{"id":145601,"date":"2026-09-03T16:31:57","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:31:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=145601"},"modified":"2026-09-03T17:00:36","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T17:00:36","slug":"vulcanus","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/vulcanus\/","title":{"rendered":"Vulcanus"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"145601\" class=\"elementor elementor-145601 elementor-3015 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f3a172 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"8f3a172\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9ffa628 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9ffa628\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-504d937 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"504d937\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-05a5475 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"05a5475\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vulcanus, \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fd b\u016fh kov\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c823d91 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c823d91\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Vulcanus je \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fd b\u016fh ohn\u011b, kov\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho um\u011bn\u00ed a sope\u010dn\u00e9 s\u00edly p\u0159\u00edrody. Jeho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factypln\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f v\u011bnovan\u00fdch bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 postav\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> pat\u0159\u00ed k nejstar\u0161\u00edm v italsk\u00e9 religiozit\u011b a jazykov\u011b sah\u00e1 a\u017e do etrusk\u00e9 vrstvy.<\/p><p>Na rozd\u00edl od pozd\u011bji p\u0159ejat\u00e9 postavy H\u00e9faista byl Vulcanus zprvu bohem stra\u0161liv\u00e9ho po\u017e\u00e1rn\u00edho ohn\u011b, uct\u00edvan\u00fdm p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm mimo hranice m\u011bst, aby jeho ni\u010div\u00e1 str\u00e1nka z\u016fstala vzd\u00e1lena obydlen\u00fdm \u010dtvrt\u00edm. Teprve hel\u00e9nistick\u00e1 synkretizace z n\u011bj u\u010dinila vl\u00eddn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho kov\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho boha boh\u016f. Jako b\u016fh kov\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed a ohn\u011b se Vulcanus pod hel\u00e9nistick\u00fdmi vlivy prom\u011bnil v p\u0159\u00edv\u011btiv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed postavu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f4fc26 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"6f4fc26\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f6fd60 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"4f6fd60\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"B\u016fh \/ bohyn\u011b: Zosobn\u011bn\u00e1 nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed moc v panteonu ur\u010dit\u00e9 kultury, s jasn\u011b vymezen\u00fdmi oblastmi p\u016fsobnosti \u2014 p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed s\u00edly, osud, v\u00e1lka, plodnost. Uct\u00edv\u00e1na prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm kult\u016f, ob\u011bt\u00ed a chr\u00e1mov\u00fdch instituc\u00ed.\">B\u016fh<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/rim\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u0158\u00edmsk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed od dob kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed a\u017e do pozdn\u00ed antiky \u2014 synkretick\u00e9 s \u0159eck\u00fdmi a etrusk\u00fdmi vrstvami.\">\u0158\u00edm<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-451d9e8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"451d9e8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-603ae3a elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"603ae3a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na t\\u00e9to 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e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__603ae3a\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__603ae3a\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eefde50 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"eefde50\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75cc2a9 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"75cc2a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_rom_vulcanus-1-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-147219\" alt=\"Vulcanus \u2013 bohov\u00e9 z \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 tradice, historicko-ilustrativn\u00ed\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_rom_vulcanus-1-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_rom_vulcanus-1-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_rom_vulcanus-1-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_rom_vulcanus-1.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9b8c8ff e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9b8c8ff\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c8d107e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c8d107e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-05d84c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"05d84c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">M\u00fdtus a p\u016fvod<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e4505c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0e4505c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jazykov\u00fd p\u016fvod jm\u00e9na Vulcanus je sporn\u00fd, nej\u010dast\u011bji se v\u0161ak spojuje s etrusk\u00fdm Velchansem a indoevropsk\u00fdm ko\u0159enem znamenaj\u00edc\u00edm \u201eho\u0159et\u201c. Ji\u017e v dob\u011b kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 je dosv\u011bd\u010deno Volcanal, tedy Vulcanovi zasv\u011bcen\u00e9 ob\u011btn\u00ed m\u00edsto, na \u00fapat\u00ed Kapitolu.