{"id":145602,"date":"2026-09-03T16:31:58","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:31:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=145602"},"modified":"2026-09-03T17:00:40","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T17:00:40","slug":"janus","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/janus\/","title":{"rendered":"Janus"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"145602\" class=\"elementor elementor-145602 elementor-3016 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-05047e9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"05047e9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3193240 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3193240\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-33b5239 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"33b5239\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-06668d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"06668d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Janus, \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fd b\u016fh po\u010d\u00e1tk\u016f<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e2af55 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e2af55\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Janus je \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fd b\u016fh po\u010d\u00e1tk\u016f, dve\u0159\u00ed a p\u0159echod\u016f, jemu\u017e byl <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho aktu odevzd\u00e1no svat\u00e9mu, a t\u00edm vy\u0148ato z b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho sv\u011bta.\" tabindex=\"0\">zasv\u011bcen<\/span> za\u010d\u00e1tek roku a ka\u017ed\u00e9 vykro\u010den\u00ed do nov\u00e9ho. Janus je dvoutv\u00e1\u0159n\u00fd \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fd b\u016fh po\u010d\u00e1tku, konce, bran a p\u0159echodu.<\/p><p>V italick\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed m\u00e1 v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00e9 postaven\u00ed, proto\u017ee nem\u00e1 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edm\u00fd \u0159eck\u00fd ani etrusk\u00fd ekvivalent a je pova\u017eov\u00e1n za p\u016fvodn\u011b \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytost uct\u00edvan\u00e1 jako bo\u017esk\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estvo<\/span>.<\/p><p>Jeho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Svat\u00e9 m\u00edsto zasv\u011bcen\u00e9 uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bo\u017estva.\" tabindex=\"0\">svatyn\u011b<\/span> na Foru, Ianus geminus, symbolicky regulovala v\u00e1lku a m\u00edr cel\u00e9ho m\u011bsta. P\u0159i ka\u017ed\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jazykov\u00e9 obr\u00e1cen\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bka k bo\u017estvu.\" tabindex=\"0\">modlitb\u011b<\/span> bylo jeho jm\u00e9no vysloveno jako prvn\u00ed, co\u017e mu prop\u016fj\u010dovalo privilegovan\u00e9 postaven\u00ed v n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9m \u0159\u00e1du modlitby.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87192d3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"87192d3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0d43a66 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"0d43a66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"B\u016fh \/ bohyn\u011b: Zosobn\u011bn\u00e1 nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed moc v panteonu ur\u010dit\u00e9 kultury, s jasn\u011b vymezen\u00fdmi oblastmi p\u016fsobnosti \u2014 p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed s\u00edly, osud, v\u00e1lka, plodnost. Uct\u00edv\u00e1na prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm kult\u016f, ob\u011bt\u00ed a chr\u00e1mov\u00fdch instituc\u00ed.\">B\u016fh<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/rim\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u0158\u00edmsk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed od dob kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed a\u017e do pozdn\u00ed antiky \u2014 synkretick\u00e9 s \u0159eck\u00fdmi a etrusk\u00fdmi vrstvami.\">\u0158\u00edm<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8223baf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8223baf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7012a23 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"7012a23\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na t\\u00e9to str\\u00e1nce nebyly nalezeny \\u017e\\u00e1dn\\u00e9 nadpisy.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__7012a23\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__7012a23\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__7012a23\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0108958 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0108958\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3fc010 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b3fc010\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_rom_janus-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-147224\" alt=\"Janus - b\u016fh z \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 tradice, historicky-ilustrativn\u00ed\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_rom_janus-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_rom_janus-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_rom_janus-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_rom_janus.