{"id":145580,"date":"2026-09-03T16:31:45","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:31:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=145580"},"modified":"2026-09-03T16:59:52","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:59:52","slug":"atum","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/atum\/","title":{"rendered":"Atum"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"145580\" class=\"elementor elementor-145580 elementor-2994 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b9c39ef e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b9c39ef\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46b50b3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46b50b3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec779fe e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ec779fe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1bf506e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1bf506e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Atum, egyptsk\u00fd stvo\u0159itelsk\u00fd b\u016fh z H\u00e9liopole<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f70063 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9f70063\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Atum je egyptsk\u00fd stvo\u0159itelsk\u00fd b\u016fh, jeho\u017e <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bo\u017estva nebo svat\u00e9 postavy.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> byl us\u00eddlen v H\u00e9liopoli a kter\u00fd stoj\u00ed na po\u010d\u00e1tku tamn\u00ed Dev\u00edtky boh\u016f. Atum je ve staroegyptsk\u00e9m <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn boh\u016f ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed nebo kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonu<\/span> pova\u017eov\u00e1n za stvo\u0159itelsk\u00e9ho boha H\u00e9liopole, kter\u00fd se vyno\u0159il z prap\u016fvodn\u00edch vod Nun a s\u00e1m ze sebe stvo\u0159il prvn\u00ed dva bohy, \u0160ua a Tefnut.<\/p><p>Jeho jm\u00e9no se obvykle p\u0159ekl\u00e1d\u00e1 jako \u201edokonal\u00fd\u201c, \u201e\u00fapln\u00fd\u201c nebo \u201eten, kter\u00fd se stal v\u0161\u00edm\u201c; sou\u010dasn\u011b m\u016f\u017ee znamenat i \u201eneexistuj\u00edc\u00ed\u201c, proto\u017ee sloveso \u201etem\u201c vyjad\u0159uje jak dokon\u00e1n\u00ed, tak negaci.<\/p><p>Tato s\u00e9mantick\u00e1 dvojzna\u010dnost vystihuje Atumovo teologick\u00e9 postaven\u00ed: je t\u00edm, co bylo p\u0159ed stvo\u0159en\u00edm, a t\u00edm, co bude po stvo\u0159en\u00ed, po\u010d\u00e1tkem i koncem kosmick\u00e9ho cyklu.<\/p><p>Zat\u00edmco ve St\u0159edn\u00ed a Nov\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161i p\u0159eb\u00edr\u00e1 hlavn\u00ed teologickou pozici Amon-Re, Atum si zachov\u00e1v\u00e1 svou kosmogonickou funkci a sv\u016fj sv\u00e9bytn\u00fd profil stvo\u0159itele prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm samomasturbace nebo sebev\u00fdpov\u011bdi, jednoho z nejstar\u0161\u00edch a nejvyt\u0159\u00edben\u011bj\u0161\u00edch koncept\u016f v d\u011bjin\u00e1ch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e442eee e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e442eee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a6f0a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"3a6f0a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"B\u016fh \/ bohyn\u011b: Personifikovan\u00e1 nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed moc v panteonu ur\u010dit\u00e9 kultury s jasn\u00fdmi kompetencemi \u2014 p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed s\u00edly, osud, v\u00e1lka, plodnost. Uct\u00edv\u00e1n kulty, ob\u011btmi a chr\u00e1mov\u00fdmi institucemi.\">B\u016fh<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/egypt\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mytologie starov\u011bk\u00e9ho \u00fadol\u00ed Nilu, cca 3000 p\u0159. n. l. a\u017e 30 p\u0159. n. l.\">Egypt<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8373406 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8373406\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92ddae4 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"92ddae4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na t\\u00e9to str\\u00e1nce nebyly nalezeny \\u017e\\u00e1dn\\u00e9 nadpisy.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__92ddae4\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__92ddae4\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__92ddae4\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-33831b3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"33831b3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9fb63f iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e9fb63f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_aegypten_atum-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-147277\" alt=\"Atum \u2013 bohov\u00e9 z egyptsk\u00e9 tradice, historicko-ilustrativn\u00ed\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_aegypten_atum-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_aegypten_atum-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_aegypten_atum-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_aegypten_atum.