{"id":145554,"date":"2026-09-03T16:31:31","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:31:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=145554"},"modified":"2026-09-03T16:59:10","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:59:10","slug":"manove-zbozsteni-duchove-zemrelych","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/manove-zbozsteni-duchove-zemrelych\/","title":{"rendered":"Manov\u00e9 \u2013 zbo\u017e\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed duchov\u00e9 zem\u0159el\u00fdch"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"145554\" class=\"elementor elementor-145554 elementor-2913 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroddf97ec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"heroddf97ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimgb8292d6 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimgb8292d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_rom_manen-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-147176\" alt=\"Manov\u00e9 - duchov\u00e9 z \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 tradice, historicko-ilustra\u010dn\u00ed\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_rom_manen-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_rom_manen-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_rom_manen-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_rom_manen.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-manen-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-manen-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-manen-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-manen-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Di Manes \u2013 duchov\u00e9 mrtv\u00fdch \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-manen-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-manen-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Duchov\u00e9 mrtv\u00fdch tradice \u0158\u00edm.\">Duchov\u00e9 mrtv\u00fdch<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/rim\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mytologie tradice \u0158\u00edm.\">\u0158\u00edm<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Duchov\u00e9 p\u0159edk\u016f.\">Duchov\u00e9 p\u0159edk\u016f<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-manen-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-manen-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\nManov\u00e9 (latinsky Di Manes) byli pro \u0158\u00edmany zbo\u017e\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed duchov\u00e9 zem\u0159el\u00fdch, kter\u00fdm byla vzd\u00e1v\u00e1na bo\u017esk\u00e1 \u00facta. Jejich <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bo\u017estva nebo svat\u00e9 bytosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> utv\u00e1\u0159el vztah k mrtv\u00fdm od ran\u00e9ho obdob\u00ed republiky a\u017e hluboko do doby c\u00edsa\u0159stv\u00ed. Manov\u00e9 byli pova\u017eov\u00e1ni za ochrann\u00e9 bytosti rodiny a byli vz\u00fdv\u00e1ni v dom\u00e1c\u00edch ritu\u00e1lech, jako byly Lemuria a Parentalia.\nJako duchov\u00e9 mrtv\u00fdch \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed byli Manov\u00e9 uct\u00edv\u00e1ni v dom\u00e1c\u00edch ritu\u00e1lech, jako byly Lemuria a Parentalia.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-manen-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-manen-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-manen-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-manen-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Za\u0159azen\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-manen-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-manen-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Di Manes<\/em>, zkr\u00e1cen\u011b Manov\u00e9, pat\u0159\u00ed k z\u00e1kladn\u00edm p\u0159edstav\u00e1m \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed. T\u00edmto pojmem ozna\u010dovali \u0158\u00edman\u00e9 duchy zem\u0159el\u00fdch, kte\u0159\u00ed po smrti p\u0159ech\u00e1zeli do kolektivn\u00edho, bo\u017esky poj\u00edman\u00e9ho stavu.<\/p><p>Na rozd\u00edl od n\u011bkter\u00fdch jin\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed byla v \u0158\u00edm\u011b p\u0159edstava o osudu jednotlivce po smrti jen m\u00e1lo rozvinuta. Ve st\u0159edu z\u00e1jmu nest\u00e1la individu\u00e1ln\u00ed du\u0161e, n\u00fdbr\u017e souhrn mrtv\u00fdch, kter\u00fdm byla dlu\u017ena p\u00e9\u010de a \u00facta.