{"id":145529,"date":"2026-09-03T16:31:15","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:31:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=145529"},"modified":"2026-09-03T16:58:28","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:58:28","slug":"tupilak-duch-pomsty-inuitu","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/tupilak-duch-pomsty-inuitu\/","title":{"rendered":"Tupilak &#8211; um\u011bl\u00fd duch pomsty gr\u00f3nsk\u00fdch Inuit\u016f"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"145529\" class=\"elementor elementor-145529 elementor-2657 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tupilak - um\u011ble vytvo\u0159en\u00fd duch pomsty gr\u00f3nsk\u00e9 tradice<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tupilak je v gr\u00f3nsk\u00e9 inuitsk\u00e9 tradici um\u011ble vytvo\u0159en\u00e1, c\u00edlen\u011b nasazovan\u00e1 bytost ze zbytk\u016f zv\u00ed\u0159at a lid\u00ed, jej\u00edm\u017e prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm cht\u011bl <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd specialista, kter\u00e9mu se p\u0159isuzuje zprost\u0159edkov\u00e1n\u00ed mezi lidmi a sv\u011btem duch\u016f.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0161aman<\/span> po\u0161kodit nebo zab\u00edt nep\u0159\u00edtele. Dnes je tento pojem mezin\u00e1rodn\u011b zn\u00e1m\u00fd p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm jako \u0159ezb\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 figurka z kosti nebo kamene. Z religionistick\u00e9ho hlediska pat\u0159\u00ed do vz\u00e1cn\u00e9 t\u0159\u00eddy um\u011ble vytvo\u0159en\u00fdch agresivn\u00edch duch\u016f.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Duch tradice Inuit\u016f.\">Duch<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/inuite-arktida-sedna-tornit-praxe\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mytologie tradice Inuit\u016f.\">Inuit\u00e9<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Um\u011bl\u00fd \u0161kod\u00edc\u00ed duch.\">Um\u011bl\u00fd \u0161kod\u00edc\u00ed duch<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na t\\u00e9to str\\u00e1nce nebyly nalezeny \\u017e\\u00e1dn\\u00e9 nadpisy.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tupilak-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tupilak-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg 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975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_inuit_tupilak-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-147302\" alt=\"Tupilak - duchov\u00e9 z inuitsk\u00e9 tradice, historicko-ilustrativn\u00ed zobrazen\u00ed\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_inuit_tupilak-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_inuit_tupilak-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_inuit_tupilak-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_inuit_tupilak.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Za\u0159azen\u00ed a stru\u010dn\u00fd profil<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tupilak pat\u0159\u00ed v religionistick\u00e9 klasifikaci do vz\u00e1cn\u00e9 skupiny um\u011ble vytvo\u0159en\u00fdch duchovn\u00edch bytost\u00ed.<\/p><p>Na rozd\u00edl od <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145526\">Sedny<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145527\">Sily<\/a> nebo <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145528\">Tornarssuka<\/a>, kte\u0159\u00ed jsou pova\u017eov\u00e1ni za dan\u00e9 kosmick\u00e9 nebo pom\u00e1haj\u00edc\u00ed s\u00edly, je Tupilak v\u011bdom\u011b vytvo\u0159en\u00fd konstrukt, jen\u017e slou\u017e\u00ed konkr\u00e9tn\u00edmu \u00fa\u010delu: po\u0161kodit nep\u0159\u00edtele. Tento konstruktivn\u00ed rozm\u011br ho z\u00e1sadn\u011b odli\u0161uje od v\u0161ech ostatn\u00edch postav inuitsk\u00e9ho pantheonu.<\/p><p>Prameny k Tupilakovi se soust\u0159e\u010fuj\u00ed na Gr\u00f3nsko, zejm\u00e9na na v\u00fdchodn\u00ed pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed a Diskovu z\u00e1toku, a sahaj\u00ed od 18. stolet\u00ed, od Hanse Egedeho, p\u0159es Henrika Rinka v 19. stolet\u00ed a\u017e k Williamu Thalbitzerovi a Robertu Petersenovi ve 20. stolet\u00ed.<\/p><p>Tak\u00e9 v centr\u00e1ln\u00ed kanadsk\u00e9 Arktid\u011b jsou dolo\u017eeny p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00e9 pojmy jako <em>tupilaq<\/em> nebo <em>tuurngaq qungasiq<\/em>, tam v\u0161ak s \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b odli\u0161n\u00fdm v\u00fdznamem. Tato region\u00e1ln\u00ed specifi\u010dnost je z v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho hlediska velmi zaj\u00edmav\u00e1.<\/p><p>Dnes existuje Tupilak paraleln\u011b ve dvou rovin\u00e1ch: jako historick\u00fd koncept skute\u010dn\u011b vytvo\u0159en\u00e9 a magicky o\u017eiven\u00e9 \u0161kod\u00edc\u00ed bytosti a jako ozna\u010den\u00ed pro \u0159ezb\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 figurky z mro\u017e\u00ed kosti, sob\u00edho parohu a kosti, kter\u00e9 se od 80. let 19. stolet\u00ed rozvinuly jako gr\u00f3nsk\u00e1 \u0159emesln\u00e1 forma. Tato dvojvrstevnost \u010din\u00ed jakoukoli diskusi o Tupilakovi metodicky n\u00e1ro\u010dnou a vy\u017eaduje pe\u010dliv\u00e9 rozli\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p><p>V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b Tupilaka nov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdzkum roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159il sv\u00e9 metodick\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje a spojuje etnografickou p\u0159esnost, jazykovou kritiku pramen\u016f a srovn\u00e1vac\u00ed perspektivu. Toto zp\u0159esn\u011bn\u00ed je zde obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b nutn\u00e9, proto\u017ee star\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1padn\u00ed zobrazen\u00ed um\u011ble vytvo\u0159enou \u0161kod\u00edc\u00ed bytost \u010dasto senzacechtiv\u011b zveli\u010dovala; inuitsk\u00e1 komunita znalc\u016f, kter\u00e1 se dnes sama pod\u00edl\u00ed na v\u00fdzkumu, takov\u00e9 m\u00edsty kolonialisticky zabarven\u00e9 interpretace opravuje.