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-883c3bc e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"883c3bc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a66878f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a66878f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a036d9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8a036d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">M\u00fdtus a rodokmen<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-95f1797 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"95f1797\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>H\u00e9liopolsk\u00e1 kosmogonie stav\u00ed Atuma na po\u010d\u00e1tek Dev\u00edtky boh\u016f (Enneady). Z prap\u016fvodn\u00edch vod Nun, kter\u00e9 existovaly p\u0159ed \u010dasem i formou, se Atum vyno\u0159uje na Prap\u016fvodn\u00ed pahorek (Tatenen), prvn\u00ed pevn\u00fd bod v chaosu.<\/p><p>Na tomto pahorku Atum uskute\u010d\u0148uje stvo\u0159en\u00ed: v Textech pyramid (v\u00fdrok 527) stvo\u0159uje \u0160ua a Tefnut ze sv\u00e9ho semene, kter\u00e9 bu\u010f vypust\u00ed rukou, nebo p\u0159ijme v podob\u011b vlastn\u00ed ruky-bohyn\u011b \u201eHethemut\u201c.<\/p><p>V jin\u00e9 variant\u011b (Texty pyramid, v\u00fdrok 600) stvo\u0159uje Atum prvn\u00ed bohy vyplivnut\u00edm: k\u00fdchl \u0160ua (vzduch), vyplivl Tefnut (vlhkost). Ob\u011b verze stoj\u00ed vedle sebe, ani\u017e by se egyptsk\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e1 nauka o Bohu a v\u00ed\u0159e ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologie<\/span> sna\u017eila je harmonizovat.<\/p>\n<p>Ze \u0160ua a Tefnut vznikaj\u00ed Geb (zem\u011b) a Nut (nebe), z jejich\u017e spojen\u00ed poch\u00e1zej\u00ed Osiris, Isis, Sutech, Nefthys a v n\u011bkter\u00fdch seznamech i star\u0161\u00ed Hor. Atum je tak genealogick\u00fdm praotcem t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161ech d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdch egyptsk\u00fdch boh\u016f.<\/p><p>Enneada H\u00e9liopole (skupina dev\u00edti boh\u016f) sdru\u017euje Atuma, \u0160ua, Tefnut, Geba, Nut, Osirida, Isis, Sutecha a Nefthys; tvo\u0159\u00ed teologick\u00fd z\u00e1klad h\u00e9liopolsk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e1 nauka o Bohu a v\u00ed\u0159e ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologie<\/span>.<\/p><p>\u0158adu boh\u016f je t\u0159eba ch\u00e1pat nejen genealogicky, ale i kosmicky: rozv\u00edj\u00ed stvo\u0159en\u00ed od \u010dist\u00e9 Atumovy jedine\u010dnosti p\u0159es element\u00e1rn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed s\u00edly a\u017e k postav\u00e1m boh\u016f, kter\u00e9 utv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed lidsk\u00fd sv\u011bt.<\/p>\n<p>Pozoruhodn\u00e1 je Atumova sebedosta\u010ditelnost v nejstar\u0161\u00ed tradici. Na rozd\u00edl od jin\u00fdch stvo\u0159itelsk\u00fdch boh\u016f Atum nepot\u0159ebuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9ho partnera ani p\u0159edem dan\u00e9 l\u00e1tky; sv\u011bt stvo\u0159uje s\u00e1m ze sebe.<\/p><p>Tato p\u0159edstava je v pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e1 nauka o Bohu a v\u00ed\u0159e ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologii<\/span> filosoficky rozvinuta: hymny na Atuma z Nov\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e jej ozna\u010duj\u00ed za toho, kdo \u201ese s\u00e1m u\u010dinil\u201c, kdo \u201evznikl s\u00e1m ze sebe\u201c (cheper-d\u017eesef). Toto pojet\u00ed formuje teologick\u00e9 \u00favahy pozdn\u00ed doby a ovliv\u0148uje i k\u0159es\u0165ansko-gnostick\u00e9 p\u0159edstavy o sebevytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00edc\u00edm se stvo\u0159iteli.<\/p>\n<p>Ve spojen\u00e9 bo\u017e\u00ed podob\u011b Atum-Re vystupuje Atum jako aspekt slune\u010dn\u00edho boha, konkr\u00e9tn\u011b jako zapadaj\u00edc\u00ed ve\u010dern\u00ed slunce (na rozd\u00edl od Chepriho jako vych\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edho a Rea jako poledn\u00ed slunce).<\/p><p>Toto trojit\u00e9 d\u011blen\u00ed slune\u010dn\u00edho cyklu, podrobn\u011b rozveden\u00e9 ve slune\u010dn\u00edch litani\u00edch Nov\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e, d\u011bl\u00e1 z Atuma boha konce kosmick\u00e9ho cyklu, kter\u00fd v sob\u011b z\u00e1rove\u0148 nese nov\u00fd po\u010d\u00e1tek. Faraoni se s Atumem ztoto\u017e\u0148ovali zejm\u00e9na p\u0159i smrti, proto\u017ee zt\u011bles\u0148oval p\u0159echod od pozemsk\u00e9ho z\u00e1padu slunce k posmrtn\u00e9mu znovuzrozen\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f33afe9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f33afe9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd5bf22 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fd5bf22\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Symboly, ikonografie a atributy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a29c4e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a29c4e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Atum b\u00fdv\u00e1 obvykle zobrazov\u00e1n jako mu\u017e s dvojitou korunou (p\u0161ent), kter\u00e1 symbolizuje spojen\u00ed Horn\u00edho a Doln\u00edho Egypta. Tato koruna je kr\u00e1lovsk\u00fdm atributem a zd\u016fraz\u0148uje Atumovu funkci prvotn\u00edho kr\u00e1le a praotce faraonsk\u00e9 d\u016fstojnosti.