{"id":145574,"date":"2026-09-03T16:31:42","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:31:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=145574"},"modified":"2026-09-03T16:59:42","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:59:42","slug":"athena","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/athena\/","title":{"rendered":"Ath\u00e9na"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"145574\" class=\"elementor elementor-145574 elementor-2976 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5267971 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5267971\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8380ddd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8380ddd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc8e551 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fc8e551\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37bad8f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"37bad8f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ath\u00e9na, bohyn\u011b moudrosti a ochr\u00e1nkyn\u011b Ath\u00e9n<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66c7ec4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"66c7ec4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jako bohyn\u011b moudrosti a ochr\u00e1nkyn\u011b Ath\u00e9n spojuje Ath\u00e9na rozv\u00e1\u017en\u00fd \u00fasudek s bojovnou podporou pro m\u011bstskou obec. Ath\u00e9na, v attick\u00e9m dialektu Athena, pat\u0159\u00ed k \u00fast\u0159edn\u00edm postav\u00e1m \u0159eck\u00e9ho panteonu a je pova\u017eov\u00e1na za dceru Zeuse, zrozenou z jeho hlavy.<\/p><p>Je ochr\u00e1nkyn\u00ed m\u011bsta Ath\u00e9ny, patronkou \u0159emesln\u00e9 dovednosti, v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 rozvahy a spravedliv\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1du. Na rozd\u00edl od Area nezt\u011bles\u0148uje krvav\u00fd boj, n\u00fdbr\u017e strategick\u00e9 veden\u00ed a ochranu polis.<\/p><p>Jej\u00ed p\u0159\u00eddomky \u00abPolias\u00bb (ochr\u00e1nkyn\u011b m\u011bsta), \u00abPromachos\u00bb (bojovnice v \u010dele) a \u00abParthenos\u00bb (panna) vyzna\u010duj\u00ed t\u0159i hlavn\u00ed osy jej\u00edho kultu. U Hom\u00e9ra nese <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pevn\u00fd p\u0159\u00eddomek, kter\u00fd charakterizuje bo\u017estvo nebo postavu.\" tabindex=\"0\">epiteton<\/span> \u00abglaukopis\u00bb, kter\u00e9 se podle v\u00fdkladu p\u0159ekl\u00e1d\u00e1 jako \u00absovook\u00e1\u00bb nebo \u00abjasnozrak\u00e1\u00bb a odkazuje na jej\u00ed pronikav\u00fd, ostr\u00fd pohled.<\/p><p>Doklady v line\u00e1rn\u00edm p\u00edsmu B z myk\u00e9nsk\u00e9ho obdob\u00ed zaznamen\u00e1vaj\u00ed \u00abpan\u00ed Athanu\u00bb, co\u017e podporuje tezi o p\u0159ed\u0159eck\u00e9 hradn\u00ed bohyni, kter\u00e1 v archaick\u00e9m n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed polis postupn\u011b nabyla funkce panhel\u00e9nsk\u00e9ho ochrann\u00e9ho bo\u017estva.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e520f96 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e520f96\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-171ee25 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"171ee25\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"B\u016fh \/ bohyn\u011b: Zosobn\u011bn\u00e1 nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed moc v panteonu kultury s jasn\u011b vymezen\u00fdmi pravomocemi \u2014 p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed s\u00edly, osud, v\u00e1lka, plodnost. Uct\u00edv\u00e1ni prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm kult\u016f, ob\u011bt\u00ed a chr\u00e1mov\u00fdch instituc\u00ed.\">B\u016fh<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/recko\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed a mytologie starov\u011bk\u00e9ho \u0158ecka od myk\u00e9nsk\u00e9ho obdob\u00ed a\u017e po pozdn\u00ed antiku.\">\u0158ecko<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b8c7f2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2b8c7f2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f49cf33 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"f49cf33\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na t\\u00e9to str\\u00e1nce nebyly nalezeny 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0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__f49cf33\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8aea15e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8aea15e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f4dc559 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f4dc559\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_griechenland_athene-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-147282\" alt=\"Ath\u00e9na \u2013 bohov\u00e9 z \u0159eck\u00e9 tradice, historicko-ilustrativn\u00ed\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_griechenland_athene-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_griechenland_athene-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_griechenland_athene-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_griechenland_athene.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a56661 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9a56661\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-099658b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"099658b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74a9afa elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"74a9afa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">M\u00fdtus a rodokmen<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fec0d72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fec0d72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Zrozen\u00ed Ath\u00e9ny z hlavy Zeuse pat\u0159\u00ed k nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00edm m\u00fdt\u016fm o vzniku v \u0159eck\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed v\u011bdomost\u00ed a vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d generacemi.