<\/p><p>Z hlediska d\u011bjin n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed jsou Manov\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edkladem t\u011bsn\u00e9ho spojen\u00ed rodiny, vzpom\u00ednky a n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed v \u0158\u00edm\u011b. P\u00e9\u010de o mrtv\u00e9 byla povinnost\u00ed \u017eij\u00edc\u00edch p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdch a jej\u00ed zanedb\u00e1n\u00ed se pova\u017eovalo za n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 i spole\u010densk\u00e9 selh\u00e1n\u00ed. Kult Man\u016f byl tak pevn\u011b zakotven ve struktu\u0159e rodiny a jej\u00ed kontinuity.<\/p><p>Manov\u00e9 byli v prom\u011bnliv\u00e9m vztahu k dal\u0161\u00edm posmrtn\u00fdm mocnostem <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/rim\/\">\u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho<\/a> sv\u011bta, nap\u0159\u00edklad k L\u00e1r\u016fm a k larv\u00e1m a lemur\u016fm, pova\u017eovan\u00fdm za zlov\u011bstn\u00e9.<\/p><p>Zat\u00edmco Manov\u00e9 obvykle vystupuj\u00ed jako p\u0159\u00edjemci povinn\u00e9 \u00facty, mohli b\u00fdt nepoh\u0159ben\u00ed nebo zanedban\u00ed mrtv\u00ed p\u0159edstavov\u00e1ni jako neklidn\u00ed, nebezpe\u010dn\u00ed duchov\u00e9. Tato rozmanitost odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed v\u00fdznam spr\u00e1vn\u00e9ho zach\u00e1zen\u00ed se smrt\u00ed v \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9m my\u0161len\u00ed.<\/p><p>Jazykov\u011b i pr\u00e1vn\u011b byli Manov\u00e9 pevn\u011b zakotveni ve ve\u0159ejn\u00e9m \u017eivot\u011b. Z\u00e1kon dvan\u00e1cti desek, nejstar\u0161\u00ed p\u00edsemn\u011b zaznamenan\u00e9 \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo, obsahoval ji\u017e ustanoven\u00ed o poh\u0159ebn\u00edm pr\u00e1vu a nep\u0159\u00edmo tak chr\u00e1nil oblast mrtv\u00fdch.<\/p><p>Pojem Di Manes se objevuje ve sv\u011bcen\u00fdch formul\u00edch, v hrobn\u00ed epigrafice i v pr\u00e1vn\u00ed \u0159e\u010di, co\u017e ukazuje, jak samoz\u0159ejm\u011b tato p\u0159edstava pronikala celou spole\u010dnost\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-manen-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-manen-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-manen-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-manen-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jm\u00e9no a etymologie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-manen-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-manen-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pojem <em>Manes<\/em> se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 pouze v mno\u017en\u00e9m \u010d\u00edsle a nej\u010dast\u011bji se v\u00e1\u017ee na spojen\u00ed <em>Di Manes<\/em>, dob\u0159\u00ed bohov\u00e9. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha \u0159eck\u00e9 a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 kultury, p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b od 800 p\u0159. Kr. do 600 po Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antick\u00fd<\/span> v\u00fdklad jazyka spojoval toto slovo se star\u00fdm latinsk\u00fdm adjektivem <em>manus<\/em>, kter\u00e9 znamenalo p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b dobr\u00fd.<\/p><p><em>Di Manes<\/em> by tedy doslova znamenalo dob\u0159\u00ed bohov\u00e9, eufemistick\u00e9 ozna\u010den\u00ed typick\u00e9 pro opatrn\u00fd \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup k oblasti smrti.<\/p><p>Tento v\u00fdklad jako zjem\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed ozna\u010den\u00ed je z hlediska d\u011bjin n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed velmi v\u00fdmluvn\u00fd. Ukazuje, \u017ee \u0158\u00edman\u00e9 p\u0159istupovali k mrtv\u00fdm se sm\u011bs\u00ed respektu a strachu a vyh\u00fdbali se tomu, aby je p\u0159\u00edmo ozna\u010dovali za hroziv\u00e9. Podobn\u00e9 eufemistick\u00e9 strategie se objevuj\u00ed i v jin\u00fdch citliv\u00fdch oblastech antick\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.<\/p><p>S Manami je \u00fazce spojena bohyn\u011b <em>Mania<\/em>, kter\u00e1 se v pramenech objevuje jako matka nebo pan\u00ed Man\u016f. I zde z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 p\u0159esn\u00fd vztah nejasn\u00fd.<\/p><p>D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 je, \u017ee pojem <em>Manes<\/em> z\u016fstal kolektivn\u00ed. I kdy\u017e se vztahoval k jednotliv\u00e9mu zem\u0159el\u00e9mu, nap\u0159\u00edklad v hrobn\u00ed formuli, ozna\u010doval ho jako sou\u010d\u00e1st celku mrtv\u00fdch, nikoli jako izolovanou individu\u00e1ln\u00ed du\u0161i.