{"id":145581,"date":"2026-09-03T16:31:46","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:31:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=145581"},"modified":"2026-09-03T16:59:53","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:59:53","slug":"chnum","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/chnum\/","title":{"rendered":"Chnum"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"145581\" class=\"elementor elementor-145581 elementor-2995 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87a6c88 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"87a6c88\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30520f9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"30520f9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd9c15b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cd9c15b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83334eb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"83334eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Chnum, egyptsk\u00fd stvo\u0159itelsk\u00fd b\u016fh s beran\u00ed hlavou<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c7dd867 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c7dd867\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Chnum je egyptsk\u00fd stvo\u0159itelsk\u00fd b\u016fh s beran\u00ed hlavou, kter\u00fd formuje lidi a jejich \u017eivotn\u00ed s\u00edlu na sv\u00e9m hrn\u010d\u00ed\u0159sk\u00e9m kruhu. Chnum pat\u0159\u00ed k nejstar\u0161\u00edm egyptsk\u00fdm boh\u016fm a v teologick\u00e9 tradici zauj\u00edm\u00e1 postaven\u00ed stvo\u0159itele s beran\u00ed hlavou.<\/p><p>Jeho jm\u00e9no \u201eChnum\u201c (tak\u00e9 Chenmu, \u0159ecky Chnoubis) je odvozeno od slovesa \u201echnem\u201c (\u201espojovat, sjednocovat\u201c) a odkazuje na jeho funkci stvo\u0159itele, kter\u00fd na hrn\u010d\u00ed\u0159sk\u00e9m kruhu spojuje jednotliv\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti vznikaj\u00edc\u00ed bytosti.<\/p><p>Chnum je hrn\u010d\u00ed\u0159sk\u00fd b\u016fh v prav\u00e9m slova smyslu: na hrn\u010d\u00ed\u0159sk\u00e9m kruhu formuje nejen lidsk\u00e1 t\u011bla, ale i \u201eKa\u201c, neviditeln\u00e9ho d\u00e1rce \u017eivota, kter\u00e9ho ka\u017ed\u00e1 bytost p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1 je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ed sv\u00fdm narozen\u00edm.<\/p><p>Jeho nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm kultovn\u00edm m\u00edstem je Elefantina u Asu\u00e1nu, kde vl\u00e1dne nad stoup\u00e1n\u00edm nilsk\u00e9 z\u00e1plavy; v pozdn\u00edm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u00edsto zasv\u011bcen\u00e9 uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bo\u017estva.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1mu<\/span> v Esn\u011b zauj\u00edm\u00e1 hlavn\u00ed kosmogonick\u00e9 postaven\u00ed jako s\u00e1m ze sebe existuj\u00edc\u00ed stvo\u0159itel v\u0161ech bytost\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc35793 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"fc35793\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5cbc82 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"d5cbc82\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"B\u016fh \/ bohyn\u011b: Personifikovan\u00e1 nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed moc v panteonu ur\u010dit\u00e9 kultury s jasn\u00fdmi kompetencemi \u2014 p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed s\u00edly, osud, v\u00e1lka, plodnost. Uct\u00edv\u00e1n kulty, ob\u011btmi a chr\u00e1mov\u00fdmi institucemi.\">B\u016fh<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/egypt\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mytologie starov\u011bk\u00e9ho \u00fadol\u00ed Nilu, cca 3000 p\u0159. n. l. a\u017e 30 p\u0159. n. l.\">Egypt<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ec3057 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0ec3057\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-353aee3 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"353aee3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na t\\u00e9to str\\u00e1nce nebyly nalezeny \\u017e\\u00e1dn\\u00e9 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8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__353aee3\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__353aee3\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__353aee3\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-20450c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"20450c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30b145a iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"30b145a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_aegypten_khnum-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-147274\" alt=\"Chnum \u2013 b\u016fh z egyptsk\u00e9 tradice, historicko-ilustra\u010dn\u00ed zobrazen\u00ed\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_aegypten_khnum-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_aegypten_khnum-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_aegypten_khnum-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_aegypten_khnum.