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Etymologie a historie slova<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Etymologicky se <em>tupilak<\/em> nebo <em>tupilaq<\/em> odvozuje od kmene <em>tupi-<\/em>, kter\u00fd v n\u011bkolika inuitsk\u00fdch jazyc\u00edch znamen\u00e1 p\u0159edek nebo du\u0161e mrtv\u00e9ho. Tupilak by tedy doslova znamenal n\u011bco jako podoba p\u0159edka nebo duchovn\u00ed v\u00fdtvor. Robert Petersen ve sv\u00fdch jazykov\u011b-historick\u00fdch studi\u00edch prok\u00e1zal p\u0159\u00edbuznost s v\u00fdrazy pro <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bezt\u011blesn\u00e1 bytost, j\u00ed\u017e se p\u0159isuzuje p\u016fsoben\u00ed ve sv\u011bt\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">ducha<\/span> zem\u0159el\u00e9ho a vytvo\u0159il tak jazykov\u00fd most k inuitsk\u00e9mu sv\u011btu mrtv\u00fdch.<\/p><p>V gr\u00f3nsk\u00e9m jazyce existuje tak\u00e9 mno\u017en\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo <em>tupilait<\/em>, kter\u00e9 ozna\u010duje souhrn t\u011bchto bytost\u00ed. V modern\u00edm jazykov\u00e9m \u00fazu se v\u00fdznam roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159il a slovo se \u010dasto p\u0159ekl\u00e1d\u00e1 jako stra\u0161ideln\u00e1 postava nebo zl\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bezt\u011blesn\u00e1 bytost, j\u00ed\u017e se p\u0159isuzuje p\u016fsoben\u00ed ve sv\u011bt\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">duch<\/span>, co\u017e zkracuje p\u016fvodn\u00ed v\u00fdznam a ztr\u00e1c\u00ed specifick\u00fd rozm\u011br konstrukce. Z v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho hlediska je t\u0159eba k tomuto zjednodu\u0161en\u00ed p\u0159istupovat kriticky.<\/p><p>Za pozornost stoj\u00ed, \u017ee Tupilak nen\u00ed v etymologii negativn\u011b konotov\u00e1n. Negativn\u00ed hodnocen\u00ed vypl\u00fdv\u00e1 z funkce, nikoli ze slova samotn\u00e9ho.<\/p><p>Tupilak nen\u00ed svou podstatou zl\u00fd, n\u00fdbr\u017e je nasazov\u00e1n k agresi. Tato etick\u00e1 neutralita samotn\u00e9ho slova je v\u011bdecky zaj\u00edmav\u00e1, proto\u017ee ukazuje, \u017ee mor\u00e1ln\u00ed hodnocen\u00ed vznik\u00e1 teprve prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm z\u00e1m\u011brn\u00e9ho u\u017eit\u00ed.<\/p><p>Dopl\u0148kov\u011b stoj\u00ed za zm\u00ednku i n\u00e1bo\u017eenskosociologick\u00fd pohled na roli, kterou Tupilak hr\u00e1l ve spole\u010densk\u00e9m \u0159\u00e1du tradi\u010dn\u00ed inuitsk\u00e9 komunity.<\/p><p>Proto\u017ee byla takov\u00e1 bytost c\u00edlen\u011b nam\u00ed\u0159ena proti nep\u0159\u00edteli, lze na n\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 dob\u0159e uk\u00e1zat, \u017ee n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e1 struktura nebyla odd\u011blena od spole\u010densk\u00e9 praxe, n\u00fdbr\u017e s n\u00ed byla t\u011bsn\u011b propletena. Toto propleten\u00ed tvo\u0159\u00ed samostatnou oblast religionisticko-antropologick\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu, kterou systematicky zpracov\u00e1vali p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Laugrand a Jarich Oosten.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">V\u00fdroba v tradi\u010dn\u00ed praxi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Etnografick\u00e9 prameny, zejm\u00e9na u Henrika Rinka a Williama Thalbitzera, podrobn\u011b popisuj\u00ed v\u00fdrobu tupilaka. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd specialista, kter\u00e9mu se p\u0159isuzuje zprost\u0159edkov\u00e1n\u00ed mezi lidmi a sv\u011btem duch\u016f.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0160aman<\/span>, kter\u00fd cht\u011bl u\u0161kodit nep\u0159\u00edteli, tajn\u011b shroma\u017e\u010foval sou\u010d\u00e1sti: kosti r\u016fzn\u00fdch zv\u00ed\u0159at, vlasy, \u0161lachy, n\u011bkdy i kusy mrtvol nebo oble\u010den\u00ed samotn\u00e9ho nep\u0159\u00edtele.<\/p><p>Tyto sou\u010d\u00e1sti byly na odlehl\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b, \u010dasto u skaln\u00ed trhliny nebo v jeskyni, sestaveny do figury.<\/p><p>Nad touto figurou byly proneseny zp\u011bvy a za\u0159\u00edk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd specialista, kter\u00e9mu se p\u0159isuzuje zprost\u0159edkov\u00e1n\u00ed mezi lidmi a sv\u011btem duch\u016f.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0160aman<\/span> kojil bytost ze sv\u00e9ho podpa\u017e\u00ed nebo kl\u00ednu a p\u0159ed\u00e1val j\u00ed \u017eivotn\u00ed s\u00edly. N\u00e1sledn\u011b byla figura vypu\u0161t\u011bna do vody nebo do snihu, aby vyhledala a zabila nep\u0159\u00edtele.<\/p><p>Byl-li samotn\u00fd nep\u0159\u00edtel mocn\u00fdm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd specialista, kter\u00e9mu se p\u0159isuzuje zprost\u0159edkov\u00e1n\u00ed mezi lidmi a sv\u011btem duch\u016f.