<\/p><p>Pova\u017eovalo se za jedno z nejstar\u0161\u00edch kultovn\u00edch m\u00edst \u0158\u00edma a slou\u017eilo jako shroma\u017edi\u0161t\u011b pro politick\u00e9 akty pod otev\u0159en\u00fdm nebem. Plutarchos je ve sv\u00e9m \u017eivotopisu Romula uv\u00e1d\u00ed jako m\u00edsto, kde m\u011bli Romulus a Tatius uzav\u0159\u00edt jednu ze sv\u00fdch smluv.<\/p>\n<p>Ve star\u0161\u00ed italsk\u00e9 vrstv\u011b byl Vulcanus zodpov\u011bdn\u00fd za nebezpe\u010dn\u00fd ohe\u0148, tedy za po\u017e\u00e1r, blesk a sope\u010dn\u00fd v\u00fdbuch. Z tohoto d\u016fvodu byla mnoh\u00e1 jeho svatyn\u011b z\u0159izov\u00e1na na okraji m\u011bsta nebo mimo m\u011bstsk\u00e9 hradby, v \u0158\u00edm\u011b nap\u0159\u00edklad na Martov\u011b poli.<\/p><p>Teprve ztoto\u017en\u011bn\u00ed s \u0159eck\u00fdm H\u00e9faistem p\u0159ineslo do pop\u0159ed\u00ed kladn\u00fd aspekt kov\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho um\u011bn\u00ed. Etrusk\u00e9 p\u0159edch\u016fd\u010d\u00ed bo\u017estvo Velchans je dolo\u017eeno na bronzov\u00e9m zrcadle z Piacenzy, kde vystupuje s kladivem a kle\u0161t\u011bmi.<\/p>\n<p>Vergilius ve sv\u00e9 \u201eAeneid\u011b\u201c popisuje Vulcana jako kov\u00e1\u0159e boh\u016f, kter\u00fd na p\u0159\u00edkaz Venu\u0161e zhotovuje zbran\u011b pro Aenea, mezi nimi i slavn\u00fd \u0161t\u00edt s prorock\u00fdmi obrazy \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch d\u011bjin.<\/p><p>Ovidius tuto p\u0159edstavu p\u0159eb\u00edr\u00e1 v \u201eProm\u011bn\u00e1ch\u201c, ale roz\u0161i\u0159uje ji o \u0159adu epizod poch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edch z h\u00e9faistovsk\u00e9ho mytick\u00e9ho okruhu. Vulcanus se tak v literatu\u0159e stal dvoj\u00ed postavou, v n\u00ed\u017e se prol\u00edn\u00e1 italsk\u00e1 hloubka s hel\u00e9nistick\u00fdm um\u011bleck\u00fdm vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00edm. Augustovsk\u00e1 literatura vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 epizodu se \u0161t\u00edtem Aenea jako programov\u00fd text cel\u00fdch d\u011bjin \u0158\u00edma.<\/p>\n<p>V italsk\u00e9m lidov\u00e9m n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed byl Vulcanus spojov\u00e1n tak\u00e9 s Maiou, starou vegeta\u010dn\u00ed bohyn\u00ed. N\u00e1lezy n\u00e1pis\u016f z Praeneste a Tiburu dokl\u00e1daj\u00ed dvoj\u00ed zasv\u011bcen\u00ed, spojuj\u00edc\u00ed ni\u010divou moc ohn\u011b s prosp\u00edv\u00e1n\u00edm pol\u00ed. Z tohoto spojen\u00ed vznikly m\u00edstn\u00ed sv\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed kalend\u00e1\u0159e, kter\u00e9 byly v republik\u00e1nsk\u00e9m \u0158\u00edm\u011b \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b p\u0159evzaty do st\u00e1tn\u00edho kalend\u00e1\u0159e.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a579d29 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a579d29\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9d3c539 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9d3c539\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Symboly a atributy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ffd25c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8ffd25c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kladivo, kovadlina a kle\u0161t\u011b jsou nezam\u011bniteln\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje Vulcana. Ve v\u00fdtvarn\u00e9m um\u011bn\u00ed je zobrazov\u00e1n v\u011bt\u0161inou jako vousat\u00fd kov\u00e1\u0159 v bedern\u00ed rou\u0161ce, \u010dasto s pok\u0159ivenou nohou, co\u017e je poz\u016fstatek h\u00e9faistovsk\u00e9 tradice.<\/p><p>Stoj\u00ed nebo sed\u00ed u roz\u017ehaven\u00e9 kovadliny, kolem n\u011bj le\u017e\u00ed me\u010de, p\u0159\u00edlby nebo hotov\u00e9 zbran\u011b. P\u0159edstava hn\u00edpaj\u00edc\u00edho kov\u00e1\u0159e nebyla v italsk\u00e9 tradici p\u016fvodn\u00ed a byla p\u0159ejata a\u017e d\u00edky ztoto\u017en\u011bn\u00ed s H\u00e9faistem.<\/p>\n<p>Plamen ohn\u011b je jeho \u017eivlem, p\u0159esto se jen z\u0159\u00eddka objevuje jako samostatn\u00fd motiv. \u010cast\u011bji je zobrazov\u00e1n v souvislosti s kov\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdmi kom\u00edny a d\u00edlnami pod Etnou.<\/p><p>Ji\u017e Vergilius um\u00eds\u0165uje Vulcanovu d\u00edlnu do nitra sicilsk\u00e9ho vulk\u00e1nu a v \u201eAeneid\u011b\u201c, v knize VIII, popisuje b\u011bsn\u011bn\u00ed Kyklop\u016f u kovadliny. Toto um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed se ust\u00e1lilo v pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed liter\u00e1rn\u00ed a v\u00fdtvarn\u00e9 tradici a dalo slovu vulk\u00e1n jeho jm\u00e9no.<\/p>\n<p>Zv\u00ed\u0159ata jsou mu p\u0159i\u0159azena jen omezen\u011b. Rud\u00fd telec\u00ed b\u00fdk platil za obl\u00edben\u00e9 ob\u011btn\u00ed zv\u00ed\u0159e, proto\u017ee jeho barva p\u0159ipom\u00ednala ohe\u0148. P\u0159i nebezpe\u010d\u00ed po\u017e\u00e1ru mu \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 \u00fa\u0159ady ob\u011btovaly zv\u00ed\u0159ata, kter\u00e1 p\u016fsobila neost\u0159\u00edhan\u011b nebo nen\u00e1padn\u011b, v nad\u011bji, \u017ee se ni\u010div\u00e1 s\u00edla ohn\u011b symbolicky sv\u00e1\u017ee s jin\u00fdm ob\u011btn\u00edm zv\u00ed\u0159etem.