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f5523e7 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f5523e7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b4aa68e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b4aa68e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a15f65 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9a15f65\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">M\u00fdtus a rodokmen<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-86afd84 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"86afd84\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Chnum pat\u0159\u00ed k nejstar\u0161\u00edm egyptsk\u00fdm boh\u016fm. Jeho uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed je dolo\u017eeno ji\u017e od Star\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e; na Narmerov\u011b palet\u011b (kolem roku 3100 p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem) se mo\u017en\u00e1 objevuje beran\u00ed hlava, kterou lze p\u0159i\u0159knout Chnumovi.<\/p><p>V Pyramidov\u00fdch textech vystupuje Chnum jako hrn\u010d\u00ed\u0159, kter\u00fd \u201eformuje\u201c zesnul\u00e9ho kr\u00e1le a vybavuje jej jeho \u00fady (v\u00fdrok 522). Tento ran\u00fd doklad ukazuje, \u017ee spojen\u00ed Chnuma se stvo\u0159en\u00edm lidsk\u00e9ho t\u011bla bylo v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 ji\u017e v ran\u00e9m obdob\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Chnumova man\u017eelka se li\u0161\u00ed podle m\u00edstn\u00edho kultu. Na Elefantin\u011b tvo\u0159\u00ed s Satet (bohyn\u00ed luku) a Anuket (bohyn\u00ed gazel) trojici; Satet a Anuket jsou zpodobn\u011bn\u00edm pramenn\u00fdch vod, kter\u00e9 uvol\u0148uj\u00ed nilskou vodu z prvn\u00ed katarakty.<\/p><p>V Esn\u011b je Chnumovou man\u017eelkou Neit nebo Menhit, lvohlav\u00e1 bohyn\u011b v\u00e1lky; s n\u00ed zplodil syna Heku, zt\u011blesn\u011bn\u00ed magick\u00e9 s\u00edly. V Antinoe byla za Chnumovu man\u017eelku pova\u017eov\u00e1na \u017eabohlav\u00e1 bohyn\u011b porodu Hekat, s n\u00ed\u017e konal akt stvo\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Chnum vystupoval ve \u010dty\u0159ech teologick\u00fdch podob\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 byly systematicky rozpracov\u00e1ny v pozdn\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e1 nauka o Bohu a v\u00ed\u0159e dan\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologii<\/span> v Esn\u011b. Byl Chnum-Re (slune\u010dn\u00ed bytost), Chnum-\u0160u (vzdu\u0161n\u00e1 bytost), Chnum-Geb (pozemsk\u00e1 bytost) a Chnum-Usir (bytost hlubin).<\/p><p>Tyto \u010dty\u0159i podoby jsou \u010dty\u0159mi projevy t\u00e9ho\u017e Chnuma, kter\u00e9 p\u016fsob\u00ed v pr\u016fb\u011bhu dne a ve \u010dty\u0159ech \u010d\u00e1stech sv\u011bta, nikoli \u010dty\u0159i odli\u0161n\u00e1 bo\u017estva. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">Chr\u00e1m<\/span> v Esn\u011b zobrazuje tuto \u010dtve\u0159ici na st\u011bn\u00e1ch sv\u00e9 hypostylov\u00e9 s\u00edn\u011b jako z\u00e1kladn\u00ed teologick\u00fd program m\u011bsta.<\/p>\n<p>Chnumov\u00fdm synem v Esn\u011b je Heka, na Elefantin\u011b zastupuj\u00ed m\u00edsto t\u011blesn\u00fdch syn\u016f pod\u0159\u00edzen\u00e1 bo\u017estva svatyn\u011b spojen\u00e1 se Satet a Anuket. V pozdn\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e1 nauka o Bohu a v\u00ed\u0159e dan\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologii<\/span> vystupuje Chnum tak\u00e9 jako otec kr\u00e1le: na hrn\u010d\u00ed\u0159sk\u00e9m kruhu formuje lidsk\u00e9 t\u011blo kr\u00e1le a z\u00e1rove\u0148 jeho \u201eKa\u201c, bo\u017esk\u00e9ho d\u00e1rce \u017eivota.<\/p><p>Tento proces je zobrazen v p\u016fsobiv\u00fdch reli\u00e9fech na st\u011bn\u00e1ch z\u00e1du\u0161n\u00edho chr\u00e1mu Hat\u0161epsut v D\u00e9r el-Bahr\u00ed a v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1mu<\/span> Amenhotepa III. v Luxoru: Chnum u hrn\u010d\u00ed\u0159sk\u00e9ho kruhu, naproti n\u011bmu kr\u00e1lovna, jej\u00ed\u017e vznikaj\u00edc\u00ed tv\u00e1\u0159 utv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d81d02a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d81d02a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9e49182 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9e49182\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Symboly, ikonografie a atributy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b4b6d4a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b4b6d4a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Chnum je typicky zobrazov\u00e1n jako mu\u017e s beran\u00ed hlavou. Jde o vlnat\u00e9ho berana nubijsk\u00e9ho druhu \u201eovis longipes\u201c, jeho\u017e dlouh\u00e9 zproh\u00fdban\u00e9 rohy vyb\u00edhaj\u00ed do stran vodorovn\u011b. Tento tvar roh\u016f odli\u0161uje Chnuma od Amona, jeho\u017e beran m\u00e1 rohy sto\u010den\u00e9 sm\u011brem dol\u016f (ovis platyura).<\/p><p>Rozli\u0161en\u00ed tvar\u016f roh\u016f beran\u016f je z n\u00e1bo\u017eensko-historick\u00e9ho hlediska pou\u010dn\u00e9, proto\u017ee ukazuje, \u017ee Chnum je spojen se star\u0161\u00edm, p\u016fvodn\u011b jihonubijsk\u00fdm plemenem ovc\u00ed, zat\u00edmco Amon je identifikov\u00e1n s pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edm beranem s jin\u00fdm zak\u0159iven\u00edm roh\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>Na hlav\u011b nos\u00ed Chnum \u010dasto korunu atef, n\u011bkdy vysokou pernatou korunu se slune\u010dn\u00ed ohnic\u00ed, co\u017e zd\u016fraz\u0148uje jeho kosmick\u00fd rozm\u011br. V esensk\u00fdch textech se objevuje tak\u00e9 se \u010dty\u0159mi beran\u00edmi hlavami sou\u010dasn\u011b, symbolizuj\u00edc\u00edmi \u010dty\u0159i podoby; toto \u010dty\u0159hlav\u00e9 zobrazen\u00ed je dolo\u017eeno v pozdn\u00ed svatyni a p\u0159edstavuje teologickou zvl\u00e1\u0161tnost.