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici<\/span>. H\u00e9siodos ve sv\u00e9 \u00abTheogonii\u00bb (ver\u0161 886 a\u017e 900 a 924 a\u017e 926) popisuje, jak Zeus pohlt\u00ed t\u011bhotnou M\u00e9tis, aby odvr\u00e1til proroctv\u00ed, podle kter\u00e9ho by ho syn z tohoto svazku svrhl.<\/p><p>Ze Zeusovy roz\u0165at\u00e9 lebky, kterou otev\u0159el H\u00e9faistos nebo Prom\u00e9theus sekerou, vysko\u010d\u00ed Ath\u00e9na v pln\u00e9 v\u00fdzbroji. Tato epizoda zakl\u00e1d\u00e1 jej\u00ed v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00e9 postaven\u00ed jako \u010dist\u011b duchovn\u00ed v\u00fdtvor otce boh\u016f, bez mat\u010diny mediace v b\u011b\u017en\u00e9m smyslu.<\/p><p>M\u00e9tis z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 integrov\u00e1na v Zeusovi a st\u00e1v\u00e1 se zt\u011blesn\u011bn\u00edm lstiv\u00e9 chytrosti, kterou od t\u00e9 doby otec boh\u016f nos\u00ed v sob\u011b; Ath\u00e9na tuto vlastnost zjevn\u011b zd\u011bd\u00ed a projevuje ji navenek.<\/p>\n<p>Pindarova sedm\u00e1 olympijsk\u00e1 \u00f3da (ver\u0161 35 a\u017e 38) uv\u00e1d\u00ed rhodskou variantu, podle n\u00ed\u017e p\u0159i zrozen\u00ed padal na ostrov zlat\u00fd d\u00e9\u0161\u0165 a Heliadov\u00e9 v sam\u00e9m sp\u011bchu zapomn\u011bli zap\u00e1lit prvn\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017estvu na vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed d\u00edk\u016f, prosby nebo uct\u011bn\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">ob\u011b\u0165<\/span>, a proto p\u0159inesli ohe\u0148 obyvatel\u016fm Rhodu.<\/p><p>Jin\u00e1 tradice na Kr\u00e9t\u011b lokalizovala zrozen\u00ed u jezera Tritonis v Libyi, proto Ath\u00e9na nese p\u0159\u00eddomek \u00abTritogeneia\u00bb; H\u00e9rodotos (IV, 180) uv\u00e1d\u00ed libyjsk\u00fd Ath\u00e9nin <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factn\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f v\u016f\u010di bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 postav\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> u Ause\u016f, spojen\u00fd s ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u00edm d\u00edv\u010d\u00edm z\u00e1polen\u00edm o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span>.<\/p><p>Etymologick\u00fd v\u00fdklad tohoto p\u0159\u00eddomku z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 sporn\u00fd mezi vztahem k jezeru Tritonis a staro\u0159eck\u00fdm v\u00fdrazem \u00abtrito\u00bb pro \u00abt\u0159et\u00ed zrozen\u00e1\u00bb nebo \u00abprav\u00e1\u00bb.<\/p>\n<p>Z epizody s H\u00e9faistem vznik\u00e1 podle attick\u00e9 m\u00edstn\u00ed tradice Erichthonios: H\u00e9faistos se pokus\u00ed Ath\u00e9nu zn\u00e1silnit; jeho semeno dopadne na jej\u00ed nohu, ona ho set\u0159e vlnou a l\u00e1tku odhod\u00ed na zem, z n\u00ed\u017e vzejde Erichthonios (Apollod\u00f3ros III, 14, 6).<\/p><p>Ath\u00e9na d\u00edt\u011b vychov\u00e1v\u00e1 a p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1 je dcer\u00e1m Kekropa, Aglauros, Herse a Pandrosos, v uzav\u0159en\u00e9 truhle, se z\u00e1kazem ji otev\u0159\u00edt.<\/p><p>Aglauros a Herse truhlu otev\u0159ou, spat\u0159\u00ed d\u00edt\u011b obto\u010den\u00e9 hadem a v \u0161\u00edlenstv\u00ed se vrhnou z Akropole. Z tohoto p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu se odvozuje p\u0159edstava autochtonie Ath\u00e9\u0148an\u016f: jejich ran\u00ed kr\u00e1lov\u00e9 jsou \u00abzrozeni ze zem\u011b\u00bb, nikoli p\u0159ist\u011bhoval\u00ed. Erichthonios zalo\u017e\u00ed sv\u00e1tek Panath\u00e9naj\u00ed a je pova\u017eov\u00e1n za vyn\u00e1lezce \u010dty\u0159sp\u0159e\u017en\u00e9ho v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9ho vozu.<\/p>\n<p>Sourozenecky je Ath\u00e9na spojena s Apoll\u00f3nem, Artemidou, Hermem a Areem; jej\u00ed neju\u017e\u0161\u00ed vztah v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn boh\u016f n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed nebo kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonu<\/span> je se samotn\u00fdm Zeusem, jeho\u017e pl\u00e1ny \u010dasto prov\u00e1d\u00ed. Vlastn\u00ed d\u011bti nem\u00e1; jej\u00ed panenstv\u00ed je konstitutivn\u00ed a struktur\u00e1ln\u011b ji odli\u0161uje od H\u00e9ry a D\u00e9m\u00e9t\u00e9r.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159echodn\u00e9 obdob\u00ed mezi antikou a st\u0159edov\u011bkem, p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 3. a\u017e 7. stolet\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pozdn\u011b antick\u00e9<\/span> alegor\u00e9zy vid\u011bly v Ath\u00e9n\u011b \u00abmy\u0161len\u00ed\u00bb otce boh\u016f, tedy zosobn\u011bn\u00fd logos, kter\u00fd p\u016fsob\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ed jak\u00fdmkoli stvo\u0159en\u00edm; tento v\u00fdklad d\u00e1le rozvinuli Fil\u00f3n Alexandrijsk\u00fd a novoplat\u00f3n\u0161t\u00ed auto\u0159i jako Proklos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c2320c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c2320c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a0957b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0a0957b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Symboly, ikonografie a atributy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9d26a0a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9d26a0a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hlavn\u00edmi atributy Ath\u00e9ny jsou helma, kop\u00ed, \u0161t\u00edt a aigis. Aigis, koz\u00ed k\u016f\u017ee obrostl\u00e1 hady s gorgonei\u00f3nem uprost\u0159ed, je pokl\u00e1d\u00e1na za ochrann\u00e9 znamen\u00ed p\u0159evzat\u00e9 od Zeuse. U Hom\u00e9ra nos\u00ed Ath\u00e9na aigis do boje jako z\u00e1stupkyn\u011b otce.