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-manen-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-manen-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-manen-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-manen-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Popis a ikonografie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-manen-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-manen-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Manov\u00e9 nem\u011bli \u017e\u00e1dnou pevnou obrazovou podobu. Na rozd\u00edl od L\u00e1r\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed byli zobrazov\u00e1ni jako tan\u010d\u00edc\u00ed postavy, z\u016fst\u00e1vali Manov\u00e9 z velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti beztv\u00e1rn\u00ed. Nam\u00edsto soch v dom\u00e1c\u00ed svatyni byli p\u0159\u00edtomni prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm hrobu, hrobn\u00edho n\u00e1pisu a ritu\u00e1ln\u00edho jedn\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p><p>Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed viditelnou stopou v\u00edry v Many je hrobn\u00ed n\u00e1pis. Nespo\u010det \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch n\u00e1hrobk\u016f za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 formul\u00ed <em>D M<\/em> nebo <em>D M S<\/em>, zkratkou pro <em>Dis Manibus<\/em> nebo <em>Dis Manibus Sacrum<\/em>, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159ed\u00e1no svat\u00e9mu prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho \u00fakonu a t\u00edm vy\u0148ato z b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho \u017eivota.\" tabindex=\"0\">zasv\u011bceno<\/span> Man\u016fm zem\u0159el\u00e9ho.<\/p><p>Toto zasv\u011bcen\u00ed prom\u011bnilo hrob v m\u00edsto n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho v\u00fdznamu a postavilo zem\u0159el\u00e9ho pod ochranu a do spole\u010denstv\u00ed Man\u016f.<\/p><p>Tam, kde se mrtv\u00ed p\u0159ece objevuj\u00ed v obrazov\u00e9 podob\u011b, nap\u0159\u00edklad v liter\u00e1rn\u00edch popisech zjeven\u00ed, jsou obvykle zobrazov\u00e1ni jako bled\u00e9, st\u00ednov\u00e9 postavy. P\u0159i no\u010dn\u00edch ob\u0159adech Lemuria se na neklidn\u00e9 duchy v\u011bdom\u011b nehled\u011blo; pr\u00e1v\u011b pohledu na n\u011b bylo t\u0159eba se vyhnout.<\/p><p>Ikonografie Man\u016f je tedy p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm ikonografi\u00ed m\u00edsta a p\u00edsma, nikoli obrazu. Jejich podobou byl n\u00e1hrobek, hrobn\u00ed okrsek a vytesan\u00e9 zasv\u011bcen\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-manen-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-manen-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-manen-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-manen-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mytologick\u00e1 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed a tradice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-manen-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-manen-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Manov\u00e9 jsou m\u00e9n\u011b p\u0159edm\u011btem vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed ne\u017e ritu\u00e1l\u016f. P\u0159esto existuje bohat\u00e1 liter\u00e1rn\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed v\u011bdomost\u00ed a vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed po generace.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradice<\/span>, kter\u00e1 zp\u0159\u00edtom\u0148uje \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed vztahu mezi \u017eiv\u00fdmi a mrtv\u00fdmi. B\u00e1sn\u00edk Ovidius v\u011bnuje ve sv\u00fdch <em>Fasti<\/em> podrobn\u00e9 pas\u00e1\u017ee jak Parentali\u00edm, tak Lemuri\u00edm, a poskytuje tak jeden z nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch pramen\u016f.<\/p><p>Ovidius vypr\u00e1v\u00ed, \u017ee kdysi v ran\u00fdch dob\u00e1ch \u0158\u00edma byla p\u00e9\u010de o zem\u0159el\u00e9 zanedb\u00e1na kv\u016fli v\u00e1lce. Mrtv\u00ed pak jako neklidn\u00ed duchov\u00e9 su\u017eovali m\u011bsto, a teprve obnoven\u00ed ob\u0159ad\u016f obnovilo po\u0159\u00e1dek. Toto vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed vysv\u011btluje nutnost slavnost\u00ed za mrtv\u00e9 a zd\u016fraz\u0148uje p\u0159edstavu, \u017ee zanedban\u00ed manov\u00e9 se mohou st\u00e1t nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdmi.<\/p><p>K Lemuri\u00edm zaznamenal Ovidius v\u00fdrazn\u00fd dom\u00e1c\u00ed ritu\u00e1l. Otec rodiny vst\u00e1v\u00e1 o p\u016flnoci, chod\u00ed po dom\u011b bos\u00fd, h\u00e1z\u00ed si p\u0159es ramena \u010dern\u00e9 fazole a p\u0159i tom pron\u00e1\u0161\u00ed pevn\u011b stanovenou formuli, kterou duchy vyz\u00fdv\u00e1, aby d\u016fm opustili.<\/p><p>Tyto pas\u00e1\u017ee ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee zach\u00e1zen\u00ed s mrtv\u00fdmi bylo v \u0158\u00edm\u011b p\u0159esn\u011b upraveno a \u017ee existovaly ust\u00e1len\u00e9 formule a \u00fakony, jimi\u017e se vztah k nim uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1val. Souvisl\u00e1 mytologie posmrtn\u00e9ho \u017eivota s rozvinutou topografi\u00ed podsv\u011bt\u00ed byla naproti tomu sp\u00ed\u0161e z\u00e1le\u017eitost\u00ed literatury ovlivn\u011bn\u00e9 \u0159eckou poezi\u00ed.<\/p><p>Vergilius v Aeneid\u011b pod\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u00fdrazn\u00fd obraz uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed mrtv\u00fdch, kdy\u017e Aeneas u hrobu sv\u00e9ho otce Anchisa p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed slavnostn\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017estvu na vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed d\u00edk\u016f, prosby nebo \u00facty.\" tabindex=\"0\">ob\u011b\u0165<\/span> a vz\u00fdv\u00e1 manes sv\u00e9ho otce.<\/p><p>Sc\u00e9na ukazuje p\u00e9\u010di o hrob jako svatou povinnost a v\u00fdraz pietas, soun\u00e1le\u017eitosti s p\u0159edky. Tak\u00e9 Cicero se o manech zmi\u0148uje v\u00edcekr\u00e1t, nap\u0159\u00edklad kdy\u017e ve sv\u00e9m spise o z\u00e1konech uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee pr\u00e1va zbo\u017e\u0161t\u011bl\u00fdch mrtv\u00fdch je t\u0159eba pova\u017eovat za <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1le\u017eej\u00edc\u00ed bo\u017esk\u00e9mu, a t\u00edm vy\u0148at\u00e9 z ka\u017edodenn\u00edho u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">svat\u00e9<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-manen-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-manen-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-manen-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-manen-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult a uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-manen-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-manen-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kult man\u016f m\u011bl soukromou i ve\u0159ejn\u011b upravenou slo\u017eku. \u00dast\u0159edn\u00ed roli hr\u00e1la p\u00e9\u010de o hrob ze strany rodiny. V ur\u010dit\u00e9 dny p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161eli p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00ed k hrobu dary, nap\u0159\u00edklad v\u00edno, ml\u00e9ko, olej, kv\u011btiny a pokrmy. D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 bylo spln\u011bn\u00ed povinnosti a trvaj\u00edc\u00ed vzpom\u00ednka, materi\u00e1ln\u00ed hodnota daru nehr\u00e1la \u017e\u00e1dnou roli.<\/p><p>\u00dast\u0159edn\u00edm ve\u0159ejn\u00fdm sv\u00e1tkem zem\u0159el\u00fdch byly <em>Parentalia<\/em> v \u00fanoru, kter\u00e9 trvaly n\u011bkolik dn\u00ed a vrcholily sv\u00e1tkem <em>Feralia<\/em>.<\/p><p>V tomto obdob\u00ed byl \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b omezen ve\u0159ejn\u00fd \u017eivot, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1my<\/span> z\u016fst\u00e1valy zav\u0159en\u00e9 a rodiny se vyd\u00e1valy k hrob\u016fm, aby man\u016fm p\u0159inesly pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 dary. Z\u00e1v\u011br tvo\u0159il sv\u00e1tek <em>Caristia<\/em>, den rodinn\u00e9ho sm\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed mezi \u017eij\u00edc\u00edmi, kter\u00fd smyslupln\u011b dopl\u0148oval p\u00e9\u010di o zem\u0159el\u00e9.<\/p><p>V kv\u011btnu n\u00e1sledovaly <em>Lemuria<\/em>, sv\u00e1tek neklidn\u00fdch duch\u016f. Na rozd\u00edl od sp\u00ed\u0161e pe\u010duj\u00edc\u00edch Parentali\u00ed m\u011bly Lemuria odvracej\u00edc\u00ed charakter. \u0160lo o to usm\u00ed\u0159it duchy, kte\u0159\u00ed se pohybovali v dom\u011b, a vypudit je ven.<\/p><p>Soub\u011b\u017en\u00e1 existence obou sv\u00e1tk\u016f ukazuje dvoj\u00ed povahu \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 v\u00edry v posmrtn\u00fd \u017eivot, na jedn\u00e9 stran\u011b starostlivou \u00factu k man\u016fm, na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b nutnou obranu proti neklidn\u00fdm mrtv\u00fdm. Cel\u00fd tento komplex se \u0159\u00eddil z\u00e1sadou, \u017ee \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed m\u011bli v\u016f\u010di mrtv\u00fdm trval\u00fd z\u00e1vazek.