{"id":145594,"date":"2026-09-03T16:31:53","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:31:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=145594"},"modified":"2026-09-03T17:00:26","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T17:00:26","slug":"surja","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/surja\/","title":{"rendered":"Surja"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"145594\" class=\"elementor elementor-145594 elementor-3008 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ae3a9d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4ae3a9d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-329d920 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"329d920\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f98f2b8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f98f2b8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed96514 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ed96514\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Surja, hinduistick\u00fd b\u016fh slunce<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e77200b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e77200b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Surja je hinduistick\u00fd b\u016fh slunce, kter\u00fd denn\u011b proj\u00ed\u017ed\u00ed po nebi ve sv\u00e9m voze ta\u017een\u00e9m ko\u0148mi. Surja je v hinduismu bohem slunce. Jeho jm\u00e9no doslova znamen\u00e1 \u201eslunce\u201c.<\/p><p>Je jedn\u00edm z m\u00e1la bo\u017estev, jim\u017e je nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u011b prokazov\u00e1na \u00facta ji\u017e od Rgv\u00e9du a\u017e do sou\u010dasnosti. Surja denn\u011b proj\u00ed\u017ed\u00ed po nebesk\u00e9 klenb\u011b ve voze ta\u017een\u00e9m sedmi ko\u0148mi.<\/p><p>Je pokl\u00e1d\u00e1n za d\u00e1rce \u017eivota, zdrav\u00ed, osv\u00edcen\u00ed a viditelnosti sv\u011bta. V klasick\u00e9m hinduismu tvo\u0159\u00ed spolu se \u0160ivou, Vi\u0161nuem, D\u00e9v\u00ed a Gan\u00e9\u0161ou pan\u010dajatana-pud\u017eu, uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed p\u011bti hlavn\u00edch bo\u017estev. Z religionistick\u00e9ho hlediska je Surja nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00edkladem indo\u00edr\u00e1nsk\u00fdch souvislost\u00ed, nebo\u0165 jeho \u00edr\u00e1nsk\u00fd prot\u011bj\u0161ek Mithra je s n\u00edm \u00fazce p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e8d800 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"1e8d800\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aaa7661 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"aaa7661\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"B\u016fh \/ bohyn\u011b: Personifikovan\u00e1 nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed moc v panteonu kultury s jasn\u011b vymezen\u00fdmi oblastmi p\u016fsobnosti \u2014 p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed s\u00edly, osud, v\u00e1lka, plodnost. Uct\u00edvan\u00e1 prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm kult\u016f, ob\u011bt\u00ed a chr\u00e1mov\u00fdch instituc\u00ed.\">B\u016fh<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/hinduismus\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Hinduistick\u00e9 sv\u011bty boh\u016f, asur\u016f a ochr\u00e1nc\u016f \u2014 od v\u00e9dsk\u00e9ho po tantrick\u00fd.\">Hinduismus<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-947b9c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"947b9c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e84ad04 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"e84ad04\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na t\\u00e9to str\\u00e1nce nebyly nalezeny \\u017e\\u00e1dn\\u00e9 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8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__e84ad04\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__e84ad04\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__e84ad04\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2f9cf5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c2f9cf5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-138a458 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"138a458\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_hinduismus_surya-1-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-147249\" alt=\"S\u00farja \u2013 bohov\u00e9 z hinduistick\u00e9 tradice, historicko-ilustrativn\u00ed\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_hinduismus_surya-1-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_hinduismus_surya-1-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_hinduismus_surya-1-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_hinduismus_surya-1.