<\/p><p>Helma, \u010dasto zdoben\u00e1 sfingou nebo Pegasem, poukazuje na jej\u00ed bojovnou funkci, zat\u00edmco kop\u00ed je pravideln\u011b dr\u017eeno vzty\u010den\u00e9, nikoli v \u00fato\u010dn\u00e9m postoji. Toto v\u011bdom\u00e9 zdr\u017eenliv\u00e9 nesen\u00ed zbran\u011b ji ukazuje jako strat\u00e9gyni, nikoli jako bojovnou f\u00farii.<\/p>\n<p>Sova, zejm\u00e9na s\u00fd\u010dek obecn\u00fd (Athene noctua, jeho\u017e jm\u00e9no nese a\u017e do modern\u00ed zoologie), je jej\u00edm pt\u00e1kem u\u017e od archaick\u00e9 doby. Na attick\u00fdch tetradrachm\u00e1ch se objevuje jako heraldick\u00e9 zv\u00ed\u0159e vedle hlavy bohyn\u011b; tyto mince byly obchodov\u00e1ny po cel\u00e9m St\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ed jako \u00abglaukes\u00bb (sovy) a daly vzniknout p\u0159\u00edslov\u00ed \u00abnosit sovy do Ath\u00e9n\u00bb.<\/p><p>Olivovn\u00edk souvis\u00ed se sporem s Poseid\u00f3nem: Ath\u00e9na zasadila prvn\u00ed olivovn\u00edk na Akropoli a darovala Ath\u00e9\u0148an\u016fm rostlinu, kter\u00e1 poskytovala potravu, sv\u011btlo a hojen\u00ed ran.<\/p><p>Svat\u00fd olivovn\u00edk v Pandroseionu byl a\u017e do pozdn\u00ed \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 doby pokl\u00e1d\u00e1n za nezni\u010diteln\u00fd; Pausanias (I, 27, 2) uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee po persk\u00e9m po\u017e\u00e1ru roku 480 p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem znovu vyra\u0161il p\u0159es noc.<\/p>\n<p>Had je dal\u0161\u00edm pevn\u00fdm atributem, a to ve dvou funkc\u00edch: jednak jako Erichthonios, jeho\u017e Ath\u00e9na chr\u00e1n\u00ed v podob\u011b hada, jednak jako <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znamen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 zastupuje ur\u010ditou p\u0159edstavu nebo v\u00fdznam.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> spojen\u00ed se zem\u00ed a l\u00e9\u010div\u00e9 mudrosti.<\/p><p>Feidiova chryselefantinov\u00e1 Ath\u00e9na Parthenos, popsan\u00e1 Pausaniem (I, 24, 5 a\u017e 7), zobrazuje bohyni v chit\u00f3nu, s Nikou na nap\u0159a\u017een\u00e9 pravici, vedle kop\u00ed op\u0159en\u00e9ho o \u0161t\u00edt; v z\u00e1hybu roucha se vine velk\u00fd had, ztoto\u017e\u0148ovan\u00fd s Erichthoniem.<\/p><p>\u0160t\u00edt nesl v\u00fdjevy boje s Amazonkami, jeho vnit\u0159n\u00ed strana gigantomachii, sand\u00e1ly kentauromachii. D\u00edlo bylo dvan\u00e1ct metr\u016f vysok\u00e9, zhotoven\u00e9 z 1140 kilogram\u016f zlata, jeho\u017e desky byly odn\u00edmateln\u00e9, tak\u017ee Perikl\u00e9s m\u011bl v dob\u011b krize p\u0159\u00edstup ke st\u00e1tn\u00ed zlat\u00e9 rezerv\u011b.<\/p>\n<p>Dal\u0161\u00edm jej\u00edm atributem je tkalcovsk\u00fd a p\u0159eslicov\u00fd n\u00e1stroj. Ath\u00e9na \u00abErgan\u00e9\u00bb, \u00abD\u011blnice\u00bb, chr\u00e1nila ve\u0161ker\u00e9 \u0159emeslo, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v\u0161ak textiln\u00ed dovednosti \u017een. V <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o boz\u00edch, po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch a uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u011bta.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00fdtu<\/span> o tkalcovsk\u00e9m souboji s Arachn\u00e9 (Ovidius, Metamorf\u00f3zy VI, 5 a\u017e 145) vystupuje jako str\u00e1\u017ekyn\u011b normy, kter\u00e1 roztrh\u00e1v\u00e1 lydij\u010dino d\u00edlo, p\u0159esto\u017ee je dokonalej\u0161\u00ed, ale kritick\u00e9 k boh\u016fm.<\/p><p>Feidi\u00e1s vytvo\u0159il pro Parthen\u00f3n ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b nov\u011b tkan\u00fd peplos Ath\u00e9ny jako ikonografick\u00fd program: na \u0161afr\u00e1nov\u011b barven\u00e9 l\u00e1tce byly v\u017edy vetk\u00e1ny v\u00fdjevy gigantomachie, v n\u00ed\u017e Ath\u00e9na zahnala obra Enkelada pod ostrov Sic\u00edlii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-98b4b8a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"98b4b8a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f302c73 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f302c73\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult a uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c84aca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1c84aca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00dast\u0159edn\u00edm sv\u00e1tkem Ath\u00e9ny byly Panath\u00e9naje, slaven\u00e9 ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b 28. hekatombai\u00f3nu (\u010dervenec\/srpen), ka\u017ed\u00e9 \u010dty\u0159i roky jako \u00abVelk\u00e9 Panath\u00e9naje\u00bb s vystup\u0148ovanou n\u00e1kladnost\u00ed. Za\u010d\u00ednaly no\u010dn\u00ed pochod\u0148ovou proces\u00ed z <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Svat\u00fd h\u00e1j strom\u016f, kter\u00fd slou\u017eil jako kultovn\u00ed m\u00edsto.\" tabindex=\"0\">h\u00e1je<\/span> Akad\u00e9mie na Akropoli.<\/p><p>Vrcholem byl pr\u016fvod, na kter\u00e9m se pod\u00edleli ob\u010dan\u00e9, metoikov\u00e9 a vybran\u00e9 d\u00edvky; nesli nov\u011b utkan\u00fd peplos pro star\u00fd d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00fd kultovn\u00ed obraz Ath\u00e9ny Poliady na vozu ve tvaru lodi. Fr\u00edz Parthen\u00f3nu zobrazuje tento pr\u016fvod v d\u00e9lce 160 metr\u016f s asi 380 lidsk\u00fdmi a zv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00edmi postavami.<\/p>\n<p>Na Velk\u00fdch Panath\u00e9naj\u00edch sout\u011b\u017eili atleti, raps\u00f3dov\u00e9 a hudebn\u00edci; v\u00edt\u011bzov\u00e9 obdr\u017eeli jako cenu amfory s vytla\u010den\u00fdm olivov\u00fdm olejem ze svat\u00e9ho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Svat\u00fd h\u00e1j strom\u016f, kter\u00fd slou\u017eil jako kultovn\u00ed m\u00edsto.