<\/p><p>Jeho nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm atributem je hrn\u010d\u00ed\u0159sk\u00fd kruh, na kter\u00e9m jsou formov\u00e1ny vznikaj\u00edc\u00ed bytosti. Reli\u00e9fy v Esn\u011b, Luxoru a D\u00e9r el-Bahr\u00ed zobrazuj\u00ed Chnuma u hrn\u010d\u00ed\u0159sk\u00e9ho kruhu, jak formuje mal\u00e9ho \u010dlov\u011bka (nebo \u201eKa\u201c vznikaj\u00edc\u00edho d\u00edt\u011bte); p\u0159ed n\u00edm le\u017e\u00ed hotov\u00fd v\u00fdtvor, \u010dasto dvojpostava (\u010dlov\u011bk a Ka).<\/p>\n<p>Jeho svat\u00fdm zv\u00ed\u0159etem je beran, kter\u00fd byl chov\u00e1n v chr\u00e1mech a po smrti mumifikov\u00e1n. Na Elefantin\u011b byla objevena nekropole beran\u016f, v n\u00ed\u017e bylo pochov\u00e1no n\u011bkolik set mumifikovan\u00fdch zv\u00ed\u0159at. V are\u00e1lu chr\u00e1mu z pozdn\u00ed doby byly z\u0159\u00edzeny samostatn\u00e9 st\u00e1je pro berany, kde se o svat\u00e1 zv\u00ed\u0159ata starali vlastn\u00ed kn\u011b\u017e\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Plastick\u00e1 zobrazen\u00ed Chnuma se zachovala ji\u017e od St\u0159edn\u00ed \u0159\u00ed\u0161e. Z Nov\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e poch\u00e1z\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00e1 socha Amenhotepa III. spojen\u00e1 s Chnumem, uchov\u00e1van\u00e1 v Luxorsk\u00e9m muzeu.<\/p><p>Z pozdn\u00ed doby se zachovaly \u010detn\u00e9 men\u0161\u00ed bronzov\u00e9 so\u0161ky. Na st\u011bn\u00e1ch chr\u00e1mu v Esn\u011b (p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b z doby \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9) je Chnum v\u00edcekr\u00e1t zobrazen v pln\u00e9 figur\u00e1ln\u00ed podob\u011b s detailn\u00edm zpracov\u00e1n\u00edm vlnat\u00e9 beran\u00ed srsti a zproh\u00fdban\u00fdch roh\u016f.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bec7d1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bec7d1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f6109c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f6109c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult a uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-135a6e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"135a6e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nejstar\u0161\u00ed a nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed Chnum\u016fv <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9ho bo\u017estva nebo svat\u00e9 bytosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> byl v\u00e1z\u00e1n na Elefantinu, nejji\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ostrov egyptsk\u00e9ho nilsk\u00e9ho \u00fadol\u00ed u prvn\u00ed katarakty. Zde se rozkl\u00e1dal chr\u00e1mov\u00fd are\u00e1l, na n\u011bm\u017e je <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Svat\u00e9 m\u00edsto v\u011bnovan\u00e9 uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bo\u017estva.\" tabindex=\"0\">svatyn\u011b<\/span> dolo\u017eena u\u017e od Star\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e a kter\u00e1 byla ve St\u0159edn\u00ed a Nov\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161i opakovan\u011b roz\u0161i\u0159ov\u00e1na.<\/p><p>N\u011bmecko-\u0161v\u00fdcarsk\u00e1 mise, p\u016fsob\u00edc\u00ed od \u0161edes\u00e1t\u00fdch let 20. stolet\u00ed, tuto <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Svat\u00e9 m\u00edsto v\u011bnovan\u00e9 uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bo\u017estva.\" tabindex=\"0\">svatyni<\/span> systematicky vykopala a dolo\u017eila zde chr\u00e1mov\u00e9 stavby z rann\u00e9 doby, ze St\u0159edn\u00ed \u0159\u00ed\u0161e, z Nov\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e i z pozdn\u00ed doby. St\u00e9ly a n\u00e1pisy dokazuj\u00ed, \u017ee Chnum na Elefantin\u011b vl\u00e1dl \u00abprvn\u00ed katarakt\u011b\u00bb a t\u00edm \u0159\u00eddil n\u00e1stup ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u00ed nilsk\u00e9 z\u00e1plavy.<\/p>\n<p>Druh\u00fdm velk\u00fdm kultovn\u00edm m\u00edstem byla Esna (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha \u0159eck\u00e9 a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 kultury, p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b od 800 p\u0159. n. l. do 600 n. l.\" tabindex=\"0\">antick\u00e1<\/span> Latopolis), p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b pades\u00e1t p\u011bt kilometr\u016f ji\u017en\u011b od Th\u00e9b na z\u00e1padn\u00edm b\u0159ehu Nilu. Dnes t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 \u00fapln\u011b zachoval\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00ed uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> z doby \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho c\u00edsa\u0159stv\u00ed (s chr\u00e1mov\u00fdmi s\u00edn\u011bmi vybudovan\u00fdmi za Tiberia, Claudia, Vespasiana, Domitiana, Nervy, Traj\u00e1na, Hadri\u00e1na, Antonina Pia a\u017e po Septimia Severa) pat\u0159\u00ed k nejmonument\u00e1ln\u011bj\u0161\u00edm Chnumov\u00fdm svatyn\u00edm egyptsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.