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b782cb7 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b782cb7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ae024c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2ae024c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e488f49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e488f49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">M\u00fdtus a p\u016fvod<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7039661 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7039661\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V Rgv\u00e9du je Surja jedn\u00edm z \u00fast\u0159edn\u00edch bo\u017estev. Hymny, kter\u00e9 jsou mu v\u011bnov\u00e1ny, zejm\u00e9na Rgv\u00e9d 1.50, 1.115 a 10.37, jej popisuj\u00ed jako \u201ev\u0161evidouc\u00ed oko nebes\u201c, jako \u201ed\u00e1rce sv\u011btla\u201c, jako \u201eotce boh\u016f i lid\u00ed\u201c.<\/p><p>V ran\u00e9m v\u00e9dismu existuje n\u011bkolik druh\u016f slune\u010dn\u00edch bytost\u00ed: Surja (slunce jako viditeln\u00fd kotou\u010d), Savitr (o\u017eivuj\u00edc\u00ed slune\u010dn\u00ed s\u00edla), Mitra (aspekt ochr\u00e1nce smluv), P\u00fa\u0161an (aspekt str\u00e1\u017ece cest), Vivasvat (aspekt vych\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edho slunce). Tato mnohost dokl\u00e1d\u00e1 slo\u017eitost v\u00e9dsk\u00e9ho kultu slunce.<\/p>\n<p>V klasick\u00e9 tradici se tyto aspekty spojuj\u00ed pod jm\u00e9nem Surja, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e Savitr a Vivasvat se st\u00e1vaj\u00ed jeho alternativn\u00edmi jm\u00e9ny. Jeho otcem je Ka\u0161japa, jeden ze sedmi velk\u00fdch mudrc\u016f (saptari\u0161\u00ed), jeho matkou Aditi, matka v\u0161ech \u00c1ditj\u016f (boh\u016f slunce).<\/p><p>Surja tak n\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed ke t\u0159\u00edd\u011b \u00c1ditj\u016f, dvan\u00e1cti boh\u016f slunce, kte\u0159\u00ed v pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed tradici zastupuj\u00ed jednotliv\u00e9 m\u011bs\u00edce roku.<\/p>\n<p>Jeho man\u017eelkami jsou Sand\u017e\u0148\u00e1 (t\u00e9\u017e Saranj\u00fa, dcera Tva\u0161tara) a jej\u00ed slu\u017eebn\u00e1 \u010ch\u00e1j\u00e1 (\u201est\u00edn\u201c). Se Sand\u017e\u0148ou zplodil Jamu (boha smrti), Jam\u00ed (Jamunu, bohyni \u0159eky Jamuny) a Vaivasvatu Manua (praotce dne\u0161n\u00edho lidstva). S \u010ch\u00e1jou zplodil \u0160aniho (planetu Saturn), Tapat\u00ed a Vi\u0161tiho.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Tato genealogie m\u00e1 z hlediska d\u011bjin n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed velk\u00fd v\u00fdznam, nebo\u0165 ustavuje slunce jako otce boha smrti i praotce lidstva. Wendy Doniger tuto genealogii ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle \u201eHindu Myths\u201c (1975) analyzovala jako kl\u00ed\u010d k v\u00e9dsk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159edstava o uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed a \u0159\u00e1du sv\u011bta v r\u00e1mci ur\u010dit\u00e9 kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">kosmologii<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p>N\u00e1bo\u017eensko-historick\u00fd v\u00fdvoj kultu slunce v Indii pat\u0159\u00ed k nejslo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm t\u00e9mat\u016fm indologie. V Rgv\u00e9du existuje soub\u011b\u017en\u011b n\u011bkolik druh\u016f slune\u010dn\u00edch bytost\u00ed: Surja jako viditeln\u00fd slune\u010dn\u00ed kotou\u010d, Savitr jako o\u017eivuj\u00edc\u00ed s\u00edla, Mitra jako eticko-smluvn\u00ed aspekt, P\u00fa\u0161an jako ochrann\u00e1 s\u00edla prov\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed na cest\u00e1ch, Vivasvat jako prap\u016fvodn\u00ed, kosmologicky ukotven\u00e9 slunce.<\/p><p>Tato mnohost je z hlediska fenomenologie n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed zaj\u00edmav\u00e1: slunce jako \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed empirick\u00fd jev je zachyceno v n\u011bkolika aspektech, ka\u017ed\u00fd s vlastn\u00ed funkc\u00ed a vlastn\u00edm kultovn\u00edm ukotven\u00edm.<\/p>\n<p>Z\u00e1sadn\u00ed obrat p\u0159inesla doba Ku\u0161\u00e1n\u016f (1.\u20133. stolet\u00ed po Kristu). \u00cdr\u00e1nsko-skythsk\u00e9 vlivy p\u0159enesen\u00e9 prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm s\u00e1s\u00e1novsk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e a zprost\u0159edkovatelsk\u00e9 role st\u0159edn\u00ed Asie ovlivnily ikonografickou podobu Surji. Boty, pl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 a persk\u00fd od\u011bv na nejstar\u0161\u00edch reli\u00e9fech Surji (Bh\u00fam\u00e1ra, Mathura) p\u0159\u00edmo odkazuj\u00ed na tuto kulturn\u00ed v\u00fdm\u011bnu.