\" tabindex=\"0\">h\u00e1je<\/span>.<\/p><p>Tyto panath\u00e9najsk\u00e9 cenov\u00e9 amfory, na jedn\u00e9 stran\u011b s Ath\u00e9nou Promachos a na druh\u00e9 s p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161nou sportovn\u00ed discipl\u00ednou, jsou dnes jedn\u00edm z nejbohat\u0161\u00edch pramen\u016f k attick\u00e9mu malov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00e1z \u0161est\u00e9ho a p\u00e1t\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed.<\/p><p>Athlothet, kter\u00fd organizoval hry, pat\u0159il k nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edm \u00fa\u0159ad\u016fm attick\u00e9 demokracie. I Hom\u00e9rova d\u00edla byla od Peisistrata rapsodicky p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161ena na Panath\u00e9naj\u00edch, co\u017e p\u0159isp\u011blo ke kanonizaci hom\u00e9rsk\u00fdch epos\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>Vedle Panath\u00e9naj\u00ed existovaly dal\u0161\u00ed sv\u00e1tky Ath\u00e9ny. P\u0159i Arrh\u00e9fori\u00edch ve skirofori\u00f3nu nesou \u010dty\u0159i vysoce urozen\u00e9 d\u00edvky skryt\u00fd ko\u0161 do zem\u011b. Chalkeia v pyanopsi\u00f3nu byly kov\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdm sv\u00e1tkem pro Ath\u00e9nu Ergan\u00e9 a H\u00e9faista. Skira ve skirofori\u00f3nu znamenaly odchod \u017een a po\u010d\u00e1tek tkan\u00ed nov\u00e9ho peplu. P\u0159i Plynteri\u00edch byl star\u00fd kultovn\u00ed obraz svle\u010den a om\u00fdv\u00e1n v mo\u0159i.<\/p><p>V tento den byla m\u011bsta pokl\u00e1d\u00e1na za kulticky ne\u010dist\u00e9, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba, kter\u00e1 slou\u017e\u00ed k uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1my<\/span> byly uzav\u0159eny provazy a politick\u00e1 jedn\u00e1n\u00ed se zastavila. Tyto ritu\u00e1ly ukazuj\u00ed Ath\u00e9nu m\u00e9n\u011b jako bojovnou a v\u00edce jako kulturotvornou bohyni, chr\u00e1n\u00edc\u00ed \u0159emeslo, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159echod, j\u00edm\u017e je n\u011bkdo p\u0159ijat do nov\u00e9ho stavu nebo spole\u010denstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">iniciaci<\/span> a m\u011bstskou obec.<\/p>\n<p>Mimo Ath\u00e9ny byl jej\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factyhodn\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f v\u016f\u010di bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 bytosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en po cel\u00e9m \u0159eck\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b. Ve Spart\u011b se jmenovala Ath\u00e9na Chalkioikos, \u00abv bronzov\u00e9m dom\u011b\u00bb, podle <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba, kter\u00e1 slou\u017e\u00ed k uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1mu<\/span> s bronzov\u00fdmi deskami; v Tegeji byl <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba, kter\u00e1 slou\u017e\u00ed k uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> Ath\u00e9ny Aleji pokl\u00e1d\u00e1n za jednu z nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch svatyn\u00ed Pelopon\u00e9su, postavenou Skopasem.<\/p><p>V Pergamu st\u00e1lo Ath\u00e9na-Polias-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u00edsto zasv\u011bcen\u00e9 uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bo\u017estva.\" tabindex=\"0\">svatyn\u011b<\/span> na Akropoli, vedle slavn\u00e9 knihovny Attalovc\u016f. Hel\u00e9nistick\u00e1 Ath\u00e9na Nik\u00e9foros z Pergamu se stala referen\u010dn\u00edm bodem panhel\u00e9nsk\u00e9ho kulturn\u00edho programu Attalovc\u016f, kter\u00fd se odvol\u00e1val na Ath\u00e9ny jako duchovn\u00ed domovinu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f2f5de9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f2f5de9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4126cda elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4126cda\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">V\u00fdznamn\u00e9 svatyn\u011b a chr\u00e1my<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-faa4da8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"faa4da8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Parthen\u00f3n na ath\u00e9nsk\u00e9 Akropoli, postaven\u00fd mezi lety 447 a 432 p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem za vl\u00e1dy Perikla, je nejslavn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u00edsto zasv\u011bcen\u00e9 uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bo\u017estva.\" tabindex=\"0\">svatyn\u00ed<\/span> bohyn\u011b.<\/p><p>Iktinos a Kallikrat\u00e9s navrhli d\u00f3rsk\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed k uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span>, Feidi\u00e1s vytvo\u0159il dvan\u00e1ct metr\u016f vysokou zlatoslonovinovou sochu Ath\u00e9ny Parthenos. Stavba neslou\u017eila jako hlavn\u00ed kultovn\u00ed m\u00edsto, ale jako pokladnice a \u010destn\u00fd chr\u00e1m; skute\u010dn\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Obrazov\u00e9 zpodobn\u011bn\u00ed bo\u017estva uct\u00edvan\u00e9 v chr\u00e1mu nebo svatyni.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultovn\u00ed socha<\/span> Ath\u00e9ny Polias st\u00e1la v sousedn\u00edm Erechteionu.<\/p><p>Tam se tak\u00e9 ukazovalo slan\u00e9 jez\u00edrko spojen\u00e9 se sporem mezi Ath\u00e9nou a Poseidonem a svat\u00fd olivov\u00fd strom. Parthen\u00f3n nesl na sv\u00fdch \u0161t\u00edtech zrozen\u00ed Ath\u00e9ny (v\u00fdchodn\u00ed \u0161t\u00edt) a spor s Poseidonem (z\u00e1padn\u00ed \u0161t\u00edt); metopy zobrazovaly gigantomachii, amazonomachii, kentauromachii a p\u00e1d Tr\u00f3je.