<\/p><p>Pronaos (vstupn\u00ed s\u00ed\u0148) je pokryta rozs\u00e1hl\u00fdmi teologick\u00fdmi hymny; sloupy nesou \u010dty\u0159i teologick\u00e9 aspekty Chnuma v propracovan\u00e9m zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Na Chnumovy sv\u00e1tky se konaly zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed ob\u0159ady. Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm sv\u00e1tkem byl \u00absv\u00e1tek hrn\u010d\u00ed\u0159sk\u00e9 lodi\u00bb, p\u0159i n\u011bm\u017e se mal\u00fd model lodi s Chnumov\u00fdm obrazem nesl chr\u00e1mov\u00fdmi n\u00e1dvo\u0159\u00edmi. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ust\u00e1len\u00fd sled symbolick\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f s n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm nebo kulturn\u00edm v\u00fdznamem.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ritu\u00e1l<\/span> p\u0159ipom\u00ednal neust\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed tv\u016fr\u010d\u00ed \u010dinnost boha a symbolicky vyjad\u0159oval ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u00ed opakov\u00e1n\u00ed stvo\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p><p>V Esn\u011b se na sv\u00e1tek Nov\u00e9ho roku konal zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed \u00ab<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pevn\u011b stanoven\u00fd, opakuj\u00edc\u00ed se n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd \u00fakon.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritu\u00e1l<\/span> v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed\u00bb, p\u0159i n\u011bm\u017e se z vosku vytvo\u0159il obraz hada Apopa a ten byl sp\u00e1len; tato praxe souvisela s esnaskou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e1 nauka o Bohu a v\u00ed\u0159e ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologi\u00ed<\/span> zachov\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u011bta denn\u011b obnovovan\u00fdm stvo\u0159en\u00edm.<\/p>\n<p>Hymny z esnask\u00e9ho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00ed uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1mu<\/span>, nalezen\u00e9 a vydan\u00e9 Serge Sauneronem (\u0161est svazk\u016f, 1962 a\u017e 1975), pat\u0159\u00ed k teologicky nejhlub\u0161\u00edm text\u016fm pozdn\u011b egyptsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.<\/p><p>Popisuj\u00ed Chnuma jako toho, kdo byl \u00abp\u0159ed po\u010d\u00e1tkem\u00bb, kdo \u00abutvo\u0159il v\u0161echny bohy a lidi z hl\u00edny\u00bb a kdo \u00abvdechuje \u017eivotn\u00ed dech do nosu\u00bb ka\u017ed\u00e9 bytosti.<\/p><p>Paralela s Genesis 2, 7 je n\u00e1padn\u00e1, ani\u017e by bylo nutn\u00e9 p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat p\u0159\u00edm\u00fd vliv; shoda motiv\u016f odkazuje na rozs\u00e1hl\u00fd starov\u011bk\u00fd bl\u00edzkov\u00fdchodn\u00ed topos stvo\u0159en\u00ed z hl\u00edny prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm bo\u017esk\u00e9ho vdechnut\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3fff7f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e3fff7f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1377ed0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1377ed0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">V\u00fdznamn\u00e9 svatyn\u011b a chr\u00e1my<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-463eace elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"463eace\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">Chr\u00e1m<\/span> na Elefantin\u011b se zachoval jen ve zbytc\u00edch, ale n\u011bmecko-\u0161v\u00fdcarsk\u00e1 mise podrobn\u011b zrekonstruovala vrstvy jednotliv\u00fdch stavebn\u00edch f\u00e1z\u00ed. D\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm prvkem byla star\u0161\u00ed Chnumova <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Mal\u00e9 svat\u00e9 m\u00edsto ulo\u017een\u00ed nebo m\u00edsto uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">svatyn\u011b<\/span> ze St\u0159edn\u00ed \u0159\u00ed\u0161e, postaven\u00e1 za Senusreta I.<\/p><p>V Nov\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161i Thutmose II. a Hat\u0161epsut <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ili, v pozdn\u00ed a ptolemaiovsk\u00e9 dob\u011b byl znovu p\u0159estav\u011bn. Na ostrov\u011b se nach\u00e1z\u00ed tak\u00e9 slavn\u00e1 \u00abSt\u00e9la hladomoru\u00bb Senusreta III. (ptolemaiovsk\u00e1 doba), kter\u00e1 tematizuje mytologii v\u00fdro\u010dn\u00ed nilsk\u00e9 z\u00e1plavy a Chnumovu roli v n\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">Chr\u00e1m<\/span> v Esn\u011b je hlavn\u00ed pam\u00e1tkou Chnumova kultu a jedn\u00edm z nejl\u00e9pe zachovan\u00fdch egyptsk\u00fdch chr\u00e1m\u016f v\u016fbec. Le\u017e\u00ed v\u00edce ne\u017e dev\u011bt metr\u016f pod dne\u0161n\u00ed \u00farovn\u00ed ulice, co\u017e p\u0159isp\u011blo k jeho zachov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p><p>Stavebn\u00ed f\u00e1ze se rozprost\u00edrala od Ptolemaia VI. a\u017e po Decia ve t\u0159et\u00edm stolet\u00ed na\u0161eho letopo\u010dtu; t\u00edm je Esna posledn\u00edm egyptsk\u00fdm chr\u00e1mem, kter\u00fd byl je\u0161t\u011b roz\u0161i\u0159ov\u00e1n v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159echodn\u00e1 epocha mezi antikou a st\u0159edov\u011bkem, zhruba 3. a\u017e 7. stolet\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">pozdn\u00ed antice<\/span>.