{"id":145511,"date":"2026-09-03T16:31:05","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:31:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=145511"},"modified":"2026-09-03T16:58:00","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:58:00","slug":"khormusta-nejvyssi-nebesky-buh-mongolu","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/khormusta-nejvyssi-nebesky-buh-mongolu\/","title":{"rendered":"Khormusta \u2013 Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed nebesk\u00fd b\u016fh Mongol\u016f"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"145511\" class=\"elementor elementor-145511 elementor-2639 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Khormusta, buddhisticko-tengristick\u00fd vrchn\u00ed b\u016fh Mongol\u016f<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Khormusta (mongolsky <em>Qormusta Tngri<\/em>, tibetsky <em>brGya-byin<\/em>) je v mongolsk\u00e9m tengrismu a jeho buddhistick\u00e9m p\u0159etvo\u0159en\u00ed nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ze 99 nebesk\u00fdch tengri a v\u016fdce 33 z\u00e1padn\u00edch \u201eb\u00edl\u00fdch\u201c tengri.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Stvo\u0159itel tradice Sibi\u0159 \/ Tengrismus.\">Stvo\u0159itel<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/sibirsky-samanismus-tengrismus\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mytologie tradice Sibi\u0159 \/ Tengrismus.\">Sibi\u0159 \/ Tengrismus<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Vrchn\u00ed bo\u017estvo.\">Vrchn\u00ed bo\u017estvo<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na t\\u00e9to str\\u00e1nce nebyly nalezeny \\u017e\\u00e1dn\\u00e9 nadpisy.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-khormusta-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-khormusta-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-khormusta-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_khormusta-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-147320\" alt=\"Khormusta - bohov\u00e9 z tradice sibi\u0159sk\u00e9ho tengrismu, historicko-ilustra\u010dn\u00ed\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_khormusta-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_khormusta-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_khormusta-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_khormusta.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-sec-iwgcomp2-khormusta elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"sec-iwgcomp2-khormusta\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-col-iwgcomp2-khormusta\" data-id=\"col-iwgcomp2-khormusta\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcomp2-khormusta elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcomp2-khormusta\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Khormusta je pova\u017eov\u00e1n za <strong>buddhisticko-tengristick\u00e9ho<\/strong> vrchn\u00edho boha v mongolsk\u00fdch a tibetsk\u00fdch synkretismech.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Za\u0159azen\u00ed a stru\u010dn\u00fd profil<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Khormusta je zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b dob\u0159e dokumentovanou postavou pozdn\u011b mongolsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.<\/p><p>Tvo\u0159\u00ed spojovac\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nek mezi t\u0159emi vrstvami: indo\u00edr\u00e1nsk\u00fdm Ahura Mazdou (pahlavi <em>Hormizd<\/em>), buddhistick\u00fdm Indrou (sanskrt <em>\u015aakra Dev\u0101n\u0101\u1e43 Indra<\/em>) a staroturecko-mongolsk\u00fdm <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145506\">Tengri<\/a>. Ve vypr\u00e1v\u011bc\u00ed literatu\u0159e Tajn\u00e9 historie a v pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edch epick\u00fdch textech (epos o Geser Ch\u00e1novi) se objevuje jako \u201eotec 33 boh\u016f na z\u00e1pad\u011b\u201c a rozhod\u010d\u00ed nebesk\u00fdch spor\u016f.<\/p><p>V r\u00e1mci <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/sibirsky-samanismus-tengrismus\/\">sibi\u0159sko-tengristick\u00e9 tradice<\/a> ozna\u010duje p\u0159echod od neutv\u00e1\u0159en\u00e9ho Tengriho k personifikovan\u00e9mu buddhistick\u00e9mu panteonu. Z hlediska d\u011bjin n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed je uk\u00e1zkov\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem funkce n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Splynut\u00ed p\u0159edstav nebo bo\u017estev z r\u016fzn\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch tradic.\" tabindex=\"0\">synkretismu<\/span>.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Odborn\u00e1 literatura o Khormustovi je ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s mnoha jin\u00fdmi postavami tengri nezvykle bohat\u00e1. Nepostradateln\u00e9 jsou zde d\u00edla Walthera Heissiga <em>Die Religionen der Mongolei<\/em> (1970), stejn\u011b jako pr\u00e1ce Klause Sagastera a Christophera Atwooda. Tato bohatost pramen\u00ed z jeho spojovac\u00ed funkce: kdo studuje Khormustu, studuje z\u00e1rove\u0148 \u00edr\u00e1nsk\u00e9, indick\u00e9 a mongolsk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed v jejich vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9m kontaktu.