<\/p>\n<p>Erechteion s Korovou s\u00edn\u00ed, postaven\u00fd mezi lety 421 a 406, byl skute\u010dn\u00fdm kultovn\u00edm centrem. Uvnit\u0159 se uchov\u00e1vala archaick\u00e1 d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e1 socha Ath\u00e9ny, takzvan\u00e9 \u201exoanon\u201c, kter\u00e9 podle <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pou\u010dn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh, nej\u010dast\u011bji o \u017eivot\u011b svat\u00fdch.\" tabindex=\"0\">legendy<\/span> spadlo z nebe.<\/p><p>P\u0159i sv\u00e1tku Plynteria se tato socha ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b svl\u00e9kala a um\u00fdvala v mo\u0159i, podobn\u011b jako sochu H\u00e9ry p\u0159i samsk\u00e9m sv\u00e1tku Tonaia. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed k uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">Chr\u00e1m<\/span> spojuje pod jednou st\u0159echou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factypln\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f v\u016f\u010di bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 postav\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> Ath\u00e9ny, Poseidona-Erechtea a kr\u00e1le Kekropa, a je tak pova\u017eov\u00e1n za nejslo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sakr\u00e1ln\u00ed stavbu klasick\u00e9 doby.<\/p>\n<p>Mimo Ath\u00e9ny stoj\u00ed Ath\u00e9nin <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed k uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> v Sounionu, na jihov\u00fdchodn\u00edm konci Attiky, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed k uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> Ath\u00e9ny Afaie na Aigin\u011b (vlastn\u011b <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm \u00fakonem p\u0159edan\u00e9 svat\u00e9mu, a t\u00edm vy\u0148at\u00e9 z b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho \u017eivota.\" tabindex=\"0\">zasv\u011bcen\u00fd<\/span> Afaie, ale \u00fazce spojen\u00fd s ath\u00e9nskou ikonografi\u00ed), <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u00edsto zasv\u011bcen\u00e9 uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bo\u017estva.\" tabindex=\"0\">svatyn\u011b<\/span> Ath\u00e9ny Pronaie v Delf\u00e1ch a Ath\u00e9ny Itonie v Thes\u00e1lii.<\/p><p>V Mal\u00e9 Asii pat\u0159ily k velk\u00fdm poutn\u00edm m\u00edst\u016fm hel\u00e9nistick\u00e9 doby Ath\u00e9nin <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed k uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> v Pri\u00e9n\u00e9, postaven\u00fd Pytheem ve \u010dtvrt\u00e9m stolet\u00ed p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem, a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed k uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> Ath\u00e9ny Lindie na Rhodu. Lindsk\u00fd Ath\u00e9nin chr\u00e1m ukr\u00fdval Lindskou kroniku, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Text vyryt\u00fd nebo vytesan\u00fd do pevn\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu.\" tabindex=\"0\">n\u00e1pis<\/span>, kter\u00fd vyjmenov\u00e1val nejvz\u00e1cn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed votivn\u00ed dary svatyn\u011b od nejstar\u0161\u00edch dob a\u017e do roku 99 p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fcb85f0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fcb85f0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-146581b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"146581b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mytick\u00e9 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d591b2a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d591b2a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Spor s Poseidonem o Attiku pat\u0159\u00ed k ath\u00e9nsk\u00fdm zakladatelsk\u00fdm pov\u011bstem. Apollod\u00f3ros (III, 14, 1) uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee oba bohov\u00e9 vznesli n\u00e1rok na tuto zemi a p\u0159ed shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00edm boh\u016f p\u0159edlo\u017eili sv\u00e9 dary. Poseidon ude\u0159il trojzubcem do sk\u00e1ly Akropole a vyvolal pramen slan\u00e9 vody (podle jin\u00e9 verze se objevil k\u016f\u0148); Ath\u00e9na zasadila olivov\u00fd strom.<\/p><p>Shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed boh\u016f, nebo podle jin\u00e9 verze kr\u00e1l Kekrops, rozhodlo ve prosp\u011bch Ath\u00e9ny, na co\u017e Poseidon odpov\u011bd\u011bl potopou, kterou zemi ztrestal. Fidias zpodobnil tento spor na z\u00e1padn\u00edm \u0161t\u00edtu Parthen\u00f3nu. Pausanias (I, 26, 5) dosv\u011bd\u010duje v Erechteionu skaln\u00ed trhlinu, je\u017e m\u00e1 b\u00fdt stopou po r\u00e1n\u011b trojzubcem, a soln\u00fd pramen, kter\u00fd za ji\u017en\u00edho v\u011btru von\u00ed mo\u0159em.<\/p>\n<p>V trojsk\u00e9 v\u00e1lce stoj\u00ed Ath\u00e9na neochv\u011bjn\u011b na stran\u011b \u0158ek\u016f. Prov\u00e1z\u00ed Odyssea v \u00abOdyseii\u00bb, podporuje Diomeda v boji proti Areovi a Afrodit\u011b (\u00cdlias V) a spolu s Epeiem navrhuje d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9ho kon\u011b, j\u00edm\u017e si sami Tr\u00f3jan\u00e9 otev\u0159ou br\u00e1ny sv\u00e9ho m\u011bsta.<\/p><p>Po v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed se jej\u00ed hn\u011bv obrac\u00ed proti \u0158ek\u016fm, proto\u017ee Ai\u00e1s Lokrijsk\u00fd zneuctil Kassandru v Ath\u00e9nin\u011b <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed k uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1mu<\/span> (Euripid\u00e9s, Trojanky 48 a\u017e 97); n\u00e1sledkem jsou bou\u0159e a neblah\u00fd n\u00e1vrat dom\u016f.<\/p><p>Spor o Palladion, d\u0159ev\u011bnou sochu Ath\u00e9ny zachr\u00e1n\u011bnou z Tr\u00f3je, z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o boz\u00edch, po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch a \u0159\u00e1du sv\u011bta.