{"id":145568,"date":"2026-09-03T16:31:39","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:31:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=145568"},"modified":"2026-09-03T16:59:32","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:59:32","slug":"amitabha-buddha-ciste-zeme","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/amitabha-buddha-ciste-zeme\/","title":{"rendered":"Amit\u00e1bha \u2013 buddha \u010cist\u00e9 zem\u011b"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"Buddhismus\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Amit\u00e1bha \u2013 transcendentn\u00ed buddha \u010cist\u00e9 zem\u011b Sukh\u00e1vat\u00ed<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Buddha<\/span>Buddhismus<\/a>Transcendentn\u00ed buddha<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Amit\u00e1bha, v v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asii zn\u00e1m\u00fd jako Amida, je transcendentn\u00ed buddha \u010cist\u00e9 zem\u011b Sukh\u00e1vat\u00ed. Jeho slib<\/span> p\u0159ijmout v\u0161echny bytosti, kter\u00e9 ho vz\u00fdvaj\u00ed, tvo\u0159\u00ed z\u00e1klad \u0161kol \u010cist\u00e9 zem\u011b. Jeho uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed utv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed zbo\u017enost<\/span> velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti Asie. Amit\u00e1bha je pova\u017eov\u00e1n za transcendentn\u00edho buddhu \u010cist\u00e9 zem\u011b Sukh\u00e1vat\u00ed a utv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed zbo\u017enost velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti Asie.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Za\u0159azen\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Amidha pat\u0159\u00ed v buddhismu<\/a> mezi nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed transcendentn\u00ed neboli nadsv\u011btsk\u00e9 buddhy mah\u00e1j\u00e1ny. Na rozd\u00edl od historick\u00e9ho Buddhy \u0160\u00e1kjamuniho, kter\u00fd je ch\u00e1p\u00e1n jako u\u010ditel p\u016fsob\u00edc\u00ed v d\u011bjin\u00e1ch, je Amit\u00e1bha postavou nad\u010dasov\u00e9, kosmick\u00e9 buddhistick\u00e9 nauky. Je spojov\u00e1n s \u010distou buddhovskou sf\u00e9rou, \u010cistou zem\u00ed Sukh\u00e1vat\u00ed.<\/p>

Z religionistick\u00e9ho hlediska je Amit\u00e1bha \u00fazce spjat s rozvojem samostatn\u00e9ho zbo\u017en\u00e9ho sm\u011bru, kter\u00fd se v\u00fdrazn\u011b roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159il v \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 jazykov\u00e9 oblasti, v Koreji, Japonsku a Vietnamu. Tyto tradice \u010cist\u00e9 zem\u011b kladou do st\u0159edu d\u016fv\u011bru v sp\u00e1sonosnou moc Amit\u00e1bhy a jeho slibu. Pat\u0159\u00ed v\u016fbec k nejpo\u010detn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm buddhistick\u00fdm proud\u016fm v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asie.<\/p>

Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi prameny jsou t\u0159i texty, kter\u00e9 se ve v\u00fdzkumu ozna\u010duj\u00ed jako s\u00fatry \u010cist\u00e9 zem\u011b: del\u0161\u00ed a krat\u0161\u00ed Sukh\u00e1vat\u00edvj\u00faha-s\u00fatra<\/span><\/em> a d\u00e1le Amit\u00e1jurdhj\u00e1na-s\u00fatra<\/span><\/em>, s\u00fatra o rozj\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed o Amit\u00e1jovi.<\/p>

Del\u0161\u00ed Sukh\u00e1vat\u00edvj\u00faha-s\u00fatra<\/span> l\u00ed\u010d\u00ed Amit\u00e1bhovu p\u0159edchoz\u00ed historii a jeho slib<\/span>, krat\u0161\u00ed op\u011bvuje kr\u00e1su \u010cist\u00e9 zem\u011b a doporu\u010duje vz\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed jeho jm\u00e9na, t\u0159et\u00ed popisuje sled vizualizac\u00ed. Tyto texty vznikly v indick\u00e9 mah\u00e1j\u00e1n\u011b, pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b v prvn\u00edch stalet\u00edch po Kristu, a ve v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asii byly intenzivn\u011b p\u0159ekl\u00e1d\u00e1ny, komentov\u00e1ny a vykl\u00e1d\u00e1ny.<\/p>