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jm\u00e9no a etymologie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jm\u00e9no je odvozeno ze st\u0159edopersk\u00e9ho <em>Hormizd \/ Ohrmazd<\/em>, tedy od vrchn\u00edho boha zoroastrovsk\u00e9ho \u00cdr\u00e1nu (Ahura Mazdy). P\u0159enos pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b prob\u00edhal v 7. a\u017e 9. stolet\u00ed p\u0159es sogdsk\u00e9 obchodn\u00ed cesty do vnit\u0159n\u00ed Asie.<\/p><p>V mongolsk\u00e9m jazykov\u00e9m prostoru dost\u00e1v\u00e1 jm\u00e9no tengriskou p\u0159\u00edponu (<em>Qormusta Tngri<\/em>), \u010d\u00edm\u017e je \u00edr\u00e1nsk\u00fd vrchn\u00ed b\u016fh za\u0159azen do mongolsk\u00e9ho nebesk\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu, co\u017e je klasick\u00fd p\u0159\u00edklad n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Splynut\u00ed p\u0159edstav nebo bo\u017estev z r\u016fzn\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch tradic.\" tabindex=\"0\">synkretismu<\/span>.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>P\u0159esn\u00e9 jazykov\u00e9 a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 d\u011bjiny jsou slo\u017eit\u00e9: sogd\u0161t\u00ed manichejci a zoroastrian\u00e9 v o\u00e1zov\u00fdch m\u011bstech vnit\u0159n\u00ed Asie (Turfan, Chotan, Samarkand) byli pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b prost\u0159edn\u00edky. Hans-Joachim Klimkeit ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle <em>Die Seidenstra\u00dfe<\/em> (1988) tyto zprost\u0159edkuj\u00edc\u00ed cesty podrobn\u011b rekonstruoval.<\/span><\/p><p>V tibetsk\u00fdch p\u0159ekladech se Khormusta objevuje jako <em>brGya-byin<\/em> nebo jako <em>dBang-po brGya-byin<\/em>, co\u017e odpov\u00edd\u00e1 indick\u00e9mu \u015aakra Dev\u0101n\u0101\u1e43 Indrovi, \u201eIndrovi tis\u00edcijmenn\u00e9mu\u201c. Tato identifikace ho definitivn\u011b integrovala do buddhistick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu boh\u016f.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Popis a ikonografie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V buddhisticky ovlivn\u011bn\u00e9m mongolsk\u00e9m um\u011bn\u00ed se Khormusta objevuje jako korunovan\u00e1 kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e1 postava na lotosov\u00e9m tr\u016fnu, v prav\u00e9 ruce dr\u017e\u00ed hromokl\u00edn (vad\u017era, mong. <em>ot\u010dir<\/em>), v lev\u00e9 strom spln\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159\u00e1n\u00ed. Jezd\u00ed na trojhlav\u00e9m slonu Air\u00e1vatovi, co\u017e ho ikonograficky definitivn\u011b identifikuje s buddhistick\u00fdm Indrou.<\/p><p>V p\u0159edbuddhistick\u00fdch mongolsk\u00fdch vrstv\u00e1ch, pokud je lze rekonstruovat, bylo jeho zobrazen\u00ed m\u00e9n\u011b ust\u00e1len\u00e9; objevoval se sp\u00ed\u0161e jako \u201ekr\u00e1l mezi 99 tengri\u201c v \u00fastn\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed znalost\u00ed a vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed mezi generacemi.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici<\/span> ne\u017e v pevn\u011b stanoven\u00fdch obrazov\u00fdch typech. Buddhizace Mongolska od 13. stolet\u00ed a zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b od 16.\/17. stolet\u00ed zavedla dnes b\u011b\u017enou tantrickou ikonografii.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Klaus Sagaster ve sv\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci <em>Die mongolische Religion<\/em> (1971) systematicky katalogizoval obrazovou tradici Khormusty. Zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 je zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, \u017ee mongolsk\u00e9 lidov\u00e9 formy \u010dasto vykazuj\u00ed sm\u00ed\u0161enou ikonografii: korunovan\u00fd v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00edk s vad\u017erou, ale na b\u00edl\u00e9m koni m\u00edsto na slonu, co\u017e je n\u00e1znak lidov\u00e9 adaptace buddhistick\u00e9 standardn\u00ed formy.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mytologick\u00e1 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V eposu o Geser Ch\u00e1novi (mongolsk\u00e9 a tibetsk\u00e9 verze) je Khormusta zdrojem, z n\u011bho\u017e je hrdina Geser vysl\u00e1n na zem, aby napravil sv\u011bt, kter\u00fd byl uveden do nerovnov\u00e1hy \u0161kodliv\u00fdmi bytostmi. Khormusta zde vystupuje jako nebesk\u00fd zadavatel a zauj\u00edm\u00e1 funkci, kterou by v indick\u00fdch eposech zast\u00e1val Indra.<\/p><p>Druh\u00e9 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed popisuje v\u00e1lku mezi z\u00e1padn\u00edmi b\u00edl\u00fdmi 33 tengri a v\u00fdchodn\u00edmi \u010dern\u00fdmi 44 tengri pod veden\u00edm \u010dern\u00e9ho ch\u00e1na <em>Atai Ulana<\/em>; Khormusta zv\u00edt\u011bz\u00ed d\u00edky vytvo\u0159en\u00ed hromokl\u00ednu, \u010d\u00edm\u017e zajist\u00ed kosmick\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d. Toto dualistick\u00e9 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o bitv\u011b vykazuje v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 zoroastrovsk\u00e9 stopy.