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Heinrich von Stietencron ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle \u201eIndische Sonnenpriester\u201c (1966) identifikoval sakaladv\u00edp\u00edja br\u00e1hmany, podskupinu br\u00e1hman\u016f odvozuj\u00edc\u00ed sv\u016fj p\u016fvod od \u00edr\u00e1nsko-magick\u00fdch kn\u011b\u017e\u00ed slunce, jako historick\u00fd doklad tohoto transkulturn\u00edho vlivu.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d57e5a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5d57e5a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6bb6db5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6bb6db5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Symboly a atributy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ca4f7fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ca4f7fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nejv\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm atributem Surji je jeho v\u016fz ta\u017een\u00fd sedmi ko\u0148mi. T\u011bchto sedm kon\u00ed zt\u011bles\u0148uje sedm barev slune\u010dn\u00edho sv\u011btla, sedm paprsk\u016f nebo sedm dn\u016f t\u00fddne. Jeho vozatajem je Aruna, \u201ery\u0161av\u00fd\u201c, ztoto\u017e\u0148ovan\u00fd tak\u00e9 s jit\u0159n\u00ed z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed. Aruna sed\u00ed mezi Surjou a ko\u0148mi.<\/p>\n<p>Surja b\u00fdv\u00e1 zobrazov\u00e1n se dv\u011bma nebo \u010dty\u0159mi pa\u017eemi. V rukou dr\u017e\u00ed dva pln\u011b rozkvetl\u00e9 lotosov\u00e9 kv\u011bty, kter\u00e9 zt\u011bles\u0148uj\u00ed jeho slune\u010dn\u00ed z\u00e1\u0159i. Jeho roucho je \u010derven\u00e9 nebo zlat\u00e9, jeho ozdoby jsou ze zlata. Na hrudi nos\u00ed paprskovit\u00fd vzor, z n\u011bho\u017e vych\u00e1zej\u00ed sv\u011bteln\u00e9 paprsky.<\/p>\n<p>D\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm atributem je jeho svatoz\u00e1\u0159 neboli aureola, kruh sv\u011btla kolem hlavy. Tato aureola pat\u0159\u00ed k nejstar\u0161\u00edm ikonografick\u00fdm znak\u016fm Surji a objevuje se ji\u017e na reli\u00e9fech z doby Ku\u0161\u00e1n\u016f (1.\u20133. stolet\u00ed po Kristu). M\u00e1 paralely i v buddhistick\u00e9 a k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 ikonografii.<\/p>\n<p>Neobvyklou ikonografickou zvl\u00e1\u0161tnost\u00ed je, \u017ee Surja je na mnoha indick\u00fdch vyobrazen\u00edch obut\u00fd do bot. Tyto boty odkazuj\u00ed na \u00edr\u00e1nsko-skythsk\u00fd vliv v dob\u011b Ku\u0161\u00e1n\u016f, kdy byl kult slunce ovlivn\u011bn mithraick\u00fdmi tradicemi p\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edmi ze st\u0159edn\u00ed Asie.<\/p><p>Tento ikonografick\u00fd detail je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm dokladem transkulturn\u00edho propojen\u00ed kultu slunce. John Marshall, Stella Kramrisch a Heinrich von Stietencron tuto souvislost dob\u0159e zdokumentovali.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c014d2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5c014d2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6336ce9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6336ce9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult a uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b8d9391 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b8d9391\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hlavn\u00edm sv\u00e1tkem S\u00farji je Makara Sankranti (polovina ledna), kter\u00fd znamen\u00e1 po\u010d\u00e1tek cyklu slunovratu, kdy Slunce vstupuje do znamen\u00ed Kozoroha (Makara). V ji\u017en\u00ed Indii se tento sv\u00e1tek slav\u00ed jako Pongal, v z\u00e1padn\u00ed Indii jako Uttarayan, v severn\u00ed Indii jako Sankranti nebo Khi\u010dd\u00ed. Ve v\u0161ech podob\u00e1ch jde o slunce, sklize\u0148 a nov\u00fd za\u010d\u00e1tek.<\/p>\n<p>Druh\u00fdm v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm sv\u00e1tkem je \u010chath P\u00fad\u017ea (p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v Bih\u00e1ru, D\u017eharkhandu, v\u00fdchodn\u00edm Uttarprad\u00e9\u0161i a Nep\u00e1lu), kter\u00fd se slav\u00ed v listopadu. \u017deny se \u010dty\u0159i dny post\u00ed, stoj\u00ed ve vod\u011b a modl\u00ed se k S\u00farjovi p\u0159i v\u00fdchodu a z\u00e1padu slunce. \u010chath pat\u0159\u00ed k nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm sv\u00e1tk\u016fm severn\u00ed Indie a je jedn\u00edm z m\u00e1la sv\u00e1tk\u016f, kter\u00fd je v\u011bnov\u00e1n t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u00fdhradn\u011b kultu slunce.