V\u00fdzkum diskutuje o tom, jak vznikl kult<\/span> Amit\u00e1bhy. N\u011bkter\u00e9 hypot\u00e9zy poukazuj\u00ed na vliv p\u0159edstav o sv\u011btle a posmrtn\u00e9m \u017eivot\u011b ze severoz\u00e1padn\u00ed Indie a st\u0159edn\u00ed Asie, jin\u00e9 zd\u016fraz\u0148uj\u00ed vnit\u0159n\u00ed buddhistick\u00fd v\u00fdvoj nauky o mnoha buddhech a jejich buddhovsk\u00fdch sf\u00e9r\u00e1ch.<\/p>

Jist\u00e9 je, \u017ee kult<\/span> je v \u010c\u00edn\u011b dolo\u017eiteln\u00fd od \u010dtvrt\u00e9ho a p\u00e1t\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed a odtud se roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159il po cel\u00e9 v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Jm\u00e9no a etymologie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Jm\u00e9no Amit\u00e1bha<\/em> je sanskrtsk\u00fd v\u00fdraz a znamen\u00e1 nezm\u011brn\u00e9 sv\u011btlo. Vedle n\u011bj stoj\u00ed bl\u00edzce p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00e1 forma Amit\u00e1jus<\/em>, kter\u00e1 znamen\u00e1 nezm\u011brn\u00fd \u017eivot.<\/p>

Ob\u011b jm\u00e9na se vztahuj\u00ed ke stejn\u00e9 postav\u011b, zd\u016fraz\u0148uj\u00ed v\u0161ak odli\u0161n\u00e9 aspekty, toti\u017e neomezen\u00e9 sv\u011btlo a neomezenou d\u00e9lku \u017eivota buddhy. Ve v\u00fdchodoasijsk\u00e9 obrazov\u00e9 tradici je Amit\u00e1jus m\u00edsty ch\u00e1p\u00e1n jako samostatn\u00e1 podoba spojen\u00e1 s dlouh\u00fdm \u017eivotem.<\/p>

Ve v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asii se jm\u00e9no roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ilo v r\u016fzn\u00fdch jazykov\u00fdch podob\u00e1ch. V \u010d\u00edn\u0161tin\u011b se objevuje jako Amituofo, v japon\u0161tin\u011b jako Amida, v korej\u0161tin\u011b jako Amita a ve vietnam\u0161tin\u011b v odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00fdslovnosti. Japonsk\u00e1 forma Amida se stala na Z\u00e1pad\u011b zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 zn\u00e1mou, proto\u017ee japonsk\u00e9 \u0161koly \u010cist\u00e9 zem\u011b byly evropsk\u00fdm a severoamerick\u00fdm b\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00edm zpracov\u00e1ny ji\u017e brzy.<\/p>

Vz\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed<\/span> jm\u00e9na m\u00e1 v praxi \u010cist\u00e9 zem\u011b \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed postaven\u00ed. Formule, j\u00ed\u017e se praktikuj\u00edc\u00ed obrac\u00ed k Amit\u00e1bhovi, se v \u010d\u00edn\u0161tin\u011b ozna\u010duje jako nien-fo, v japon\u0161tin\u011b jako nembutsu a v b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 japonsk\u00e9 podob\u011b zn\u00ed Namu Amida Butsu, tedy \u00facta buddhovi Amidovi.<\/p>

Opakovan\u00e9, d\u016fv\u011brypln\u00e9 vyslovov\u00e1n\u00ed jm\u00e9na je v t\u011bchto tradic\u00edch pova\u017eov\u00e1no za podstatnou, v n\u011bkter\u00fdch \u0161kol\u00e1ch za posta\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed formu n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 praxe. Pojem nembutsu p\u016fvodn\u011b zahrnoval i meditativn\u00ed zp\u0159\u00edtomn\u011bn\u00ed buddhy, v pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed japonsk\u00e9 tradici se v\u0161ak st\u00e1le v\u00edce zu\u017eoval na \u00fastn\u00ed vz\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Popis a ikonografie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Amit\u00e1bha je v buddhistick\u00e9m um\u011bn\u00ed nej\u010dast\u011bji zobrazov\u00e1n jako sed\u00edc\u00ed nebo stoj\u00edc\u00ed Buddha v mni\u0161sk\u00e9m rouchu. Charakteristick\u00e1 je pro n\u011bj \u010dasto \u010derven\u00e1 barva t\u011bla, kterou se odli\u0161uje od ostatn\u00edch transcendentn\u00edch buddh\u016f.<\/p>