<\/p><p>V Tajn\u00e9 historii Mongol\u016f (1240) nen\u00ed Khormusta p\u0159\u00edmo zm\u00edn\u011bn; pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed tradice v\u0161ak m\u00edsty ztoto\u017e\u0148uje formuli \u201eM\u00f6ngke Tengri\u201c s n\u00edm. Igor de Rachewiltz tuto pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed identifikaci kriticky diskutoval ve sv\u00e9m koment\u00e1\u0159i vydan\u00e9m u Brillu (2004).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult a uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Khormust\u016fv <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factyhodn\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f k bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 postav\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> byl historicky ukotven na mongolsk\u00e9m dvo\u0159e od dob dynastie Yuan. Systematicky jej zavedl Chubilaj Ch\u00e1n v r\u00e1mci tibetsko-buddhistick\u00e9ho dvorn\u00edho ritu\u00e1lu. V 17. a 18. stolet\u00ed, pod vlivem \u0161koly Gelug, se stal ochrann\u00fdm p\u00e1nem kl\u00e1\u0161ter\u016f n\u011bkolika cho\u0161un\u016f.<\/p><p>Na lidov\u00e9 \u00farovni se Khormusta ukazuje v ob\u0159adech ovoo jako nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed adres\u00e1t proseb; kadidlo (mong. <em>sang<\/em>) je mu ob\u011btov\u00e1no v prvn\u00edch rann\u00edch hodin\u00e1ch, slova \u201eQormusta Tngri \u00f6ber\u00f6\u00f6\u201c (\u201eKhormusta osobn\u011b\u201c) uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed mnoh\u00e1 zvol\u00e1n\u00ed. Caroline Humphrey to podrobn\u011b popsala v <em>Shamans and Elders<\/em> (1996).<\/p><p>V sou\u010dasn\u00e9m Mongolsku je Khormusta p\u0159\u00edtomen p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v kl\u00e1\u0161tern\u00edm buddhismu; n\u011bkter\u00e9 kl\u00e1\u0161tery (Gandan v Ul\u00e1nb\u00e1taru) prov\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u00ed liturgie zasv\u011bcen\u00e9 Khormustovi. Krom\u011b toho je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed reperto\u00e1ru n\u011bkter\u00fdch neotengristick\u00fdch skupin, kter\u00e9 ho ov\u0161em \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b marginalizuj\u00ed jako \u201ep\u0159\u00edli\u0161 buddhistick\u00e9ho\u201c.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ochrann\u00e1 praxe a apotropaick\u00e9 prvky<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Z n\u00e1bo\u017eenskov\u011bdn\u00edho hlediska je ochrann\u00e1 praxe v khormustovsk\u00e9m komplexu \u00fazce spjata s buddhistick\u00fdm konceptem \u201eosmi velk\u00fdch boh\u016f\u201c a tantrick\u00fdmi ochrann\u00fdmi mandalami. Mezi b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 apotropaick\u00e9 prvky pat\u0159\u00ed vyku\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed jalovcem, zav\u011b\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed <em>khadag\u016f<\/em> (modr\u00fdch ob\u0159adn\u00edch \u0161\u00e1tk\u016f po\u017eehn\u00e1n\u00ed) a recitace textu <em>Sang<\/em>. Khormusta je p\u0159i tom pova\u017eov\u00e1n za obecn\u00fd zdroj sv\u011btla, nikoli za specializovan\u00e9ho ochrann\u00e9ho boha proti konkr\u00e9tn\u00edm nemocem.<\/p><p>Zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed formou je <em>Khormusta-Sang<\/em>, liturgick\u00fd text k o\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed domu a dvora, dochovan\u00fd v n\u011bkolika mongolsk\u00fdch tisc\u00edch (Peking, Urga) od 17. stolet\u00ed. Klaus Sagaster p\u0159edlo\u017eil jeho kritick\u00e9 vyd\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p><p>V lidov\u00e9 praxi Khormusta nevystupuje jako p\u0159\u00edm\u00fd adres\u00e1t ochrann\u00e9 prosby; lid\u00e9 se obracej\u00ed sp\u00ed\u0161e na jeho posly nebo na m\u00edstn\u011b v\u00e1zan\u00e9 moci Yer-Sub. Tato zprost\u0159edkuj\u00edc\u00ed struktura je pro mongolsk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed typick\u00e1 a typologicky odpov\u00edd\u00e1 katolick\u00e9 praxi obracet se rad\u011bji na svat\u00e9ho ne\u017e p\u0159\u00edmo na Boha.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralely v jin\u00fdch kultur\u00e1ch<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>P\u0159\u00edmo spojen s Ahura Mazda (\u00cdr\u00e1n), Indra (Indie), \u015aakra (buddhismus) a bo\u017estvy centra Heng-o (\u010c\u00edna). V samotn\u00e9 Sibi\u0159i je do jist\u00e9 m\u00edry analogick\u00fd <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145509\">\u00dclgenovi<\/a>, s t\u00edm rozd\u00edlem, \u017ee Khormusta je v\u00fdrazn\u011b buddhisticko-tantricky personalizov\u00e1n.<\/p><p>Zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 zaj\u00edmavou paralelou je identifikace s \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fdm Yuanshi Tianzunem z taoistick\u00e9 tradice, kter\u00e1 se objevuje v n\u011bkolika mongolsko-\u010d\u00ednsk\u00fdch synkretismech. Christopher Atwood ve sv\u00e9 encyklopedii tuto identifikaci prob\u00edr\u00e1 jako p\u0159\u00edklad \u201ev\u00edcevrstv\u00e9ho vysok\u00e9ho bo\u017estva\u201c.