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0161amanem<\/span>, mohl tupilaka odvr\u00e1tit nebo jej dokonce obr\u00e1tit proti jeho tv\u016frci, co\u017e cel\u00e9 praxi prop\u016fj\u010dovalo zna\u010dn\u00e9 riziko.<\/p><p>V\u011bdecky je tato praxe zaj\u00edmav\u00e1 t\u00edm, \u017ee se op\u00edr\u00e1 o teorii o\u017eivov\u00e1n\u00ed anorganick\u00fdch i organick\u00fdch zbytk\u016f, kter\u00e1 je propletena se \u0161amanskou naukou o pomocn\u00fdch du\u0161\u00edch. Tupilak je formou konstruktivn\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktiky, kter\u00e9 se pomoc\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edch \u00fakon\u016f nebo formul\u00ed sna\u017e\u00ed zas\u00e1hnout do b\u011bhu v\u011bc\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">magie<\/span>, kter\u00e1 je v inuitsk\u00e9m kosmu z\u00e1rove\u0148 dovolena i eticky zat\u00ed\u017eena. Z hlediska fenomenologie n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed se jedn\u00e1 o sm\u00ed\u0161enou formu konstruk\u010dn\u00ed magie a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Net\u011blesn\u00e1 bytost, kter\u00e9 se p\u0159isuzuje \u00fa\u010dinek na sv\u011bt.\" tabindex=\"0\">duchovn\u00edho<\/span> odu\u0161evn\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p><p>Samotn\u00e1 v\u00fdroba byla nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdm \u010dinem. Kdo byl odhalen, riskoval spole\u010densk\u00e9 zavr\u017een\u00ed, odplatu ze strany rodiny nep\u0159\u00edtele nebo smrt vlastn\u00edm tupilakem. Tato rizikov\u00e1 struktura stabilizovala spole\u010densk\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d a \u010dinila pou\u017eit\u00ed tupilak\u016f v\u00fdjimkou, nikoli pravidlem, i kdy\u017e vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed dojem \u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed praxe.<\/p><p>Ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s jin\u00fdmi \u0161amansk\u00fdmi praktikami Inuit\u016f je v\u00fdroba tupilaka pops\u00e1na nezvykle podrobn\u011b, proto\u017ee byla pova\u017eov\u00e1na za nebezpe\u010dnou anom\u00e1lii, co\u017e u etnograf\u016f vzbuzovalo u jejich inform\u00e1tor\u016f zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed z\u00e1jem. Toto zkreslen\u00ed pramenn\u00e9 z\u00e1kladny mus\u00ed b\u00fdt v\u011bdecky reflektov\u00e1no, proto\u017ee mo\u017en\u00e1 zveli\u010duje vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed praxe tupilaka oproti tomu, jak skute\u010dn\u011b vypadala.<\/p><p>Ve srovn\u00e1vac\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bda, kter\u00e1 zkoum\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed srovn\u00e1vac\u00edm zp\u016fsobem a bez vazby na v\u00edru.\" tabindex=\"0\">religionistice<\/span> je tupilak \u010dten jako sou\u010d\u00e1st t\u00e9 cirkumpol\u00e1rn\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 topografie, kter\u00e1 se v p\u0159ekvapiv\u011b stejn\u00e9 struktu\u0159e opakuje na tis\u00edce kilometr\u016f. Tato struktur\u00e1ln\u00ed stabilita je z hlediska fenomenologie n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed jedn\u00edm z nejpozoruhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed tohoto oboru a je dodnes kontroverzn\u011b diskutov\u00e1na.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Apotropaick\u00e9 protipraktiky<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Proti tupilakovi existoval ust\u00e1len\u00fd reperto\u00e1r apotropaick\u00fdch praktik. Kdo tu\u0161il, \u017ee proti n\u011bmu vyrazil tupilak, vyhledal \u0161amana, kter\u00fd mu s pomoc\u00ed sv\u00fdch tornait\u016f, tedy pomocn\u00fdch duch\u016f, dok\u00e1zal tupilaka zachytit, identifikovat a odeslat zp\u011bt.<\/p><p>Vr\u00e1til-li se tupilak k sv\u00e9mu tv\u016frci, p\u0159inesl mu p\u0159edur\u010denou smrt. Tato reciprocita je z hlediska fenomenologie n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed sv\u00e9bytn\u00fdm vzorcem.<\/p><p>Mezi dal\u0161\u00ed ochrann\u00e9 praktiky pat\u0159ilo no\u0161en\u00ed apotropaick\u00fdch amulet\u016f, uzav\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed vchod\u016f do igloo pomoc\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00fdch ritu\u00e1l\u016f a dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed obecn\u00fdch tabuov\u00fdch pravidel, jejich\u017e zachov\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed m\u011blo tupilaka sl\u00e1bnout. \u00da\u010dinnost t\u011bchto prost\u0159edk\u016f byla \u00fast\u0159edn\u00edm t\u00e9matem v\u00edry a zku\u0161enosti, kter\u00fdm se podrobn\u011b v\u011bnuje gr\u00f3nsk\u00e1 vypr\u00e1v\u011bc\u00ed literatura a kter\u00e9 tvo\u0159\u00ed zna\u010dnou \u010d\u00e1st or\u00e1ln\u00edho korpusu.<\/p><p>V\u011bdecky je pozoruhodn\u00e9, \u017ee praxe tupilaka vytvo\u0159ila jak diskurzy ohro\u017een\u00ed, tak diskurzy ochrany. Mo\u017enost agresivn\u00edho pou\u017eit\u00ed zvy\u0161ovala spole\u010densk\u00fd v\u00fdznam \u0161aman\u016f jako ochrann\u00e9 instance a z\u00e1rove\u0148 stabilizovala spole\u010densk\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d, proto\u017ee se otev\u0159en\u00fdm konflikt\u016fm tendovalo p\u0159edch\u00e1zet. Tato spole\u010densko-politick\u00e1 funkce hrozby tupilaka je samostatn\u00fdm p\u0159edm\u011btem v\u00fdzkumu religionistick\u00e9 sociologie.