V systematick\u00e9m uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed p\u011bti buddhovsk\u00fdch rod\u016f, jak je vytvo\u0159il ezoterick\u00fd buddhismus, je Amit\u00e1bha p\u0159i\u0159azen k z\u00e1padu; jsou mu p\u0159i\u0159azeny \u017eivel ohn\u011b, lotos jako symbol<\/span> a p\u0159ekon\u00e1n\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dostivosti.<\/p>

B\u011b\u017en\u00e9 typy zobrazen\u00ed jej ukazuj\u00ed v gestu meditace, s ob\u011bma rukama v kl\u00edn\u011b, nebo v gestu pozdravu a p\u0159ijet\u00ed, p\u0159i n\u011bm\u017e je jedna ruka zdvi\u017een\u00e1 a oto\u010den\u00e1 ven.<\/p>

Zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b v\u00fdznamnou v\u00fdchodoasijskou v\u00fdtvarnou formou je zobrazen\u00ed, v n\u011bm\u017e Amit\u00e1bha sestupuje na oblaku spolu se sv\u00fdmi pr\u016fvodci, aby p\u0159ijal um\u00edraj\u00edc\u00edho nebo zesnul\u00e9ho do \u010cist\u00e9 zem\u011b. Tato sc\u00e9na se v japon\u0161tin\u011b ozna\u010duje jako raig\u00f3 a byla um\u011blecky rozvinuta v mal\u00ed\u0159stv\u00ed obdob\u00ed Heian a Kamakura.<\/p>

Amit\u00e1bha se \u010dasto objevuje ve trojici, tzv. Amidov\u011b tri\u00e1d\u011b. Po jeho stran\u00e1ch stoj\u00ed b\u00f3dhisattvov\u00e9 Aval\u00f3kit\u00e9\u0161vara, kter\u00fd zt\u011bles\u0148uje soucit, a Mah\u00e1sth\u00e1mapr\u00e1ta, jen\u017e p\u0159edstavuje s\u00edlu moudrosti. Tato skupina je v chr\u00e1mech v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asie velmi roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ena a obrazov\u011b shrnuje \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed poselstv\u00ed u\u010den\u00ed o \u010cist\u00e9 zemi.<\/p>

Monument\u00e1ln\u00ed sochy Amit\u00e1bhy, nap\u0159\u00edklad Velk\u00fd Buddha z Kamakury, pat\u0159\u00ed k nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdtvarn\u00fdm d\u00edl\u016fm v\u00fdchodoasijsk\u00e9ho buddhismu. Amit\u00e1bha je p\u0159\u00edtomen i v Tibetu, kde je za jeho vt\u011blen\u00ed pova\u017eov\u00e1n pan\u010dhen lama.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Mytologick\u00e1 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u00dast\u0159edn\u00ed vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed, kter\u00e9 rozv\u00edj\u00ed del\u0161\u00ed Sukh\u00e1vat\u00edvj\u00faha-s\u00fatra<\/span><\/em>, popisuje p\u0159edchoz\u00ed p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh Amit\u00e1bhy. Podle tradice<\/span> \u017eil p\u0159ed nezm\u011brn\u011b dlouhou dobou kr\u00e1l, kter\u00fd sly\u0161el u\u010den\u00ed tehdej\u0161\u00edho buddhy jm\u00e9nem L\u00f3k\u00e9\u0161varar\u00e1d\u017ea, pot\u00e9 se vzdal vl\u00e1dy a jako mnich jm\u00e9nem Dharm\u00e1kara vstoupil do \u0159\u00e1du.<\/p>