<\/p><p>P\u0159i Vulcan\u00e1li\u00edch se vhazovaly ryby do ohn\u011b jako n\u00e1hradn\u00ed ob\u011b\u0165, co\u017e Plinius vysv\u011btluje p\u0159edstavou, \u017ee vodn\u00ed tvorov\u00e9 maj\u00ed svou ciz\u00ed povahou ohe\u0148 usm\u00ed\u0159it.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-34b6d6b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"34b6d6b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3035e8d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3035e8d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult a uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0c7ced elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a0c7ced\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hlavn\u00edm sv\u00e1tkem Vulk\u00e1na byly Vulcanalia, slaven\u00e9 23. srpna, v obdob\u00ed such\u00e9ho a po\u017e\u00e1rem ohro\u017een\u00e9ho ro\u010dn\u00edho obdob\u00ed. Tento den se do ohn\u011b vhazovaly ryby a drobn\u00e1 zv\u00ed\u0159ata, co\u017e lze pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b ch\u00e1pat jako substitu\u010dn\u00ed ob\u011b\u0165, p\u0159i n\u00ed\u017e byla zv\u00ed\u0159ata stravov\u00e1na ohn\u011bm jako n\u00e1hrada za d\u016fm, \u00farodu a m\u011bsto.<\/p><p>Varro o t\u00e9to praxi pod\u00e1v\u00e1 zpr\u00e1vu, Plinius Star\u0161\u00ed ji komentuje ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle \u00abNaturalis historia\u00bb. Srovnateln\u00e9 substitu\u010dn\u00ed ritu\u00e1ly se vyskytuj\u00ed v mnoha italsk\u00fdch m\u011bstsk\u00fdch kultech a pat\u0159\u00ed mezi nejstar\u0161\u00ed dochovan\u00e9 praktiky \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Star\u00e9 Volcanal se nach\u00e1zelo na Comitiu a bylo pova\u017eov\u00e1no za <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1le\u017eej\u00edc\u00ed bo\u017esk\u00e9mu, a t\u00edm vy\u0148at\u00e9 z b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">svat\u00e9<\/span> v politick\u00e9m i n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9m smyslu. Zde byly vzty\u010deny sochy a n\u00e1pisy, zde m\u011bl podle tradice ob\u011btovat i s\u00e1m Romulus.<\/p><p>V republik\u00e1nsk\u00e9m obdob\u00ed se m\u011bstsk\u00e9 t\u011b\u017ei\u0161t\u011b p\u0159esunulo k Vulk\u00e1novu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1mu<\/span> na Martov\u011b poli, kde se ve\u0159ejn\u011b slavily Vulcanalia. Ob\u011b m\u00edsta v\u0161ak z\u016fst\u00e1vala spojena <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Slavnostn\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd pr\u016fvod.\" tabindex=\"0\">proces\u00ed<\/span>, p\u0159i n\u011bm\u017e bylo star\u00e9 Volcanal uct\u00edv\u00e1no jako po\u010d\u00e1tek kultu.<\/p>\n<p>Ostia, p\u0159\u00edstavn\u00ed m\u011bsto \u0158\u00edma, m\u011bla obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b v\u00fdznamn\u00fd Vulk\u00e1n\u016fv <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bo\u017estva nebo svat\u00e9 bytosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span>, v jeho\u017e \u010dele st\u00e1l pontifex Vulcani, jen\u017e byl z\u00e1rove\u0148 nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edm kn\u011bzem cel\u00e9ho m\u011bsta. Toto postaven\u00ed ukazuje, jak d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 byla protipo\u017e\u00e1rn\u00ed ochrana pro d\u0159ev\u011bnou z\u00e1stavbu v bl\u00edzkosti p\u0159\u00edstavu.<\/p><p>N\u00e1pisy jej na tomto m\u00edst\u011b naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed ochr\u00e1ncem p\u0159ed po\u017e\u00e1rem m\u011bsta. P\u0159i po\u017e\u00e1ru roku 64 n. l. za Nerona byl jeho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> horliv\u011b vz\u00fdv\u00e1n o pomoc, ani\u017e by se katastrof\u011b dalo zabr\u00e1nit.<\/p>\n<p>Provinci\u00e1ln\u00ed svatyn\u011b sahaj\u00ed od Pompej\u00ed p\u0159es P\u00e1dskou n\u00ed\u017einu a\u017e do Galie. Ve Vulci a Velii, m\u011bstech s etruskou minulost\u00ed, byl <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bo\u017estva nebo svat\u00e9 bytosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> kontinu\u00e1ln\u00ed. V Lugdunu a na dal\u0161\u00edch galsk\u00fdch m\u00edstech byl synkretizov\u00e1n s m\u00edstn\u00edmi kov\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdmi bo\u017estvy.<\/p><p>V Aquinku, Carnuntu a dal\u0161\u00edch dunajsk\u00fdch lokalit\u00e1ch dokl\u00e1daj\u00ed n\u00e1pisy uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed ze strany voj\u00e1k\u016f legion\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch kov\u00e1ren. Tak\u00e9 v Brit\u00e1nii byly nalezeny jemu zasv\u011bcen\u00e9 olt\u00e1\u0159e v bl\u00edzkosti m\u00edst zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed \u017eeleza.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-002f1e2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"002f1e2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee764a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ee764a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 m\u00fdty<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d775220 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d775220\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdm vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00edm o Vulk\u00e1novi je ukov\u00e1n\u00ed zbran\u00ed pro Aenea. Vergilius v \u00abAeneid\u011b\u00bb, knize VIII, popisuje, jak Venu\u0161e pros\u00ed kov\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho boha, aby jej\u00edmu synovi dodal pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 kusy zbroje pro v\u00e1lku v It\u00e1lii.