<\/p><p>M\u016f\u017ee se tak\u00e9 zjevovat se <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Brouk skarabeus jako staroegyptsk\u00fd symbol vznik\u00e1n\u00ed a obnovy.\" tabindex=\"0\">skarabem<\/span> na hlav\u011b, se slune\u010dn\u00edm kotou\u010dem nebo s korunou atef. V antropomorfn\u00ed podob\u011b je jeho tv\u00e1\u0159 obvykle bezvous\u00e1 a mladistv\u00e1, co\u017e je v protikladu k p\u0159edstav\u011b \u00abstar\u00e9ho\u00bb Atuma, kter\u00fd zt\u011bles\u0148uje ve\u010dern\u00ed slunce.<\/p>\n<p>Jeho svat\u00fdm zv\u00ed\u0159etem je had. V Knize mrtv\u00fdch (v\u00fdrok 175) Atum prohla\u0161uje: \u00abZnovu pono\u0159\u00edm sv\u011bt do prvotn\u00edch vod a z\u016fstaneme jen j\u00e1 a Osiris, jako dva hadi, kter\u00e9 nezn\u00e1 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk ani \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd b\u016fh\u00bb.<\/p><p>Tato eschatologick\u00e1 vize stav\u00ed hada do role <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak, kter\u00fd zastupuje ur\u010ditou p\u0159edstavu nebo v\u00fdznam.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbolu<\/span> nediferencovan\u00e9ho prvotn\u00edho stavu. Dal\u0161\u00edm svat\u00fdm zv\u00ed\u0159etem Atuma je ichneumon (faraonsk\u00e1 my\u0161), proto\u017ee zab\u00edj\u00ed hady, kte\u0159\u00ed zt\u011bles\u0148uj\u00ed hrozby podobn\u00e9 Apopisovi.<\/p>\n<p>Hlavn\u00edm kultovn\u00edm symbolem Atuma je benbenov\u00fd k\u00e1men v H\u00e9liopoli, k\u00e1men pyramidov\u00e9ho nebo ku\u017eelovit\u00e9ho tvaru, kter\u00fd zt\u011bles\u0148oval prvotn\u00ed pahorek.<\/p><p>Z benbenu vznikl pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pyramidov\u00fd tvar kr\u00e1lovsk\u00fdch hrobek a obelisky; ka\u017ed\u00fd pyramidion (vrchol pyramidy) je symbolicky benbenov\u00fdm kamenem, kter\u00fd zt\u011bles\u0148uje v\u00fdstup k nebi a setk\u00e1n\u00ed s Atumem-Re. Samotn\u00e1 H\u00e9liopolis byla v hieroglyfick\u00e9m p\u00edsmu ozna\u010dov\u00e1na znakem benbenu.<\/p>\n<p>Plastick\u00e1 zobrazen\u00ed Atuma se zachovala ze v\u0161ech epoch egyptsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed. Z Nov\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e poch\u00e1z\u00ed slavn\u00e1 k\u0159emencov\u00e1 socha Tutanchamona, na n\u00ed\u017e je mlad\u00fd kr\u00e1l zobrazen s korunou Atuma; z pozdn\u00ed doby se zachovalo mnoho men\u0161\u00edch bronzov\u00fdch so\u0161ek s Atumem.<\/p><p>Na chr\u00e1mov\u00fdch zdech ramessidsk\u00e9 doby, zejm\u00e9na v Karnaku a Abydu, je Atum pravideln\u011b zobrazov\u00e1n v \u0159ad\u00e1ch boh\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed korunuj\u00ed kr\u00e1le nebo mu p\u0159ed\u00e1vaj\u00ed znamen\u00ed \u017eivota \u00abanch\u00bb. V D\u00e9r el-Bahr\u00ed vybavila Hat\u0161epsut <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factov\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f k bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 postav\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> Atuma-Re p\u016fsobiv\u00fdmi obrazov\u00fdmi programy, kter\u00e9 legitimizuj\u00ed jej\u00ed vlastn\u00ed stvo\u0159en\u00ed prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm Amuna-Atuma.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f518c57 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f518c57\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93f90a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"93f90a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult a uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-386b226 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"386b226\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>H\u00e9liopolis (egyptsky Iunu, co\u017e znamen\u00e1 \u00abm\u011bsto sloup\u016f\u00bb nebo \u00abm\u011bsto pil\u00ed\u0159\u016f\u00bb) bylo hlavn\u00edm kultovn\u00edm centrem Atuma. M\u011bsto se rozkl\u00e1dalo asi deset kilometr\u016f severov\u00fdchodn\u011b od dne\u0161n\u00ed K\u00e1hiry a od sjednocen\u00ed Egypta pat\u0159ilo k teologicky nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm m\u011bst\u016fm zem\u011b.<\/p><p>Zde se nach\u00e1zel velk\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba, kter\u00e1 slou\u017e\u00ed k uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> Atuma-Re s benbenov\u00fdm kamenem, svat\u00fdm stromem persea a slune\u010dn\u00ed b\u00e1rkou, kter\u00e1 zp\u0159\u00edtom\u0148ovala ka\u017edodenn\u00ed vych\u00e1zen\u00ed a mizen\u00ed slunce. H\u00e9liopolsk\u00e9 kn\u011b\u017estvo, v jeho\u017e \u010dele st\u00e1l nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed kn\u011bz (naz\u00fdvan\u00fd \u00abVelk\u00fd z vidouc\u00edch\u00bb), bylo neju\u010den\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v egyptsk\u00e9m n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed; jeho teologick\u00e9 \u00favahy p\u016fsobily na celou zemi.