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbe12bf e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cbe12bf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b1ab632 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b1ab632\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5dd818 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d5dd818\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">M\u00fdtus a p\u016fvod<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-78b80c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"78b80c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jm\u00e9no Janus se jazykov\u011b odvozuje od latinsk\u00e9ho slova ianua, tedy \u201ebr\u00e1na\u201c nebo \u201epr\u016fchod\u201c. Oba pojmy maj\u00ed indoevropsk\u00fd ko\u0159en s v\u00fdznamem \u201ej\u00edt\u201c, kter\u00fd se objevuje i v sanskrtsk\u00fdch a avest\u00e1nsk\u00fdch v\u00fdrazech. Janus je tak etymologicky bohem proch\u00e1zen\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Macrobius ve sv\u00fdch \u201eSaturn\u00e1li\u00edch\u201c popisuje Janua jako p\u016fvodn\u011b italickou vlada\u0159skou postavu. Podle t\u00e9to tradice p\u0159i\u0161el z V\u00fdchodu do z\u00e1padn\u00edho Latia, p\u0159ijal Saturna, jen\u017e musel prchat p\u0159ed Iuppiterem, a spole\u010dn\u011b s n\u00edm zalo\u017eil star\u00fd zlat\u00fd v\u011bk It\u00e1lie.<\/p><p>Ovidius v \u201eFastech\u201c navazuje na stejn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh a sv\u00fdm d\u00edlem za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 pr\u00e1v\u011b Janem, kter\u00fd otev\u00edr\u00e1 cel\u00fd rok. V dialogu s b\u00e1sn\u00edkem b\u016fh ve \u201eFastech\u201c s\u00e1m vysv\u011btluje sv\u00e9 funkce.<\/p>\n<p>Dvoutv\u00e1\u0159nost, zvan\u00e1 Bifrons, odkazuje na starobylou p\u0159edstavu, v n\u00ed\u017e b\u016fh hled\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u011b dv\u011bma sm\u011bry. Mytologicky se obvykle vykl\u00e1d\u00e1 jako pohled do minulosti a budoucnosti, na n\u011bkter\u00fdch m\u00edstech jako pohled dovnit\u0159 a ven nebo na v\u00fdchod a z\u00e1pad.<\/p><p>Na rozd\u00edl od \u0159eck\u00e9ho Herma, kter\u00fd jen zprost\u0159edkov\u00e1v\u00e1 pohyb, sed\u00ed Janus p\u0159\u00edmo na prahu a zt\u011bles\u0148uje jej. Toto teologick\u00e9 pojet\u00ed je v antick\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b jedine\u010dn\u00e9 a \u010din\u00ed z n\u011bj obl\u00edben\u00fd p\u0159edm\u011bt z\u00e1jmu modern\u00ed filozofie n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Janus pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b nem\u011bl \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9ho indoevropsk\u00e9ho p\u0159edch\u016fdce, n\u00fdbr\u017e vznikl z p\u016fvodn\u011b italick\u00e9 vrstvy, v n\u00ed\u017e m\u011bly dve\u0159e jako pr\u00e1h domu zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed kultovn\u00ed d\u016fstojnost.<\/p><p>V ka\u017ed\u00e9m \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9m dom\u011b byla ianua spojena s vlastn\u00edmi ob\u0159ady, a b\u016fh prah\u016f byl vz\u00fdv\u00e1n jako osobn\u00ed ochrana p\u0159ed \u0161kodliv\u00fdmi vlivy. Spojen\u00ed dom\u00e1c\u00edho a st\u00e1tn\u00edho prahu je kl\u00ed\u010dem k pochopen\u00ed tohoto <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytost uct\u00edvan\u00e1 jako bo\u017esk\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estva<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0b2b443 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0b2b443\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-95e359b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"95e359b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Symboly a atributy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2570a8e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2570a8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Centr\u00e1ln\u00edm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak, kter\u00fd zastupuje ur\u010ditou p\u0159edstavu nebo v\u00fdznam.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbolem<\/span> Janua je jeho dvojit\u00e1 tv\u00e1\u0159. Na minc\u00edch a reli\u00e9fech se zpravidla objevuje jako vousat\u00fd sta\u0159ec se dv\u011bma tv\u00e1\u0159emi obr\u00e1cen\u00fdmi na opa\u010dn\u00e9 strany. Takto ho zobrazuj\u00ed ro\u010dn\u00ed asy \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 republiky a tento motiv z\u016fstal standardn\u00edm motivem st\u00e1tn\u00ed reprezentace a\u017e do doby c\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>H\u016fl a kl\u00ed\u010d jsou jeho nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed atributy. H\u016fl jej ozna\u010duje jako str\u00e1\u017ece cest, kl\u00ed\u010d jako str\u00e1\u017ece bran.<\/p><p>Oba spole\u010dn\u011b charakterizuj\u00ed specifickou funkci prahov\u00e9ho bo\u017estva, kter\u00e9 rozhoduje o otev\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed a zav\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed. V n\u011bkter\u00fdch vyobrazen\u00edch nese dvan\u00e1ct kl\u00ed\u010d\u016f, jeden pro ka\u017ed\u00fd m\u011bs\u00edc roku, kter\u00fd jako b\u016fh prvn\u00edho m\u011bs\u00edce otev\u00edr\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p>Ianus geminus na Foru, dvojit\u00e1 br\u00e1na mezi Forem Romanem a Argiletem, byla jeho nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Svat\u00e9 m\u00edsto zasv\u011bcen\u00e9 uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bo\u017estva.\" tabindex=\"0\">svatyn\u00ed<\/span>. Jej\u00ed dv\u011b br\u00e1ny z\u016fst\u00e1valy za m\u00edrov\u00fdch dob zav\u0159en\u00e9 a za v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdch dob otev\u0159en\u00e9.