<\/p>\n<p>Nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed S\u00farjovy <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed k uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1my<\/span> v Indii jsou slune\u010dn\u00ed chr\u00e1m v Kon\u00e1raku (Odi\u0161a, 13. stolet\u00ed, pam\u00e1tka UNESCO), slune\u010dn\u00ed chr\u00e1m v Modh\u00e9\u0159e (Gud\u017ear\u00e1t, 11. stolet\u00ed) a slune\u010dn\u00ed chr\u00e1m v Martandu (Ka\u0161m\u00edr, 8. stolet\u00ed). Kon\u00e1rack\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed k uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> je pojat jako obrovsk\u00fd kamenn\u00fd v\u016fz s dvan\u00e1cti koly a sedmi ko\u0148mi a je pova\u017eov\u00e1n za jedno z hlavn\u00edch d\u011bl indick\u00e9 sakr\u00e1ln\u00ed architektury.<\/p>\n<p>Denn\u00ed praxe S\u00farja namask\u00e1ru (pozdravu slunci), sledu dvan\u00e1cti j\u00f3gov\u00fdch poloh, je jednou z nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00edch hinduistick\u00fdch praktik na sv\u011bt\u011b. P\u016fvodn\u011b liturgick\u00fd prvek v\u00e9dsk\u00fdch ritu\u00e1l\u016f sandhj\u00e1 vandan\u00e1 (rann\u00ed modlitby) se S\u00farja namask\u00e1r v modern\u00ed j\u00f3gov\u00e9 praxi roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159il jako fyzick\u00e9 cvi\u010den\u00ed. Dvan\u00e1ct mu p\u0159i\u0159azen\u00fdch manter (ka\u017ed\u00e1 odpov\u00edd\u00e1 jednomu jm\u00e9nu S\u00farji) se p\u0159i jeho prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed recituje.<\/p>\n<p>G\u00e1jatr\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Svat\u00e1 slabika nebo formule, kter\u00e1 se v hinduismu a buddhismu opakovan\u011b recituje.\" tabindex=\"0\">mantra<\/span> (Rig Veda 3.62.10) je jednou z nejsv\u011bt\u011bj\u0161\u00edch manter hinduismu a je zam\u011b\u0159ena na Savitra, formu S\u00farji: \u201eNech\u0165 rozj\u00edm\u00e1me o n\u00e1dhern\u00e9m sv\u011btle bo\u017esk\u00e9ho Savitra, kter\u00fd a\u0165 osv\u00edt\u00ed na\u0161e mysli.\u201c Tuto <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Svat\u00e1 slabika nebo formule, kter\u00e1 se v hinduismu a buddhismu opakovan\u011b recituje.\" tabindex=\"0\">mantru<\/span> recituj\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm br\u00e1hmani n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t denn\u011b a je pova\u017eov\u00e1na za nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u00e9dskou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Slovn\u00ed obr\u00e1cen\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bka k bo\u017estvu.\" tabindex=\"0\">modlitbu<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-415b8fd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"415b8fd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13e17dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13e17dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 m\u00fdty<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d86e4b0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d86e4b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00dast\u0159edn\u00edm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o boz\u00edch, po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch a uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u011bta.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00fdtem<\/span> je p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o S\u00farjovi a Sa\u0148d\u017en\u00e9. Sa\u0148d\u017en\u00e1 nemohla sn\u00e9st oslniv\u00e9 sv\u011btlo sv\u00e9ho man\u017eela, stvo\u0159ila svou dvojnici (\u010ch\u00e1j\u00e1, \u201est\u00edn\u201c) a uprchla do lesa, kde se prom\u011bnila v kobylu a v\u011bnovala se askezi.<\/p><p>S\u00farja si v\u00fdm\u011bny v\u0161iml a\u017e pozd\u011b, kdy\u017e \u010ch\u00e1j\u00e1 zach\u00e1zela s jeho vlastn\u00edmi d\u011btmi rozd\u00edln\u011b. Vydal se hledat Sa\u0148d\u017enou, nalezl ji v podob\u011b kobyly a s\u00e1m se prom\u011bnil v h\u0159ebce.<\/p><p>Z tohoto spojen\u00ed vze\u0161li A\u0161vinov\u00e9, bo\u017e\u0161t\u00ed l\u00e9ka\u0159i a jezdci. S\u00farja pot\u00e9 nav\u0161t\u00edvil Tva\u0161tara (otce Sa\u0148d\u017en\u00e9), kter\u00fd obrousil \u010d\u00e1st S\u00farjova z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed, aby ho Sa\u0148d\u017en\u00e1 mohla sn\u00e9st.<\/p><p>Z obrou\u0161en\u00fdch paprsk\u016f Tva\u0161tar vykoval zbran\u011b pro bohy. Tento <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o boz\u00edch, po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch a uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u011bta.