<\/p><p>Vulk\u00e1n souhlas\u00ed a Kyklopov\u00e9 v jeho d\u00edln\u011b pod Etnou vyr\u00e1b\u00ed helmu, me\u010d, kop\u00ed a p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm velk\u00fd \u0161t\u00edt, jeho\u017e v\u00fdjevy p\u0159edj\u00edmaj\u00ed budouc\u00ed \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 d\u011bjiny a\u017e po bitvu u Actia. Tato sc\u00e9na je programov\u00e1 pro augustovsk\u00e9 sebepojet\u00ed, proto\u017ee ukazuje \u0158\u00edmovu budoucnost jako ji\u017e odlitou v bo\u017esk\u00e9 kov\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci.<\/p>\n<p>Druh\u00fdm vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00edm je epizoda o man\u017eelstv\u00ed s Venu\u0161\u00ed, kterou zpracov\u00e1vaj\u00ed Ovidiovy \u00abMetamorf\u00f3zy\u00bb i Vergilius. Vulk\u00e1n, kulhav\u00fd kov\u00e1\u0159, je man\u017eelem nejkr\u00e1sn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed bohyn\u011b, co\u017e je ji\u017e samo o sob\u011b star\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opakuj\u00edc\u00ed se obsahov\u00fd prvek v um\u011bn\u00ed nebo vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span> mytologick\u00e9ho kontrastu.<\/p><p>Kdy\u017e je Venu\u0161e p\u0159isti\u017eena p\u0159i nev\u011b\u0159e s Martem, upletl Vulk\u00e1n umn\u011b vypracovanou s\u00ed\u0165 z bronzu a p\u0159istihl dvojici p\u0159i \u010dinu. Epizoda poch\u00e1z\u00ed z hefaistovsk\u00e9 l\u00e1tky, av\u0161ak v \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9m pojet\u00ed byla ch\u00e1p\u00e1na jako nau\u010dn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o obt\u00ed\u017enosti spojen\u00ed um\u011bn\u00ed, s\u00edly a kr\u00e1sy.<\/p>\n<p>T\u0159et\u00ed vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed se t\u00fdk\u00e1 Caecula, mytick\u00e9ho zakladatele Praeneste. Servius referuje tradici, podle n\u00ed\u017e se Caeculus narodil z l\u016fna slu\u017eky pot\u00e9, co ji zas\u00e1hla jiskra Vulk\u00e1nova ohn\u011b.<\/p><p>Pozd\u011bji se m\u011bl st\u00e1t zakladatelem m\u011bsta, a v Praeneste byl Vulk\u00e1n uct\u00edv\u00e1n jako prap\u0159edek. Toto vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed spojuje kosmickou s\u00edlu ohn\u011b s politick\u00fdm zalo\u017een\u00edm a ukazuje t\u011bsn\u00e9 propojen\u00ed kov\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho boha s po\u010d\u00e1tkem m\u011bsta.<\/p>\n<p>\u010ctvrt\u00e9 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed se t\u00fdk\u00e1 zrozen\u00ed Servia Tullia, \u0161est\u00e9ho \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho kr\u00e1le. Podle Plinia a Varrona vznikl Servius z jiskry, kter\u00e1 vze\u0161la z dom\u00e1c\u00edho olt\u00e1\u0159e otrokyn\u011b jm\u00e9nem Ocresia. Toto vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed se p\u0159ekr\u00fdv\u00e1 s tradic\u00ed o Caeculovi a legitimizuje v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00e9 postaven\u00ed Servia jako reform\u00e1torsk\u00e9ho kr\u00e1le, jen\u017e zavedl centuri\u00e1tn\u00ed komitia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a75d6ad e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a75d6ad\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-787730d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"787730d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vztahy v panteonu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d770518 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d770518\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Vulcanus je v hel\u00e9nistick\u00e9m pojet\u00ed synem Iuppitera a Iuno a bratrem Marta a Minervy. Spojen\u00ed s Martem v\u0161ak sah\u00e1 hloub\u011bji ne\u017e jen do oblasti rodinn\u00e9, nebo\u0165 ob\u011b bo\u017estva maj\u00ed vztah k v\u00e1lce, by\u0165 odli\u0161n\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem.<\/p><p>Mars zt\u011bles\u0148uje samotn\u00e9 boji\u0161t\u011b, Vulcanus metalurgickou p\u0159\u00edpravu zbran\u00ed. S Minervou sd\u00edl\u00ed ochranu nad \u0159emesly, ale zat\u00edmco Minerva odpov\u00edd\u00e1 za tkalcovskou a intelektu\u00e1ln\u00ed dovednost, Vulcanus vl\u00e1dne ohniv\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci s materi\u00e1lem.<\/p>\n<p>S Venu\u0161\u00ed byl Vulcanus tradi\u010dn\u011b sezd\u00e1n, av\u0161ak tento svazek byl v \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 literatu\u0159e vykreslov\u00e1n m\u00e9n\u011b than v \u0159eck\u00e9. Ve star\u0161\u00ed italick\u00e9 vrstv\u011b je s Vulcanem t\u011bsn\u011b spojena Maia, star\u00e1 bohyn\u011b po\u010d\u00e1tku l\u00e9ta. Prvn\u00ed m\u00e1j byl zasv\u011bcen jim ob\u011bma a lze rekonstruovat spole\u010dn\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017estvu vyjad\u0159uj\u00edc\u00ed d\u00edky, prosbu nebo \u00factu.\" tabindex=\"0\">ob\u011bti<\/span> na Volcanalu.<\/p>\n<p>V \u0161ir\u0161\u00edm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn boh\u016f ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed nebo kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonu<\/span> stoj\u00ed Vulcanus bl\u00edzko bohyni Stata Mater, je\u017e m\u011bla p\u016fsobit proti \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed po\u017e\u00e1ru, a rovn\u011b\u017e Tiberinovi, jeho\u017e voda hr\u00e1la p\u0159i ha\u0161en\u00ed po\u017e\u00e1r\u016f re\u00e1lnou roli. Tyto kombinace ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee Vulcanus byl m\u00e9n\u011b jednotliv\u00fdm bohem a v\u00edce uzlov\u00fdm bodem ve vztahov\u00e9 s\u00edti \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch bo\u017estev ohn\u011b a ochrany.