<\/p><p>V \u0161ir\u0161\u00edm srovn\u00e1n\u00ed je Khormusta typologick\u00fdm u\u010debnicov\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem \u201emigruj\u00edc\u00edch boh\u016f\u201c, kte\u0159\u00ed si udr\u017euj\u00ed vlastn\u00ed genealogii i p\u0159es hranice v\u00edce jazyk\u016f a n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed. Takov\u00ed migruj\u00edc\u00ed bohov\u00e9 b\u00fdvaj\u00ed z\u0159\u00eddka dolo\u017eeni tak p\u0159ehledn\u011b jako Khormusta.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sou\u010dasn\u00e1 recepce a v\u00fdzkum<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Khormusta je p\u0159edm\u011btem mongolistiky u Walthera Heissiga, Klause Sagastera (<em>Die mongolische Religion<\/em>, 1971), Christophera Atwooda (<em>Encyclopedia of Mongolia<\/em>, 2004) a v rusk\u00e9 \u0161kole u N. L. \u017dukovskaja. V sou\u010dasn\u00e9m mongolsk\u00e9m buddhismu je st\u00e1le \u017eiv\u00fd; naproti tomu v novotengristick\u00e9 literatu\u0159e b\u00fdv\u00e1 n\u011bkdy marginalizov\u00e1n jako \u201ep\u0159\u00edli\u0161 buddhistick\u00fd\u201c.<\/span><\/p><p>Samostatn\u00fd badatelsk\u00fd sm\u011br se v\u011bnuje tradici Khormusta-Geser jako or\u00e1ln\u00ed i p\u00edsemn\u00e9 epick\u00e9 form\u011b. Epos o Geser Ch\u00e1novi byl poprv\u00e9 zm\u00edn\u011bn v Evrop\u011b Brunem Gallinuccim roku 1716, systematicky p\u0159ekl\u00e1d\u00e1n od roku 1839 (Schmidt); v\u00fdzkum kolem Walthera Heissiga nov\u011b osv\u011btlil jeho vztah k Khormustovi.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>V sou\u010dasn\u00e9m Mongolsku je Khormusta p\u0159i st\u00e1tn\u00edch ofici\u00e1ln\u00edch ceremoni\u00edch k 800. v\u00fdro\u010d\u00ed \u010cingisch\u00e1na (2006) znovu vz\u00fdv\u00e1n jako \u201emongolsk\u00e9 vrchn\u00ed bo\u017estvo\u201c, co\u017e je p\u0159\u00edklad toho, jak se d\u011bjiny n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed a politika identity ve 21. stolet\u00ed prol\u00ednaj\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">V\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 debaty a otev\u0159en\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed badatelsk\u00e1 debata se t\u00fdk\u00e1 po\u0159ad\u00ed vrstev: Byl Khormusta nejprve \u00edr\u00e1nsk\u00fd Hormizd, pot\u00e9 vstoupil do syst\u00e9mu Tengri a nakonec byl buddhismem identifikov\u00e1n s Indrou? Nebo existuje star\u0161\u00ed autochtonn\u00ed vrstva, do n\u00ed\u017e byl \u00edr\u00e1nsk\u00fd n\u00e1zev dodate\u010dn\u011b vetk\u00e1n?<\/p><p>Druh\u00e1 debata se t\u00fdk\u00e1 p\u0159edstavy \u201e99 tengri\u201c: Je toto \u010d\u00edslo autochtonn\u011b mongolsk\u00e9, nebo p\u0159ejat\u00e9 z buddhismu? Walther Heissig argumentoval pro p\u0159edbuddhistick\u00fd ko\u0159en; nov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdzkum (P. K. Kozin) vzn\u00e1\u0161\u00ed pochybnosti.<\/p><p>A kone\u010dn\u011b: Jak se Khormusta vztahuje k sibi\u0159sk\u00e9mu \u0161amansk\u00e9mu n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed? U Burjat\u016f se objevuje v\u00fdrazn\u011b, u Tuvinc\u016f a Altajc\u016f t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u016fbec. Tato geografick\u00e1 asymetrie je z hlediska d\u011bjin n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed zaj\u00edmav\u00e1 a \u010dek\u00e1 na systematick\u00e9 zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Khormusta v n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed vnit\u0159n\u00edho Mongolska<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed studii si zaslou\u017e\u00ed postaven\u00ed Khormusty ve vnit\u0159n\u00edm Mongolsku (dnes provincie \u010c\u00ednsk\u00e9 lidov\u00e9 republiky). Zde je buddhistick\u00fd vliv nejsiln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, z\u00e1rove\u0148 zde p\u016fsob\u00ed i \u010d\u00ednsko-taoistick\u00e9 vlivy. V n\u011bkolika vnitromongolsk\u00fdch kl\u00e1\u0161terech (nap\u0159\u00edklad Wudangzhao) je Khormusta identifikov\u00e1n s taoistick\u00fdm Yu-Huang Shangdi, co\u017e p\u0159edstavuje trojn\u00e1sobn\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Splynut\u00ed p\u0159edstav nebo bo\u017estev z r\u016fzn\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch tradic.\" tabindex=\"0\">synkretismus<\/span>, historicky jen m\u00e1lo p\u0159ed\u010den.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Christopher Atwood ve sv\u00e9 <em>Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire<\/em> (2004) tuto v\u00edcen\u00e1sobnou identifikaci rekonstruoval a uk\u00e1zal, jak se Khormusta stal mostem mezi t\u0159emi n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdmi sv\u011bton\u00e1zory, \u00edr\u00e1nsko-zoroastrijsk\u00fdm, indicko-buddhistick\u00fdm a \u010d\u00ednsko-taoistick\u00fdm. Tato mostn\u00ed funkce je v\u011bdecky jedine\u010dn\u00e1.<\/span><\/p><p>V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 mongolsk\u00e9 politice identity je Khormusta \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b slaven jako \u201ev\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00fd synkretista\u201c, \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b kritizov\u00e1n jako \u201ebuddhistick\u00e9 p\u0159ekryt\u00ed autentick\u00e9ho Tengri\u201c. Ob\u011b hodnocen\u00ed jsou z hlediska d\u011bjin n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed uchopiteln\u00e1 a politicky v\u00fdmluvn\u00e1.