<\/p><p>Livius uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee tyto br\u00e1ny byly p\u0159ed Augustem v cel\u00e9 historii zav\u0159eny jen t\u0159ikr\u00e1t, co\u017e podtrhuje v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00fd rozsah \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch m\u00edrov\u00fdch dob. Augustus s\u00e1m se v \u201eRes gestae\u201c chlub\u00ed t\u00edm, \u017ee tyto br\u00e1ny za sv\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy uzav\u0159el t\u0159ikr\u00e1t.<\/p>\n<p>Dal\u0161\u00ed stavbou spojenou s Janem je Janus Quadrifrons na Foru Boariu, \u010dty\u0159tv\u00e1\u0159n\u00e1 br\u00e1na, kter\u00e1 ozna\u010dovala prahy do v\u0161ech \u010dty\u0159 sv\u011btov\u00fdch stran. Tato stavba z <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159echodn\u00e1 epocha mezi antikou a st\u0159edov\u011bkem, zhruba 3. a\u017e 7. stolet\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">pozdn\u00ed antiky<\/span> stoj\u00ed dodnes z velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti zachovan\u00e1 na Boariu a je pova\u017eov\u00e1na za posledn\u00ed velk\u00fd doklad Janova kultu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d3140e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5d3140e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3616fb5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3616fb5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult a uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-57a8162 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"57a8162\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Janus st\u00e1l na po\u010d\u00e1tku ka\u017ed\u00e9 \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 modlitby a ka\u017ed\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho ritu\u00e1lu. P\u0159ed ka\u017edou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017estvu vyjad\u0159uj\u00edc\u00ed d\u00edky, prosbu nebo \u00factu.\" tabindex=\"0\">ob\u011bt\u00ed<\/span> mu bylo nejprve p\u0159edneseno <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prosebn\u00e9 nebo zakl\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00ed osloven\u00ed bo\u017estva \u010di moci.\" tabindex=\"0\">vz\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed<\/span>, proto\u017ee otev\u00edral p\u0159\u00edstup k ostatn\u00edm boh\u016fm. Tato funkce prvo\u0159ad\u00e9ho postaven\u00ed se objevuje jednotn\u011b v n\u00e1pisech, modlitebn\u00edch formul\u00edch i liter\u00e1rn\u00edch pramenech. Cicero a Macrobius ji podrobn\u011b rozeb\u00edraj\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Jeho hlavn\u00ed sv\u00e1tek p\u0159ipadal na 1. ledna, den Nov\u00e9ho roku. Ji\u017e v juli\u00e1nsk\u00e9m kalend\u00e1\u0159i st\u00e1l m\u011bs\u00edc Ianuarius pod jeho patronac\u00ed. V den Nov\u00e9ho roku si \u0158\u00edman\u00e9 vym\u011b\u0148ovali drobn\u00e9 d\u00e1rky zvan\u00e9 strenae, obsahuj\u00edc\u00ed sladkosti, datle nebo mince.<\/p><p>Toto gesto m\u011bl osudov\u00fd charakter, nebo\u0165 to, co se d\u011blalo na Nov\u00fd rok, m\u011blo utv\u00e1\u0159et cel\u00fd n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed rok. Tento zvyk \u017eije dodnes ve francouzsk\u00e9m \u00e9trennes a v italsk\u00e9m strenne jako novoro\u010dn\u00ed d\u00e1rek.<\/p>\n<p>D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 vojensk\u00e9 operace za\u010d\u00ednaly u br\u00e1ny Ianus geminus. Br\u00e1ny otev\u00edral konzul nebo princeps, vojsko jimi symbolicky proch\u00e1zelo a v\u00e1lka byla pova\u017eov\u00e1na za zah\u00e1jenou. P\u0159i n\u00e1vratu a uzav\u0159en\u00ed m\u00edru byly br\u00e1ny uzav\u0159eny v obr\u00e1cen\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Slavnostn\u00ed \u00fakon prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00ed podle stanoven\u00fdch pravidel.\" tabindex=\"0\">ceremonii<\/span>.<\/p><p>Augustus ve sv\u00fdch \u00abRes Gestae\u00bb zd\u016fraz\u0148oval, \u017ee dal br\u00e1ny uzav\u0159\u00edt t\u0159ikr\u00e1t za sv\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy, co\u017e se p\u0159edt\u00edm v cel\u00e9 \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 historii stalo pouze dvakr\u00e1t.<\/p>\n<p>Krom\u011b toho existovaly v \u0158\u00edm\u011b i men\u0161\u00ed svatyn\u011b Januse. Provin\u010dn\u00ed svatyn\u011b jsou dokl\u00e1d\u00e1ny \u0159\u00edd\u010deji, co\u017e podtrhuje specificky \u0159\u00edmsko-m\u011bstsk\u00e9 zakotven\u00ed kultu Januse. V Laciu a Etrurii je nicm\u00e9n\u011b zn\u00e1mo n\u011bkolik venkovsk\u00fdch olt\u00e1\u0159\u016f Januse, kter\u00e9 byly zpravidla postaveny u vstupu do vesnic nebo na k\u0159i\u017eovatk\u00e1ch cest.<\/p>\n<p>Zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed roli zauj\u00edmal Janus tak\u00e9 v Sali\u00e1rsk\u00e9m zp\u011bvn\u00edku, star\u00e9 sb\u00edrce modliteb kn\u011b\u017e\u00ed Sali\u016f. Zde byl vz\u00fdv\u00e1n jako kr\u00e1l boh\u016f p\u0159ed Iuppiterem, co\u017e ukazuje archaickou vrstevnatost \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e1 nauka o Bohu a v\u00ed\u0159e n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologie<\/span>, v n\u00ed\u017e m\u011bl Janus nad\u010dasov\u00e9 p\u0159edn\u00ed postaven\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-99562d1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"99562d1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a058ec elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5a058ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 m\u00fdty<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8d91477 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8d91477\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed mytick\u00e9 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed popisuje z\u00e1chranu \u0158\u00edma p\u0159ed Sabiny. Podle Livia a Ovidia Sabinov\u00e9 napadli \u0158\u00edm, pronikli p\u0159es Capitolsk\u00fd vrch a dostali se do bl\u00edzkosti Fora.