<\/p>\n<p>V denn\u00edm ritu\u00e1lu Atumova chr\u00e1mu prob\u00edhalo r\u00e1no \u00abprobuzen\u00ed\u00bb kultovn\u00edho obrazu boha kadidlem, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vyl\u00e9v\u00e1n\u00ed tekutiny jako n\u00e1pojov\u00e1 ob\u011b\u0165 bo\u017estvu.\" tabindex=\"0\">libac\u00ed<\/span> a p\u0159ednesem hymn\u016f. V pr\u016fb\u011bhu dne byly p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161eny denn\u00ed potravinov\u00e9 ob\u011bti; ve\u010der byl kultovn\u00ed obraz boha <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1le\u017eej\u00edc\u00ed k pevn\u011b stanoven\u00e9mu n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9mu postupu.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritu\u00e1ln\u011b<\/span> ulo\u017een k odpo\u010dinku a svatyn\u011b byla zape\u010det\u011bna.<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159i zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edch sv\u00e1tc\u00edch, nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159i kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9m jubileu (sv\u00e1tek Sed) a p\u0159i novoro\u010dn\u00edm sv\u00e1tku, byl obraz Atuma vyjmut ze svatyn\u011b a nesen v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Slavnostn\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd pr\u016fvod.\" tabindex=\"0\">proces\u00ed<\/span> chr\u00e1mov\u00fdmi n\u00e1dvo\u0159\u00edmi. Tato proces\u00ed byla ve\u0159ejn\u00e1 a umo\u017e\u0148ovala m\u011bstsk\u00e9mu obyvatelstvu pod\u00edlet se na jinak kn\u011b\u017esk\u00e9m <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factov\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f k bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 postav\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultu<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm Atumov\u00fdm sv\u00e1tkem byl sv\u00e1tek \u00abWepet-renpet\u00bb, novoro\u010dn\u00ed sv\u00e1tek, kter\u00fd ozna\u010doval za\u010d\u00e1tek nilsk\u00e9 z\u00e1plavy. Atum dost\u00e1val v p\u0159edve\u010der nov\u00e9ho roku prvn\u00ed prvotiny ob\u011bt\u00ed, nebo\u0165 jako stvo\u0159itel byl tak\u00e9 t\u00edm, kdo obnovoval ro\u010dn\u00ed cyklus.<\/p><p>N\u00e1pisy v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba, kter\u00e1 slou\u017e\u00ed k uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1mu<\/span> v Karnaku a v ramessidsk\u00fdch z\u00e1du\u0161n\u00edch chr\u00e1mech tyto ob\u0159ady detailn\u011b dokumentuj\u00ed. V \u00ab<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u00e1 posloupnost symbolick\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f s n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm nebo kulturn\u00edm v\u00fdznamem.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritu\u00e1lu<\/span> kr\u00e1le z ruky Atuma\u00bb (papyrus Berl\u00edn 3055) je liturgick\u00e1 sekvence zaznamen\u00e1na v \u00faplnosti; slou\u017eila faraonovi jako model jeho vlastn\u00edho denn\u00edho chr\u00e1mov\u00e9ho ritu\u00e1lu.<\/p>\n<p>Mimo H\u00e9liopolis byl <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factov\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f k bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 postav\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> Atuma p\u0159\u00edtomen na mnoha m\u00edstech, t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u017edy v\u0161ak jako aspekt jin\u00fdch hlavn\u00edch boh\u016f. V Th\u00e9b\u00e1ch byl uct\u00edv\u00e1n Amon-Atum, v Karnaku byla do sv\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edho kalend\u00e1\u0159e za\u0159azena cel\u00e1 enneada v\u010detn\u011b Atuma. V Memfid\u011b p\u0159edstavoval Ptah-Atum d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 teologick\u00e9 spojen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 kombinovalo koncept Ptaha jako rozumu s konceptem Atuma jako sebedosta\u010ditelnosti.<\/p><p>Slavn\u00fd text \u00abMemfidsk\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e1 nauka o Bohu a o v\u00ed\u0159e n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologie<\/span>\u00bb (na \u0160abakov\u011b kameni, dnes v Lond\u00fdn\u011b) formuluje teologickou \u00favahu, \u017ee Ptah vykonal rozumem a slovem v\u0161e, co Atum vykonal sv\u00fdm semenem; jde o filosoficky vysp\u011blou variantu teologie stvo\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-049a490 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"049a490\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-57bb878 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"57bb878\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">V\u00fdznamn\u00e9 svatyn\u011b a chr\u00e1my<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76f48b4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"76f48b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bauvina slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">Chr\u00e1m<\/span> Atuma-Rea v Heliopoli pat\u0159il k nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm posv\u00e1tn\u00fdm stavb\u00e1m Egypta, dochovalo se z n\u011bj v\u0161ak jen m\u00e1lo. M\u011bsto bylo v \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 dob\u011b opu\u0161t\u011bno a ve st\u0159edov\u011bku slou\u017eilo jako kamenolom pro stavbu bl\u00edzk\u00e9 K\u00e1hiry; zachovaly se pouze jednotliv\u00e9 obelisky (Senvosreta I. v Matarii) a zbytky chr\u00e1mov\u00fdch zd\u00ed.