Pod veden\u00edm tohoto buddhy se rozhodl usilovat s\u00e1m o buddhovstv\u00ed a vytvo\u0159it vlastn\u00ed buddhovskou oblast, kter\u00e1 by svou dokonalost\u00ed p\u0159ed\u010dila v\u0161echny st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed.<\/p>

Dharm\u00e1kara si nechal od sv\u00e9ho u\u010ditele uk\u00e1zat nes\u010detn\u00e9 buddhovsk\u00e9 oblasti a pot\u00e9 slo\u017eil \u0159adu slib\u016f, v nich\u017e stanovil vlastnosti \u010cist\u00e9 zem\u011b a podm\u00ednky znovuzrozen\u00ed v n\u00ed.<\/p>

Podle tradovan\u00e9ho po\u010dtu \u010din\u00ed tyto sliby<\/span> v roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9m textu \u010dty\u0159icet osm. T\u00fdkaj\u00ed se mimo jin\u00e9 nep\u0159\u00edtomnosti utrpen\u00ed v tamn\u00edch form\u00e1ch existence, duchovn\u00edch schopnost\u00ed jeho obyvatel a jistoty, \u017ee odtud lze dos\u00e1hnout pln\u00e9ho osv\u00edcen\u00ed.<\/p>

Mezi t\u011bmito sliby m\u00e1 pro pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zbo\u017enost<\/span> \u010cist\u00e9 zem\u011b zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed v\u00fdznam jeden, v japonsk\u00e9m po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed osmn\u00e1ct\u00fd. V n\u011bm Dharm\u00e1kara slibuje, \u017ee v\u0161echny bytosti, kter\u00e9 se s d\u016fv\u011b\u0159iv\u00fdm a up\u0159\u00edmn\u00fdm duchem<\/span> zam\u011b\u0159\u00ed na n\u011bj a vz\u00fdvaj\u00ed jeho jm\u00e9no, se znovuzrod\u00ed v jeho buddhovsk\u00e9 oblasti.<\/p>

Mnich prohl\u00e1sil, \u017ee buddhovstv\u00ed p\u0159ijme pouze tehdy, bude-li tento slib<\/span> splniteln\u00fd. \u00da\u010dinnost slibu je tak v\u00e1z\u00e1na na skute\u010dnost, \u017ee Dharm\u00e1kara buddhovstv\u00ed skute\u010dn\u011b dos\u00e1hl.<\/p>

Po nezm\u011brn\u011b dlouh\u00e9 praxi dos\u00e1hl Dharm\u00e1kara buddhovstv\u00ed a stal se tak Amit\u00e1bhou. Jeho buddhovsk\u00e1 oblast, \u010cist\u00e1 zem\u011b Sukh\u00e1vat\u00ed, o n\u00ed\u017e se p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee se nach\u00e1z\u00ed na z\u00e1pad\u011b, je tak pova\u017eov\u00e1na za uskute\u010dn\u011bnou a jeho slib<\/span> za platn\u00fd.<\/p>

S\u00fatry o \u010cist\u00e9 zemi popisuj\u00ed tuto \u010cistou zemi jako m\u00edsto v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00e9 kr\u00e1sy, s jez\u00edrky z drah\u00fdch kamen\u016f, stromy z vz\u00e1cn\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f, l\u00edbeznou hudbou a atmosf\u00e9rou, v n\u00ed\u017e je u\u010den\u00ed v\u0161udyp\u0159\u00edtomn\u011b sly\u0161iteln\u00e9. Ti, kdo se tam znovuzrod\u00ed, se objevuj\u00ed z lotosov\u00fdch kv\u011bt\u016f a nach\u00e1zej\u00ed zde podm\u00ednky, za nich\u017e cesta k osv\u00edcen\u00ed prob\u00edh\u00e1 neru\u0161en\u011b.<\/p>

Pro religionistick\u00e9 ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9, \u017ee u\u010den\u00ed o \u010cist\u00e9 zemi nepova\u017euje tuto \u010cistou zemi za kone\u010dn\u00fd c\u00edl, n\u00fdbr\u017e za m\u00edsto, kde mohou bytosti neru\u0161en\u011b d\u00e1le usilovat o pln\u00e9 osv\u00edcen\u00ed, bez p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eek a rozpt\u00fdlen\u00ed b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch forem existence.<\/p>

Vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o Dharm\u00e1karovi tak zakl\u00e1d\u00e1 spasitelnou perspektivu, kter\u00e1 se obrac\u00ed zejm\u00e9na k lidem, kte\u0159\u00ed v obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9m v\u011bku poci\u0165uj\u00ed sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed s\u00edly jako nedostate\u010dn\u00e9.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Kult a uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed Amitabhy se p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm ve v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asii rozvinulo do samostatn\u00fdch \u0161kolsk\u00fdch sm\u011br\u016f. V \u010c\u00edn\u011b vznikla tradice \u010dist\u00e9 zem\u011b jako \u0161irok\u00e9 zbo\u017en\u00e9 hnut\u00ed, kter\u00e9 nalezlo velkou odezvu i mimo kl\u00e1\u0161tern\u00ed kruhy.<\/p>

Za d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 ran\u00e9 postavy jsou pova\u017eov\u00e1ni Huiyuan, kter\u00fd ve \u010dtvrt\u00e9m stolet\u00ed zalo\u017eil spole\u010denstv\u00ed pro spole\u010dn\u00e9 uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed, d\u00e1le Tanluan, Daochuo a Shandao, kte\u0159\u00ed tuto naukou systematicky rozpracovali. V \u010c\u00edn\u011b se praxe \u010dist\u00e9 zem\u011b \u010dasto spojovala s medita\u010dn\u00ed \u0161kolou \u010dchan do spole\u010dn\u00e9 formy praxe.<\/p>

V Japonsku se ve st\u0159edov\u011bku vytvo\u0159ily samostatn\u00e9 \u0161koly \u010dist\u00e9 zem\u011b. Honen ve dvan\u00e1ct\u00e9m stolet\u00ed zalo\u017eil \u0161kolu Jodo-\u0161\u00fa a do centra postavil pron\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed jm\u00e9na jako jedinou nezbytnou praxi.<\/p>

Jeho \u017e\u00e1k Shinran zalo\u017eil \u0161kolu Jodo-\u0161in\u0161\u00fa, kter\u00e1 je\u0161t\u011b v\u00edce zd\u016fraz\u0148uje d\u016fv\u011b\u0159iv\u00e9 spolehnut\u00ed na s\u00edlu slibu a ustupuje od vlastn\u00edho \u00fasil\u00ed. Tyto \u0161koly se staly nejpo\u010detn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi buddhistick\u00fdmi sm\u011bry v Japonsku. Tak\u00e9 v Koreji a Vietnamu je uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed Amitabhy pevn\u011b zakotveno, tam v\u011bt\u0161inou zasazeno do \u0161ir\u0161\u00edho buddhistick\u00e9ho r\u00e1mce.<\/p>

Centr\u00e1ln\u00ed prax\u00ed je vz\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed<\/span> jm\u00e9na. V r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u0161kol\u00e1ch se r\u016fzn\u011b v\u00e1\u017e\u00ed role vlastn\u00edho \u00fasil\u00ed a role d\u016fv\u011bry v s\u00edlu slibu.<\/p>

N\u011bkter\u00e9 sm\u011bry zd\u016fraz\u0148uj\u00ed \u010dastou, po\u010d\u00edtanou opakovanou recitaci jm\u00e9na, jin\u00e9 stav\u00ed do pop\u0159ed\u00ed jedin\u00fd okam\u017eik d\u016fv\u011b\u0159iv\u00e9 v\u00edry a ch\u00e1pou dal\u0161\u00ed vz\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed<\/span> jako vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed vd\u011b\u010dnosti.<\/p>

V ritu\u00e1ln\u00edm \u017eivot\u011b jsou roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9 modlitby p\u0159ed obrazy Amitabhy, recitace s\u00fatr \u010dist\u00e9 zem\u011b a zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed ob\u0159ady spojen\u00e9 s um\u00edr\u00e1n\u00edm a smrt\u00ed. P\u0159edstava, \u017ee Amitabha p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1 zesnul\u00e9, hluboce ovlivnila poh\u0159ebn\u00ed a vzpom\u00ednkovou kulturu v n\u011bkolika v\u00fdchodoasijsk\u00fdch spole\u010dnostech.<\/p>