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00fdtus<\/span> je podrobn\u011b zpracov\u00e1n v d\u00edlech Markandeya Purana, Vishnu Purana a Bhagavata Purana.<\/p>\n<p>Druh\u00fdm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o boz\u00edch, po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch a uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u011bta.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00fdtem<\/span> je p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o Karnovi, prvn\u00edm synu Kunt\u00ed v Mahabharata.<\/p><p>Kunt\u00ed, kterou v mlad\u00fdch letech mudrc Durv\u00e1sa vybavil <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Svat\u00e1 slabika nebo formule, kter\u00e1 se v hinduismu a buddhismu opakovan\u011b recituje.\" tabindex=\"0\">mantrou<\/span>, je\u017e p\u0159ivolala kter\u00e9hokoli boha, tuto <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Svat\u00e1 slabika nebo formule, kter\u00e1 se v hinduismu a buddhismu opakovan\u011b recituje.\" tabindex=\"0\">mantru<\/span> tajn\u011b vyzkou\u0161ela a p\u0159ivolala S\u00farju. S\u00farja se zjevil a zplodil s n\u00ed Karnu, kter\u00fd se narodil se zlat\u00fdm brn\u011bn\u00edm a n\u00e1u\u0161nicemi ze slune\u010dn\u00edch paprsk\u016f.<\/p><p>Kunt\u00ed, tehdy je\u0161t\u011b neprovdan\u00e1, Karnu zanechala na \u0159ece. Karna se stal tragickou postavou eposu Mahabharata, hrdinou na nespr\u00e1vn\u00e9 stran\u011b v\u00e1lky. Tento <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o boz\u00edch, po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch a uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u011bta.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00fdtus<\/span> m\u00e1 v indick\u00e9m um\u011bn\u00ed, literatu\u0159e a lidov\u00e9 v\u00ed\u0159e enormn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edtomnost.<\/p>\n<p>T\u0159et\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o boz\u00edch, po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch a uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u011bta.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00fdtus<\/span> spojuje S\u00farju s avat\u00e1rem Kri\u0161ny. V Bhagavata Purana se vypr\u00e1v\u00ed, \u017ee se Kri\u0161na dostal do sporu se Satr\u00e1d\u017eitem, majitelem podivuhodn\u00e9ho slune\u010dn\u00edho drahokamu Sjamantaka. K\u00e1men byl S\u00farjov\u00fdm darem Satr\u00e1d\u017eitovi. Tato epizoda propojuje S\u00farju s kri\u0161novsk\u00fdmi p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhy a zd\u016fraz\u0148uje jeho v\u00fdznam v klasick\u00e9m hinduistick\u00e9m kosmu.<\/p>\n\n<p>P\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o Karnovi v Mahabharata je jedn\u00edm z nejdramati\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00edch n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed indick\u00e9 literatury. Karna, narozen\u00fd jako syn S\u00farji a Kunt\u00ed, je zanech\u00e1n a vychov\u00e1v\u00e1n vozatajem. St\u00e1v\u00e1 se jedn\u00edm z nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00edk\u016f sv\u00e9 doby, bojuje v\u0161ak na nespr\u00e1vn\u00e9 stran\u011b (s Kauravci proti P\u00e1nduovc\u016fm).<\/p><p>Ve v\u00e1lce u Kuruk\u0161\u00e9try um\u00edr\u00e1 rukou Ard\u017euny, sv\u00e9ho nevlastn\u00edho bratra. Karn\u016fv tragick\u00fd osud se v indick\u00e9 literatu\u0159e a modern\u00edm indick\u00e9m divadle do\u010dkal nes\u010detn\u00fdch zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed. Je paradigmatickou hrdinskou postavou hinduistick\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn tradovan\u00fdch vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o boz\u00edch ur\u010dit\u00e9 kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytologie<\/span>, jej\u00ed\u017e velikost je zrazena okolnostmi jeho narozen\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Z hlediska sociologie n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed m\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o Karnovi velk\u00fd v\u00fdznam. Tematizuje nap\u011bt\u00ed mezi zrozen\u00edm (Karna je vlastn\u011b princ z kasty k\u0161atrij\u016f) a spole\u010denskou skute\u010dnost\u00ed (je pova\u017eov\u00e1n za syna vozataje, tedy \u0161\u00fadru).