<\/p><p>Strab\u00f3n (XVII, 1, 27 a\u017e 30) popisuje svou n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvu Heliopole v prvn\u00edm stolet\u00ed p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem a pod\u00e1v\u00e1 stru\u010dnou zpr\u00e1vu o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bauvina slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1mu<\/span>; v t\u00e9 dob\u011b bylo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bo\u017estvu zasv\u011bcen\u00e9 posv\u00e1tn\u00e9 m\u00edsto.\" tabindex=\"0\">svatyn\u011b<\/span> ji\u017e zanedban\u00e9, ale je\u0161t\u011b viditeln\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00fdznamn\u00e9 kaple zasv\u011bcen\u00e9 Atumovi se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed v Karnaku (na n\u00e1dvo\u0159\u00ed chr\u00e1mu Amona), v z\u00e1du\u0161n\u00edm chr\u00e1mu Hat\u0161epsut v D\u00e9r el-Bahr\u00ed, v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bauvina slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1mu<\/span> Ramesse II. v Abydu a v chr\u00e1mu sv\u00e1tku sed Amenhotepa III. v Malkat\u011b.<\/p><p>V\u011bt\u0161ina ramesovsk\u00fdch z\u00e1du\u0161n\u00edch chr\u00e1m\u016f na z\u00e1padn\u00edm b\u0159ehu Th\u00e9b (Ramesseum, Med\u00ednet Habu, chr\u00e1m Sethiho I.) obsahuje kaple Atuma, v nich\u017e byl zesnul\u00fd kr\u00e1l spojov\u00e1n s Atumem-Reem.<\/p>\n<p>V Ab\u00fa Simbelu pat\u0159\u00ed Atum mezi \u010dty\u0159i hlavn\u00ed bo\u017estva velk\u00e9ho chr\u00e1mu (vedle Amona-Rea, Re-Harachteje, Ptaha a samotn\u00e9ho Ramesse II.); Atum zde vystupuje jako sou\u010d\u00e1st zbo\u017e\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed kr\u00e1le. V D\u00e9r el-Med\u00edn\u011b, vesnici d\u011bln\u00edk\u016f buduj\u00edc\u00edch kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 hrobky, se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed drobn\u00e9 soukrom\u00e9 svatyn\u011b, kde Atum-Re p\u0159ij\u00edmal vz\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed spolu s Amonem a Ptahem.<\/p><p>Svatyn\u011b zasv\u011bcen\u00e9 Atumovi v Libyjsk\u00e9 pou\u0161ti (Bahr\u00edja, Charga, Dachla) jsou dolo\u017eeny z pozdn\u00ed doby. V Hibisk\u00e9m <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bauvina slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1mu<\/span> v o\u00e1ze Charga je Atum v\u00fdrazn\u011b zastoupen v r\u00e1mci teologick\u00e9ho obrazov\u00e9ho programu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f4a3fcf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f4a3fcf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf69d58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bf69d58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mytick\u00e9 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8cfda27 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8cfda27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Centr\u00e1ln\u00edm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00e9 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o boz\u00edch, po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch a uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u011bta.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00fdtem<\/span> o Atumovi je jeho samostvo\u0159en\u00ed. V Textech pyramid (v\u00fdroky 527 a 600) je tento p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh vypr\u00e1v\u011bn ve dvou variant\u00e1ch. V prvn\u00ed Atum s\u00e1m na prvotn\u00edm pahorku vypust\u00ed sv\u00e9 semeno do ruky, kter\u00e1 je personifikov\u00e1na jako bohyn\u011b Hetheret nebo Iusaas; z t\u00e9to skvrny semene vznikaj\u00ed \u0160u a Tefnut.<\/p><p>Ve druh\u00e9 variant\u011b Atum oba bohy vyplivne, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e je sly\u0161iteln\u00e1 egyptsk\u00e1 slovn\u00ed hra mezi \u201eplivnut\u00edm\u201c (te\u010de\u010d) a Tefnut, respektive \u201ek\u00fdchnut\u00edm\u201c (i\u0161\u0161e\u0161) a \u0160uem; bohov\u00e9 tedy vznikaj\u00ed zvukomalebn\u011b z t\u011bchto sloves. Ob\u011b varianty vyjad\u0159uj\u00ed egyptskou p\u0159edstavu, \u017ee stvo\u0159en\u00ed je t\u011blesn\u00fd akt, nikoli abstraktn\u00ed duchovn\u00ed proces.<\/p>\n<p>Jin\u00e9 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed popisuje Atumovo hled\u00e1n\u00ed jeho ztracen\u00fdch d\u011bt\u00ed \u0160ua a Tefnut. V mytick\u00e9 prehistorii oba bohov\u00e9 zmizeli v prvotn\u00edch vod\u00e1ch Nun; Atum vyslal sv\u00e9 oko (oko Ud\u017eat nebo oko Wereret), aby je vyhledalo. Zat\u00edmco bylo oko na cest\u011b, stvo\u0159il si Atum oko nov\u00e9.<\/p><p>Kdy\u017e se star\u00e9 oko vr\u00e1tilo s nalezen\u00fdmi d\u011btmi, zjistilo, \u017ee na jeho m\u00edst\u011b je nov\u00e9 oko, a rozzu\u0159ilo se. Atum oko uklidnil t\u00edm, \u017ee jej um\u00edstil jako uraeus na sv\u00e9 \u010delo; ze slz oka vznikli prvn\u00ed lid\u00e9.