V Japonsku je odkaz na Amitabhu dodnes patrn\u00fd v mnoha poh\u0159ebn\u00edch ob\u0159adech. P\u0159ev\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed z\u00e1sluh za zesnul\u00e9 a opakov\u00e1n\u00ed jmenn\u00e9 formule ve dnech vzpom\u00ednek pat\u0159\u00ed k pevn\u00e9 sou\u010d\u00e1sti praxe.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Ochrann\u00e1 praxe a apotropaick\u00e9 prvky<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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V okol\u00ed uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed Amitabhy se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed praktiky, kter\u00e9 religionistika<\/span> popisuje jako apotropaick\u00e9<\/span> nebo zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 na sp\u00e1su. K nim pat\u0159\u00ed vz\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed<\/span> jm\u00e9na, recitace s\u00fatr a umis\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed obraz\u016f v chr\u00e1mech a dom\u00e1c\u00edch svatyn\u00edch.<\/p>

Ctitel\u00e9 ch\u00e1pou tyto formy jako vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed d\u016fv\u011bry v sp\u00e1snou s\u00edlu slibu a jako ochranu p\u0159ed strachem, zejm\u00e9na strachem z utrpen\u00ed pln\u00e9ho znovuzrozen\u00ed.<\/p>

Zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b v souvislosti s um\u00edr\u00e1n\u00edm m\u00e1 vz\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed<\/span> Amitabhy d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd v\u00fdznam. V n\u011bkolika tradic\u00edch je um\u00edraj\u00edc\u00edmu pom\u00e1h\u00e1no p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdmi nebo mnichy, aby se v posledn\u00edm okam\u017eiku zam\u011b\u0159il na Amitabhu, nap\u0159\u00edklad spole\u010dn\u00fdm pron\u00e1\u0161en\u00edm jmenn\u00e9 formule nebo obrazem sestupuj\u00edc\u00ed trojice Amidy u l\u016f\u017eka um\u00edraj\u00edc\u00edho.<\/p>

Toto se ch\u00e1pe jako p\u0159\u00edprava na doufan\u00e9 znovuzrozen\u00ed v \u010dist\u00e9 zemi. V Shinranov\u011b u\u010den\u00ed naopak nen\u00ed okam\u017eik sp\u00e1sy v\u00e1z\u00e1n teprve na hodinu smrti, n\u00fdbr\u017e ji\u017e na okam\u017eik up\u0159\u00edmn\u00e9 d\u016fv\u011bry v pr\u016fb\u011bhu \u017eivota.<\/p>

Z hlediska d\u011bjin n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed je t\u0159eba konstatovat, \u017ee se jedn\u00e1 o tradovan\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 p\u0159edstavy a ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed praktiky. V\u011bcn\u00fd popis je l\u00ed\u010d\u00ed jako sou\u010d\u00e1st buddhistick\u00e9 tradice, ani\u017e by jim p\u0159isuzoval objektivn\u00ed, ov\u011b\u0159iteln\u00fd \u00fa\u010dinek. V\u011bdecky obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b p\u0159\u00ednosn\u00e9 je, jak praxe \u010dist\u00e9 zem\u011b zasazuje um\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed a smrt do nosn\u00e9ho smyslov\u00e9ho r\u00e1mce.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Teologick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Naukou o \u010dist\u00e9 zemi lze v\u011bdecky ch\u00e1pat jako odpov\u011b\u010f na ur\u010ditou probl\u00e9movou situaci. Vych\u00e1z\u00ed z p\u0159edstavy, \u017ee p\u0159\u00edtomnost je zpustl\u00fd v\u011bk, v n\u011bm\u017e v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b lid\u00ed chyb\u00ed s\u00edla dos\u00e1hnout osv\u00edcen\u00ed vlastn\u00edm \u00fasil\u00edm, nap\u0159\u00edklad dlouh\u00fdm medita\u010dn\u00edm cvi\u010den\u00edm.<\/p>