<\/p><p>Janus v rozhoduj\u00edc\u00edm okam\u017eiku zp\u016fsobil, \u017ee ze zem\u011b vytryskl hork\u00fd pramen, kter\u00fd \u00fato\u010d\u00edc\u00ed Sabiny zahnal zp\u011bt a poskytl m\u011bstu \u010das se seskupit. Z d\u00edk\u016f za to \u0158\u00edman\u00e9 zasv\u011btili <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u00edsto zasv\u011bcen\u00e9 uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bo\u017estva.\" tabindex=\"0\">svatyni<\/span> na m\u00edst\u011b pramene a rozhodli se dr\u017eet br\u00e1ny za v\u00e1lek otev\u0159en\u00e9, aby b\u016fh mohl v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pot\u0159eby zas\u00e1hnout.<\/p>\n<p>Druh\u00e9 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed spojuje Januse se Saturnem. Podle Macrobia a Vergilia Saturn uprchl p\u0159ed v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00edm sv\u00e9ho syna Iuppitera z Olympu a p\u0159i\u0161el do Lacia, kde ho Janus p\u0159ijal.<\/p><p>Oba spole\u010dn\u011b vl\u00e1dli a p\u0159inesli dobu m\u00edru a hojnosti, kter\u00e1 se do kulturn\u00ed pam\u011bti It\u00e1lie zapsala jako Zlat\u00fd v\u011bk. Pozd\u011bji z\u016fstal Janus s\u00e1m a rozvinul z\u00e1kony a zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed. Toto vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed mu prop\u016fj\u010duje postaven\u00ed kulturn\u00edho zakladatele na prahu mezi mytick\u00fdm a historick\u00fdm \u010dasem.<\/p>\n<p>T\u0159et\u00ed vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed se t\u00fdk\u00e1 nymfy Carny neboli Cardey, kterou Janus miloval a j\u00ed\u017e sv\u011b\u0159il moc nad dve\u0159n\u00edmi panty. V Ovidiov\u00fdch \u00abFast\u00e1ch\u00bb je vypr\u00e1v\u011bn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o boz\u00edch, po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch a uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u011bta.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00fdtus<\/span>, v n\u011bm\u017e je Cardea ustanovena bohyn\u00ed prah\u016f a rodiny.<\/p><p>Chr\u00e1n\u00ed d\u011bti v dom\u011b, a proto se 1. \u010dervna, v den jej\u00edho sv\u00e1tku, jedly \u010derstv\u00e9 fazole a slanina, aby se zahnalo zlo. Vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed spojuje Januse s b\u011b\u017en\u00fdm \u017eivotem rodiny a ukazuje jeho p\u016fsoben\u00ed i mimo m\u011bstsko-st\u00e1tn\u00ed sf\u00e9ru.<\/p>\n<p>\u010ctvrt\u00e9 mytick\u00e9 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed vypr\u00e1v\u00ed o Janovi a Iuturn\u011b. Janus m\u011bl nymf\u011b Iuturn\u011b vz\u00edt smrtelnost a pov\u00fd\u0161it ji na bohyni pramen\u016f. Tato epizoda, o n\u00ed\u017e se zmi\u0148uje Vergilius v \u00abAeneid\u011b\u00bb, spojuje Januse s venkovsk\u00fdm kultem pramen\u016f a zd\u016fraz\u0148uje jeho funkci boha prah\u016f tak\u00e9 mezi lidskou a bo\u017eskou sf\u00e9rou.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-49b6e05 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"49b6e05\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d81d50 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5d81d50\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vztahy v panteonu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9558c6c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9558c6c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Janus stoj\u00ed na po\u010d\u00e1tku t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161ech \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch seznam\u016f vz\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed. V n\u00e1pisech Arvalsk\u00fdch brat\u0159\u00ed, starobyl\u00e9ho kn\u011b\u017esk\u00e9ho sboru, je Janus v\u017edy uv\u00e1d\u011bn p\u0159ed Iuppiterem, co\u017e jasn\u011b vyjad\u0159uje jeho funkci zahajovatele ob\u0159adu. I p\u0159esto je Iuppiter v hierarchick\u00e9m smyslu nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytost uct\u00edvan\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed jako bo\u017esk\u00e1.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estvem<\/span>, proto b\u00fdv\u00e1 Janus \u010dasto ozna\u010dov\u00e1n jako \u201eten, kdo otev\u00edr\u00e1 cestu Iuppiterovi\u201c.<\/p>\n<p>Se Saturnem ho spojuje mytick\u00fd Zlat\u00fd v\u011bk, s Vestou p\u00e9\u010de o pr\u00e1h a d\u016fm, s Martem a Merkurem patron\u00e1t nad odchodem, s Quirinem funkce ve vztahu k \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9mu lidu. Ve star\u0161\u00edch modlitebn\u00edch textech se objevuje \u0159ada Ianus, Iuppiter, Mars, Quirinus jako j\u00e1dro \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho po\u0159ad\u00ed boh\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>V hel\u00e9nistick\u00e9m <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Splynut\u00ed p\u0159edstav nebo bo\u017estev z r\u016fzn\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch tradic.