<\/p><p>Toto mytick\u00e9 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed, dochovan\u00e9 v n\u011bkolika pozdn\u00edch textech, ustanovuje vztah mezi bo\u017e\u00edm okem a uraeem a z\u00e1rove\u0148 vysv\u011btluje vznik lidsk\u00e9ho rodu.<\/p>\n<p>V Knize mrtv\u00fdch (v\u00fdrok 175) se nach\u00e1z\u00ed eschatologick\u00e1 vize: Atum ohla\u0161uje, \u017ee po dlouh\u00fdch v\u011bc\u00edch se stvo\u0159en\u00fd sv\u011bt op\u011bt navr\u00e1t\u00ed do prvotn\u00edch vod Nun; p\u0159e\u017eij\u00ed jen Atum s\u00e1m a Usir, oba v had\u00ed podob\u011b.<\/p><p>Tato p\u0159edstava cyklick\u00e9ho a eschatologick\u00e9ho n\u00e1vratu sv\u011bta do chaosu je n\u00e1bo\u00ad\u017eensko-historicky v\u00fdznamn\u00e1 a struktur\u00e1ln\u011b p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00e1 s hinduistick\u00fdm konceptem pralaya i s pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi apokalyptick\u00fdmi p\u0159edstavami.<\/p>\n<p>V denn\u00edm cyklu slunce zast\u00e1v\u00e1 Atum roli ve\u010dern\u00edho slunce. S jeho vstupem do podsv\u011bt\u00ed za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 no\u010dn\u00ed plavba slune\u010dn\u00ed b\u00e1rky, kter\u00e1 ve dvan\u00e1cti hodinov\u00fdch \u00fasec\u00edch proch\u00e1z\u00ed \u0159\u00ed\u0161\u00ed mrtv\u00fdch.<\/p><p>Tato plavba je podrobn\u011b pops\u00e1na v \u201eKnih\u00e1ch bran\u201c a v \u201eAmduatu\u201c (\u201eKnize o tom, co je v podsv\u011bt\u00ed\u201c). Atum jako star\u00fd mu\u017e s hol\u00ed a sklon\u011bn\u00fdmi z\u00e1dy vstupuje do b\u00e1rky a je prov\u00e1zen noc\u00ed a\u017e k rann\u00edmu vzk\u0159\u00ed\u0161en\u00ed jako Chepri.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f432fbe e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f432fbe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c63116 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4c63116\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vztahy v panteonu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c52982 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4c52982\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Atum je genealogicky a teologicky praotcem heliopolsk\u00e9ho pantheonu. Se \u0160uem a Tefnut m\u00e1 vztah otce a d\u011bt\u00ed; v jedn\u00e9 variant\u011b se objevuj\u00ed jako jeho ruce, kter\u00e9 nab\u00fdvaj\u00ed vlastn\u00ed existence.<\/p><p>S Rem tvo\u0159\u00ed dvojitou formu Atum-Re, v n\u00ed\u017e je teologicky spojeno ve\u010dern\u00ed a denn\u00ed slunce. S Chepri a Rem vznik\u00e1 trojforma slune\u010dn\u00edho cyklu: Chepri (rann\u00ed slunce), Re (poledn\u00ed slunce), Atum (ve\u010dern\u00ed slunce).<\/p>\n<p>S Amunem v Th\u00e9b\u00e1ch se Atum spojuje v Amun-Atuma, formu, kter\u00e1 se teologicky prosadila v ramessidsk\u00e9 dob\u011b.<\/p><p>S Ptahem v Memfid\u011b existuje ve \u201eMemfidsk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e1 nauka o Bohu a v\u00ed\u0159e n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologii<\/span>\u201c filosofick\u00fd vztah: Ptah mysl\u00ed a vyslovuje to, co Atum pot\u00e9 tvo\u0159iv\u011b uskute\u010d\u0148uje; tento v\u00fdklad d\u011bl\u00e1 z Atuma vykon\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed aspekt stvo\u0159en\u00ed koncipovan\u00e9ho Ptahem. S Chnumem v Esn\u011b existuje podobn\u00e1 komplementarita; Chnum utv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed \u017eiv\u00e9 tvory, Atum je p\u0159iv\u00e1d\u00ed k existenci.<\/p>\n<p>S Usirem m\u00e1 Atum eschatologick\u00fd vztah, kter\u00fd je vyj\u00e1d\u0159en v Knize mrtv\u00fdch: Oba jsou p\u0159edstavov\u00e1ni jako jedin\u00ed zb\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed bohov\u00e9 na konci sv\u011bta, v had\u00ed podob\u011b. Toto uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed d\u011bl\u00e1 z Atuma boha kosmick\u00e9ho po\u010d\u00e1tku a konce, z Usira boha vl\u00e1dy podsv\u011bt\u00ed.<\/p><p>S kr\u00e1lem (faraonem) existuje zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed vztah: P\u0159i korunovaci je farao identifikov\u00e1n s Atumem, po sv\u00e9 smrti je jako Atum-Re p\u0159ijat do slune\u010dn\u00edho cyklu. Tato ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed identifikace je j\u00e1drem egyptsk\u00e9 kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 teologie.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa28b21 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aa28b21\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a347e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5a347e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepce<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a562a54 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a562a54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V \u0159ecko-\u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha \u0159eck\u00e9 a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 kultury, p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b od 800 p\u0159. n. l. do 600 n. l.