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00fdtu<\/span> politick\u00fdm argumentem m\u011bst, kter\u00e1 si n\u00e1rokuj\u00ed jej\u00ed \u00faschovu; Argos, Ath\u00e9ny a kone\u010dn\u011b \u0158\u00edm (prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm Aenea) si sochu n\u00e1rokuj\u00ed jako bo\u017esk\u00e9 potvrzen\u00ed legitimity sv\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu.<\/p>\n<p>V <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o boz\u00edch, po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch a \u0159\u00e1du sv\u011bta.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00fdtu<\/span> o Med\u00faze pom\u00e1h\u00e1 Ath\u00e9na Perseovi setnout hlavu Gorgony t\u00edm, \u017ee mu pod\u00e1 vyle\u0161t\u011bn\u00fd \u0161t\u00edt jako zrcadlo. Gorgonu si pak um\u00edst\u00ed jako st\u0159ed sv\u00e9 aigis.<\/p><p>Apollod\u00f3ros (II, 4, 3) a Ovidius (Metamorf\u00f3zy IV, 798 a\u017e 803) nab\u00edzej\u00ed dv\u011b odli\u0161n\u00e9 p\u0159edchoz\u00ed historie Gorgony; v Ovidiov\u011b verzi byla Med\u00faza p\u016fvodn\u011b kr\u00e1snou smrtelnic\u00ed, kterou bohyn\u011b sama p\u0159em\u011bnila ve stra\u0161livou bytost pot\u00e9, co ji v Ath\u00e9nin\u011b <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed k uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1mu<\/span> zneuctil Poseidon.<\/p><p>Star\u0161\u00ed \u0159eck\u00e1 tradice naopak Med\u00fazu ch\u00e1pe jako od po\u010d\u00e1tku stra\u0161livou bytost bez lidsk\u00e9 p\u0159edehry.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o boz\u00edch, po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch a \u0159\u00e1du sv\u011bta.\" tabindex=\"0\">M\u00fdtus<\/span> o Arachn\u00e9 (Ovidius, Metamorf\u00f3zy VI) ukazuje Ath\u00e9nu jako nesmi\u0159itelnou ochr\u00e1nkyni bo\u017esk\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1du: l\u00fddsk\u00e1 tkadlena Arachn\u00e9 vyzve bohyni na sout\u011b\u017e a do sv\u00e9ho tkan\u00ed vetk\u00e1 zpodoben\u00ed provin\u011bn\u00ed boh\u016f.<\/p><p>Ath\u00e9na d\u00edlo roztrh\u00e1, ude\u0159\u00ed Arachn\u00e9 tkalcovsk\u00fdm \u010dlunkem a nakonec ji prom\u011bn\u00ed v pavouka. Tato epizoda se v pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed tradici stala p\u0159\u00edkladnou v\u00fdstra\u017enou bajkou proti p\u00fd\u0161e. Feministick\u00fd v\u00fdzkum m\u00fdt\u016f z\u00e1rove\u0148 v tomto l\u00e1tce spat\u0159uje reflexi hranic legitimn\u00ed um\u011bleck\u00e9 kritiky moci.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-07f94f4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"07f94f4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b6b8164 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b6b8164\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vztahy v panteonu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-43c6d57 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"43c6d57\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ath\u00e9na je pokl\u00e1d\u00e1na za milovanou dceru Dia; v \u00ab\u00cdliad\u011b\u00bb jako jedin\u00e1 nese jeho aigis, \u0161t\u00edt, jako jeho z\u00e1stupkyn\u011b. Jej\u00ed oddanost otci je bezmezn\u00e1, a jen v jedn\u00e9 epizod\u011b (\u00cdlias I, 396 a\u017e 406) je zm\u00edn\u011bna jako sou\u010d\u00e1st olympsk\u00e9ho spiknut\u00ed proti n\u011bmu.<\/p><p>Se sv\u00fdmi sourozenci Apoll\u00f3nem a Artemidou udr\u017euje klidn\u00fd, rovnocenn\u00fd vztah; v\u0161ichni t\u0159i zt\u011bles\u0148uj\u00ed mlad\u0161\u00ed, um\u011blecky nadanou generaci na rozd\u00edl od star\u00e9ho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn boh\u016f ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed nebo kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonu<\/span>. S Hermem sd\u00edl\u00ed \u00falohu chytr\u00e9ho ochr\u00e1nce, proto oba spole\u010dn\u011b stoj\u00ed po boku Persea, Herakla i Odyssea.<\/p>\n<p>Soupe\u0159en\u00ed s Poseidonem se odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed v n\u011bkolika m\u00edstn\u00edch m\u00fdtech, nejen v Ath\u00e9n\u00e1ch, ale i v Troiz\u00e9n\u011b a Argu. S Aresem panuje otev\u0159en\u00e9 nep\u0159\u00e1telstv\u00ed: Ath\u00e9na zastupuje strategick\u00e9 veden\u00ed v\u00e1lky, Ares divokou opojnou bojovnost.<\/p><p>U Hom\u00e9ra Ath\u00e9na zran\u00ed Area rukou Diomeda (\u00cdlias V, 855 a\u017e 859) a oba se znovu st\u0159etnou v theomachii \u00cdlias XX a XXI. S Afroditou je vztah zdr\u017eenliv\u011b nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00fd, vyvolan\u00fd Paridov\u00fdm soudem; Ath\u00e9na sl\u00edbila Paridovi rozv\u00e1\u017enost a v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed ve v\u00e1lce, Afrodita mu sl\u00edbila Helenu.<\/p>\n<p>H\u00e9faistos je jej\u00edm spole\u010dn\u00edkem v \u0159emesle; oba byli uct\u00edv\u00e1ni jako patroni ath\u00e9nsk\u00fdch \u0159emesln\u00edk\u016f. H\u00e9faisteion na ago\u0159e, \u010dasto myln\u011b naz\u00fdvan\u00fd \u00abTheseion\u00bb, byl <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho \u00fakonu odevzdan\u00fd svatosti, a t\u00edm vy\u0148at\u00fd z b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho \u017eivota.\" tabindex=\"0\">zasv\u011bcen<\/span> jim ob\u011bma a je nejl\u00e9pe zachovan\u00fdm d\u00f3rsk\u00fdm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed k uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1mem<\/span> v \u0158ecku.<\/p><p>Zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed pouto spojuje Ath\u00e9nu s hrdiny: Odysseem, Perseem, Bellerofontem (jemu\u017e darovala zlatou uzdu pro Pegase), Diom\u00e9dem, I\u00e1sonem a p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm Heraklem, kter\u00fdm poskytuje podporu zp\u016fsobem, jen\u017e podle hom\u00e9rsk\u00e9 etiky p\u0159edstavuje nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed formu bo\u017esk\u00e9 vyznamenan\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edzn\u011b.