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s10 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s10\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s10h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s10h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Prameny a vztah ke kulturn\u00edmu hubu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s10c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s10c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s10t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s10t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kdo chce studovat khormustovsk\u00fd komplex v cel\u00e9 jeho \u0161\u00ed\u0159i, najde na p\u0159ehledov\u00e9 str\u00e1nce <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/sibirsky-samanismus-tengrismus\/\">Sibi\u0159sko-tengristick\u00e1 tradice<\/a> nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed odkazy na p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00e9 postavy jako <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145506\">Tengri<\/a> (star\u0161\u00ed vrstva), <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145509\">\u00dclgen<\/a> (jihosibi\u0159sk\u00e1 paralela) a <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145515\">Asbuiga<\/a> (ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed vrstva pomocn\u00fdch duch\u016f).<\/p><p>Nepostradateln\u00fdmi standardn\u00edmi d\u00edly jsou <em>Die Religionen der Mongolei<\/em> (1970) Walthera Heissiga a <em>Die mongolische Religion<\/em> (1971) Klause Sagastera. Pro tradici Geser Ch\u00e1na je kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd svazek nakladatelstv\u00ed Brill od Walthera Heissiga (1983).<\/p><p>Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ruskou synt\u00e9zu nab\u00edz\u00ed d\u00edlo N. L. \u017dukovskaja <em>Kategorii i simvolika tradicionnoj kul&#8217;tury mongolov<\/em> (1988). Etnografick\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce Caroline Humphrey z 90. a 2000. let obraz dopl\u0148uj\u00ed o soudobou hloubku.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s11 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s11\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s11h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s11h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Khormusta v tradici Geser Ch\u00e1na<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s11c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s11c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s11t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s11t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Podrobnou studii si zaslou\u017e\u00ed role Khormusty v eposu o Geser Ch\u00e1novi, jednom z nejmonument\u00e1ln\u011bj\u0161\u00edch or\u00e1ln\u00edch hrdinsk\u00fdch epos\u016f st\u0159edn\u00ed Asie. Epos existuje v mongolsk\u00e9, tibetsk\u00e9 a burjatsk\u00e9 verzi; obvykle \u010d\u00edt\u00e1 n\u011bkolik tis\u00edc ver\u0161\u016f a je zp\u00edv\u00e1n b\u011bhem n\u011bkolika ve\u010der\u016f p\u0159ednesu.<\/p><p>Ve v\u0161ech verz\u00edch je Khormusta nebesk\u00fdm zadavatelem, kter\u00fd vys\u00edl\u00e1 hrdinu Gesera na zem, aby uvedl do rovnov\u00e1hy sv\u011bt naru\u0161en\u00fd \u0161kodliv\u00fdmi bytostmi. Tato narativn\u00ed funkce typologicky odpov\u00edd\u00e1 roli Indry v indick\u00fdch vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00edch o avat\u00e1rech.<\/p><p>Walther Heissig kriticky vydal epos o Geser Ch\u00e1novi ve v\u00edce svazc\u00edch; jeho svazek nakladatelstv\u00ed Brill (1983) je standardn\u00edm vyd\u00e1n\u00edm. Ve 21. stolet\u00ed za\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 epos renesanci ve vnit\u0159n\u00edm Mongolsku, kde je p\u011bstov\u00e1n jako centr\u00e1ln\u00ed prvek mongolsk\u00e9 kulturn\u00ed identity.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s12 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s12h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s12h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Metodologick\u00e1 reflexe<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s12c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s12c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s12t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s12t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>P\u0159i v\u00fdzkumu Khormusty vyvst\u00e1v\u00e1 n\u011bkolik metodick\u00fdch probl\u00e9m\u016f. Zaprv\u00e9: v\u00edcen\u00e1sobn\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e1 vrstevnatost (\u00edr\u00e1nsk\u00e1, indick\u00e1, mongolsk\u00e1, \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e1) znesnad\u0148uje jasnou genealogii. Historick\u00e1 lingvistika poskytuje ur\u010dit\u00e9 vod\u00edtko, mnoh\u00e9 p\u0159echody v\u0161ak z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed spekulativn\u00ed.