<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Toto nap\u011bt\u00ed bylo v indick\u00e9 tradici \u010dasto vn\u00edm\u00e1no jako kritika rigidn\u00edho kastovn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu. Wendy Doniger analyzovala v knize \u00abThe Hindus: An Alternative History\u00bb (2009) Karnu jako p\u0159\u00edklad hinduistick\u00e9 sebekritiky kastovnictv\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f523d8f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f523d8f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3759e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c3759e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vztahy v panteonu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88695c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"88695c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>S\u00farja je otcem Jamy (boha smrti), Jam\u00ed (bohyn\u011b Jamuny), Vaivasvaty Manua (praotce dne\u0161n\u00edho lidstva), Karny (h\u00e9roa Mah\u00e1bh\u00e1raty), \u0160aniho (Saturna), Sugr\u00edvy (opi\u010d\u00edho kr\u00e1le v R\u00e1m\u00e1jan\u011b) a A\u0161vin\u00edkum\u00e1r\u016f (bo\u017esk\u00fdch l\u00e9ka\u0159\u016f). Toto rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 otcovstv\u00ed \u010din\u00ed S\u00farju jedn\u00edm z genealogicky nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch bo\u017estev hinduismu.<\/p>\n<p>K ostatn\u00edm v\u00e9dsk\u00fdm bo\u017estv\u016fm se chov\u00e1 vst\u0159\u00edcn\u011b. Indra, Agni a Varuna jsou jeho spole\u010dn\u00edci ve v\u00e9dsk\u00e9m <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn boh\u016f ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed nebo kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonu<\/span>. V pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed klasick\u00e9 tradici je S\u00farja n\u011bkdy ch\u00e1p\u00e1n jako manifestace Vi\u0161nua (S\u00farja-N\u00e1r\u00e1jana) nebo \u0160ivy (S\u00farja-Bhairava), co\u017e odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed nar\u016fstaj\u00edc\u00ed monistickou tendenci hinduismu.<\/p>\n<p>S\u00farjov\u00fdm prot\u011bj\u0161kem (ve srovn\u00e1vac\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn tradovan\u00fdch vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o boz\u00edch ur\u010dit\u00e9 kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytologii<\/span>) je m\u011bs\u00edc Soma neboli \u010candra. Oba reguluj\u00ed \u010das a kalend\u00e1\u0159. Ve v\u00e9dsk\u00e9m syst\u00e9mu je Soma z\u00e1rove\u0148 m\u011bs\u00edcem a ritu\u00e1ln\u00edm n\u00e1pojem. S\u00farjova z\u00e1\u0159 a Somova chladivost stoj\u00ed proti sob\u011b jako komplement\u00e1rn\u00ed principy.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9c63321 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9c63321\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f8f0ce elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9f8f0ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepce a odkaz<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b6bcb0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6b6bcb0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V klasick\u00e9 sanskrtsk\u00e9 literatu\u0159e je S\u00farja \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed postavou mnoha d\u011bl. Vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o Karnovi z Mah\u00e1bh\u00e1raty je jedn\u00edm z nejp\u016fsobiv\u011bj\u0161\u00edch. K\u00e1lid\u00e1sa v\u011bnuje S\u00farjovi ver\u0161e v d\u00edle \u00abRaghuvam\u0161a\u00bb. Epick\u00e1 d\u00edla Tamiln\u00e1du, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm \u00abSilappatik\u00e1ram\u00bb a \u00abManim\u00e9kalai\u00bb (5.\u20136. stol.), se na S\u00farju odvol\u00e1vaj\u00ed jako na centr\u00e1ln\u00ed kosmickou moc.<\/p>\n<p>V sau\u0159e (sekt\u011b ctitel\u016f S\u00farji), kter\u00e1 byla aktivn\u00ed od 5. do 14. stolet\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v Bih\u00e1ru, Beng\u00e1lsku a Ur\u00edse, st\u00e1l S\u00farja ve st\u0159edu n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 praxe.<\/p><p>Tato sekta m\u011bla vlastn\u00ed texty, mezi nimi Saura Pur\u00e1nu. Dnes existuje sekta jen v torzu, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm mezi br\u00e1hmany Sakaldv\u00edp\u00edja, kte\u0159\u00ed tvo\u0159\u00ed samostatnou podskupinu br\u00e1hman\u016f uvnit\u0159 ctitel\u016f S\u00farji.<\/p>\n<p>V buddhismu byl S\u00farja za\u010dlen\u011bn v n\u011bkolika form\u00e1ch. B\u00f3dhisattva S\u00farjaprabha (\u201eslune\u010dn\u00ed z\u00e1\u0159e\u201c) pat\u0159\u00ed k v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm postav\u00e1m mah\u00e1j\u00e1ny. V tibetsk\u00e9m buddhismu se S\u00farja objevuje jako Nyima, v \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 tradici jako Tai Jang Sing \u0164\u00fcn. Toto mezikulturn\u00ed \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed dokl\u00e1d\u00e1 univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdznam slune\u010dn\u00edho kultu.