Na tomto pozad\u00ed tradice rozli\u0161uje mezi cestou vlastn\u00ed s\u00edly a cestou jin\u00e9 s\u00edly, tedy d\u016fv\u011brou v pomoc p\u016fsob\u00edc\u00ed ve slibu<\/span> Amitabhy.<\/p>

Toto rozli\u0161en\u00ed tvo\u0159\u00ed osu, pod\u00e9l n\u00ed\u017e se \u0161koly rozd\u011bluj\u00ed. Honen ch\u00e1pal vz\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed jm\u00e9na jako praxi vhodnou pro zpustl\u00fd v\u011bk, kterou zvolila sama Amitabha.<\/p>

Shinran \u0161el o krok d\u00e1le a vylo\u017eil samu d\u016fv\u011bru jako dar Amitabhy, tak\u017ee ani v\u00edra se nejev\u00ed jako vlastn\u00ed v\u00fdkon. Jin\u00e9 proudy, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9m prostoru, se dr\u017eely spolup\u016fsoben\u00ed cvi\u010den\u00ed a milosti.<\/p>

Naukov\u00fd r\u00e1mec t\u00edm z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 v z\u00e1kladu buddhistick\u00fd. \u010cist\u00e1 zem\u011b nen\u00ed v\u011b\u010dn\u00e9 nebe a Amitabha nen\u00ed b\u016fh stvo\u0159itel. Sukhavati plat\u00ed za obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b p\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9 m\u00edsto cvi\u010den\u00ed stvo\u0159en\u00e9 slibem<\/span> buddhy, z n\u011bho\u017e lze dos\u00e1hnout vlastn\u00edho c\u00edle, \u00fapln\u00e9ho osv\u00edcen\u00ed a vyhasnut\u00ed utrpen\u00ed.<\/p>

Filozofick\u00e1 reflexe nav\u00edc zd\u016fraznila, \u017ee Amitabhu a \u010distou zemi nelze v kone\u010dn\u00e9m d\u016fsledku myslet mimo mysl, co\u017e spojuje nauku o \u010dist\u00e9 zemi s medita\u010dn\u00edmi \u0161kolami.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Paralely v jin\u00fdch kultur\u00e1ch<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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P\u0159edstava \u010dist\u00e9ho, mimosv\u011btsk\u00e9ho prostoru, kter\u00fd usnad\u0148uje cestu ke kone\u010dn\u00e9 sp\u00e1se, p\u0159\u00edmo vyb\u00edz\u00ed ke srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s jin\u00fdmi n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdmi tradicemi. Badatel\u00e9 a badatelky spojovali \u010cistou zemi s rajsk\u00fdmi p\u0159edstavami posmrtn\u00e9ho \u017eivota v r\u016fzn\u00fdch tradic\u00edch.<\/p>

Takov\u00e1 srovn\u00e1n\u00ed mus\u00ed pe\u010dliv\u011b zohled\u0148ovat p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 doktrin\u00e1ln\u00ed rozd\u00edly, nebo\u0165 \u010cist\u00e1 zem\u011b nen\u00ed ch\u00e1p\u00e1na jako v\u011b\u010dn\u00fd c\u00edl, ale jako p\u0159\u00edhodn\u00e9 m\u00edsto k praxi, a Amit\u00e1bha nen\u00ed bohem stvo\u0159itelem sv\u011bta.<\/p>

Tak\u00e9 d\u016fraz na d\u016fv\u011bru a odevzdanost ve \u0161kol\u00e1ch \u010cist\u00e9 zem\u011b, zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b v u\u010den\u00ed \u0160inrana, byl v komparativn\u00edm b\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed opakovan\u011b diskutov\u00e1n.<\/p>

D\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdklady, kter\u00e9 tuto zbo\u017enost<\/span> p\u0159ed\u010dasn\u011b ztoto\u017e\u0148ovaly s koncepty jin\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed a n\u011bkdy ji vykl\u00e1daly jako ovlivn\u011bnou z vn\u011bj\u0161ku, jsou dnes pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za zjednodu\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed. Nov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdzkum zd\u016fraz\u0148uje samostatnou vnit\u0159n\u011b buddhistickou logiku u\u010den\u00ed o \u010cist\u00e9 zemi a jeho zakotven\u00ed v mah\u00e1j\u00e1n\u011b.<\/p>