\" tabindex=\"0\">antice<\/span> byl Atum obvykle ztoto\u017e\u0148ov\u00e1n s H\u00e9liem nebo Apoll\u00f3nem, n\u011bkdy i se Saturnem, proto\u017ee Atum je \u201estar\u00fd&#8220;. Pl\u00fatarchos (\u00abDe Iside et Osiride\u00bb 12 a 73) se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 heliopolskou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e1 nauka o Bohu a v\u00ed\u0159e n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologi\u00ed<\/span> a identifikuje Atuma s \u0159eck\u00fdm \u201eGeron&#8220;, tedy Starcem.<\/p><p>Hel\u00e9nistick\u00e1 hermetika vyu\u017e\u00edvala koncepty Atuma ve sv\u00fdch \u00favah\u00e1ch o \u201eautogenes theos&#8220;, \u201es\u00e1m ze sebe vznikl\u00e9m bohu&#8220;. Toto pojet\u00ed prostupuje \u00abCorpus Hermeticum\u00bb a jeho prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm i k\u0159es\u0165ansko-gnostickou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e1 nauka o Bohu a v\u00ed\u0159e n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologii<\/span> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159echodn\u00e1 epocha mezi antikou a st\u0159edov\u011bkem, p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 3. a\u017e 7. stolet\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">pozdn\u00ed antiky<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>S koncem pohansk\u00e9ho chr\u00e1mov\u00e9ho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factu vzd\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edch \u00fakon\u016f v\u016f\u010di bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 bytosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultu<\/span> v p\u00e1t\u00e9m a \u0161est\u00e9m stolet\u00ed na\u0161eho letopo\u010dtu praktick\u00fd Atum\u016fv kult zanikl. Koptsk\u00e1 tradice si v\u0161ak zachovala n\u011bkter\u00e9 teologick\u00e9 koncepty, nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159edstavu boha, kter\u00fd vznikl s\u00e1m ze sebe, je\u017e je patrn\u00e1 v koptsko-k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 christologii.<\/p><p>Ve st\u0159edov\u011bku arab\u0161t\u00ed cestovatel\u00e9 pod\u00e1vali zpr\u00e1vy o opu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch zbytc\u00edch chr\u00e1m\u016f v Heliopoli; v\u011bt\u0161ina obelisk\u016f byla postupem \u010dasu odvezena do \u0158\u00edma (dnes Lateran, Piazza del Popolo) nebo do Konstantinopole.<\/p>\n<p>Modern\u00ed znovuobjeven\u00ed Atumova kultu za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 s napoleonsk\u00fdmi v\u011bdci a s Champollionov\u00fdm rozlu\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm hieroglyf\u016f. V devaten\u00e1ct\u00e9m stolet\u00ed Lepsius zdokumentoval Atumovy obrazov\u00e9 programy; ve dvac\u00e1t\u00e9m stolet\u00ed James Henry Breasted, Henri Frankfort a Erik Hornung systematicky zpracovali teologickou hloubku heliopolsk\u00e9 kosmogonie.<\/p><p>V nov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed badatelsk\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci Jana Assmanna (\u00ab<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e1 nauka o Bohu a v\u00ed\u0159e n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">Theologie<\/span> und <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pro\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd postoj a praxe \u010dlov\u011bka.\" tabindex=\"0\">Fr\u00f6mmigkeit<\/span>\u00bb, 1984) a Jamese P. Allena (\u00abGenesis in Egypt\u00bb, 1988) je Atum pojedn\u00e1v\u00e1n jako centr\u00e1ln\u00ed postava egyptsk\u00e9 \u201eteologie p\u0159ed stvo\u0159en\u00edm&#8220;. V modern\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrnn\u00fd pojem pro u\u010den\u00ed, kter\u00e1 si n\u00e1rokuj\u00ed skryt\u00e9 pozn\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstupn\u00e9 pouze zasv\u011bcenc\u016fm.\" tabindex=\"0\">esoterice<\/span> a v literatu\u0159e new age se Atum objevuje jako prvotn\u00ed obraz \u201esama sebe zrozen\u00e9ho v\u011bdom\u00ed&#8220;, co\u017e je v\u00fdklad op\u00edraj\u00edc\u00ed se o hermeticko-gnostickou tradici.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ac60ea e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0ac60ea\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee7888d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ee7888d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Religionistick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7006bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a7006bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Atum pat\u0159\u00ed do kategorie stvo\u0159itelsk\u00fdch boh\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed tvo\u0159\u00ed sebeplozen\u00edm. Tato p\u0159edstava je z hlediska d\u011bjin n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed n\u00e1padn\u00e1: zat\u00edmco v\u011bt\u0161ina polyteistick\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed popisuje stvo\u0159en\u00ed jako boj, spojen\u00ed nebo d\u00edlenskou pr\u00e1ci, egyptsk\u00e1 heliopolsk\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e1 nauka o Bohu a v\u00ed\u0159e n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologie<\/span> zn\u00e1 stvo\u0159itele, kter\u00fd vznik\u00e1 s\u00e1m ze sebe.