<\/p><p>Sloupov\u00e1 s\u00ed\u0148 (pronaos) se sv\u00fdmi \u010dty\u0159iadvaceti sloupy a bohat\u011b zdoben\u00fdm stropem je nejp\u016fsobiv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed stavby. Na stropech jsou astronomick\u00e1 vyobrazen\u00ed, na st\u011bn\u00e1ch teologick\u00e9 hymny, na sloupech kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 ob\u011btn\u00ed reli\u00e9fy.<\/p>\n<p>T\u0159et\u00edm kultovn\u00edm m\u00edstem je Antinoe (Antinoopolis) ve St\u0159edn\u00ed Egypt\u011b, kter\u00e9 vzniklo z m\u011bsta zalo\u017een\u00e9ho Hadri\u00e1nem pro Antinoa. Zde byl Chnum uct\u00edv\u00e1n spole\u010dn\u011b s Heket jako bohyn\u00ed porodu. Archeologick\u00e9 zbytky jsou fragment\u00e1rn\u00ed, av\u0161ak \u010detn\u00e9 n\u00e1pisy a st\u00e9ly dokl\u00e1daj\u00ed v\u00fdznam kultu v dob\u011b \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho c\u00edsa\u0159stv\u00ed.<\/p><p>V nubijsk\u00e9 oblasti, ji\u017en\u011b od prvn\u00ed katarakty, se nach\u00e1zel <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> na Biggeh, kter\u00fd byl <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm aktem odevzdan\u00fd svatosti a t\u00edm vyjmut\u00fd z b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho sv\u011bta.\" tabindex=\"0\">zasv\u011bcen<\/span> bl\u00edzk\u00e9mu ostrovu Philae; i zde hr\u00e1l Chnum jako b\u016fh vody d\u016fle\u017eitou roli.<\/p>\n<p>Dal\u0161\u00ed Chnumovy kaple se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed v Karnaku (na n\u00e1dvo\u0159\u00ed chr\u00e1mu Amona-Rea), v D\u00e9r el-Bahr\u00ed (v z\u00e1du\u0161n\u00edm chr\u00e1mu Hat\u0161epsuty), v Luxoru (v porodn\u00ed s\u00edni Amenhotepa III.), v Edfu (v porodn\u00edm dom\u011b Hora, mammisi) a v mnoha men\u0161\u00edch svatyn\u00edch pod\u00e9l nilsk\u00e9ho \u00fadol\u00ed.<\/p><p>Ve v\u0161ech ramessovsk\u00fdch z\u00e1du\u0161n\u00edch chr\u00e1mech je Chnum zobrazov\u00e1n jako stvo\u0159itel kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9ho ka; tyto reli\u00e9fy jsou nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm pramenem pro ikonografii aktu stvo\u0159en\u00ed na hrn\u010d\u00ed\u0159sk\u00e9m kruhu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cec8bc3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cec8bc3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-598bdfe elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"598bdfe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mytick\u00e9 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2719f5a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2719f5a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00dast\u0159edn\u00ed Chnum\u016fv <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o boz\u00edch, po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch a uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u011bta.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00fdtus<\/span> je stvo\u0159en\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bka na hrn\u010d\u00ed\u0159sk\u00e9m kruhu. V esnsk\u00fdch hymnech je tento akt podrobn\u011b pops\u00e1n: Chnum vezme hl\u00ednu z b\u0159ehu Nilu, vytvo\u0159\u00ed z n\u00ed t\u011blo budouc\u00edho \u010dlov\u011bka, s p\u00e9\u010d\u00ed dokon\u010d\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00fd \u00fad a nakonec i \u00fasta, jazyk a sluch.<\/p><p>Pot\u00e9 vezme bo\u017esk\u00fd dech z ruky bohyn\u011b Heket (nebo, podle jin\u00e9 varianty, ze sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed ruky) a vdechne ho do nosu tvora; t\u00edmto dechem je \u010dlov\u011bk o\u017eiven. Zrozen\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00e9ho d\u00edt\u011bte je opakov\u00e1n\u00edm tohoto prvotn\u00edho stvo\u0159itelsk\u00e9ho aktu.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vzty\u010den\u00e1 kamenn\u00e1 nebo d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e1 deska s n\u00e1pisem nebo vyobrazen\u00edm.\" tabindex=\"0\">St\u00e9la<\/span> hladomoru z ostrova Sehel, pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b ptolemaiovsk\u00fd v\u00fdtvor s retroprojekc\u00ed do t\u0159et\u00edho tis\u00edcilet\u00ed p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem, popisuje sedmiletou sucho za kr\u00e1le D\u017eosera, kter\u00e9 zp\u016fsobil Chnum, proto\u017ee jeho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Svat\u00e9 m\u00edsto zasv\u011bcen\u00e9 uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bo\u017estva.\" tabindex=\"0\">svatyn\u011b<\/span> byla zanedb\u00e1v\u00e1na.<\/p><p>Kr\u00e1l se obr\u00e1til k Chnumovi ve snu, b\u016fh se mu zjevil a p\u0159isl\u00edbil obnoven\u00ed nilsk\u00e9 z\u00e1plavy, pokud bude jeho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> nov\u011b postaven a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Svat\u00e9 m\u00edsto zasv\u011bcen\u00e9 uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bo\u017estva.\" tabindex=\"0\">svatyn\u011b<\/span> obda\u0159ena p\u016fdou. Tato <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vzty\u010den\u00e1 kamenn\u00e1 nebo d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e1 deska s n\u00e1pisem nebo vyobrazen\u00edm.