<\/p>\n<p>Mulciber, p\u0159\u00edzvisko Vulcana s v\u00fdznamem \u201etav\u00edc\u00ed\u201c, se objevuje p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v epick\u00e9 poezii u Lucana a Statia a ozna\u010duje tvo\u0159ivou, umn\u011b zpracovatelskou str\u00e1nku boha. Tato dvojakost ni\u010div\u00e9ho a tvo\u0159iv\u00e9ho ohniv\u00e9ho boha je kontinuitou z archaick\u00e9 doby, kdy byl Vulcanus vn\u00edm\u00e1n stejn\u011b jako tv\u016frce umn\u011b zhotoven\u00fdch kovov\u00fdch p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f i jako p\u016fvodce zhoubn\u00fdch po\u017e\u00e1r\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>Z\u0159\u00eddka zmi\u0148ovan\u00e9 je spojen\u00ed se Stata Mater, starou ochr\u00e1nkyn\u00ed proti po\u017e\u00e1ru, jej\u00ed\u017e <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bo\u017estvu zasv\u011bcen\u00e9 svat\u00e9 m\u00edsto.\" tabindex=\"0\">svatyn\u011b<\/span> se rovn\u011b\u017e nach\u00e1zela na Comitiu. Oba tvo\u0159ili starobylou dvojici ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 ochrany p\u0159ed po\u017e\u00e1rem. \u00dakol Stata Mater p\u0159e\u0161el v c\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00e9 dob\u011b \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b na Vigily, kte\u0159\u00ed si vytvo\u0159ili vlastn\u00ed kultovn\u00ed topografii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b9785b2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b9785b2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e7f6db9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e7f6db9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepce a odkaz<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-691122e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"691122e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V renesanci a baroku z\u016fstal Vulcanus obl\u00edbenou alegorickou postavou zru\u010dnosti a vynal\u00e9zavosti. Vel\u00e1zquez namaloval Vulcanovu d\u00edlnu pod Etnou s Kyklopy, Rubens a Tintoretto zpracovali epizodu Vulcanus-Mars-Venu\u0161e. V janovsk\u00e9 a florentsk\u00e9 grafice se Vulcanus stylizoval do postavy patrona kov\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch cech\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>S industrializac\u00ed 19. stolet\u00ed za\u017eil obraz Vulcana novou aktu\u00e1lnost. Ocel\u00e1rny, stroj\u00edrny a lod\u011bnice se po bohu naz\u00fdvaly. Lod\u011bnice Vulcan ve \u0160t\u011bt\u00edn\u011b, Vulcan-Maschinenbau AG a \u0159ada dal\u0161\u00edch podnik\u016f navazovaly na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha \u0159eck\u00e9 a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 kultury, p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 800 p\u0159. n. l. a\u017e 600 n. l.\" tabindex=\"0\">antickou<\/span> kov\u00e1\u0159skou obrazovost. Tak\u00e9 v geologii se slovo vulk\u00e1n, odvozen\u00e9 od Vulcana, stalo standardn\u00edm ozna\u010den\u00edm pro sopku.<\/p>\n<p>V popul\u00e1rn\u00ed kultu\u0159e 20. stolet\u00ed se Vulcanus objevuje v komiksech, filmech a hr\u00e1ch jako <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u00fdmluvn\u00fd obraz, kter\u00fd zastupuje abstraktn\u00ed my\u0161lenku.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> kov\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed, ohn\u011b a pr\u00e1ce s kovem.<\/p><p>V\u011bdeckohistoricky zaj\u00edmav\u00e1 je kr\u00e1tkodob\u00e1 hypot\u00e9za Vulk\u00e1nu v astronomii, podle n\u00ed\u017e byla po n\u011bm pojmenov\u00e1na hypotetick\u00e1 planeta uvnit\u0159 dr\u00e1hy Merkuru, ne\u017e ji u\u010dinila obecn\u00e1 teorie relativity zbyte\u010dnou. Jeho jm\u00e9no nese i planetka 4464 Vulcano.<\/p>\n<p>V astronomii ran\u00e9ho novov\u011bku byl \u201eVulk\u00e1n\u201c po jistou dobu hypotetickou planetou mezi Merkurem a Sluncem, jej\u00ed\u017e dr\u00e1hu postuloval Urbain Le Verrier v roce 1859 k vysv\u011btlen\u00ed st\u00e1\u010den\u00ed perihelia Merkuru.<\/p><p>A\u017e Einsteinova obecn\u00e1 teorie relativity z roku 1915 vysv\u011btlila tuto anom\u00e1lii bez nutnosti dal\u0161\u00ed planety, a \u201eVulk\u00e1n\u201c zmizel z modelu slune\u010dn\u00ed soustavy. Epizoda \u017eije d\u00e1l ve slov\u011b vulkanoid, j\u00edm\u017e se v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 planetologii ozna\u010duje t\u0159\u00edda hypotetick\u00fdch mal\u00fdch t\u011bles na dr\u00e1ze bl\u00edzk\u00e9 Slunci.<\/p>\n<p>V geologii ozna\u010duje slovo \u201evulk\u00e1n\u201c od 17. stolet\u00ed v\u0161echny sopky. Athanasius Kircher popsal ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle \u00abMundus Subterraneus\u00bb roku 1665 sopky jako kom\u00edny podzemn\u00edho ohniv\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu, jen\u017e ch\u00e1pal jako d\u00edlo \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho boha. Tato metaforika utv\u00e1\u0159ela ranou vulkanologii a\u017e hluboko do 19. stolet\u00ed a spojovala <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha \u0159eck\u00e9 a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 kultury, p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 800 p\u0159. n. l. a\u017e 600 n. l.