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mytologick\u00e1 a legend\u00e1rn\u00ed vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o tupilac\u00edch<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V\u00fdchodogr\u00f3nsk\u00e1 vypr\u00e1v\u011bc\u00ed literatura zn\u00e1 mnoho p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh\u016f o tupilakovi, v nich\u017e se tupilak obr\u00e1t\u00ed proti sv\u00e9mu stvo\u0159iteli, proto\u017ee zvolen\u00fd nep\u0159\u00edtel byl p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 siln\u00fd. Zn\u00e1m\u00e9 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed popisuje \u0161amana, kter\u00fd vyslal tupilaka proti konkurentovi, ten v\u0161ak rozpoznal jeho moc, odvr\u00e1til ho a poslal zp\u011bt k odes\u00edlateli. Stvo\u0159itel pot\u00e9 zem\u0159el ve vlastn\u00edm igl\u00fa.<\/p><p>Jin\u00e1 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed vypr\u00e1v\u00ed o tupilac\u00edch, kte\u0159\u00ed omylem zas\u00e1hnou nevinn\u00e9, nebo o tupilac\u00edch, kte\u0159\u00ed se vymknou kontrole sv\u00e9ho stvo\u0159itele a putuj\u00ed tundrou jako bloud\u00edc\u00ed \u0161kodliv\u00ed duchov\u00e9.<\/p><p>Tato vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed nejsou jen z\u00e1bavn\u00e1, ale slou\u017e\u00ed i jako etick\u00e1 varov\u00e1n\u00ed: kdo vyr\u00e1b\u00ed tupilaky, riskuje vlastn\u00ed \u017eivot. Didaktick\u00fd rozm\u011br t\u011bchto vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed je z hlediska n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 pedagogiky samostatn\u00fdm t\u00e9matem.<\/p><p>Vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o tupilac\u00edch jsou mnohokr\u00e1t zaznamen\u00e1na ve velk\u00fdch gr\u00f3nsk\u00fdch sb\u00edrk\u00e1ch, nap\u0159\u00edklad u Henrika Rinka a u Mathiase Storcha. Tvo\u0159\u00ed samostatn\u00fd \u017e\u00e1nr uvnit\u0159 inuitsk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00e1 lidov\u00e1 kultura se zvyky, vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00edmi a p\u00edsn\u011bmi.\" tabindex=\"0\">folkl\u00f3ru<\/span> a jsou d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm pramenn\u00fdm korpusem pro v\u011bdeckou rekonstrukci tradi\u010dn\u00ed \u0161amansk\u00e9 praxe a jej\u00edho etick\u00e9ho diskurzu.<\/p><p>Specifick\u00e1 podskupina vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed se v\u011bnuje tupilak\u016fm popisovan\u00fdm jako zv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00ed hybridi, kte\u0159\u00ed se pohybuj\u00ed na hranici mezi zv\u00ed\u0159etem a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Net\u011blesn\u00e1 bytost, j\u00ed\u017e je p\u0159ipisov\u00e1no p\u016fsoben\u00ed ve sv\u011bt\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">duchem<\/span>.<\/p><p>Tento hybridn\u00ed charakter tupilak\u016f je z religionistick\u00e9ho hlediska samostatn\u00fdm jevem a spojuje p\u0159edstavu tupilaka se obecnou transforma\u010dn\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e1 nauka o Bohu a o v\u00ed\u0159e ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologi\u00ed<\/span> Inuit\u016f, v n\u00ed\u017e jsou hranice mezi \u010dlov\u011bkem, zv\u00ed\u0159etem a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Net\u011blesn\u00e1 bytost, j\u00ed\u017e je p\u0159ipisov\u00e1no p\u016fsoben\u00ed ve sv\u011bt\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">duchem<\/span> prostupn\u00e9. Zde se otev\u00edr\u00e1 samostatn\u00e1 badatelsk\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka ohledn\u011b konstrukce hybridn\u00edch bytost\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Od \u0161kodliv\u00e9ho ducha k vy\u0159ez\u00e1van\u00e9 figurce<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V\u00fdznamn\u00e1 transformace konceptu tupilaka za\u010dala v 80. letech 19. stolet\u00ed ve v\u00fdchodn\u00edm Gr\u00f3nsku. Evrop\u0161t\u00ed n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edci se \u0161aman\u016f dotazovali, jak tupilakov\u00e9 vypadaj\u00ed. Proto\u017ee skute\u010dn\u00ed tupilakov\u00e9 byli neviditeln\u00ed nebo amorfn\u00ed a po spln\u011bn\u00ed \u00fakolu se okam\u017eit\u011b rozpadali, za\u010dali \u0161amani vy\u0159ez\u00e1vat modely z mro\u017e\u00edho klu, sob\u00edho parohu a pozd\u011bji z kamene. Tyto modely byly p\u0159edv\u00e1d\u011bc\u00ed p\u0159edm\u011bty, nikoli magicky \u00fa\u010dinn\u00ed tupilakov\u00e9.<\/p><p>Z t\u011bchto model\u016f vznikla samostatn\u00e1 tradice um\u011bleck\u00e9ho \u0159emesla. Dne\u0161n\u00ed gr\u00f3nsk\u00e9 \u0159ezby tupilak\u016f zobrazuj\u00ed znetvo\u0159en\u00e9, hybridn\u00ed bytosti s lidsk\u00fdmi, zv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00edmi a fantastick\u00fdmi rysy. Jsou v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdm faktorem pro Gr\u00f3nsko a jsou p\u0159\u00edtomny v ka\u017ed\u00e9m turistick\u00e9m obchodu. Estetick\u00e1 rozmanitost je velk\u00e1 a odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed individu\u00e1ln\u00ed tvo\u0159ivost jednotliv\u00fdch \u0159ezb\u00e1\u0159\u016f.<\/p><p>Z v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho hlediska je tato transformace u\u010debnicov\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem zesv\u011bt\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 kategorie. Tupilak jako duchovn\u00ed bytost z p\u0159edstav do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry vymizel, zat\u00edmco tupilak jako vy\u0159ez\u00e1van\u00e1 figurka je celosv\u011btov\u011b proslul\u00fd. Chceme-li porozum\u011bt n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed Inuit\u016f, je t\u0159eba ob\u011b tyto vrstvy pe\u010dliv\u011b odli\u0161ovat. Tento rozd\u00edl je explicitn\u011b p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1n i v dne\u0161n\u00edch gr\u00f3nsk\u00fdch \u0161kol\u00e1ch a muze\u00edch.