<\/p><p>Zadruh\u00e9: buddhistick\u00e1 vrstva je dob\u0159e zdokumentov\u00e1na (kl\u00e1\u0161tern\u00ed texty, ikonografie), p\u0159edbuddhistick\u00e1 vrstva je rekonstruovateln\u00e1 pouze nep\u0159\u00edmo. Model vrstev Walthera Heissiga je dnes \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b revidov\u00e1n.<\/p><p>Zat\u0159et\u00ed: sou\u010dasn\u00e1 praxe kultu Khormusty v Mongolsku a Vnit\u0159n\u00edm Mongolsku prob\u00edh\u00e1 v odli\u0161n\u00fdch politick\u00fdch a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch kontextech; jednotn\u00fd popis je metodicky problematick\u00fd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s13 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s13\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s13h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s13h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Khormusta v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 mongolsk\u00e9 identit\u00e1rn\u00ed politice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s13c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s13c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s13t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s13t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sou\u010dasn\u00e1 mongolsk\u00e1 identit\u00e1rn\u00ed politika vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 Khormustu c\u00edlen\u011b jako \u201ekosmopolitn\u00edho nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho boha\u201c, kter\u00fd symbolizuje mongolskou zprost\u0159edkuj\u00edc\u00ed funkci mezi \u00cdr\u00e1nem, Indi\u00ed a v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asi\u00ed. Tento v\u00fdklad je propagov\u00e1n mimo jin\u00e9 v ofici\u00e1ln\u00edch publikac\u00edch Mongolsk\u00e9ho ministerstva kultury od 2010. let.<\/p><p>V\u011bdecky je tato identit\u00e1rn\u00ed politika zaj\u00edmav\u00e1: d\u011bl\u00e1 z Khormusty vt\u011blen\u00ed \u201emongolsk\u00e9 kosmopole\u201c, v n\u00ed\u017e n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e1 pluralita nen\u00ed ch\u00e1p\u00e1na jako probl\u00e9m, n\u00fdbr\u017e jako s\u00edla. Tento pohled stoj\u00ed v kontrastu k monoteistick\u00fdm model\u016fm identity.<\/p><p>Caroline Humphrey ve sv\u00fdch stati opakovan\u011b upozornila, \u017ee toto politick\u00e9 p\u0159isvojen\u00ed Khormusty je samo o sob\u011b n\u00e1bo\u017eenskou prax\u00ed, formou sekul\u00e1rn\u00edho uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e1 koexistuje s kl\u00e1\u0161tern\u00ed tradic\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s14 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s14\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s14h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s14h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Khormusta jako metodick\u00fd u\u010debn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edklad<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s14c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s14c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s14t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s14t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Khormusta je pro <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bda, kter\u00e1 zkoum\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed srovn\u00e1vac\u00edm zp\u016fsobem a bez vazby na v\u00edru.\" tabindex=\"0\">religionistiku<\/span> mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00fdm metodick\u00fdm u\u010debn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edkladem. Ukazuje, jak n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd pojem m\u016f\u017ee putovat dv\u011bma tis\u00edcilet\u00edmi t\u0159emi jazykov\u00fdmi a t\u0159emi n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdmi kontexty, ani\u017e by ztratil sv\u00e1 funk\u010dn\u00ed t\u011b\u017ei\u0161t\u011b: nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed b\u016fh, stvo\u0159itel, garant sv\u011btov\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1du. Takov\u00e1 stabilita je z hlediska fenomenologie n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed vz\u00e1cn\u00e1.<\/p><p>Z\u00e1rove\u0148 se prom\u011b\u0148uje jeho podstata: z \u00edr\u00e1nsko-zoroastrovsk\u00e9ho Hormizda se st\u00e1v\u00e1 indicko-buddhistick\u00fd, Indrovi rovnocenn\u00fd Khormusta, kter\u00fd se posl\u00e9ze sl\u00e9v\u00e1 s mongolsko-tengristick\u00fdm komplexem Tengri. Tato soub\u011b\u017en\u00e1 dynamika stability a prom\u011bny je z hlediska antropologie n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed studijn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpadem prvn\u00edho \u0159\u00e1du.<\/p><p>Klaus Sagaster tuto dynamiku analyzoval v d\u00edle <em>Die mongolische Religion<\/em> (1971) jako modelov\u00fd p\u0159\u00edpad \u201en\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho p\u0159enosu\u201c. Christopher Atwood tento poznatek d\u00e1le zp\u0159esnil ve sv\u00e9 encyklopedii (2004). Pro mlad\u00e9 badatele je Khormusta vd\u011b\u010dn\u00fdm studijn\u00edm objektem.