\" tabindex=\"0\">synkretismu<\/span> z\u016fstal Janus nedot\u010den, proto\u017ee nem\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edm\u00fd \u0159eck\u00fd ekvivalent. To z n\u011bj u\u010dinilo pro \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 teology, jako byli Varro a Cicero, v\u00fdsadn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edklad sv\u00e9bytnosti \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed v\u016f\u010di \u0159eck\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn tradovan\u00fdch vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o boz\u00edch v dan\u00e9 kultu\u0159e.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytologii<\/span>. V etrusk\u00e9m obrazov\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b existuje s \u010dty\u0159hlav\u00fdm Culsanem jist\u00e1 paralela, genetick\u00fd vztah mezi nimi je v\u0161ak sporn\u00fd.<\/p>\n<p>Janus se objevuje ve starobyl\u00e9 tri\u00e1d\u011b s Iuppiterem a Saturnem, kterou badatel\u00e9 vykl\u00e1daj\u00ed jako prekapitolskou vrstvu.<\/p><p>Tuto tri\u00e1du, kterou zmi\u0148uje ji\u017e Macrobius v \u201eSaturn\u00e1li\u00edch\u201c (I, 9), je mlad\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e kapitolsk\u00e1 trojice Iuppiter, Iuno a Minerva, ale star\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e reprezentativn\u00ed f\u00e1ze st\u00e1tn\u00ed teologie. Dum\u00e9zil spat\u0159uje ve spojen\u00ed Januse, Iuppitera a Saturna archaick\u00fd komplex funkc\u00ed zah\u00e1jen\u00ed, vl\u00e1dy a osevu.<\/p>\n<p>S Carnou, starou bohyn\u00ed dve\u0159n\u00edch z\u00e1v\u011bs\u016f, byl Janus podle Ovidiov\u00fdch \u201eFast\u201c VI sp\u0159\u00edzn\u011bn nebo sezd\u00e1n. Carna m\u011bla na starosti zdrav\u00e9 vyr\u016fst\u00e1n\u00ed d\u011bt\u00ed a vnit\u0159n\u00ed pevnost dve\u0159n\u00edch z\u00e1v\u011bs\u016f a z\u00e1mkov\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed.<\/p><p>Toto spojen\u00ed vyzna\u010duje vnit\u0159n\u00ed stranu prahov\u00e9ho sv\u011bta, jeho\u017e vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed stranu p\u0159edstavoval s\u00e1m Janus. Toto zdvojen\u00ed ukazuje, s jakou d\u016fslednost\u00ed \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed personifikovalo v\u0161echny aspekty p\u0159echodu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3dd144 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e3dd144\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f51d5e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9f51d5e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepce a odkaz<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-09f501c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"09f501c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V renesanci se Janus stal obl\u00edben\u00fdm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak, kter\u00fd zastupuje ur\u010ditou p\u0159edstavu nebo v\u00fdznam.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbolem<\/span> moudrosti a p\u0159edv\u00eddavosti. Andrea Alciato a dal\u0161\u00ed tv\u016frci embl\u00e9m\u016f jej zobrazovali jako <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1zorn\u00fd obraz, kter\u00fd zastupuje abstraktn\u00ed my\u0161lenku.\" tabindex=\"0\">obraz<\/span> historick\u00e9ho vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 hled\u00ed ob\u011bma sm\u011bry. V erbech a tiska\u0159sk\u00fdch zna\u010dk\u00e1ch se jeho dvojtv\u00e1\u0159 objevuje \u010dasto, zejm\u00e9na u nakladatelstv\u00ed, kter\u00e1 cht\u011bla vytv\u00e1\u0159et vztahy mezi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha \u0159eck\u00e9 a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 kultury, p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 800 p\u0159. n. l. a\u017e 600 n. l.\" tabindex=\"0\">antikou<\/span> a sou\u010dasnost\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>V architektu\u0159e ovlivnil janovsk\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opakuj\u00edc\u00ed se obsahov\u00fd prvek v um\u011bn\u00ed nebo vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span> podobu triumf\u00e1ln\u00edch oblouk\u016f, m\u011bstsk\u00fdch bran a p\u0159\u00edstavn\u00edch staveb. Oblouk st\u0159\u00edbrn\u00edk\u016f (Argentari\u016f) v \u0158\u00edm\u011b a \u0159ada m\u011bstsk\u00fdch bran ve Francii a \u0160pan\u011blsku p\u0159eb\u00edraj\u00ed dvojit\u00fd obloukov\u00fd motiv Ianu geminu. V 19. stolet\u00ed se dvoutv\u00e1\u0159n\u00fd Janus stal <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1zorn\u00fd obraz, kter\u00fd zastupuje abstraktn\u00ed my\u0161lenku.\" tabindex=\"0\">obrazem<\/span> samotn\u00e9 historick\u00e9 v\u011bdy, kter\u00e1 zkoum\u00e1 z\u00e1rove\u0148 minulost i budoucnost.<\/p>\n<p>V modern\u00edm v\u011bdeck\u00e9m jazyce m\u00e1 slovo Janusova tv\u00e1\u0159 \u010di Janus-faced charakter ust\u00e1len\u00e9 metafory pro ambivalenci. Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed Janusova kin\u00e1za, d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd enzymov\u00fd syst\u00e9m, byla v roce 1989 pojmenov\u00e1na s odkazem na dvoutv\u00e1\u0159n\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytost uct\u00edvan\u00e1 jako bo\u017esk\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estvo<\/span>. Tak\u00e9 astronomick\u00e9 pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed saturnsk\u00e9ho m\u011bs\u00edce jm\u00e9nem Janus, kter\u00fd si vym\u011b\u0148uje dr\u00e1hu s m\u011bs\u00edcem Epimetheus, navazuje na mytickou dvojtv\u00e1\u0159nost.<\/p>\n<p>Ve st\u0159edov\u011bku byl Janus prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm n\u00e1zvu m\u011bs\u00edce Ianuarius d\u00e1le p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1n v astronomick\u00fdch u\u010debnic\u00edch. Isidor ze Sevilly jej ve sv\u00fdch \u00abEtymologiae\u00bb (V, 33) ctil jako personifikaci nov\u00e9ho za\u010d\u00e1tku.