i t\u011b\u017ek\u00fdch komplikac\u00edch p\u0159i porodu.<\/p><p>Tak\u00e9 v diagnostick\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edru\u010dk\u00e1ch, sestaven\u00fdch pod veden\u00edm Esagil-kin-apliho v 11. stolet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l., se objevuje jako bohyn\u011b p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e1 pro hore\u010dnat\u00e9 a ran\u011bn\u00e9 nemoci. Stefan Maul ve sv\u00fdch studi\u00edch o mezopotamsk\u00e9m l\u00e9\u010ditelstv\u00ed podrobn\u011b zdokumentoval funkci Ninhursag jako \u00fato\u010di\u0161t\u011b p\u0159i porodn\u00edch probl\u00e9mech.<\/p>\n<p>Mezopotamsk\u00e1 kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e1 teologie spojovala legitimn\u00ed narozen\u00ed vl\u00e1dce \u00fazce s Ninhursag. Stavebn\u00ed n\u00e1pisy Naram-Sina z Akkadu ho naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed \u00abt\u00edm, jemu\u017e Ninhursag dala prs\u00bb. Socha Naram-Sina jej zobrazuje s korunou z b\u00fd\u010d\u00edch roh\u016f, kter\u00e1 v tehdej\u0161\u00edm obrazov\u00e9m jazyce vyjad\u0159uje bo\u017esk\u00fd status kr\u00e1le.<\/p><p>Tento n\u00e1rok na bo\u017eskost byl mlad\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e pouh\u00fd vztah synovstv\u00ed k bohyni, m\u011bl v\u0161ak stejn\u00fd teologick\u00fd z\u00e1klad. Tabuizace lidsko-bo\u017esk\u00e9ho spojen\u00ed se objevuje a\u017e ve starobabylonsk\u00e9 dob\u011b, kdy se Hammurabi naz\u00fdv\u00e1 ji\u017e jen jako dosazen\u00fd Anuem a Enlilem, nikoli ji\u017e jako jejich syn.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d6fb32 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6d6fb32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30ce78a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"30ce78a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Prameny a dal\u0161\u00ed literatura<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-beb342f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"beb342f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha \u0159eck\u00e9 a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 kultury, p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 800 p\u0159. n. l. a\u017e 600 n. l.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antika<\/span> Prameny: \u00abEnki a Ninhursag\u00bb, \u00abEnki a Ninmah\u00bb, za\u0159\u00edk\u00e1vac\u00ed a porodnick\u00e9 texty z Nippuru a Sipparu, n\u00e1pisy na Gudeov\u00fdch soch\u00e1ch, hymny na Aruru a Ninmah, n\u00e1pisy z Tell el-Obeidu.<\/p>\n<ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Jean Bott\u00e9ro, \u00abLa religion babylonienne\u00bb, Paris 1952.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Samuel Noah Kramer, \u00abThe Sumerians\u00bb, Chicago 1963.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Dal\u0161\u00ed standardn\u00ed d\u00edla v <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/literatura\/\">seznamu literatury<\/a>.<\/span><\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3252,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Ninhursag","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Ninhursag \u2013 sumersk\u00e1 matka bohyn\u011b | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Ninhursag je sumersk\u00e1 matka bohyn\u011b, stvo\u0159itelka lid\u00ed spolu s Enkim, pan\u00ed hor. M\u00fdty Enki a Ninhursag, vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o Dilmunu a kult.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-145603","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Ninhursag \u2013 sumersk\u00e1 matka bohyn\u011b | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Ninhursag je sumersk\u00e1 matka bohyn\u011b, stvo\u0159itelka lid\u00ed spolu s Enkim, pan\u00ed hor. 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