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tupilak ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s jin\u00fdmi \u0161kodliv\u00fdmi bytostmi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ve v\u011bdeck\u00e9m srovn\u00e1n\u00ed pat\u0159\u00ed tupilak do kategorie z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b vytvo\u0159en\u00fdch agresivn\u00edch duch\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed jsou dolo\u017eeni v mnoha kultur\u00e1ch. Strukturn\u011b p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00ed jsou hebrejsk\u00fd golem, jav\u00e1nsk\u00fd <em>tuju<\/em>, haitsk\u00fd komplex <em>zombie<\/em> a v jist\u00e9m smyslu i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha \u0159eck\u00e9 a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 kultury, zhruba od 800 p\u0159. n. l. do 600 n. l.\" tabindex=\"0\">antick\u00e1<\/span> klec\u00ed desti\u010dka <em>katadesmos<\/em>. V\u0161em je spole\u010dn\u00e1 c\u00edlen\u00e1 hmotn\u00e1 konstrukce \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 bytosti.<\/p><p>V r\u00e1mci cirkumpol\u00e1rn\u00ed oblasti existuj\u00ed paralely v \u010dukotsk\u00e9 a jupick\u00e9 tradici, kter\u00e9 tak\u00e9 znaj\u00ed um\u011ble vytvo\u0159en\u00e9 agresivn\u00ed duchy, ov\u0161em s odli\u0161n\u00fdmi hmotn\u00fdmi a ritu\u00e1ln\u00edmi specifiky. U <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/sami-finsko-ugricka-tradice-noaidi-buben\/\">S\u00e1m\u016f<\/a> odpov\u00edd\u00e1 tupilak strukturn\u011b vy\u0159ez\u00e1van\u00fdm duchovn\u00edm bytostem, kter\u00e9 hr\u00e1ly roli v s\u00e1msk\u00e9m <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd syst\u00e9m, v n\u011bm\u017e specialist\u00e9 komunikuj\u00ed se sv\u011btem duch\u016f.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0161amanismu<\/span>, ani\u017e by bylo nutn\u00e9 p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat p\u0159\u00edmou historickou p\u0159\u00edbuznost.<\/p><p>Praxe tupilaka se od z\u00e1padn\u00edch p\u0159edstav \u010dern\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktiky, kter\u00e9 se sna\u017e\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edmi \u00fakony nebo formulemi zas\u00e1hnout do b\u011bhu v\u011bc\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">magie<\/span> li\u0161\u00ed t\u00edm, \u017ee nen\u00ed prim\u00e1rn\u011b eticky odm\u00edt\u00e1na. Je rizikov\u00e1, ale v r\u00e1mci inuitsk\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu hodnot p\u0159edstavuje legitimn\u00ed, by\u0165 nebezpe\u010dnou mo\u017enost v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b konfliktu. Tento etick\u00fd postoj \u010din\u00ed praxi tupilaka n\u00e1bo\u017eensko-filosoficky zaj\u00edmavou a jasn\u011b ji odli\u0161uje od k\u0159es\u0165ansko-moralistick\u00fdch p\u0159edstav \u0161kodliv\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktiky, kter\u00e9 se sna\u017e\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edmi \u00fakony nebo formulemi zas\u00e1hnout do b\u011bhu v\u011bc\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">magie<\/span>.<\/p><p>Dopl\u0148kov\u011b je t\u0159eba upozornit na paralelu s mezopot\u00e1msk\u00fdmi za\u0159\u00edk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edmi proti Lama\u0161tu, v nich\u017e je rovn\u011b\u017e patrn\u00e1 kombinace konstrukce \u0161kodliv\u00e9 bytosti a apotropn\u00ed praxe, ani\u017e by bylo nutn\u00e9 p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat historickou souvislost.<\/p><p>Tyto strukturn\u00ed analogie jsou ve v\u011bdeck\u00e9 diskusi o univerz\u00e1ln\u00edch vzorc\u00edch \u0161kodliv\u00e9 magie samostatn\u00fdm polem v\u00fdzkumu a dokladem strukturn\u00ed st\u00e1losti takov\u00fdch praktik nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d kulturami.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mise, z\u00e1kaz a vzpom\u00ednka<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>S mis\u00ed, kterou Hans Egede zah\u00e1jil roku 1721 v z\u00e1padn\u00edm Gr\u00f3nsku a kterou pokra\u010dovaly moravsk\u00e9 a d\u00e1nsko-luter\u00e1nsk\u00e9 c\u00edrkve, se praxe tupilaku dostala pod siln\u00fd tlak. Byla pova\u017eov\u00e1na za \u010f\u00e1belskou, byla c\u00edrkevn\u011b zak\u00e1z\u00e1na a spole\u010densky odsuzov\u00e1na. Ve v\u00fdchodn\u00edm Gr\u00f3nsku, kter\u00e9 bylo intenzivn\u011b misionov\u00e1no a\u017e od konce 19. stolet\u00ed, se praxe udr\u017eela nejd\u00e9le.<\/p><p>V\u011bdecky je obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 p\u0159esn\u011b datovat z\u00e1nik skute\u010dn\u00e9 v\u00fdroby tupilak\u016f. William Thalbitzer je\u0161t\u011b roku 1923 zaznamenal osoby, kter\u00e9 v ml\u00e1d\u00ed tupilaky vyr\u00e1b\u011bly, nebo p\u0159inejmen\u0161\u00edm tvrdily, \u017ee to d\u011blaly. V druh\u00e9 polovin\u011b 20. stolet\u00ed p\u0159e\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 tupilak u\u017e jen ve \u0159ezb\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9m um\u011bn\u00ed a v \u00fastn\u00ed i p\u00edsemn\u00e9 vypr\u00e1v\u011bc\u00ed literatu\u0159e.