<\/p><p>V gotick\u00e9 stavebn\u00ed plastice se janusovsk\u00e9 hlavy objevuj\u00ed na kl\u00e1\u0161tern\u00edch port\u00e1lech a m\u011bstsk\u00fdch bran\u00e1ch, zejm\u00e9na v Lombardii a v jihofrancouzsk\u00e9 oblasti, kde antick\u00fd b\u016fh prahu pro\u017eil vlastn\u00ed renesanci.<\/p>\n<p>V dne\u0161n\u00edm psychologick\u00e9m jazyce se Janus objevuje jako \u201eJanusova tv\u00e1\u0159\u201c ve v\u00fdznamu ambivalence. C. G. Jung tento obraz pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 v d\u00edle \u00abMysterium Coniunctionis\u00bb jako p\u0159\u00edklad dvoj\u00ed podstaty psychick\u00fdch obsah\u016f.<\/p><p>V ekonomick\u00fdch v\u011bd\u00e1ch je \u201eJanusova strategie\u201c pojem pro podniky, kter\u00e9 p\u016fsob\u00ed z\u00e1rove\u0148 na star\u00fdch i nov\u00fdch trz\u00edch. Toto modern\u00ed pojmov\u00e9 utv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed ukazuje, jak archaick\u00fd obraz p\u0159e\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 v reflexivn\u00edm jazyce po dv\u011b tis\u00edcilet\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08b23a5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"08b23a5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51dc415 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"51dc415\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Religionistick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9aab09f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9aab09f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Georges Dum\u00e9zil v n\u011bkolika studi\u00edch uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee Janus zauj\u00edm\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci t\u0159\u00ed indoevropsk\u00fdch funkc\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed postaven\u00ed. Nestoj\u00ed v \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 z t\u011bchto t\u0159\u00ed funkc\u00ed samotn\u00e9, n\u00fdbr\u017e na jejich po\u010d\u00e1tku, jako\u017eto otev\u00edraj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159edfunkce. Tento v\u00fdklad byl v b\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed \u0161iroce p\u0159ijat a pat\u0159\u00ed k nejm\u00e9n\u011b sporn\u00fdm \u010d\u00e1stem Dum\u00e9zilova syst\u00e9mu.<\/p>\n<p>Robert Schilling a Kurt Latte zd\u016fraz\u0148uj\u00ed specificky italick\u00fd p\u016fvod Janova kultu. Na rozd\u00edl od mnoha jin\u00fdch bo\u017estev zde neexistuje etrusk\u00fd prot\u011bj\u0161ek. Janus se tak jev\u00ed jako jedno z m\u00e1la \u010dist\u011b italsko-\u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch kultovn\u00edch jader bez \u0159eck\u00e9 \u010di etrusk\u00e9 p\u0159edlohy.<\/p><p>Mary Beard, John North a Simon Price za\u0159azuj\u00ed tento <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn \u00factu vyjad\u0159uj\u00edc\u00edch n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f v\u011bnovan\u00fdch bo\u017estvu nebo posv\u00e1tn\u00e9 bytosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> do jeho politick\u00e9 funkce a ukazuj\u00ed, jak se otev\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed a zav\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed Ianu geminu stalo st\u00e1totvorn\u00fdm symbolick\u00fdm aktem.<\/p>\n<p>John Scheid rekonstruoval ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed praxi u <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Posv\u00e1tn\u00e9 m\u00edsto zasv\u011bcen\u00e9 uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bo\u017estva.\" tabindex=\"0\">svatyn\u011b<\/span> na Foru a uk\u00e1zal, jak byl b\u016fh za\u010dlen\u011bn do ka\u017edodenn\u00edho ob\u011btn\u00edho \u017eivota. J\u00f6rg R\u00fcpke rozpracov\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u00fdznam Jana pro kalend\u00e1\u0159n\u00ed syst\u00e9m a augustovskou reprezentaci, zejm\u00e9na ve vztahu k \u00abRes Gestae\u00bb.<\/p><p>Annie Dubourdieu ve sv\u00e9 studii \u00abLes origines et le d\u00e9veloppement du culte des P\u00e9nates \u00e0 Rome\u00bb rozpracovala propojen\u00ed Jana s Pen\u00e1ty a dom\u00e1c\u00edm n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edm.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0abc0be e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0abc0be\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2ce60b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c2ce60b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Janovy chr\u00e1my a topografie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fe5baac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fe5baac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nejslavn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm Janov\u00fdm chr\u00e1mem byl Janus Geminus na Foru Romanu, mal\u00e1 obd\u00e9ln\u00edkov\u00e1 stavba se dv\u011bma protilehl\u00fdmi dve\u0159mi. Dve\u0159e se zav\u00edraly v dob\u00e1ch m\u00edru a otev\u00edraly v dob\u00e1ch v\u00e1lky.<\/p><p>Livius v d\u00edle \u00abAb urbe condita\u00bb (I, 19, 2) uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee dve\u0159e byly v cel\u00fdch \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch d\u011bjin\u00e1ch p\u0159ed Augustem zav\u0159eny pouze dvakr\u00e1t, a to za Numy Pompilia a po prvn\u00ed punsk\u00e9 v\u00e1lce roku 235 p\u0159. Kr.<\/p><p>Augustus dal dve\u0159e zav\u0159\u00edt roku 29 p\u0159. Kr. po Actiu, roku 25 p\u0159. Kr. po kantabrijsk\u00fdch v\u00e1lk\u00e1ch a roku 8 p\u0159. Kr. po germ\u00e1nsk\u00fdch v\u00fdprav\u00e1ch, co\u017e ve sv\u00e9m v\u00fdkazu \u010din\u016f, Res gestae divi Augusti (13), oslavil jako vrchol sv\u00e9 m\u00edrov\u00e9 politiky.