\" tabindex=\"0\">antickou<\/span> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn tradovan\u00fdch vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o boz\u00edch ur\u010dit\u00e9 kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytologii<\/span> s rod\u00edc\u00ed se p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed v\u011bdou.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f2e2b16 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f2e2b16\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d02201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d02201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Religionistick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee2ff23 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee2ff23\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Robert Schilling a Kurt Latte zd\u016fraz\u0148uj\u00ed italicko-etruskou hloubku kultu Vulcana. Ve star\u0161\u00ed vrstv\u011b je Vulcanus m\u00e9n\u011b kov\u00e1\u0159em a sp\u00ed\u0161e bohem po\u017e\u00e1ru a blesku, uct\u00edvan\u00fdm mimo hradby m\u011bsta, aby se zhoubn\u00e9 s\u00edly udr\u017eely v odstupu. A\u017e v hel\u00e9nistick\u00e9m <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Splynut\u00ed p\u0159edstav nebo bo\u017estev z r\u016fzn\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch tradic.\" tabindex=\"0\">synkretismu<\/span> se st\u00e1v\u00e1 kladn\u011b vn\u00edmanou postavou um\u011blce, v n\u00ed\u017e se spojuje vynal\u00e9zavost a \u0159emesln\u00e1 dovednost.<\/p>\n<p>Georges Dum\u00e9zil ho \u0159ad\u00ed do t\u0159et\u00ed z indoevropsk\u00fdch funkc\u00ed, produktivn\u00edho, hmotn\u00e9ho sv\u011bta. Z tohoto hlediska je Vulcanus bohem hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed a kov\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed vedle Quirina, boha lidu.<\/p><p>Mary Beard a John North ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee toto typologick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed pln\u011b nevystihuje m\u011bstsk\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factypln\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f v\u016f\u010di bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 postav\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> \u0158\u00edma, nebo\u0165 st\u00e1totvorn\u00e1 funkce na Volcanalu sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed o mnohorozm\u011brnosti, je\u017e p\u0159esahuje Dum\u00e9zilovo sch\u00e9ma.<\/p>\n<p>John Scheid zd\u016fraz\u0148uje v\u00fdznam kultu Vulcana pro m\u011bstskou bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed organizaci. Ochrana p\u0159ed po\u017e\u00e1ry byla v hust\u011b zastav\u011bn\u00e9m d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9m m\u011bst\u011b z\u00e1sadn\u00ed ve\u0159ejnou \u00falohou a Volcanal v tomto ohledu plnil bezprost\u0159edn\u00ed funkci.<\/p><p>J\u00f6rg R\u00fcpke rozeb\u00edr\u00e1, jak Vulcanus slou\u017e\u00ed jako p\u0159\u00edklad <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytost uct\u00edvan\u00e1 jako bo\u017esk\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estva<\/span>, jeho\u017e n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e1 funkce byla t\u011bsn\u011b propletena s urb\u00e1nn\u00ed prom\u011bnou \u0158\u00edma. Frank Sear a Andreas Schmidt-Colinet zmapovali archeologick\u00e9 stopy kultu v Ostii a v severoafrick\u00fdch provinci\u00edch.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c690fe9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c690fe9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b709da6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b709da6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Volcanal a Aedes Volcani<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51da8e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"51da8e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nejstar\u0161\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u00edsto zasv\u011bcen\u00e9 uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bo\u017estva.\" tabindex=\"0\">svatyn\u011b<\/span> Vulk\u00e1na bylo Volcanal na Comitiu, olt\u00e1\u0159n\u00ed m\u00edsto pod otev\u0159en\u00fdm nebem na svahu Kapitolu. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha \u0159eck\u00e9 a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 kultury, p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b od 800 p\u0159. n. l. do 600 n. l.\" tabindex=\"0\">Anti\u010dt\u00ed<\/span> topografov\u00e9 jako Festus uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed, \u017ee m\u00edsto bylo zalo\u017eeno samotn\u00fdm Romulem na p\u0159\u00e1n\u00ed sabinsk\u00fdch vl\u00e1dc\u016f, co\u017e nazna\u010duje institucion\u00e1ln\u00ed hloubku tohoto kultu.<\/p><p>M\u00edsto le\u017eelo v\u00fd\u0161e a pod otev\u0159en\u00fdm nebem, proto\u017ee ohe\u0148, s n\u00edm\u017e byl Vulk\u00e1n spojov\u00e1n, se nesm\u011bl uct\u00edvat v uzav\u0159en\u00fdch prostor\u00e1ch. Bronzov\u00e1 socha kov\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 d\u00edlny a socha Romula st\u00e1ly na Volcanalu dlouho, dokud nebyly v pozdn\u00ed republice p\u0159em\u00edst\u011bny p\u0159i stavebn\u00edch prac\u00edch.<\/p>\n<p>St\u00e1tn\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed doby, Aedes Volcani, st\u00e1l na Martov\u011b poli, mimo hradby, proto\u017ee ohe\u0148 jako nebezpe\u010dn\u00fd \u017eivel nem\u011bl vstoupit do m\u011bstsk\u00e9 z\u00e1stavby.