{"id":145506,"date":"2026-09-03T16:31:03","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:31:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=145506"},"modified":"2026-09-03T16:57:54","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:57:54","slug":"tengri-nebesky-buh-tengristu","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/tengri-nebesky-buh-tengristu\/","title":{"rendered":"Tengri \u2013 nebesk\u00fd b\u016fh Tengrist\u016f"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"145506\" class=\"elementor elementor-145506 elementor-2634 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tengri, nebesk\u00fd b\u016fh Turk\u016f, Mongol\u016f a sibi\u0159sk\u00fdch stepn\u00edch n\u00e1rod\u016f<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tengri je centr\u00e1ln\u00ed vrchn\u00ed bo\u017estvo eurasijsk\u00e9ho stepn\u00edho tengrismu. Jako v\u011b\u010dn\u00e9 modr\u00e9 nebe (mongolsky <em>M\u00f6ngke K\u00f6ke Tengri<\/em>) zt\u011bles\u0148uje \u0159\u00e1d, pr\u00e1vo a moc z\u00e1rove\u0148 a tvo\u0159\u00ed pozad\u00ed, na kter\u00e9m se \u0161amani, ch\u00e1nov\u00e9 a kmenov\u00ed star\u0161\u00ed politicky a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1le\u017eej\u00edc\u00ed k pevn\u011b stanoven\u00e9mu n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9mu postupu.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritu\u00e1ln\u011b<\/span> legitimizuj\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Stvo\u0159itel tradice Sibi\u0159 \/ Tengrismus.\">Stvo\u0159itel<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/sibirsky-samanismus-tengrismus\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mytologie tradice Sibi\u0159 \/ Tengrismus.\">Sibi\u0159 \/ Tengrismus<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Vrchn\u00ed bo\u017estvo.\">Vrchn\u00ed bo\u017estvo<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na t\\u00e9to str\\u00e1nce nebyly nalezeny \\u017e\\u00e1dn\\u00e9 nadpisy.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tengri-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tengri-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tengri-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_tengri-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-147326\" alt=\"Tengri \u2013 b\u016fh z tradice sibi\u0159sk\u00e9ho tengrismu, historicko-ilustra\u010dn\u00ed zobrazen\u00ed\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_tengri-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_tengri-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_tengri-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_tengri.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Za\u0159azen\u00ed a stru\u010dn\u00fd profil<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tengri je nejv\u00fd\u0161e postaven\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytost uct\u00edvan\u00e1 jako bo\u017esk\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estvo<\/span> rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho komplexu, kter\u00fd se rozprost\u00edr\u00e1 od vnit\u0159n\u00edho Mongolska p\u0159es st\u0159edoasijsk\u00e9 stepi a\u017e po ji\u017en\u00ed Sibi\u0159 a v odborn\u00e9 literatu\u0159e je ozna\u010dov\u00e1n jako <strong>tengrismus<\/strong>.<\/p><p>Religionistick\u00fd pojem je pom\u011brn\u011b mladou konstrukc\u00ed 19. a 20. stolet\u00ed, av\u0161ak samotn\u00fd jev, uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed neosobn\u00edho, nezm\u011brn\u00e9ho nebe jako nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed moci, lze nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u011b prok\u00e1zat u Turk\u016f (K\u00f6kturk\u016f), Hsiung-nu, Mongol\u016f \u010cingisch\u00e1na i \u0159ady sibi\u0159sk\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f, jako jsou Jakuti, Burjati a Altajci.