<\/p>\n<p>V v\u00fdtvarn\u00e9m um\u011bn\u00ed jsou zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 slune\u010dn\u00ed chr\u00e1my (Kon\u00e1rak, M\u00f3dh\u00e9ra, Martand) nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi sv\u011bdectv\u00edmi. Krom\u011b nich existuj\u00ed \u010detn\u00e9 men\u0161\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1my<\/span> a zobrazen\u00ed z obdob\u00ed Gupta a\u017e do 13. stolet\u00ed. V modern\u00edm indick\u00e9m um\u011bn\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na v tzv. baz\u00e1rov\u00e9m um\u011bn\u00ed, je S\u00farja v\u0161udyp\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ff1b5b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0ff1b5b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13ec201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13ec201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Religionistick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-599a0f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"599a0f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>S\u00farja pat\u0159\u00ed do t\u0159\u00eddy \u00c1ditj\u016f, star\u00e9 v\u00e9dsk\u00e9 skupiny boh\u016f, jejich\u017e \u00edr\u00e1nskou paralelou jsou avest\u0161t\u00ed Aditja-jazatov\u00e9. Indo\u00edr\u00e1nsk\u00e1 souvislost je historicky velmi dob\u0159e dolo\u017eena.<\/p><p>Mithra (v\u00e9dsky Mitra, \u00edr\u00e1nsky Mithra) je nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm spojuj\u00edc\u00edm prvkem. Oba sd\u00edlej\u00ed spole\u010dn\u00e9 funkce: ochranu smluv, slune\u010dn\u00ed aspekty, etickou bd\u011blost. V \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9m kultu Mithrase za doby c\u00edsa\u0159stv\u00ed (1.\u20134. stol. n. l.) tato star\u00e1 slune\u010dn\u00ed tradice p\u0159e\u017e\u00edvala d\u00e1l.<\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Heinrich von Stietencron podrobn\u011b popsal historii indick\u00e9ho slune\u010dn\u00edho kultu v d\u00edlech \u00abIndische Sonnenpriester\u00bb (1966) a \u00abSurya\u00bb (1981). \u00cdr\u00e1nsko-skythsk\u00fd vliv v obdob\u00ed Ku\u0161\u00e1n\u016f utv\u00e1\u0159el ikonografickou podobu S\u00farji (s botami a pl\u00e1\u0161\u0165em). Tato kulturn\u00ed v\u00fdm\u011bna je jedn\u00edm z nejv\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch p\u0159\u00edklad\u016f transn\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch vazeb v Asii.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Z hlediska fenomenologie n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed pat\u0159\u00ed S\u00farja do okruhu slune\u010dn\u00edch boh\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed se objevuj\u00ed prakticky ve v\u0161ech kultur\u00e1ch. Mircea Eliade ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle \u00abPatterns in Comparative Religion\u00bb (1958) klasifikoval slune\u010dn\u00ed kulty jako jednu z univerz\u00e1ln\u00edch n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch struktur. S\u00farja je hlavn\u00ed hinduistickou podobou tohoto univerz\u00e1ln\u00edho motivu, se zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed vazbou k po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dasu, etick\u00e9 bd\u011blosti a kosmick\u00e9mu \u0159\u00e1du.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p>Indo\u00edr\u00e1nsk\u00e1 souvislost slune\u010dn\u00edho kultu pat\u0159\u00ed k nejl\u00e9pe zdokumentovan\u00fdm t\u00e9mat\u016fm srovn\u00e1vac\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bda, kter\u00e1 zkoum\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed srovn\u00e1vac\u00edm zp\u016fsobem a bez vlastn\u00ed v\u00edry.\" tabindex=\"0\">religionistiky<\/span>. Mithra (v\u00e9dsky Mitra, \u00edr\u00e1nsky Mithra) je centr\u00e1ln\u00ed spojuj\u00edc\u00ed postavou. V obou tradic\u00edch je Mithra slune\u010dn\u00ed aspekt chr\u00e1n\u00edc\u00ed smlouvy, kter\u00fd dohl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed na etickou pravdomluvnost lid\u00ed.<\/p><p>V \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9m kultu Mithrase za doby c\u00edsa\u0159stv\u00ed (1.\u20134. stol. n. l.) tato star\u00e1 slune\u010dn\u00ed tradice p\u0159e\u017e\u00edvala v podivuhodn\u00e9 mysterijn\u00ed form\u011b. \u0158\u00edmsk\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9ho bo\u017estva nebo svat\u00e9 postavy.