<\/p><p>Toto topografick\u00e9 vylou\u010den\u00ed je charakteristicky \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed v zach\u00e1zen\u00ed s ambivalentn\u00edmi bohy, srovnateln\u00e9 s chr\u00e1my Bellony a Marta mimo pomerium. Vitruvius v \u00abDe architectura\u00bb (I, 7) uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1my<\/span> boh\u016f zp\u016fsobuj\u00edc\u00edch ohn\u011b maj\u00ed v\u017edy st\u00e1t mimo m\u011bsto, co\u017e se t\u00fdkalo Vulk\u00e1na, Mulcibera i Staty Mater.<\/p>\n<p>V Ostii vznikla v 1. stolet\u00ed vlastn\u00ed svatyn\u011b Vulk\u00e1nova s p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdm kn\u011b\u017esk\u00fdm \u00fa\u0159adem, jeho\u017e nositel\u00e9, pontifikov\u00e9 Vulk\u00e1novi, m\u011bli ve m\u011bstsk\u00e9 hierarchii vlastn\u00ed postaven\u00ed. P\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 n\u00e1pisy, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm CIL XIV 4 a 32, dokl\u00e1daj\u00ed, \u017ee ostijsk\u00e1 svatyn\u011b Vulk\u00e1nova byla zodpov\u011bdn\u00e1 i za protipo\u017e\u00e1rn\u00ed ochranu a m\u011bstsk\u00fd kalend\u00e1\u0159.<\/p><p>Rodina Iuli\u016f, pat\u0159\u00edc\u00ed k ostijsk\u00fdm not\u00e1bl\u016fm, poskytovala vulk\u00e1nsk\u00e9 kn\u011bze po generace. V Pompej\u00edch dokl\u00e1daj\u00ed n\u00e1st\u011bnn\u00e9 malby a zobrazen\u00ed v l\u00e1r\u00e1r\u00edch dom\u00e1c\u00ed kult Vulk\u00e1na, provozovan\u00fd p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v d\u00edln\u00e1ch a kov\u00e1rn\u00e1ch.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1063b94 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1063b94\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e99f68 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4e99f68\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Volcanalia a ob\u011bti ohni<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-259d6f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"259d6f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hlavn\u00ed sv\u00e1tek, Volcanalia, se slavil 23. srpna, v pozdn\u00edm l\u00e9t\u011b, kdy byla \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e1 pole nejvyprahlej\u0161\u00ed a nebezpe\u010d\u00ed po\u017e\u00e1ru pro z\u00e1soby a d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9 stavby nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed. \u0158\u00edmsk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed toto re\u00e1ln\u00e9 nebezpe\u010d\u00ed nep\u0159ehl\u00ed\u017eelo, ale zahrnulo jej do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ust\u00e1len\u00fd sled symbolick\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f s n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm nebo kulturn\u00edm v\u00fdznamem.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritu\u00e1lu<\/span>.<\/p><p>P\u0159i ob\u011btov\u00e1n\u00ed Vulk\u00e1novi se do ohn\u011b vhazovaly mal\u00e9 rybky z Tibery, archaick\u00fd n\u00e1hradn\u00ed ob\u0159ad, kter\u00fd podle Pl\u00fatarchov\u00fdch \u00abQuaestiones Romanae\u00bb 71 zastupoval lidskou du\u0161i. Ryby odevzdaly ohni vodu a symbolicky tak zajistily m\u00edr mezi nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00fdmi \u017eivly.<\/p>\n<p>Nelidsk\u00e1 ob\u011btn\u00ed zv\u00ed\u0159ata, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm b\u00fd\u010dek a sel\u00e1tko kance, byla zcela sp\u00e1lena v podob\u011b hekatomby, tedy bez obvykl\u00e9ho pod\u00edlu masa pro kn\u011bze. Tato forma celopalu byla v \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9m <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ust\u00e1len\u00fd sled symbolick\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f s n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm nebo kulturn\u00edm v\u00fdznamem.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritu\u00e1lu<\/span> vz\u00e1cn\u00e1 a vyhrazen\u00e1 pr\u00e1v\u011b Vulk\u00e1novi.<\/p><p>Macrobius v \u00abSaturn\u00e1li\u00edch\u00bb (I, 12, 18) popisuje, \u017ee praefectus urbi nechal p\u0159i Vulk\u00e1nov\u011b sv\u00e1tku v noci no\u0159it do \u0159e\u010di\u0161t\u011b Tibery ho\u0159\u00edc\u00ed misky, magick\u00fd akt sv\u011btla, kter\u00fd m\u011bl nebezpe\u010dn\u00fd \u017eivel spoutat pod vodou.<\/p>\n<p>Soukrom\u011b se sv\u00e1tek slavil v obchodnick\u00fdch domech uhasen\u00edm v\u0161ech d\u00edlensk\u00fdch oh\u0148\u016f a jejich ob\u0159adn\u00fdm znovuza\u017eehnut\u00edm. Tato praxe je epigraficky dolo\u017eena v Pompej\u00edch a Herculaneu.<\/p><p>Dokladem je Tabula Pompeiana 19, smlouva o vyu\u010den\u00ed kov\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho u\u010dn\u011b datovan\u00e1 22. srpna, tedy den p\u0159ed Volcanaliemi, tak\u017ee n\u00e1stup do pr\u00e1ce mohl za\u010d\u00edt a\u017e v den sv\u00e1tku. Vulk\u00e1novy sv\u00e1tky se v pozdn\u00ed c\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00e9 dob\u011b roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ily i mimo It\u00e1lii, do Galie a Afriky, kde byli s Vulk\u00e1nem ztoto\u017e\u0148ov\u00e1ni m\u00edstn\u00ed kov\u00e1\u0159\u0161t\u00ed bohov\u00e9.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e2454c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4e2454c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0656b44 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0656b44\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Apotropajn\u00ed ob\u0159ady a protipo\u017e\u00e1rn\u00ed ochrana<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4746c57 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4746c57\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V\u011bt\u0161ina \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch ob\u0159ad\u016f proti po\u017e\u00e1ru byla p\u0159i\u0159azena Vulk\u00e1novi. Servius Tullius m\u011bl podle Cicerona z\u0159\u00eddit prvn\u00ed m\u011bstsk\u00fd protipo\u017e\u00e1rn\u00ed sbor, familia publica vigilum, jeho\u017e ochrann\u00fdm bohem byl Vulk\u00e1n.