<\/p><p>Toto trojn\u00e1sobn\u00e9 uzav\u0159en\u00ed se stalo ideologick\u00fdm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak, kter\u00fd zastupuje p\u0159edstavu nebo v\u00fdznam.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbolem<\/span> Pax Augusta.<\/p>\n<p>Mezi dal\u0161\u00ed Janovy stavby pat\u0159ily Janus Quirinus na Foru, oblouk na Argiletu, kter\u00fd vymezoval \u010dtvr\u0165 knihkupc\u016f a obuvn\u00edk\u016f, a Janus Pater na Mons Janiculus, kopci na prav\u00e9m b\u0159ehu Tiberu, kter\u00fd nav\u0161t\u011bvovali p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm zem\u011bd\u011blci a voj\u00e1ci.<\/p><p>Tyto \u010dty\u0159i Janovy svatyn\u011b vymezovaly topograficky prahy m\u011bsta, proto\u017ee Janus byl bohem p\u0159echod\u016f. Oblouk na Argiletu byl z\u00e1rove\u0148 orienta\u010dn\u00edm bodem trhu, co\u017e dokl\u00e1d\u00e1 propojen\u00ed kultovn\u00ed a hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 funkce v \u0158\u00edm\u011b.<\/p>\n<p>Z badatelsk\u00e9ho hlediska Filippo Coarelli up\u0159esnil lokalizaci Januse Gemina mezi Basilica Aemilia a Curia Iulia. Na Neronov\u00fdch sesterti\u00edch s n\u00e1pisem Pace populi terra mariq parta Ianum clusit je stavba zobrazena architektonicky podrobn\u011b.<\/p><p>Tento numismatick\u00fd pramen je jedn\u00edm z nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch obrazov\u00fdch sv\u011bdectv\u00ed o vzhledu chr\u00e1mu. V <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159echodn\u00e1 epocha mezi antikou a st\u0159edov\u011bkem, zhruba 3. a\u017e 7. stolet\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">pozdn\u00ed antice<\/span> byl Jan\u016fv chr\u00e1m v r\u00e1mci christianizace uzav\u0159en a za Honoria v 5. stolet\u00ed zbo\u0159en.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91e5003 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"91e5003\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-861aa43 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"861aa43\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Carmen Saliare a liturgie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f677ba0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f677ba0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Janus st\u00e1l na po\u010d\u00e1tku v\u0161ech \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch modliteb. Ve starobyl\u00e9m po\u0159ad\u00ed vz\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed boh\u016f bylo jeho jm\u00e9no vyslovov\u00e1no jako prvn\u00ed, proto\u017ee jako b\u016fh p\u0159echod\u016f symbolizoval i p\u0159echod od ml\u010den\u00ed ke slovu.<\/p><p>Cicero v \u00abDe natura deorum\u00bb (II, 67) uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee \u0158\u00edman\u00e9 p\u0159i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017estvu vyjad\u0159uj\u00edc\u00ed d\u00edky, prosbu nebo \u00factu.\" tabindex=\"0\">ob\u011bti<\/span> vz\u00fdvali nejprve Januse a teprve pot\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 hlavn\u00ed bo\u017estvo. Tato ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159ednost zd\u016fraz\u0148uje jeho kosmologick\u00e9 postaven\u00ed boha vstupu.<\/p>\n<p>Carmen Saliare, archaick\u00e1 kn\u011b\u017esk\u00e1 p\u00edse\u0148, kterou zp\u00edvali Salii, dvan\u00e1cti\u010dlenn\u00fd kn\u011b\u017esk\u00fd sbor, p\u0159i b\u0159eznov\u00e9m proces\u00ed, obsahovala Janovu strofu, kter\u00e1 u\u017e na konci republiky nebyla pln\u011b ch\u00e1p\u00e1na.<\/p><p>Varro v \u00abDe lingua Latina\u00bb (VII, 26 a n\u00e1sl.) se pokusil vysv\u011btlit jednotliv\u00e1 slova, av\u0161ak uvedl, \u017ee saliarsk\u00e9 ver\u0161e jsou \u00abp\u0159\u00edli\u0161 archaick\u00e9\u00bb, aby mohly b\u00fdt jednozna\u010dn\u011b vylo\u017eeny.<\/p><p>Zachovan\u00fd zlomek uv\u00e1d\u00ed Cerus manus duonus Cerus es, co\u017e bylo rekonstruov\u00e1no jako \u00abtv\u016frce, dobr\u00fd mu\u017e, tv\u016frce jsi ty\u00bb, mo\u017en\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prosebn\u00e9 nebo vz\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed obr\u00e1cen\u00ed k bo\u017estvu nebo moci.\" tabindex=\"0\">invokace<\/span> Cera, tv\u016fr\u010d\u00edho boha spojen\u00e9ho s Janem.<\/p>\n<p>Rex sacrorum, kn\u011b\u017esk\u00fd \u00fa\u0159ad, kter\u00fd p\u0159ebral n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 funkce republik\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed, byl zodpov\u011bdn\u00fd za Jan\u016fv <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factypln\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f v\u016f\u010di bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 bytosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span>. Vedl Janovy <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017estvu vyjad\u0159uj\u00edc\u00ed d\u00edky, prosbu nebo \u00factu.\" tabindex=\"0\">ob\u011bti<\/span> na kalendy ka\u017ed\u00e9ho m\u011bs\u00edce, zejm\u00e9na v\u0161ak na b\u0159eznov\u00e9 idy, star\u00fd Nov\u00fd rok, a 9. ledna, na sv\u00e1tek Agonalia zasv\u011bcen\u00fd Janovi.<\/p><p>Liturgick\u00e9 p\u0159edpisy jsou \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b zachov\u00e1ny v Acta fratrum Arvalium, protokolech arvalsk\u00fdch kn\u011b\u017e\u00ed, a poskytuj\u00ed vhled do ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed praxe.