<\/p><p>Parentalia za\u010d\u00ednala podle <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed znalost\u00ed a vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d generacemi.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradice<\/span> t\u0159in\u00e1ct\u00e9ho \u00fanora a trvala do jedenadvac\u00e1t\u00e9ho, dne Ferali\u00ed, kter\u00fd se pova\u017eoval za ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 zakon\u010den\u00ed. V tomto obdob\u00ed platila omezen\u00ed ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho \u017eivota. Ovidius v Fastech uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee se neuzav\u00edraly s\u0148atky, proto\u017ee tento \u010das pat\u0159il mrtv\u00fdm, a \u017ee \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edci odkl\u00e1dali sv\u00e1 odznaky.<\/p><p>Prvn\u00edch osm dn\u00ed bylo vyhrazeno soukrom\u00e9 p\u00e9\u010di o zem\u0159el\u00e9 v r\u00e1mci jednotliv\u00fdch rodin, teprve Feralia m\u011bla ve\u0159ejn\u00fd charakter. N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edho dne, na Caristia neboli Cara Cognatio, se sch\u00e1zelo \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edbuzenstvo ke spole\u010dn\u00e9mu j\u00eddlu, kter\u00e9 v\u00fdslovn\u011b slou\u017eilo sm\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed mezi \u017eij\u00edc\u00edmi.<\/p><p>Lemuria v kv\u011btnu p\u0159ipadala na dev\u00e1t\u00fd, jeden\u00e1ct\u00fd a t\u0159in\u00e1ct\u00fd den m\u011bs\u00edce. Ovidius odvozuje jejich n\u00e1zev od Lemur\u016f, bloud\u00edc\u00edch duch\u016f, a spojuje sv\u00e1tek eticky s pok\u00e1n\u00edm za Rema zabit\u00e9ho Romulem.<\/p><p>I toto je liter\u00e1rn\u00ed konstrukce, kter\u00e1 dala <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pevn\u011b stanoven\u00fd, opakuj\u00edc\u00ed se n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd \u00fakon.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritu\u00e1lu<\/span> p\u0159edehru. B\u011bhem Lemuri\u00ed z\u016fst\u00e1valy <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1my<\/span> zav\u0159en\u00e9 a nekonaly se \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 svatby, co\u017e se pova\u017eovalo za nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-manen-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-manen-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-manen-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-manen-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ochrann\u00e1 praxe a apotropaick\u00e9 prvky<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-manen-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-manen-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ve vztahu k man\u016fm spo\u010d\u00edvala ochrana p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm ve spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 p\u00e9\u010di. Dokud byli zem\u0159el\u00ed \u0159\u00e1dn\u011b poh\u0159beni a pravideln\u011b opatrov\u00e1ni, byli m\u00e1nov\u00e9 pova\u017eov\u00e1ni za dob\u0159e sm\u00fd\u0161lej\u00edc\u00ed, dobrotiv\u00e9 bohy, jejich\u017e bl\u00edzkosti se nebylo t\u0159eba ob\u00e1vat.<\/p><p>Podle \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 p\u0159edstavy hrozilo nebezpe\u010d\u00ed tehdy, kdy\u017e byla tato povinnost zanedb\u00e1na, kdy\u017e n\u011bkdo z\u016fstal nepoh\u0159ben nebo kdy\u017e byl znesv\u011bcen hrob.<\/p><p>Pro takov\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edpady znalo \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed odvracej\u00edc\u00ed ritu\u00e1ly. Nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00edkladem je vrh\u00e1n\u00ed bob\u016f p\u0159i sv\u00e1tku Lemuria. Otec rodiny pou\u017e\u00edval \u010dern\u00e9 boby, pron\u00e1\u0161el pevn\u011b stanovenou formuli a provedl ob\u0159ad v p\u0159esn\u011b stanoven\u00e9m po\u0159ad\u00ed v no\u010dn\u00edch hodin\u00e1ch.<\/p><p>Toto <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0158\u00edzen\u00fd sled symbolick\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f s n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm nebo kulturn\u00edm v\u00fdznamem.