<\/p><p>Tento sbor byl znovu organizov\u00e1n v augustovsk\u00e9 reform\u011b vigil\u016f za Caesara Augusta v roce 6 n. l.; kohorty vigil\u016f z\u00edskaly ve sv\u00fdch kas\u00e1rn\u00e1ch vlastn\u00ed svatyn\u011b Vulk\u00e1novy. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Text vyryt\u00fd nebo vytesan\u00fd do pevn\u00e9ho podkladu.\" tabindex=\"0\">N\u00e1pis<\/span> CIL VI 1057 dokl\u00e1d\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vyv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 m\u00edsto nebo st\u016fl pro ob\u011bti a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 \u00fakony.\" tabindex=\"0\">olt\u00e1\u0159<\/span> ve stanici prvn\u00ed kohorty s formul\u00ed Volcano genio cohortis.<\/p>\n<p>Apotropajn\u00ed praktiky v dom\u00e1cnosti zahrnovaly uhasen\u00ed ohn\u011b na ohni\u0161ti v noci p\u0159ed Volcaliemi, syp\u00e1n\u00ed soli na ohni\u0161t\u011b a um\u00eds\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed mal\u00fdch bronzov\u00fdch desti\u010dek s vyobrazen\u00edm Vulk\u00e1na na dve\u0159e d\u00edlen.<\/p><p>Plinius star\u0161\u00ed v \u00abNaturalis historia\u00bb (VII, 50) uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee ur\u010dit\u00e9 kamenn\u00e9 desky byly pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 proti po\u017e\u00e1ru, pokud byly ve sv\u00e1tek Vulk\u00e1na zakop\u00e1ny pod prahem. Tato magick\u00e1 slo\u017eka navazuje na dlouhou tradici italick\u00e9 dom\u00e1c\u00ed religiozity.<\/p>\n<p>Ve <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159echodn\u00e1 epocha mezi antikou a st\u0159edov\u011bkem, p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 3. a\u017e 7. stolet\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">pozdn\u00ed antice<\/span> se sv. Lawrence stal k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fdm patronem ochrany proti po\u017e\u00e1ru, jeho\u017e den mu\u010dednictv\u00ed, 10. srpen, le\u017eel v bezprost\u0159edn\u00ed bl\u00edzkosti Volcanali\u00ed. Tento posun n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 protipo\u017e\u00e1rn\u00ed ochrany od Vulk\u00e1na k Lawrencovi analyzovali Robert Markus a Robin Lane Fox jako p\u0159\u00edklad k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 substitu\u010dn\u00ed teologie. Kultovn\u00ed funkce z\u016fstala stejn\u00e1, jen se zm\u011bnil bo\u017esk\u00fd adres\u00e1t.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f6a196e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f6a196e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-019041b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"019041b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Prameny a dal\u0161\u00ed literatura<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1012cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d1012cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha \u0159eck\u00e9 a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 kultury, zhruba od 800 p\u0159. Kr. do 600 po Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antika<\/span> Prameny: Vergilius \u00abAeneis\u00bb, Ovidius \u00abMetamorphoses\u00bb a \u00abFasti\u00bb, Livius \u00abAb urbe condita\u00bb, Varro \u00abDe lingua latina\u00bb, Plinius \u00abNaturalis historia\u00bb, koment\u00e1\u0159 Servia, Macrobius \u00abSaturnalia\u00bb, Plutarchos \u00abRomulus\u00bb, Dionysios z Halikarnassu \u00ab\u0158\u00edmsk\u00e9 staro\u017eitnosti\u00bb.<\/p>\n<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Odborn\u00e1 literatura: Robert Schilling, \u00abRites, cultes, dieux de Rome\u00bb, Paris 1979. Kurt Latte, \u00abR\u00f6mische Religionsgeschichte\u00bb, M\u00fcnchen 1960. Georges Dum\u00e9zil, \u00abLa religion romaine archa\u00efque\u00bb, Paris 1966. Mary Beard, John North, Simon Price, \u00abReligions of Rome\u00bb, Cambridge 1998. John Scheid, \u00abAn Introduction to Roman Religion\u00bb, Edinburgh 2003. J\u00f6rg R\u00fcpke, \u00abDie Religion der R\u00f6mer\u00bb, M\u00fcnchen 2001.<\/p><\/div><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3262,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Vulcanus","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Vulcanus \u2013 \u0158\u00edmsk\u00fd b\u016fh kov\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed a ohn\u011b | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Vulcanus je \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fd b\u016fh ohn\u011b a kov\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho um\u011bn\u00ed, patron \u0159emesln\u00edk\u016f. Sv\u00e1tek Volcanalia, d\u00edlna pod Etnou. M\u00fdtus a kult.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-145601","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Vulcanus \u2013 \u0158\u00edmsk\u00fd b\u016fh kov\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed a ohn\u011b | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Vulcanus je \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fd b\u016fh ohn\u011b a kov\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho um\u011bn\u00ed, patron \u0159emesln\u00edk\u016f. Sv\u00e1tek Volcanalia, d\u00edlna pod Etnou. 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