<\/p><p>V gr\u00f3nsk\u00fdch u\u010debnic\u00edch a muze\u00edch se tradice tupilaku dnes zprost\u0159edkov\u00e1v\u00e1 s didaktickou p\u00e9\u010d\u00ed. Rozd\u00edl mezi historickou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktiky, kter\u00e9 se sna\u017e\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edmi \u00fakony nebo formulemi zas\u00e1hnout do chodu v\u011bc\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">magi\u00ed<\/span> a sou\u010dasn\u00fdm um\u011bn\u00edm se v\u00fdslovn\u011b zd\u016fraz\u0148uje, aby se p\u0159ede\u0161lo nedorozum\u011bn\u00edm. Tato pedagogick\u00e1 praxe p\u0159edstavuje ve religionistick\u00e9 didaktice vlastn\u00ed badatelsk\u00e9 pole a je p\u0159\u00edkladem zprost\u0159edkov\u00e1n\u00ed kolonialn\u011b transformovan\u00fdch d\u011bjin n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sou\u010dasn\u00fd v\u00fdzkum a recepce<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sou\u010dasn\u00fd v\u00fdzkum tupilaku prob\u00edh\u00e1 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v samotn\u00e9m Gr\u00f3nsku, nap\u0159\u00edklad v Greenland National Museum and Archives v Nuuku a na etnologick\u00fdch \u00fastavech d\u00e1nsk\u00fdch univerzit. Robert Petersen, Birgitte Sonne a Jens Rosing p\u0159edlo\u017eili z\u00e1kladn\u00ed studie o praxi tupilaku a jej\u00edch v\u00fdtvarn\u00fdch d\u011bjin\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 jsou uzn\u00e1van\u00e9 v mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm badatelsk\u00e9m diskurzu.<\/p><p>Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed recepce je rozd\u011blen\u00e1. Zat\u00edmco v\u011bdeck\u00e1 odborn\u00e1 literatura pojedn\u00e1v\u00e1 tupilak jako historicko-ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed kategorii, v popul\u00e1rn\u00ed kultu\u0159e dominuje jeho u\u017eit\u00ed jako esoterick\u00e9ho nebo dekorativn\u00edho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opakuj\u00edc\u00ed se obsahov\u00fd prvek v um\u011bn\u00ed nebo vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivu<\/span>. Tento rozpor je p\u0159edm\u011btem samostatn\u00e9 v\u011bdeck\u00e9 reflexe o kolonialn\u00edm p\u0159isvojov\u00e1n\u00ed domorod\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed a etick\u00e9 problematice takov\u00e9ho p\u0159isvojov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p><p>Uvnit\u0159 inuitsk\u00e9 diaspory z\u016fstal tupilak identit\u00e1rn\u00edm symbolem, ani\u017e by byl revitalizov\u00e1n jako magick\u00e1 praxe. Tento dvoj\u00ed postoj, kdy je <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak, kter\u00fd zastupuje ur\u010ditou p\u0159edstavu nebo v\u00fdznam.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> zachov\u00e1v\u00e1n, ale praxe je v\u011bdom\u011b opou\u0161t\u011bna, je v\u011bdecky pou\u010dn\u00fd a ukazuje selektivn\u00ed p\u0159isvojov\u00e1n\u00ed tradi\u010dn\u00edch koncept\u016f v modern\u00ed tvorb\u011b domorod\u00e9 identity.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Odkazy v lexikonu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>P\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00e1 jsou hesla <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145528\">Tornarssuk<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145526\">Sedna<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145527\">Sila<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145530\">Anguta<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145532\">Nanook<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145531\">Pinga<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145533\">Igaluk<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145534\">Malina<\/a> a <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145535\">Qailertetang<\/a>. Kulturn\u00ed centrum <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/inuite-arktida-sedna-tornit-praxe\/\">Inuitsk\u00e1 tradice<\/a> r\u00e1muje tuto n\u00e1bo\u017eenskou historii. Strukturn\u011b podobn\u00ed konstruk\u010dn\u00ed duchov\u00e9 se objevuj\u00ed v \u0159ad\u011b hesel <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/sami-finsko-ugricka-tradice-noaidi-buben\/\">s\u00e1msk\u00e9<\/a> tradice a u \u0159ady dal\u0161\u00edch tradic po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp214d8673 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp214d8673\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27e4a4b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp27e4a4b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">V\u00fdroba tupilaku podle tradice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp24166b60 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp24166b60\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b59f5ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2b59f5ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tupilak nen\u00ed v gr\u00f3nsk\u00e9 inuitsk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed v\u011bdomost\u00ed a vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d generacemi.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici<\/span> zrozenou bytost\u00ed, ale bytost\u00ed vyrobenou.<\/p><p>Podle popis\u016f, kter\u00e9 poch\u00e1zej\u00ed mimo jin\u00e9 ze z\u00e1pisk\u016f p\u00e1t\u00e9 Thulsk\u00e9 expedice veden\u00e9 Knudem Rasmussenem a ze star\u0161\u00edch cestopis\u016f, tvor byl tajn\u011b zhotoven osobou, kter\u00e1 cht\u011bla ubl\u00ed\u017eit jin\u00e9mu \u010dlov\u011bku, a to z r\u016fzn\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f. Pou\u017e\u00edvaly se kosti, \u010d\u00e1sti zv\u00ed\u0159at, kusy ko\u017ee\u0161in, \u0161lachy a p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitostn\u011b i n\u011bco z t\u011bla d\u00edt\u011bte nebo zesnul\u00e9ho.