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritu\u00e1l<\/span> m\u011blo duchy usm\u00ed\u0159it a p\u0159im\u011bt je, aby d\u016fm opustili. Charakteristick\u00e9 je, \u017ee se jednaj\u00edc\u00ed nesm\u011bl na duchy d\u00edvat a musel se dr\u017eet pevn\u011b stanoven\u00fdch slov a gest.<\/p><p>Ochrannou funkci m\u011blo i pr\u00e1vo hrobu. Hroby byly pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za <em>loci religiosi<\/em>, tedy za n\u00e1bo\u017eensky vymezen\u00e1 m\u00edsta, jejich\u017e znesv\u011bcen\u00ed bylo trest\u00e1no. N\u00e1hrobn\u00ed n\u00e1pisy obsahuj\u00ed m\u00edsty kletby proti p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00fdm ru\u0161itel\u016fm hrobu a stav\u011bj\u00ed hrob pod ochranu man\u016f.<\/p><p>Tak se pr\u00e1vn\u00ed p\u0159edpis a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e1 p\u0159edstava spojily v ochranu, kter\u00e1 nechr\u00e1nila ani tak \u017eiv\u00e9 p\u0159ed mrtv\u00fdmi, jako sp\u00ed\u0161e mrtv\u00e9 p\u0159ed \u017eiv\u00fdmi. Podstatou ochrann\u00e9 praxe bylo v podstat\u011b udr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed \u0159\u00e1du mezi ob\u011bma oblastmi.<\/p><p>Dal\u0161\u00ed formou uspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u00e9ho zach\u00e1zen\u00ed se zem\u0159el\u00fdmi byl sm\u00edr\u010d\u00ed ob\u0159ad p\u0159i neobvykl\u00e9m \u00famrt\u00ed. Kdo z\u016fstal nepoh\u0159ben, nap\u0159\u00edklad proto, \u017ee t\u011blo nebylo nalezeno, byl pokl\u00e1d\u00e1n za ohro\u017een\u00e9ho t\u00edm, \u017ee bude bloudit jako neklidn\u00fd duch, a proto se v takov\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech mohl z\u0159\u00eddit pr\u00e1zdn\u00fd hrob, kenotaf.<\/p><p>T\u00edm byl zem\u0159el\u00e9mu symbolicky p\u0159id\u011blen ur\u010dit\u00fd prostor a byl mu umo\u017en\u011bn p\u0159echod do spole\u010denstv\u00ed man\u016f.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-manen-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-manen-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-manen-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-manen-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralely v jin\u00fdch kultur\u00e1ch<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-manen-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-manen-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0158\u00edmsk\u00fd kult man\u016f lze dob\u0159e za\u0159adit do \u0161irok\u00e9ho okruhu uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159edk\u016f a mrtv\u00fdch, kter\u00fd se vyskytuje v mnoha kultur\u00e1ch.<\/p><p>Uvnit\u0159 \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed st\u00e1li m\u00e1nov\u00e9 vedle lar\u016f a pen\u00e1t\u016f a tak\u00e9 vedle larev a lemur\u016f, pova\u017eovan\u00fdch za nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9. Zat\u00edmco l\u00e1rov\u00e9 byli v\u00edce v\u00e1z\u00e1ni na ur\u010dit\u00e9 m\u00edsto, m\u00e1nov\u00e9 se vztahovali na mrtv\u00e9 jako takov\u00e9.<\/p><p>\u0158eckou paralelu p\u0159edstavuje uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed zem\u0159el\u00fdch v r\u00e1mci \u0159eck\u00fdch kult\u016f mrtv\u00fdch, nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u00e9\u010de o hroby a p\u0159edstava st\u00edn\u016f v podsv\u011bt\u00ed. I \u0159eck\u00fd sv\u011bt znal dny, kdy byli mrtv\u00ed my\u0161lenkov\u011b zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 bl\u00edzko, a ritu\u00e1ly, jimi\u017e se dr\u017eeli neklidn\u00ed duchov\u00e9 v odstupu.<\/p><p>P\u0159esn\u00e9 ztoto\u017en\u011bn\u00ed v\u0161ak nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9, proto\u017ee n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 r\u00e1mce byly odli\u0161n\u00e9. \u0158\u00edmsk\u00fd d\u016fraz na rodinnou povinnost a pr\u00e1vn\u011b chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00e9 poh\u0159ebi\u0161t\u011b m\u00e1 sv\u016fj vlastn\u00ed r\u00e1z.<\/p><p>Z v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho hlediska n\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed m\u00e1nov\u00e9 k typu kolektivn\u00edho kultu p\u0159edk\u016f, u kter\u00e9ho stoj\u00ed do pop\u0159ed\u00ed spole\u010denstv\u00ed mrtv\u00fdch a jejich trvaj\u00edc\u00ed vztah k \u017eiv\u00fdm, na rozd\u00edl od individu\u00e1ln\u00edho osudu v posmrtn\u00e9m \u017eivot\u011b. \u0158\u00edmsk\u00e1 podoba tohoto kultu je d\u00edky n\u00e1pis\u016fm velmi dob\u0159e zdokumentov\u00e1na a ukazuje, jak \u00fazce byly propojeny n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed, rodina a kultura