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s15 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s15\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s15h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s15h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Khormusta v mongolsk\u00e9 kl\u00e1\u0161tern\u00ed literatu\u0159e<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s15c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s15c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s15t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s15t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hlub\u0161\u00ed studii si zaslou\u017e\u00ed mongolsk\u00e1 kl\u00e1\u0161tern\u00ed literatura 17. a\u017e 19. stolet\u00ed, v n\u00ed\u017e se Khormusta objevuje v \u0159ad\u011b liturgick\u00fdch text\u016f. Tisky z Pekingu, Urgy a Lhasy obsahuj\u00ed texty sang o Khormustovi, popisy Khormustovy <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kruhov\u00fd diagram, kter\u00fd v hinduismu a buddhismu zobrazuje kosmos.\" tabindex=\"0\">mandaly<\/span> a p\u0159eklady Khormustov\u00fdch tanter z tibet\u0161tiny.<\/p><p>Klaus Sagaster ve sv\u00e9 habilita\u010dn\u00ed pr\u00e1ci (1976) p\u0159edlo\u017eil kritickou edici nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch mongolsk\u00fdch text\u016f o Khormustovi. Tato edice je dnes jednou z nejcenn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch pom\u016fcek mongolistick\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed a m\u011bla by b\u00fdt zohledn\u011bna p\u0159i ka\u017ed\u00e9m d\u016fkladn\u00e9m studiu Khormusty.<\/p><p>Texty ukazuj\u00ed, jak se p\u016fvodn\u011b \u00edr\u00e1nsko-buddhistick\u00fd Khormusta v mongolsk\u00e9 kl\u00e1\u0161tern\u00ed tradici stal samostatnou postavou s vlastn\u00edmi liturgiemi, praktikami a ikonografick\u00fdmi konvencemi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2047651f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2047651f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2230923b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2230923b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Buddhistick\u00e1 p\u0159em\u011bna starobyl\u00e9ho nebesk\u00e9ho bo\u017estva<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp266018fd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp266018fd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2cafb229 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2cafb229\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jm\u00e9no <em>Khormusta<\/em> (mongolsky tak\u00e9 <em>Qormusta<\/em>, <em>Khurmasta<\/em>) pat\u0159\u00ed k nejjasn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm d\u016fkaz\u016fm toho, \u017ee mongolsk\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e1 historie nep\u0159edstavuje uzav\u0159enou jednotu, n\u00fdbr\u017e vrstv\u00ed na sob\u011b vrstvy r\u016fzn\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu.<\/p><p>Z jazykov\u011bdn\u00e9ho hlediska vede jm\u00e9no k \u00edr\u00e1nsk\u00e9mu <em>Ahura Mazda<\/em>, zprost\u0159edkovan\u00e9mu p\u0159es sogd\u0161tinu a ujgur\u0161tinu. P\u0159es manichejsk\u00e9 a buddhistick\u00e9 texty st\u0159edn\u00ed Asie se ozna\u010den\u00ed dostalo do turkicko-mongolsk\u00e9ho sv\u011bta, kde se p\u0159i\u0159adilo k ji\u017e existuj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159edstav\u011b o nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edm nebesk\u00e9m vl\u00e1dci.<\/p><p>V buddhistick\u00e9 literatu\u0159e Mongolska se Khormusta sl\u00e9v\u00e1 s Indrou, kr\u00e1lem boh\u016f indick\u00e9ho pantheonu, kter\u00fd zde vystupuje jako p\u00e1n nebe <em>Trajastrim\u0161a<\/em> a ochr\u00e1nce u\u010den\u00ed.<\/p><p>T\u00edm se z p\u016fvodn\u011b samostatn\u00e9ho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytost uct\u00edvan\u00e1 jako bo\u017esk\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci n\u011bjak\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estva<\/span> stal kn\u00ed\u017ee\u010d boh\u016f zasazen\u00fd do buddhistick\u00e9ho kosmologick\u00e9ho modelu, kter\u00fd stoj\u00ed vysoko, ale z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 pod\u0159\u00edzen Buddhovi a b\u00f3dhisattv\u016fm. Toto za\u0159azen\u00ed nen\u00ed n\u00e1hodn\u00fdm jevem, n\u00fdbr\u017e bylo n\u00e1bo\u017eenskopoliticky z\u00e1m\u011brn\u00e9: \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed tibetsk\u00e9ho buddhismu od 16. stolet\u00ed vy\u017eadovalo star\u0161\u00ed nebesk\u00e1 bo\u017estva nevytla\u010dovat, n\u00fdbr\u017e je hierarchicky pod\u0159\u00eddit.<\/p><p>Z hlediska kritiky pramen\u016f je t\u0159eba zd\u016fraznit, \u017ee t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161echna p\u00edsemn\u00e1 sv\u011bdectv\u00ed o Khormustovi poch\u00e1zej\u00ed z buddhisticky ovlivn\u011bn\u00fdch kontext\u016f, nap\u0159\u00edklad z invokac\u00ed eposu o Gesarovi nebo z ritu\u00e1ln\u00edch rukopis\u016f. P\u0159edbuddhistickou podobu t\u00e9to postavy z toho lze vyvodit jen nep\u0159\u00edmo.