<\/p><p>Tyto sou\u010d\u00e1sti byly sestaveny do mal\u00e9, \u010dasto beztvar\u00e9 figurky. Zp\u011bvem, za\u0159\u00edk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm a podle n\u011bkter\u00fdch sv\u011bdectv\u00ed i kontaktem s vlastn\u00edm t\u011blem tv\u016frce byl figurce vdechnut \u017eivot. Tupilak tak slou\u017eil jako n\u00e1stroj \u0161kodliv\u00e9 magie: byl vysl\u00e1n do mo\u0159e, aby vyhledal a zabil ur\u010ditou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017estvu na vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed d\u00edk\u016f, prosby nebo \u00facty.\" tabindex=\"0\">ob\u011b\u0165<\/span>.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed v\u011bdomost\u00ed a vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d generacemi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Tradice<\/span> v\u0161ak zd\u016fraz\u0148uje, \u017ee tupilak byl nebezpe\u010dn\u00fd i pro sv\u00e9ho vlastn\u00edho tv\u016frce. Pokud m\u011bla vytipovan\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017estvu na vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed d\u00edk\u016f, prosby nebo \u00facty.\" tabindex=\"0\">ob\u011b\u0165<\/span> siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed nadp\u0159irozen\u00e9 schopnosti nebo byla sama <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd specialista, kter\u00e9mu se p\u0159isuzuje zprost\u0159edkov\u00e1n\u00ed mezi lidmi a sv\u011btem duch\u016f.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0161amanem<\/span>, mohla tupilaka odrazit a poslat zp\u011bt. Vracej\u00edc\u00ed se tupilak pak zabil toho, kdo ho vytvo\u0159il.<\/p><p>V\u00fdroba tupilaka byla proto pova\u017eov\u00e1na za vysoce rizikov\u00fd a spole\u010densky odsuzovan\u00fd po\u010din. Zdroje t\u011bchto p\u0159edstav jsou vesm\u011bs z\u00e1pisky po\u0159\u00edzen\u00e9 zven\u010d\u00ed, sepsan\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edky expedic, far\u00e1\u0159i a cestovateli, a t\u00fdkaj\u00ed se p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdchodn\u00edho a z\u00e1padn\u00edho Gr\u00f3nska. Jednotnou praxi pro cel\u00fd inuitsk\u00fd sv\u011bt z nich nelze odvodit.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp209c5ae5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp209c5ae5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2a926e7c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2a926e7c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vy\u0159ez\u00e1van\u00e9 figurky tupilaku a koloni\u00e1ln\u00ed trh s um\u011bn\u00edm<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e82f2d5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2e82f2d5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp29b0254c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp29b0254c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi tupilaky jsou dnes mal\u00e9 \u0159ezan\u00e9 figurky ze zubu, kosti, parohu nebo d\u0159eva, kter\u00e9 zobrazuj\u00ed groteskn\u00ed sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00e9 postavy s hr\u016fzn\u00fdmi tv\u00e1\u0159emi. Tyto figurky se v\u0161ak neshoduj\u00ed s bytostmi \u0161kod\u00edc\u00edho kouzla popsan\u00fdmi v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed znalost\u00ed a vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed mezi generacemi.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00fastn\u00ed tradici<\/span>. P\u016fvodn\u00ed tupilakov\u00e9 byli skryt\u00e9, tajn\u011b vyr\u00e1b\u011bn\u00e9 p\u0159edm\u011bty, kter\u00e9 nikdo nem\u011bl spat\u0159it a kter\u00e9 se po pou\u017eit\u00ed neuchov\u00e1valy.<\/p><p>Vy\u0159ez\u00e1van\u00e9 figurky vznikly teprve p\u0159i setk\u00e1n\u00ed s Evropany. Cestovatel\u00e9, mision\u00e1\u0159i a pozd\u011bji turist\u00e9 cht\u011bli v\u011bd\u011bt, jak tupilak vypad\u00e1, a Gr\u00f3nlan\u010fan\u00e9 proto vytvo\u0159ili viditeln\u00e1 zobrazen\u00ed toho, co do t\u00e9 doby existovalo jen jako p\u0159edstava.<\/p><p>Z tohoto setk\u00e1n\u00ed se od konce 19. a zejm\u00e9na ve 20. stolet\u00ed vyvinulo samostatn\u00e9 \u0159ezb\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 um\u011bn\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na ve v\u00fdchodn\u00edm Gr\u00f3nsku v okol\u00ed Ammassaliku. Figurky tupilak\u016f se staly pevnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed gr\u00f3nsk\u00e9ho um\u011bleck\u00e9ho \u0159emesla a vyr\u00e1b\u011bj\u00ed se dodnes.<\/p><p>Pro badatele je tento v\u00fdvoj instruktivn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpadem koloni\u00e1ln\u011b podm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fdch d\u011bjin p\u0159edm\u011btu. To, co je v muze\u00edch a sb\u00edrk\u00e1ch ozna\u010dov\u00e1no jako tupilak, je v\u011bt\u0161inou produktem doby kontaktu, nikoli sv\u011bdectv\u00edm p\u0159edkoloni\u00e1ln\u00ed ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed praxe. Etnologov\u00e9 jako William Thalbitzer, kter\u00fd na po\u010d\u00e1tku 20. stolet\u00ed zkoumal v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Gr\u00f3nsko, pouk\u00e1zali na rozd\u00edl mezi tradovan\u00fdm konceptem a viditelnou figurkou ji\u017e brzy.