<\/p><p>Tengri nen\u00ed ani antropomorfn\u00ed b\u016fh, ani rozmarn\u00fd p\u00e1n po\u010das\u00ed, sp\u00ed\u0161e se zcela ztoto\u017e\u0148uje s viditeln\u00fdm i neviditeln\u00fdm nebem.<\/p><p>V pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edch etnografick\u00fdch pramenech vystupuje jako jedna z n\u011bkolika vrstev v\u00edce\u010dlenn\u00e9ho panteonu, v n\u011bm\u017e se objevuj\u00ed tak\u00e9 <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145509\">\u00dclgen<\/a> jako horn\u00ed obyvatel nebes a <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145508\">Erlik Ch\u00e1n<\/a> jako vl\u00e1dce podsv\u011bt\u00ed. Cel\u00fd komplex je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed toho, co badatel\u00e9 shrnuj\u00ed pod pojmem <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/sibirsky-samanismus-tengrismus\/\">sibi\u0159sko-tengristick\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed<\/a>.<\/p><p>Jm\u00e9no Tengri je dolo\u017eeno ji\u017e v nejstar\u0161\u00edch \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fdch zpr\u00e1v\u00e1ch o Hsiung-nu (3. stol. p\u0159. n. l.), kde je slovo p\u0159episov\u00e1no jako <em>cheng-li<\/em>.<\/p><p>Toto ran\u011b dosv\u011bd\u010den\u00e9 jm\u00e9no \u0159ad\u00ed Tengriho mezi nejstar\u0161\u00ed religionisticky uchopiteln\u00e1 vrchn\u00ed bo\u017estva vnit\u0159n\u00ed Asie a poskytuje badatel\u016fm vz\u00e1cn\u00fd pevn\u00fd bod s v\u00edce ne\u017e dv\u011bma tis\u00edcilet\u00edmi nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u00e9ho dokladu. M\u00e1lokdy lze v d\u011bjin\u00e1ch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed sledovat ur\u010dit\u00fd pojem tak dlouh\u00e9 a souvisl\u00e9 obdob\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jm\u00e9no a etymologie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jm\u00e9no <em>Tengri<\/em> je dochov\u00e1no t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 ve v\u0161ech altajsk\u00fdch jazykov\u00fdch vrstv\u00e1ch: staroturecky <em>te\u014bri<\/em>, mongolsky <em>tngri<\/em> resp. <em>tenger<\/em>, jakutsky <em>tangara<\/em>, \u010duva\u0161sky <em>tur\u0103<\/em>. Etymologie je sporn\u00e1; v turkologii roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00fd v\u00fdklad spojuje slovo s altajizovan\u00fdm ko\u0159enem s v\u00fdznamem \u201evysok\u00fd, \u0161ir\u00fd, z\u00e1\u0159\u00edc\u00ed\u201c.<\/p><p>Gerard Clauson ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle <em>Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth Century Turkish<\/em> (1972) vyslovuje tezi, \u017ee slovo p\u016fvodn\u011b znamenalo \u201e\u0161ir\u00fd nezm\u011brn\u00fd prostor\u201c a teprve v n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9m u\u017eit\u00ed se zhustilo do ozna\u010den\u00ed vrchn\u00edho bo\u017estva.<\/p><p>Zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 je, \u017ee slovo v mnoha jazyc\u00edch nese dvoj\u00ed v\u00fdznam <em>nebe<\/em> a <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytost uct\u00edvan\u00e1 jako bo\u017esk\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estvo<\/span><\/em>, klasick\u00fd p\u0159\u00edpad jazykov\u011b srostl\u00e9 numinozity, jak jej fenomenologie n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed popisuje nap\u0159\u00edklad u <em>dyaus<\/em> (v\u00e9dsky) nebo u <em>Zeus<\/em>.