\" tabindex=\"0\">st\u00e9la<\/span> slou\u017eila jako pr\u00e1vn\u00ed z\u00e1klad pro v\u00fdsady Chnumova chr\u00e1mu na Elefantin\u00e9 a z\u00e1rove\u0148 ukazuje teologickou p\u0159edstavu, \u017ee nilsk\u00e1 z\u00e1plava je \u0159\u00edzena Chnumem.<\/p>\n<p>V <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o boz\u00edch, po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch a uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u011bta.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00fdtu<\/span> o zrozen\u00ed kr\u00e1le je Chnum t\u00edm, kdo na hrn\u010d\u00ed\u0159sk\u00e9m kruhu prom\u011b\u0148uje bo\u017esk\u00e9ho otce (Amon-Reov\u00e9) v budouc\u00ed kr\u00e1lovsk\u00fd embryo. Tento <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opakuj\u00edc\u00ed se obsahov\u00fd prvek v um\u011bn\u00ed nebo vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span> je podrobn\u011b vyobrazen v \u201eporodn\u00edch m\u00edstnostech\u201c (mammisiech) ptolemaiovsk\u00fdch <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m\u016f<\/span> v Edfu, Dende\u0159e a F\u00edl\u00e9.<\/p><p>V porodn\u00ed m\u00edstnosti Hat\u0161epsutovy v D\u00e9r el-Bahr\u00ed se zachovalo nejstar\u0161\u00ed takov\u00e9 vyobrazen\u00ed: Chnum u hrn\u010d\u00ed\u0159sk\u00e9ho kruhu, vedle n\u011bj Heket, budouc\u00ed kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 d\u00edt\u011b a jeho ka jako dvojit\u00e1 postava. Teologick\u00e9 sd\u011blen\u00ed je jasn\u00e9: kr\u00e1l je spole\u010dn\u011b Chnumem a Amon-Reovou zformov\u00e1n z bo\u017esk\u00e9 substance, nad r\u00e1mec pouh\u00e9ho zplozen\u00ed sv\u00fdmi rodi\u010di.<\/p>\n<p>V esnsk\u00fdch hymnech se nach\u00e1z\u00ed i kosmogonick\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh, v n\u011bm\u017e je Chnum p\u0159edstaven jako stvo\u0159itel v\u0161ech bytost\u00ed. Vytvo\u0159il lidi v\u0161ech barev pleti z r\u016fzn\u00fdch druh\u016f hl\u00edny, zv\u00ed\u0159ata z jin\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f a rostliny z ko\u0159enov\u00fdch l\u00e1tek.<\/p><p>Tato roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e1 teologie stvo\u0159en\u00ed je z n\u00e1bo\u017eenskohistorick\u00e9ho hlediska pozoruhodn\u00e1, nebo\u0165 teologicky vysv\u011btluje etnickou rozmanitost lidstva, ani\u017e by ji hierarchicky uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1vala.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f2e8e9d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f2e8e9d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b4b6d04 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b4b6d04\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vztahy v panteonu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f83b11d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f83b11d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Chnum je ve slo\u017eit\u00fdch vztaz\u00edch s dal\u0161\u00edmi egyptsk\u00fdmi bohy. S Re tvo\u0159\u00ed dvojtvar Chnum-Re, kter\u00fd v pozdn\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e1 nauka o Bohu a v\u00ed\u0159e n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologii<\/span> zd\u016fraz\u0148uje stvo\u0159itelsk\u00fd prvek slune\u010dn\u00edho boha.<\/p><p>S Amonem se m\u00edsty sl\u00e9v\u00e1 v Amon-Chnuma, zejm\u00e9na v Th\u00e9b\u00e1ch; s Ptahem, memfidsk\u00fdm stvo\u0159itelsk\u00fdm bohem, existuje filozofick\u00e1 komplementarita: Ptah mysl\u00ed a pl\u00e1nuje, Chnum tvaruje a prov\u00e1d\u00ed; s Atumem, heliopolsk\u00fdm stvo\u0159itelem, sd\u00edl\u00ed funkci prvotn\u00edho boha, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e Atum tvo\u0159\u00ed sebe-zplozen\u00edm a Chnum d\u00edlenskou prac\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Se Satet a Anuket tvo\u0159\u00ed elefantinskou tri\u00e1du. Satet je lukost\u0159elkyn\u011b, kter\u00e1 \u201erozst\u0159ikuje\u201c vodu z\u00e1plavy, Anuket je personifikac\u00ed divok\u00e9ho \u00faseku \u0159eky pod kataraktami. Ob\u011b bohyn\u011b jsou s n\u00edm uct\u00edv\u00e1ny spole\u010dn\u011b.<\/p><p>S Neit v Esn\u011b sd\u00edl\u00ed Chnum stvo\u0159itelskou funkci, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e Neit zt\u011bles\u0148uje \u201ekdy\u201c (\u010das, pohyb) a Chnum \u201eco\u201c (tvar, l\u00e1tku) stvo\u0159en\u00ed. S Heket, \u017eab\u00ed porodn\u00ed bohyn\u00ed, prov\u00e1d\u00ed Chnum akt zrozen\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00e9ho \u010dlov\u011bka.<\/p>\n<p>S faraonem existuje zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed vztah. Chnum je skute\u010dn\u00fdm t\u011blesn\u00fdm tvo\u0159itelem kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9ho t\u011bla a kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9ho ka. P\u0159i ka\u017ed\u00e9 v\u00fdm\u011bn\u011b na tr\u016fnu je nov\u00fd vl\u00e1dce zobrazov\u00e1n jako zformovan\u00fd Chnumem, o\u017eiven\u00fd bo\u017e\u00edm dechem a vybaven\u00fd kr\u00e1lovskou hodnost\u00ed.