vzpom\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-manen-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-manen-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-manen-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-manen-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sou\u010dasn\u00e1 recepce a v\u00fdzkum<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-manen-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-manen-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>M\u00e1nov\u00e9 jsou centr\u00e1ln\u00edm t\u00e9matem v\u00fdzkumu \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed, proto\u017ee se t\u00fdkaj\u00ed zach\u00e1zen\u00ed se smrt\u00ed, a tedy z\u00e1kladn\u00ed oblasti ka\u017ed\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.<\/p><p>Georg Wissowa a Kurt Latte se podrobn\u011b v\u011bnovali kultu mrtv\u00fdch a v nov\u011bj\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdzkumu mimo jin\u00e9 John Scheid a J\u00f6rg R\u00fcpke rozpracovali ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed a soci\u00e1ln\u00ed rozm\u011bry sv\u00e1tk\u016f Parentalia a Lemuria.<\/p><p>D\u016fle\u017eitou skupinou pramen\u016f jsou nes\u010detn\u00e9 n\u00e1hrobn\u00ed n\u00e1pisy s formul\u00ed <em>Dis Manibus<\/em>. Umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed v\u00fdzkumu sledovat roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed kultu man\u016f v cel\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161i, p\u0159es v\u0161echny spole\u010densk\u00e9 vrstvy a dlouh\u00e1 \u010dasov\u00e1 obdob\u00ed. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bda o n\u00e1pisech.\" tabindex=\"0\">Epigrafika<\/span> tak uk\u00e1zala, jak samoz\u0159ejm\u011b byla p\u0159edstava man\u016f zakotvena v ka\u017edodenn\u00edm \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9m \u017eivot\u011b.<\/p><p>V dne\u0161n\u00ed v\u0161eobecn\u00e9 kultu\u0159e je pojem man\u016f m\u00e9n\u011b zn\u00e1m\u00fd ne\u017e t\u0159eba jm\u00e9na hlavn\u00edch \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch boh\u016f, p\u0159esto se pravideln\u011b objevuje p\u0159i studiu antick\u00fdch poh\u0159ebn\u00edch zvyklost\u00ed, v muze\u00edch i v historick\u00e9m vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p><p>Se zkratkou <em>D M<\/em> na n\u00e1hrobc\u00edch se setk\u00e1 ka\u017ed\u00fd, kdo se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 \u0159\u00edmskou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bda o n\u00e1pisech.\" tabindex=\"0\">epigrafikou<\/span>. Pro <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bda, kter\u00e1 srovn\u00e1vac\u00edm zp\u016fsobem a bez vyzn\u00e1n\u00ed zkoum\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">religionistiku<\/span> z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed m\u00e1nov\u00e9 d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem toho, jak n\u011bjak\u00e1 spole\u010dnost <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1le\u017eej\u00edc\u00ed k pevn\u011b stanoven\u00e9mu n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9mu postupu.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritu\u00e1ln\u011b<\/span> uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1vala vztah mezi \u017eiv\u00fdmi a mrtv\u00fdmi.<\/p><p>Nov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdzkum nav\u00edc rozpracoval soci\u00e1ln\u00ed funkci sv\u00e1tk\u016f mrtv\u00fdch. Parentalia a na n\u011b navazuj\u00edc\u00ed Caristia byly ritu\u00e1ly za mrtv\u00e9 a z\u00e1rove\u0148 p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost\u00ed, p\u0159i n\u00ed\u017e se rodina nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d hranic\u00ed \u017eivota a smrti potvrzovala jako trval\u00e1 jednotka.<\/p><p>N\u00e1hrobn\u00ed n\u00e1pisy, kter\u00e9 \u010dasto zaznamen\u00e1vaj\u00ed spole\u010densk\u00e9 postaven\u00ed, v\u011bk a rodinn\u00e9 vazby zem\u0159el\u00e9ho, jsou pro v\u00fdzkum tedy z\u00e1rove\u0148 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm i soci\u00e1ln\u011bhistorick\u00fdm pramenem prvn\u00edho \u0159\u00e1du.