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> Mithrase byl ve sv\u00e9 mytologii a ikonografii siln\u011b ovlivn\u011bn \u00edr\u00e1nsk\u00fdm p\u016fvodem Mithry, ale vyvinul se samostatn\u011b jako vlastn\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Klasick\u00fdmi d\u00edly k t\u00e9to mezikulturn\u00ed historii jsou \u00abLes myst\u00e8res de Mithra\u00bb (1900) od Franze Cumonta a \u00abMithras: The Secret God\u00bb (1963) od Maartena Vermaserena.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Nov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdzkum Rogera Becka (\u00abThe Religion of the Mithras Cult\u00bb, 2006) popsal souvislost Mithra\u2013S\u00farja diferencovan\u011bji. P\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 genetick\u00e9 vazby lze vystopovat pouze do indo\u00edr\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho substr\u00e1tu, pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdvoj prob\u00edhal do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry samostatn\u011b.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Univerz\u00e1lnost slune\u010dn\u00edho kultu jako n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho jevu popsal Mircea Eliade fenomenologicky v d\u00edle \u00abPatterns in Comparative Religion\u00bb (1958). S\u00farja, H\u00e9lios, Mithras, Sol Invictus, Aton, Inti (Inkov\u00e9), Amaterasu (Japonsko) jsou variacemi jednoho z\u00e1kladn\u00edho typu.<\/span><\/p><p>Specifick\u00e1 podoba S\u00farji v hinduistick\u00e9m <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn boh\u016f ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed nebo kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonu<\/span> se vyzna\u010duje kombinac\u00ed astronomick\u00e9 p\u0159esnosti (v\u016fz se sedmi ko\u0148mi), etick\u00e9 bd\u011blosti (zejm\u00e9na v podob\u011b Mitry) a kosmologick\u00e9 centrality.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ddc340 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8ddc340\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96795e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96795e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Prameny a dal\u0161\u00ed literatura<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b46a729 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b46a729\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p><span data-nosnippet>Prim\u00e1rn\u00ed prameny: Rig V\u00e9da (zejm\u00e9na 1.50, 1.115, 10.37, cca 1500-1200 p\u0159. n. l.), Atharva V\u00e9da, Mah\u00e1bh\u00e1rata (p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o Karnovi), Markandeya Pur\u00e1na, Vi\u0161nu Pur\u00e1na, Bh\u00e1gavata Pur\u00e1na, Saura Pur\u00e1na. D\u00edla: Aditya Hridayam (v R\u00e1m\u00e1jan\u011b, Yuddha Kanda 105), Surya Sahasranama. Anglick\u00e9 p\u0159eklady: Rig V\u00e9da od Stephanie Jamisonov\u00e9\/J\u00f6la Breretona (2014), Markandeya Pur\u00e1na od F. Edena Pargitera (1904).<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed literatura:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Heinrich von Stietencron \u00abIndische Sonnenpriester\u00bb (1966) a \u00abSurya\u00bb (1981).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>David Kinsley \u00abHindu Goddesses\u00bb (1986, k bohyn\u00edm Aditya).<\/span><\/li><li>Wendy Doniger \u00abHindu Myths\u00bb (1975).<\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>J. C. Heesterman \u00abThe Inner Conflict of Tradition\u00bb (1985).<\/span><\/li><li>Vasudeva S. Agrawala \u00abSolar Symbolism in the Vedas\u00bb.<\/li><\/ul>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Dal\u0161\u00ed standardn\u00ed d\u00edla v <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/literatura\/\">seznamu literatury<\/a>.<\/span><\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3231,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Surja","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Surja \u2013 Hinduistick\u00fd b\u016fh slunce | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Surja je hinduistick\u00fd b\u016fh slunce se sedmiko\u0148sk\u00fdm vozem. Otec Jamy a Manua, \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed postava sauryzmu. Chr\u00e1m v Kon\u00e1raku a mytologie.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-145594","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Surja \u2013 Hinduistick\u00fd b\u016fh slunce | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Surja je hinduistick\u00fd b\u016fh slunce se sedmiko\u0148sk\u00fdm vozem. Otec Jamy a Manua, \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed postava sauryzmu. 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