<\/p><p>Tato <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e1 nauka o Bohu a v\u00ed\u0159e n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologie<\/span> povy\u0161uje zrozen\u00ed kr\u00e1le na teologicky velmi v\u00fdznamnou ud\u00e1lost, kter\u00e1 je podrobn\u011b slavena na chr\u00e1mov\u00fdch reli\u00e9fech mammisi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0250402 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0250402\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c6120e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1c6120e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepce<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e94c292 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e94c292\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V \u0159ecko-\u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha \u0159eck\u00e9 a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 kultury, zhruba 800 p\u0159. n. l. a\u017e 600 n. l.\" tabindex=\"0\">antice<\/span> byl Chnum ztoto\u017e\u0148ov\u00e1n s \u0159eck\u00fdm Kronem, proto\u017ee oba byli pova\u017eov\u00e1ni za star\u00e9 stvo\u0159itelsk\u00e9 bohy. Pl\u00fatarchos (\u00abDe Iside et Osiride\u00bb 56) zmi\u0148uje Chnuma jako \u00abhrn\u010d\u00ed\u0159e boh\u016f\u00bb. Ztoto\u017en\u011bn\u00ed s hermetick\u00fdm \u00abDemiourgem\u00bb je dolo\u017eeno v pozdn\u00edch hermetick\u00fdch textech a v chr\u00e1mu v Hibisu v o\u00e1ze Charga.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktiky, kter\u00e9 se sna\u017e\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edmi \u00fakony nebo formulemi zas\u00e1hnout do b\u011bhu v\u011bc\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">Magie<\/span> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159echodn\u00e1 epocha mezi antikou a st\u0159edov\u011bkem, zhruba 3. a\u017e 7. stolet\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">pozdn\u00ed antiky<\/span> zn\u00e1 bytost jm\u00e9nem \u00abChnoubis\u00bb, hada s lv\u00ed hlavou a sedmi paprsky, kter\u00fd se objevuje na l\u00e9\u010div\u00fdch amuletech zejm\u00e9na proti \u017ealude\u010dn\u00edm nemocem; s Chnumem je spojen jm\u00e9nem a ikonografi\u00ed, ale vyvinul se v samostatnou l\u00e9\u010divou bytost.<\/p>\n<p>S koncem pohansk\u00e9ho chr\u00e1mov\u00e9ho kultu v p\u00e1t\u00e9m a \u0161est\u00e9m stolet\u00ed na\u0161eho letopo\u010dtu \u017eiv\u00fd Chnum\u016fv <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn \u00factyhodn\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f v\u011bnovan\u00fdch bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 postav\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> zanikl. Koptsk\u00e1 tradice znala ozv\u011bny v p\u0159edstav\u011b Boha jako stvo\u0159itele \u010dlov\u011bka z hl\u00edny, spojen\u00e9 s Genesis 2, 7; zda zde p\u0159etrv\u00e1v\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edm\u00e1 chnumovsk\u00e1 tradice, je sporn\u00e9.<\/p><p>Ve st\u0159edov\u011bku arab\u0161t\u00ed cestovatel\u00e9 pod\u00e1vali zpr\u00e1vy o opu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch chr\u00e1mov\u00fdch zbytc\u00edch v Esn\u011b a na Elefantin\u011b; vzpom\u00ednka na Chnuma jako boha hrn\u010d\u00ed\u0159\u016f se ojedin\u011ble zachovala v koptsk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00e1 lidov\u00e1 kultura se zvyky, vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00edmi a p\u00edsn\u011bmi.\" tabindex=\"0\">folkloru<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>Modern\u00ed znovuobjeven\u00ed Chnumova kultu za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 prvn\u00edmi publikacemi Champolliona o Esn\u011b, n\u00e1sledovan\u00fdmi n\u011bmecko-\u0161v\u00fdcarsk\u00fdmi v\u00fdzkumy na Elefantin\u011b od 60. let 20. stolet\u00ed. Saunerouova edice text\u016f z Esny (1962 a\u017e 1975) je jedn\u00edm z nejd\u016fkladn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch n\u00e1bo\u017eenskohistorick\u00fdch zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed egyptsk\u00e9ho chr\u00e1mu.<\/p><p>Erik Hornung analyzoval Chnumovo postaven\u00ed v egyptsk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e1 nauka o Bohu a v\u00ed\u0159e n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologii<\/span> v d\u00edle \u00abConceptions of God\u00bb a v \u0159ad\u011b \u00abTal der K\u00f6nige\u00bb. V nov\u011bj\u0161\u00edm b\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed Daniela von Recklinghausena a Christiana Leitze byl Chnum podrobn\u011b zpracov\u00e1n jako modelov\u00fd p\u0159\u00edpad pozdn\u011b dobov\u00e9ho teologick\u00e9ho hlavn\u00edho bo\u017estva.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b8af2d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7b8af2d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c810715 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c810715\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Religionistick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6febeab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6febeab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Chnum pat\u0159\u00ed do kategorie boh\u016f hrn\u010d\u00ed\u0159\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed v mnoha n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edch tvo\u0159\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bka z hl\u00edny.<\/p><p>Srovnateln\u00e9 p\u0159edstavy najdeme u sumersk\u00e9ho Enkiho, kter\u00fd formuje \u010dlov\u011bka z hl\u00edny, a v hebrejsk\u00e9m stvo\u0159itelsk\u00e9m vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed (Genesis 2,7). Tam je Adam utvo\u0159en z hl\u00edny a o\u017eiven Bo\u017e\u00edm dechem. V \u0159eck\u00e9m m\u00fdtu o Prom\u00e9theovi jsou lid\u00e9 rovn\u011b\u017e formov\u00e1ni z hl\u00edny, v\u00e9dsk\u00fd Tva\u1e63\u1e6d\u1e5b kove \u017eiv\u00e9 bytosti. V \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9m m\u00fdtu o N\u00fcw\u011b formuje stvo\u0159itelka lidi ze \u017elut\u00e9 hl\u00edny.