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-manen-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-manen-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-manen-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-manen-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (v\u00fdb\u011br)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-manen-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-manen-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li>Georg Wissowa: <em>Religion und Kultus der R\u00f6mer<\/em> (1912)<\/li><li>Kurt Latte: <em>R\u00f6mische Religionsgeschichte<\/em> (1960)<\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Mary Beard, John North, Simon Price: <em>Religions of Rome<\/em> (1998)<\/span><\/li><li>John Scheid: <em>An Introduction to Roman Religion<\/em> (2003)<\/li><li>J\u00f6rg R\u00fcpke: <em>Die Religion der R\u00f6mer<\/em> (2001)<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-manen-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-manen-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-manen-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-manen-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>P\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00e9 kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 pojmy: Manov\u00e9 Di Manes Parentalia Lemuria Feralia Kult mrtv\u00fdch Dis Manibus P\u0159edkov\u00e9.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-manen-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-manen-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-manen\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-manen-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-manen-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-manen-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-manen-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard a ochrann\u00e9 tradice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-manen-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-manen-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard navazuje na kulturn\u011b-historickou tradici p\u0159enosn\u00fdch ochrann\u00fdch p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f, v tradici <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/rim\/\">\u0158\u00edma<\/a> a mnoha dal\u0161\u00edch kultur po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b. 41 \u00farovn\u00ed, ryz\u00ed zlato, platina, st\u0159\u00edbro, vyrobeno v N\u011bmecku. 30denn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo na vr\u00e1cen\u00ed.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-manen-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-manen-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" 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.jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-manen-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-manen-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-manen-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-manen-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Osobn\u00ed zku\u0161enosti se mohou li\u0161it. Nejedn\u00e1 se o zdravotnick\u00fd prost\u0159edek. Nen\u00ed slibem l\u00e9\u010div\u00e9ho \u00fa\u010dinku.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-manen-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-manen-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-manen-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-manen-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>nen\u00ed zdravotnick\u00fd prost\u0159edek<\/strong> a nenahrazuje l\u00e9ka\u0159skou ani psychoterapeutickou l\u00e9\u010dbu. Religionistick\u00fd obsah p\u0159edstavuje kulturn\u011b-historick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed, nikoli doporu\u010den\u00ed duchovn\u00ed praxe.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3388,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Manov\u00e9 \u0159\u00edm\u0161t\u00ed duchov\u00e9 mrtv\u00fdch","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Manov\u00e9 \u2013 duchov\u00e9 mrtv\u00fdch \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Manov\u00e9 jsou zbo\u017e\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed duchov\u00e9 zem\u0159el\u00fdch v \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 v\u00ed\u0159e. 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Religionistick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed k Parentali\u00edm, Lemuri\u00edm a kultu."}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/145554","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=145554"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/145554\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3388"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=145554"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=145554"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}