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c0a34e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7c0a34e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ba49604 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ba49604\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Numismatika a obrazov\u00e1 tradice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb3de82 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb3de82\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Januova hlava, Ianus bifrons se dv\u011bma protilehl\u00fdmi tv\u00e1\u0159emi, je jedn\u00edm z nejsiln\u011bj\u0161\u00edch obrazov\u00fdch v\u00fdtvor\u016f \u0158\u00edma. Ji\u017e nejstar\u0161\u00ed \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 asy zobrazovaly od 3. stolet\u00ed p\u0159. Kr. Januovu hlavu, proto\u017ee as jako nejmen\u0161\u00ed hodnotov\u00e1 jednotka zauj\u00edmal v pen\u011b\u017enictv\u00ed z\u00e1sadn\u00ed p\u0159echodovou pozici.<\/p><p>Tato tradice p\u0159etrvala po stalet\u00ed: republik\u00e1nsk\u00e9 asy, den\u00e1ry a sesterce nesou bifrons po celou dobu c\u00edsa\u0159stv\u00ed. Je\u0161t\u011b za Diokleci\u00e1na a Konstantina se razily janovsk\u00e9 mince.<\/p>\n<p>Vz\u00e1cnou variantou je Ianus Quadrifrons se \u010dty\u0159mi tv\u00e1\u0159emi, kter\u00fd se objevuje na n\u011bkter\u00fdch sesterci\u00edch Hadri\u00e1na. Tato forma p\u0159edstavuje filozofick\u00e9 roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed, v n\u011bm\u017e Janus z\u00e1rove\u0148 hled\u00ed do v\u0161ech \u010dty\u0159 sv\u011btov\u00fdch stran nebo na \u010dty\u0159i ro\u010dn\u00ed obdob\u00ed. Forum Transitorium, men\u0161\u00ed forumn\u00ed komplex Domiti\u00e1n\u016fv, bylo zdobeno obloukem Ianus Quadrifrons, kter\u00fd se dnes dochoval pouze v renesan\u010dn\u00edch kresb\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n<p>V k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159echodn\u00e9 obdob\u00ed mezi antikou a st\u0159edov\u011bkem, p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 3. a\u017e 7. stolet\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">pozdn\u00ed antice<\/span> z\u00edskal obraz bifronse negativn\u00ed zabarven\u00ed a byl ztoto\u017e\u0148ov\u00e1n s podlost\u00ed. Augustinus polemizuje v d\u00edle \u00abDe civitate Dei\u00bb (VII, 7) proti \u00abdv\u011bma tv\u00e1\u0159\u00edm\u00bb Januse jako <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak, kter\u00fd zastupuje p\u0159edstavu nebo v\u00fdznam.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbolu<\/span> lstivosti.<\/p><p>Tento v\u00fdklad p\u0159etrval a\u017e do st\u0159edov\u011bku, kdy se \u00abjanusovsk\u00e1 tv\u00e1\u0159\u00bb stala zt\u011blesn\u011bn\u00edm dvojakosti. A\u017e renesance januovu hlavu rehabilitovala jako <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u00fdmluvn\u00fd obraz, kter\u00fd zastupuje abstraktn\u00ed my\u0161lenku.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbolick\u00fd obraz<\/span> chytr\u00e9 p\u0159edv\u00eddavosti, nap\u0159\u00edklad v Alciatov\u011b embl\u00e9mov\u00e9 knize z roku 1531, kde Janus ilustruje z\u00e1sadu Prudens futuri.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f298894 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f298894\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f25b338 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f25b338\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Prameny a dal\u0161\u00ed literatura<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-882346b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"882346b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha \u0159eck\u00e9 a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 kultury, p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 800 p\u0159. Kr. a\u017e 600 n. Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antika<\/span>, prameny: Vergilius \u00abAeneis\u00bb, Ovidius \u00abFasti\u00bb, Livius \u00abAb urbe condita\u00bb, Cicero \u00abDe natura deorum\u00bb, Varro \u00abDe lingua latina\u00bb, Macrobius \u00abSaturnalia\u00bb, Augustus \u00abRes gestae divi Augusti\u00bb, Servi\u016fv koment\u00e1\u0159, Plutarchos \u00abNuma\u00bb.<\/p>\n<p>Odborn\u00e1 literatura: Georges Dum\u00e9zil, \u00abLa religion romaine archa\u00efque\u00bb, Paris 1966. Robert Schilling, \u00abRites, cultes, dieux de Rome\u00bb, Paris 1979. Kurt Latte, \u00abR\u00f6mische Religionsgeschichte\u00bb, M\u00fcnchen 1960. Mary Beard, John North, Simon Price, \u00abReligions of Rome\u00bb, Cambridge 1998. John Scheid, \u00abAn Introduction to Roman Religion\u00bb, Edinburgh 2003. J\u00f6rg R\u00fcpke, \u00abDie Religion der R\u00f6mer\u00bb, M\u00fcnchen 2001.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3257,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Janus","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Janus \u2013 \u0158\u00edmsk\u00fd b\u016fh po\u010d\u00e1tk\u016f | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Janus je \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fd b\u016fh po\u010d\u00e1tk\u016f, dve\u0159\u00ed a p\u0159echod\u016f, zobrazovan\u00fd se dv\u011bma tv\u00e1\u0159emi. Jan\u016fv chr\u00e1m na Foru, m\u00fdtus a kult.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-145602","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Janus \u2013 \u0158\u00edmsk\u00fd b\u016fh po\u010d\u00e1tk\u016f | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Janus je \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fd b\u016fh po\u010d\u00e1tk\u016f, dve\u0159\u00ed a p\u0159echod\u016f, zobrazovan\u00fd se dv\u011bma tv\u00e1\u0159emi. 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