<\/p><p>Badatel\u00e9 jako Walther Heissig upozornili, \u017ee \u010dty\u0159icet dev\u011bt nebo t\u0159icet t\u0159i Tengri zmi\u0148ovan\u00fdch v epose, v jejich\u017e \u010dele stoj\u00ed Khormusta, p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed druhotnou systematizaci, kter\u00e1 vznikla pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b a\u017e setk\u00e1n\u00edm s indicko-buddhistick\u00fdm sch\u00e9matem po\u010dtu boh\u016f.<\/p><p>Pro pochopen\u00ed sibi\u0159sko-tengristick\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed v\u011bdomost\u00ed a vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d generacemi.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradice<\/span> to znamen\u00e1: Khormusta ukazuje p\u0159\u00edkladn\u011b, \u017ee <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/sibirsky-samanismus-tengrismus\/\">tengrismus<\/a> nebyl statick\u00fdm syst\u00e9mem, n\u00fdbr\u017e propustn\u00fdm polem, kter\u00e9 p\u0159ij\u00edmalo ciz\u00ed jm\u00e9na a koncepty a spojovalo je s vlastn\u00edmi p\u0159edstavami. Kdo tuto postavu vykl\u00e1d\u00e1 izolovan\u011b jako \u010dist\u011b mongolskou, p\u0159ehl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed d\u011bjiny st\u0159edoasijsk\u00e9ho zprost\u0159edkov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 v jej\u00edm jm\u00e9nu z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed viditeln\u00e9 a\u017e do dne\u0161n\u00edch dn\u016f.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (v\u00fdb\u011br)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Walther Heissig: <em>Die Religionen der Mongolei<\/em> (1970)<\/li><li>Klaus Sagaster: <em>Die mongolische Religion<\/em> (1971)<\/li><li>Christopher Atwood: <em>Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire<\/em> (2004)<\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Igor de Rachewiltz: <em>The Secret History of the Mongols<\/em> (Brill, 2004)<\/span><\/li><li>N. L. \u017dukovskaja: <em>Kategorii i simvolika tradicionnoj kul&#8217;tury mongolov<\/em> (1988)<\/li><li>Caroline Humphrey: <em>Shamans and Elders<\/em> (1996)<\/li><li>Roberte Hamayon: <em>La chasse \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e2me<\/em> (1990)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-khormusta e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-khormusta\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-khormusta-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-khormusta-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o boz\u00edch, po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch a uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u011bta.\" tabindex=\"0\">M\u00fdtus<\/span><\/strong> o Chormustovi spojuje tengristick\u00e9 p\u0159edstavy o nebi s buddhistick\u00fdmi vrstvami; nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi <strong>prameny<\/strong> jsou mongolsk\u00e9 kroniky, epos o Geserovi a texty ovlivn\u011bn\u00e9 tibetsk\u00fdm ritualismem.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Souvisej\u00edc\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 pojmy: Khormusta Qormusta Tngri Geser-Khan Ahura Mazda Indra mongolsk\u00fd nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed b\u016fh.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-khormusta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard a ochrann\u00e9 tradice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard navazuje na kulturn\u011b-historickou tradici nositeln\u00fdch ochrann\u00fdch p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f, v tradici <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/sibirsky-samanismus-tengrismus\/\">Sibi\u0159e \/ tengrismu<\/a> a mnoha dal\u0161\u00edch kultur po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b. 41 vrstev, ryz\u00ed zlato, platina, st\u0159\u00edbro, vyrobeno v N\u011bmecku. 30denn\u00ed lh\u016fta na vr\u00e1cen\u00ed.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">V\u00edce o iWell 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.jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Osobn\u00ed zku\u0161enosti se mohou li\u0161it. Nejedn\u00e1 se o zdravotnick\u00fd prost\u0159edek. Nen\u00ed slibem l\u00e9\u010div\u00e9ho \u00fa\u010dinku.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>nen\u00ed zdravotnick\u00fd prost\u0159edek<\/strong> a nenahrazuje l\u00e9ka\u0159skou ani psychoterapeutickou l\u00e9\u010dbu. Religionistick\u00fd obsah p\u0159edstavuje kulturn\u011b-historick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed, nikoli doporu\u010den\u00ed duchovn\u00ed praxe.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2863,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Khormusta, mongolsk\u00fd vrchn\u00ed b\u016fh","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Khormusta \u2013 mongolsk\u00fd vrchn\u00ed b\u016fh, m\u00fdtus a prameny","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Khormusta je nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed nebesk\u00fd b\u016fh Mongol\u016f, spojen\u00ed \u00edr\u00e1nsko-buddhistick\u00fdch a tengristick\u00fdch vrstev. 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