<\/p><p>Vy\u0159ez\u00e1van\u00e9 tupilaky p\u0159esto nejsou pouh\u00fdmi falzy, n\u00fdbr\u017e samostatnou um\u011bleckou tradic\u00ed, kter\u00e1 p\u0159enesla star\u00fd koncept do nov\u00e9, hmotn\u00e9 podoby. P\u0159i ka\u017ed\u00e9m v\u00fdroku o tupilakov\u00fdch p\u0159edm\u011btech je tedy t\u0159eba rozli\u0161ovat, zda je \u0159e\u010d o tradovan\u00e9 p\u0159edstav\u011b, nebo o \u0159ezb\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9m um\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (v\u00fdb\u011br)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Henrik Rink: <em>Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo<\/em> (Edinburgh 1875)<\/li><li>William Thalbitzer: <em>The Ammassalik Eskimo<\/em> (Kopenhagen 1914-1923)<\/li><li>Robert Petersen: <em>Carved Greenlandic Figures<\/em> (Nuuk 1991)<\/li><li>Birgitte Sonne: <em>Heaven Negotiated. Hell Imagined<\/em> (Kopenhagen 2017)<\/li><li>Jens Rosing: <em>Sagn og saga fra Angmagssalik<\/em> (Kopenhagen 1963)<\/li><li>Hans Egede: <em>Det gamle Gr\u00f8nlands nye Perlustration<\/em> (Kopenhagen 1741)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-tupilak e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-tupilak\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-tupilak-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-tupilak-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tupilak je v gr\u00f3nsk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed znalost\u00ed a vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed mezi generacemi.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00fastn\u00ed tradici<\/span> pova\u017eov\u00e1n za um\u011ble vytvo\u0159en\u00e9ho <strong>mstiv\u00e9ho ducha<\/strong>, kter\u00e9ho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd specialista, jemu\u017e je p\u0159isuzov\u00e1no zprost\u0159edkov\u00e1n\u00ed mezi lidmi a sv\u011btem duch\u016f.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0161aman<\/span> neboli angakkoq vytv\u00e1\u0159el z kost\u00ed, zbytk\u016f zv\u00ed\u0159at a k\u016f\u017ee, aby zas\u00e1hl konkr\u00e9tn\u00edho protivn\u00edka.<\/p><p>Jako c\u00edlen\u011b vytvo\u0159en\u00fd mstiv\u00fd duch se tupilak li\u0161\u00ed od svobodn\u011b se pohybuj\u00edc\u00edch duchovn\u00edch bytost\u00ed inuitsk\u00e9 tradice t\u00edm, \u017ee je zam\u011b\u0159en na konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed osobu a podle pramen\u016f se m\u016f\u017ee obr\u00e1tit i proti sv\u00e9mu tv\u016frci, pokud je napaden\u00fd c\u00edl chr\u00e1n\u011bn siln\u011bji, ne\u017e se \u010dekalo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Souvisej\u00edc\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 pojmy: Tupilak Tupilaq Tupilait \u0161kod\u00edc\u00ed duch \u0159ezan\u00e1 figurka v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Gr\u00f3nsko mro\u017e\u00ed kel Thalbitzer.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-tupilak\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard a ochrann\u00e9 tradice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard navazuje na kulturn\u011b historickou tradici p\u0159enosn\u00fdch ochrann\u00fdch p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f, v tradici <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/inuite-arktida-sedna-tornit-praxe\/\">Inuit\u016f<\/a> a mnoha dal\u0161\u00edch kultur po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b. 41 vrstev, ryz\u00ed zlato, platina, st\u0159\u00edbro, vyrobeno v N\u011bmecku. 30denn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo na vr\u00e1cen\u00ed.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">V\u00edce o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">V\u00edce o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Osobn\u00ed zku\u0161enosti se mohou li\u0161it. Nejedn\u00e1 se o zdravotnick\u00fd prost\u0159edek. Nen\u00ed slibem l\u00e9\u010div\u00e9ho \u00fa\u010dinku.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>nen\u00ed zdravotnick\u00fd prost\u0159edek<\/strong> a nenahrazuje l\u00e9ka\u0159skou ani psychoterapeutickou l\u00e9\u010dbu. Religionistick\u00fd obsah p\u0159edstavuje kulturn\u011b-historick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed, nikoli doporu\u010den\u00ed duchovn\u00ed praxe.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2881,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Tupilak inuitsk\u00fd duch pomsty","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Tupilak - duch pomsty a \u0159ezb\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 figurka Inuit\u016f","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Tupilak je um\u011ble vytvo\u0159en\u00fd duch pomsty gr\u00f3nsk\u00fdch Inuit\u016f, pozd\u011bji \u0159ezb\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 figurka. Religionistick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed a prameny.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"4","wesen_kultur":"inuit","wesen_klasse":"geister","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-145529","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Tupilak - duch pomsty a \u0159ezb\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 figurka Inuit\u016f<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Tupilak je um\u011ble vytvo\u0159en\u00fd duch pomsty gr\u00f3nsk\u00fdch Inuit\u016f, pozd\u011bji \u0159ezb\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 figurka. 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