<\/p><p>Srovnateln\u00fdch p\u0159edstav je jen m\u00e1lo: hinduistick\u00fd Prad\u017e\u00e1pati, v\u00e9dsk\u00fd Hiranjagarbha (\u201ezlat\u00e9 vejce&#8220;) a v omezen\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e i gnostick\u00fd Autogenes.<\/p>\n<p>Teologick\u00e1 reflexe Atuma dos\u00e1hla sv\u00fdch vrchol\u016f zejm\u00e9na v pozdn\u00ed dob\u011b. Esensk\u00e9 hymny, memfidsk\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e1 nauka o Bohu a v\u00ed\u0159e n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologie<\/span> a hymny z chr\u00e1m\u016f v Edf\u00fa a Dende\u0159e se zab\u00fdvaj\u00ed paradoxn\u00edmi aspekty stvo\u0159itele: je v prvotn\u00edch vod\u00e1ch a p\u0159ece se od nich li\u0161\u00ed, je s\u00e1m a p\u0159ece otcem dev\u00edtky boh\u016f, je st\u00e1r a v\u011b\u010dn\u00fd z\u00e1rove\u0148.<\/p><p>Tato filosofick\u00e1 hloubka \u010din\u00ed egyptsk\u00fd diskurz o stvo\u0159en\u00ed jedn\u00edm z nejdiferencovan\u011bj\u0161\u00edch v d\u011bjin\u00e1ch antick\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed a stav\u00ed egyptsk\u00e9 my\u0161len\u00ed na \u00farove\u0148 \u0159eck\u00e9 a indick\u00e9 filosofie.<\/p>\n<p>Henri Frankfort vid\u011bl v Atumovi \u201evysok\u00e9ho boha&#8220; egyptsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed, co\u017e byl v\u00fdklad, kter\u00fd pozd\u011bji Hornung zpochybnil: Atum nen\u00ed jedin\u00fdm ani nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edm bohem, n\u00fdbr\u017e manifestac\u00ed bo\u017esk\u00e9ho principu, kter\u00fd se objevuje v mnoha jm\u00e9nech a podob\u00e1ch. Jan Assmann v d\u00edle \u00ab\u00c4gypten.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e1 nauka o Bohu a v\u00ed\u0159e n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">Theologie<\/span> und <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pro\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd postoj a praxe \u010dlov\u011bka.\" tabindex=\"0\">Fr\u00f6mmigkeit<\/span>\u00bb (1984) analyzoval \u201enovou teologii slunce&#8220; Nov\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e, v n\u00ed\u017e se Atum, Re a Chepri spojuj\u00ed ve t\u0159i aspekty jedn\u00e9 jedin\u00e9 slune\u010dn\u00ed bytosti; tento v\u00fdklad p\u0159ipravuje monolatrickou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pro\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd postoj a praxe \u010dlov\u011bka.\" tabindex=\"0\">zbo\u017enost<\/span> amarnsk\u00e9 doby za Achnatona a struktur\u00e1ln\u011b souvis\u00ed s pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edm biblick\u00fdm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u00edra v jedin\u00e9ho Boha.\" tabindex=\"0\">monoteismem<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c841e62 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c841e62\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-049c634 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"049c634\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Prameny<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8498c51 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8498c51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Texty pyramid, v\u00fdrok 527 (sebestvo\u0159en\u00ed), v\u00fdrok 600 (\u0160u a Tefnut), v\u00fdrok 587. Texty rakv\u00ed a Kniha mrtv\u00fdch, zejm\u00e9na v\u00fdrok 17, 78 a 175. Memfidsk\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e1 nauka o Bohu a v\u00ed\u0159e n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologie<\/span> (\u0160abakova deska, British Museum EA 498), vyd\u00e1n\u00ed James H. Breasted. N\u00e1pisy z chr\u00e1mu v Esn\u011b, vyd\u00e1n\u00ed Sauneron. \u00abKniha bran\u00bb a \u00abAmduat\u00bb z kr\u00e1lovsk\u00fdch hrobek v \u00dadol\u00ed kr\u00e1l\u016f, vyd\u00e1n\u00ed Hornung.<\/p><p>Strab\u00f3n, \u00abGeographika\u00bb XVII, 1, 27 a\u017e 30; Pl\u00fatarchos, \u00abDe Iside et Osiride\u00bb 12, 73. Henri Frankfort, \u00abKingship and the Gods\u00bb, Chicago 1948. Erik Hornung, \u00abDer Eine und die Vielen\u00bb, Darmstadt 1971. James P. Allen, \u00abGenesis in Egypt.<\/p><p>The Philosophy of Ancient Egyptian Creation Accounts\u00bb, New Haven 1988. Jan Assmann, \u00ab\u00c4gypten. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e1 nauka o Bohu a v\u00ed\u0159e n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">Theologie<\/span> und <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pro\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd postoj a praxe \u010dlov\u011bka.\" tabindex=\"0\">Fr\u00f6mmigkeit<\/span> einer fr\u00fchen Hochkultur\u00bb, Stuttgart 1984.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3203,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Atum","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Atum \u2013 egyptsk\u00fd stvo\u0159itelsk\u00fd b\u016fh z H\u00e9liopole | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Atum je egyptsk\u00fd stvo\u0159itelsk\u00fd b\u016fh z H\u00e9liopole, otec 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