<\/p><p>V H\u00e9siodov\u011b d\u00edle \u0160t\u00edt Herakl\u016fv vystupuje Ath\u00e9na jako ochr\u00e1nkyn\u011b vyzbrojuj\u00edc\u00ed hrdinu, jemu\u017e prop\u016fj\u010duje bo\u017eskou rozv\u00e1\u017enost.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e4341ec e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e4341ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60a0e01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"60a0e01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepce<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e94523b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e94523b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0158\u00edmsk\u00e1 identifikace s Minervou p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed posunut\u00fd d\u016fraz: Minerva byla p\u016fvodn\u011b etrusk\u00e1 bohyn\u011b Menrva, jej\u00ed\u017e funkce patronky \u0159emesel a \u0161kol st\u00e1ly v pop\u0159ed\u00ed; v\u00e1le\u010dnick\u00fd rozm\u011br \u0159eck\u00e9 Ath\u00e9ny byl v \u0158\u00edm\u011b zastoupen Martem a Bellonou.<\/p><p>V kapitolsk\u00e9 trojici s Jupiterem a Jun\u00f3 z\u016fstala Minerva p\u0159esto centr\u00e1ln\u00edm st\u00e1tn\u00edm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytost uct\u00edvan\u00e1 jako bo\u017esk\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estvem<\/span>, a Domitianus j\u00ed na Martov\u011b poli vystav\u011bl v\u00fdznamnou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Svat\u00e9 m\u00edsto zasv\u011bcen\u00e9 uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bo\u017estva.\" tabindex=\"0\">svatyni<\/span>. Quinquatrus, p\u011btidenn\u00ed sv\u00e1tky v b\u0159eznu, uct\u00edvaly Minervu p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm jako patronku u\u010ditel\u016f a \u017e\u00e1k\u016f; Ovidius jim ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle \u00abFasti\u00bb (III, 809 a\u017e 848) v\u011bnuje podrobn\u00fd popis.<\/p>\n<p>V <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159echodn\u00e1 epocha mezi antikou a st\u0159edov\u011bkem, zhruba 3. a\u017e 7. stolet\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">pozdn\u00ed antice<\/span> se Athena Parthenos stala kulturn\u00ed \u0161ifrou: Prokopios uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee socha Ath\u00e9ny Promachos st\u00e1la je\u0161t\u011b v \u0161est\u00e9m stolet\u00ed v Konstantinopoli, ne\u017e byla zni\u010dena p\u0159i povst\u00e1n\u00ed roku 1203.<\/p><p>St\u0159edov\u011bk znal Pallas p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm jako alegorickou postavu moudrosti; v d\u00edle \u00abRoman de la Rose\u00bb a v \u00abCit\u00e9 des Dames\u00bb Christine de Pizan se st\u00e1v\u00e1 ochrannou bohyn\u00ed vzd\u011blan\u00fdch \u017een. Boccacciovo \u00abDe claris mulieribus\u00bb ji za\u0159azuje mezi vzorn\u00e9 antick\u00e9 \u017eensk\u00e9 postavy a Petrarca se j\u00ed v\u011bnuje v d\u00edle \u00abAfrica\u00bb.<\/p>\n<p>Renesance p\u0159inesla s d\u00edly Sandra Botticelliho \u00abPallas a kentaur\u00bb a Andrey Mantegny \u00abPallas zah\u00e1n\u00ed ne\u0159esti\u00bb humanistick\u00e9 znovup\u0159ivlastn\u011bn\u00ed. Osmn\u00e1ct\u00e9 stolet\u00ed spat\u0159ovalo v Pallas Ath\u00e9n\u011b obraz osv\u00edcenstv\u00ed, kter\u00fd Schiller oslavil ve sv\u00e9m slavn\u00e9m distichu \u00abNejkr\u00e1sn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u011bda\u00bb.<\/p><p>Devaten\u00e1ct\u00e9 stolet\u00ed z n\u00ed ud\u011blalo znak akademi\u00ed a univerzit, nap\u0159\u00edklad Berl\u00ednsk\u00e9 akademie v\u011bd a Ath\u00e9nsk\u00e9 univerzity, v jej\u00ed\u017e vstupn\u00ed hale stoj\u00ed socha bohyn\u011b podle Feidiova vzoru.<\/p><p>Z\u00e1sadn\u00ed studie Klause Vierneisela a Petera Zankera o ikonografii Ath\u00e9ny systematicky zpracovaly kulturn\u011b-politick\u00fd v\u00fdznam t\u00e9to postavy v klasicismu a v devaten\u00e1ct\u00e9m stolet\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-64df9ac e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"64df9ac\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4eb67d5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4eb67d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Religionistick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-17c1d6f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"17c1d6f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Etymologie jm\u00e9na Ath\u00e9na z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 sporn\u00e1. Indoevropsk\u00fd p\u016fvod se pova\u017euje za nepravd\u011bpodobn\u00fd; v\u011bt\u0161ina badatel\u016f, mezi nimi Robert Beekes, p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 p\u0159ed\u0159eck\u00fd, egejsk\u00fd p\u016fvod. Line\u00e1rn\u00ed p\u00edsmo B zn\u00e1 ozna\u010den\u00ed \u00aba-ta-na-po-ti-ni-ja\u00bb (\u00abPan\u00ed Athana\u00bb) v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Text vyryt\u00fd nebo vytesan\u00fd do pevn\u00e9ho podkladu.\" tabindex=\"0\">n\u00e1pisu<\/span> z Knossu, co\u017e nazna\u010duje bronzovou bohyni ochr\u00e1nkyni hradu nebo pal\u00e1cov\u00e9ho s\u00eddla.<\/p><p>Martin P. Nilsson vid\u011bl v Ath\u00e9n\u011b personifikaci myk\u00e9nsk\u00e9 pal\u00e1cov\u00e9 pan\u00ed, kter\u00e1 si p\u0159i p\u0159echodu od pal\u00e1cov\u00e9ho kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed k n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed polis zachovala svou v\u00e1le\u010dnickou a \u0159emeslnickou funkci.