<\/p><p>Tato shoda ukazuje univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed motiv, kter\u00fd se objevuje v mnoha kultur\u00e1ch nez\u00e1visle nebo prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm difuze.<\/p>\n<p>Teologick\u00e1 zvl\u00e1\u0161tnost Chnuma spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v diferencovan\u00e9 koncepci \u00abKa\u00bb, \u017eivotn\u00ed s\u00edly, kter\u00e1 je formov\u00e1na a o\u017eivov\u00e1na paraleln\u011b s t\u011blem. Tato egyptsk\u00e1 p\u0159edstava je historicky v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00e1, proto\u017ee p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed jasn\u00fd koncept nesmrteln\u00e9 \u017eivotn\u00ed slo\u017eky, kter\u00e1 je spojena s t\u011blem, ale m\u016f\u017ee existovat i samostatn\u011b.<\/p><p>Pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u0159eck\u00e1 p\u0159edstava ps\u00fdch\u00e9 a k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e1 p\u0159edstava du\u0161e maj\u00ed struktur\u00e1ln\u00ed podobnosti, ani\u017e by z konceptu Chnumova Ka p\u0159\u00edmo vych\u00e1zely.<\/p>\n<p>Jan Assmann ve sv\u00fdch prac\u00edch o egyptsk\u00e9m \u00abtvo\u0159itelsk\u00e9m topu\u00bb identifikoval Chnuma jako modelov\u00fd p\u0159\u00edpad \u00ab\u0159emesln\u00e9\u00bb teologie stvo\u0159en\u00ed. Zat\u00edmco heliopolsk\u00e1 tradice popisuje Atuma jako sebe sama plod\u00edc\u00edho, memfisk\u00e1 tradice pak Ptaha jako mysl\u00edc\u00edho stvo\u0159itele, chnumovsk\u00e1 tradice zobrazuje stvo\u0159itele jako hrn\u010d\u00ed\u0159e a \u0159emesln\u00edka.<\/p><p>Tyto t\u0159i koncepce osv\u011btluj\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 aspekty t\u00e9\u017ee bo\u017esk\u00e9 tvo\u0159iv\u00e9 \u010dinnosti, ani\u017e by si vz\u00e1jemn\u011b konkurovaly. Erik Hornung v d\u00edle \u00abDer Eine und die Vielen\u00bb zd\u016fraznil, \u017ee egyptsk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed m\u00edsto jednotn\u00e9ho stvo\u0159itele znalo mnoho m\u00edstn\u00edch manifestac\u00ed, jejich\u017e teologick\u00e1 rozmanitost tvo\u0159\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eenskou hloubku egyptsk\u00e9 kultury.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce9b335 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ce9b335\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f60b24 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f60b24\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Prameny<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-544522d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"544522d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Texty pyramid, v\u00fdrok 522 a 660 (Chnum jako tv\u016frce). Chr\u00e1mov\u00e9 n\u00e1pisy z Esny, edice Serge Sauneron, \u0161est svazk\u016f, Le Caire 1962 a\u017e 1975. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vzp\u0159\u00edmen\u011b stoj\u00edc\u00ed, popsan\u00e1 nebo vyobrazen\u00e1 kamenn\u00e1 \u010di d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e1 deska.\" tabindex=\"0\">St\u00e9la<\/span> hladomoru ze Sehelu, edice Paul Barguet. Porodn\u00ed s\u00ed\u0148 v D\u00e9r el-Bahr\u00ed, edice \u00c9douard Naville. Reli\u00e9fy mammisi z Dendery a Edfu, edice Fran\u00e7ois Daumas.<\/p><p>Strab\u00f3n, \u00abGeographika\u00bb XVII, 1, 47 (Elefantina); Pl\u00fatarchos, \u00abDe Iside et Osiride\u00bb 56. Henri Frankfort, \u00abKingship and the Gods\u00bb, Chicago 1948. Erik Hornung, \u00abDer Eine und die Vielen\u00bb, Darmstadt 1971. Jan Assmann, \u00ab\u00c4gypten. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e1 nauka o Bohu a v\u00ed\u0159e n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">Teologie<\/span> a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pro\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd postoj a praxe \u010dlov\u011bka.\" tabindex=\"0\">zbo\u017enost<\/span> ran\u00e9ho vysp\u011bl\u00e9ho kultury\u00bb, Stuttgart 1984. Christian Leitz (ed.), \u00abLexikon der \u00e4gyptischen G\u00f6tter und G\u00f6tterbezeichnungen\u00bb, Leuven 2002 a\u017e 2003.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3206,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Chnum","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Chnum \u2013 egyptsk\u00fd stvo\u0159itelsk\u00fd b\u016fh u hrn\u010d\u00ed\u0159sk\u00e9ho kruhu | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Chnum je egyptsk\u00fd stvo\u0159itelsk\u00fd b\u016fh s beran\u00ed hlavou, kter\u00fd formuje lidi na hrn\u010d\u00ed\u0159sk\u00e9m kruhu. Pramen Nilu, chr\u00e1m na Elefantin\u011b. M\u00fdtus.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-145581","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Chnum \u2013 egyptsk\u00fd stvo\u0159itelsk\u00fd b\u016fh u hrn\u010d\u00ed\u0159sk\u00e9ho kruhu | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Chnum je egyptsk\u00fd stvo\u0159itelsk\u00fd b\u016fh s beran\u00ed hlavou, kter\u00fd formuje lidi na hrn\u010d\u00ed\u0159sk\u00e9m kruhu. Pramen Nilu, chr\u00e1m na Elefantin\u011b. 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