V r\u00e1mci buddhismu<\/a> stoj\u00ed Amit\u00e1bha v \u0159ad\u011b transcendentn\u00edch buddh\u016f a je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed syst\u00e9mu p\u011bti buddhovsk\u00fdch rodin. Srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s historick\u00fdm Buddhou \u0160\u00e1kjamunim jasn\u011b ukazuje rozd\u00edl mezi historickou a nad\u010dasovou postavou buddhy.<\/p>

Srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00edm jin\u00fdch buddh\u016f a b\u00f3dhisattv\u016f, nap\u0159\u00edklad l\u00e9\u010ditelsk\u00e9ho buddhy Bhai\u0161ad\u017ejagurua nebo budouc\u00edho buddhy Maitr\u00e9ji, ukazuje, \u017ee v\u00fdchodoasijsk\u00e1 zbo\u017enost<\/span> zn\u00e1 celou \u0159adu takov\u00fdch sp\u00e1sn\u00fdch postav, mezi nimi\u017e Amit\u00e1bha vzbudil nejroz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed kult<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Sou\u010dasn\u00e1 recepce a v\u00fdzkum<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Amit\u00e1bha je siln\u011b p\u0159\u00edtomen v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 kultu\u0159e v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asie. \u0160koly \u010cist\u00e9 zem\u011b pat\u0159\u00ed v n\u011bkolika zem\u00edch k nejroz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u011bj\u0161\u00edm buddhistick\u00fdm sm\u011br\u016fm, v Japonsku tvo\u0159\u00ed zna\u010dnou \u010d\u00e1st v\u0161ech buddhistick\u00fdch obc\u00ed. Vz\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed<\/span> jm\u00e9na, chr\u00e1mov\u00e9 ob\u0159ady a vzpom\u00ednkov\u00e9 ceremonie jsou pevnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho ka\u017edodenn\u00edho \u017eivota mnoha lid\u00ed a vztah k Amit\u00e1bhovi d\u00e1le utv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed poh\u0159ebn\u00ed kulturu.<\/p>

Prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm migrace a rostouc\u00edho z\u00e1jmu o buddhismus se tradice \u010cist\u00e9 zem\u011b roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ily i mimo Asii, zejm\u00e9na do Severn\u00ed Ameriky, kam v devaten\u00e1ct\u00e9m a dvac\u00e1t\u00e9m stolet\u00ed japon\u0161t\u00ed p\u0159ist\u011bhovalci p\u0159inesli D\u017e\u00f3do \u0161in\u0161\u00fa.<\/p>

V\u011bdecky se zkoum\u00e1, jak se tyto tradice d\u00e1le rozv\u00edjej\u00ed za nov\u00fdch kulturn\u00edch podm\u00ednek, jak se vztahuj\u00ed k jin\u00fdm buddhistick\u00fdm sm\u011br\u016fm a jak p\u0159ed\u00e1vaj\u00ed sv\u00e9 u\u010den\u00ed v pluralistick\u00fdch spole\u010dnostech.<\/p>

Akademick\u00fd v\u00fdzkum se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 textovou histori\u00ed s\u00fatr \u010cist\u00e9 zem\u011b a jejich r\u016fzn\u00fdmi indick\u00fdmi a \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fdmi verzemi, vznikem jednotliv\u00fdch \u0161kol a ot\u00e1zkou vztahu mezi vlastn\u00edm \u00fasil\u00edm a d\u016fv\u011bryplnou odevzdanost\u00ed.<\/p>

D\u016fle\u017eitou oblast\u00ed je kritick\u00e9 zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00edch z\u00e1padn\u00edch v\u00fdklad\u016f, kter\u00e9 zbo\u017enost<\/span> \u010cist\u00e9 zem\u011b posuzovaly ciz\u00ed optikou. Amit\u00e1bha tak z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 \u00fast\u0159edn\u00edm p\u0159edm\u011btem buddhologie a komparativn\u00ed religionistiky<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Literatura (v\u00fdb\u011br)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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