<\/p>\n<p>Z indoevropsko-srovn\u00e1vac\u00edho hlediska vykazuje Ath\u00e9na strukturn\u00ed podobnosti s \u0159\u00edmskou Minervou (p\u0159es etrusk\u00fd p\u0159enos) a indo\u00e1rijskou Sarasvat\u00ed, kter\u00e1 rovn\u011b\u017e chr\u00e1n\u00ed moudrost, jazyk a um\u011bn\u00ed. Konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed spojen\u00ed v\u00e1le\u010dnice, patronky \u0159emesel a ochr\u00e1nkyn\u011b m\u011bsta je v\u0161ak ve srovn\u00e1vac\u00edm indoevropsk\u00e9m materi\u00e1lu vz\u00e1cn\u00e9 a podporuje domn\u011bnku o egejsk\u00e9m substr\u00e1tov\u00e9m bo\u017estvu.<\/p><p>Georges Dum\u00e9zil Ath\u00e9nu v r\u00e1mci sv\u00e9 teorie t\u0159\u00ed funkc\u00ed jednozna\u010dn\u011b neza\u0159adil: vykazuje rysy v\u0161ech t\u0159\u00ed funkc\u00ed, co\u017e by bylo u indoevropsk\u00e9ho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytost uct\u00edvan\u00e1 jako bo\u017esk\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci n\u011bjak\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estva<\/span> nezvykl\u00e9, u substr\u00e1tov\u00e9ho bo\u017estva je to ale o\u010dek\u00e1vateln\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Walter Burkert a Jean-Pierre Vernant vypracovali strukturn\u00ed opozici mezi Ath\u00e9nou a Areem jako model \u0159eck\u00e9ho vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00e1lky: Ath\u00e9na p\u0159edstavuje kontrolovan\u00e9, na polis v\u00e1zan\u00e9 a nakonec smi\u0159iteln\u00e9 v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 n\u00e1sil\u00ed, Ares extatickou, spole\u010denstv\u00ed rozkl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00ed bojovou zu\u0159ivost. Tato polarita je kl\u00ed\u010dem k pochopen\u00ed \u0159eck\u00e9 vojensk\u00e9 etiky.<\/p><p>Teze Joan Connellyov\u00e9 (2014), \u017ee parthen\u00f3nsk\u00fd fr\u00edz nezobrazuje panath\u00e9najskou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Slavnostn\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd pr\u016fvod.\" tabindex=\"0\">procesi<\/span>, ale mytickou ob\u011b\u0165 dcer Erechthea, vyvolala novou debatu o n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9m programu ath\u00e9nsk\u00e9ho st\u00e1tn\u00edho kultu. Nov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed bad\u00e1n\u00ed posledn\u00edch desetilet\u00ed celkov\u011b zd\u016fraz\u0148uje politickou funkci Ath\u00e9ny jako <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u00fdrazn\u00fd obraz, kter\u00fd symbolizuje abstraktn\u00ed my\u0161lenku.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbolu<\/span> demokratick\u00e9ho sebeuji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed Ath\u00e9n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3162f43 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3162f43\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bb06698 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bb06698\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Prameny<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c02019 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1c02019\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Hom\u00e9r, \u00abIlias\u00bb (zejm\u00e9na V, XV, XX a\u017e XXII) a \u00abOdyssee\u00bb (zejm\u00e9na I, V, XIII). Hesiod, \u00abTheogonie\u00bb 886 a\u017e 900 a 924 a\u017e 926. Apollodor, \u00abBibliotheke\u00bb, III, 14 (spor o Attiku, Erichthonios).<\/p><p>Pausanias, \u00abBeschreibung Griechenlands\u00bb, I, 24 a\u017e 28 (Akropolis); Herodot, \u00abHistorien\u00bb, IV, 180 (libyjsk\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bo\u017estva nebo svat\u00e9 postavy.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> Ath\u00e9ny). Ovid, \u00abMetamorphosen\u00bb, VI, 5 a\u017e 145 (Arachne) a IV, 798 a\u017e 803 (Medusa).<\/p><p>Ovid, \u00abFasti\u00bb III, 809 a\u017e 848 (Quinquatrus). Pindar, Olympische Oden VII. Euripides, \u00abIon\u00bb und \u00abTrojanerinnen\u00bb.<\/p><p>Walter Burkert, \u00abGriechische Religion der archaischen und klassischen Epoche\u00bb, Stuttgart 1977. Karl Ker\u00e9nyi, \u00abDie <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn tradovan\u00fdch vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o boz\u00edch v dan\u00e9 kultu\u0159e.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mythologie<\/span> der Griechen\u00bb, Z\u00fcrich 1951. Jean-Pierre Vernant, \u00ab<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00e9 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o boz\u00edch, po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch a uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u011bta.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mythos<\/span> und Gesellschaft im alten Griechenland\u00bb, Frankfurt am Main 1987. Joan Breton Connelly, \u00abThe Parthenon Enigma\u00bb, New York 2014.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2982,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Ath\u00e9na","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Ath\u00e9na \u2013 bohyn\u011b moudrosti, ochr\u00e1nkyn\u011b Ath\u00e9n | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Ath\u00e9na je bohyn\u011b moudrosti, strategie a \u0159emesln\u00e9ho um\u011bn\u00ed, zrozen\u00e1 z hlavy Zeuse. Ochr\u00e1nkyn\u011b Ath\u00e9n, se sovou a aigis.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"1","wesen_kultur":"griechenland","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-145574","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Ath\u00e9na \u2013 bohyn\u011b moudrosti, ochr\u00e1nkyn\u011b Ath\u00e9n | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Ath\u00e9na je bohyn\u011b moudrosti, strategie a \u0159emesln\u00e9ho um\u011bn\u00ed, zrozen\u00e1 z hlavy Zeuse. 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