<\/p><p>Toto sr\u016fst\u00e1n\u00ed poj\u00edm\u00e1 Gerardus van der Leeuw jako \u201ezt\u011blesn\u011bn\u00ed numin\u00f3zn\u00edho\u201c a p\u0159edstavuje charakteristick\u00fd rys mnoha indoevropsk\u00fdch a altajsk\u00fdch vrchn\u00edch bo\u017estev. Odli\u0161uje Tengriho z\u00e1sadn\u011b od pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edch personalizovan\u00fdch boh\u016f, jako je nap\u0159\u00edklad <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145511\">Khormusta<\/a>.<\/p><p>K\u00f6ktursk\u00e9 n\u00e1pisy z Orchonu a Jenisej (8. stolet\u00ed) hovo\u0159\u00ed o <em>K\u00f6kt\u00fcrk Tengri<\/em>, \u201eNebesk\u00e9m z K\u00f6kturk\u016f\u201c, a pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed formuli <em>Tengri yarl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/em>, \u201ep\u0159\u00edkaz nebe\u201c. Mongolsky se pozd\u011bji setk\u00e1v\u00e1me se slavn\u00fdm spojen\u00edm <em>M\u00f6ngke K\u00f6ke Tengri<\/em>, \u201ev\u011b\u010dn\u00e9 modr\u00e9 nebe\u201c, v ediktech velk\u00fdch ch\u00e1n\u016f.<\/p><p>V carsk\u00e9 etnografii 19. stolet\u00ed zav\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed Tengriho do v\u011bdeck\u00e9 n\u011bm\u010diny badatel\u00e9 jako Wilhelm Radloff jako \u201evrchn\u00edho boha Turk\u016f\u201c; pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed badatel\u00e9, nap\u0159\u00edklad Jean-Paul Roux, pak rozpracovali vnit\u0159n\u00ed rozli\u0161en\u00ed tohoto pojmu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Popis a ikonografie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Vlastn\u00ed ikonografii Tengri nikdy nevytvo\u0159il. Na rozd\u00edl od osobn\u011b pojat\u00fdch bo\u017estev vnit\u0159n\u00ed Asie (nap\u0159\u00edklad buddhistick\u00fdch postav Mah\u00e1k\u00e1ly) z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 Tengri bezobrazn\u00fd.<\/p><p>Tam, kde je p\u0159esto zobrazov\u00e1n, nap\u0159\u00edklad v modern\u00edch pokusech o \u201ere-tengrizaci\u201c v Kazachst\u00e1nu a Kyrgyzst\u00e1nu, sah\u00e1 se po motivech slunce, orla a vlka, kter\u00e9 v\u0161ak nenavazuj\u00ed na \u017e\u00e1dnou p\u0159edisl\u00e1mskou obrazovou tradici. Tato \u201ebezobraznost\u201c m\u00e1 fenomenologicko-n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd v\u00fdznam: typologicky spojuje Tengriho s dal\u0161\u00edmi neviditeln\u00fdmi vrchn\u00edmi bo\u017estvy, jako je staroz\u00e1konn\u00ed JHVH nebo \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fd Tchien.<\/p><p>Jeho \u201em\u00edstem\u201c je firmament, jeho zvukov\u00fdm obrazem hrom, jeho znamen\u00edm modr\u00e9 denn\u00ed sv\u011btlo. V \u0161amansk\u00fdch zp\u011bvech Altajc\u016f a Jakut\u016f je vz\u00fdv\u00e1n jako <em>Aar Tojon<\/em> nebo <em>\u00dcr\u00fcn Aar Tojon<\/em> (\u201eB\u00edl\u00fd vzne\u0161en\u00fd p\u00e1n\u201c).<\/p><p>\u0160amansk\u00fd buben, jeho\u017e malba u mnoha kmen\u016f zobrazuje trojvrstv\u00fd obraz sv\u011bta, p\u0159i\u0159azuje Tengriho v\u017edy k nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u00farovni; samotn\u00e1 k\u016f\u017ee bubnu je pro mnoh\u00e9 badatele (tak nap\u0159\u00edklad Mircea Eliade v d\u00edle <em>Le chamanisme et les techniques archa\u00efques de l&#8217;Ekstase<\/em>, 1951) symbolick\u00fdm kon\u011bm, kter\u00fd \u0161amana nese do horn\u00edho sv\u011bta, \u201ek Tengrimu\u201c.<\/p><p>Vedlej\u0161\u00edmi symboly, kter\u00e9 se v souvislosti s Tengrim objevuj\u00ed, jsou: b\u00edl\u00fd orel (posel nebes), b\u00edl\u00fd k\u016f\u0148 (jezdeck\u00e9 zv\u00ed\u0159e \u0161amana), dev\u00edtistup\u0148ov\u00e1 forma (dev\u011bt nebes), zlat\u00fd kol\u00edk (Pol\u00e1rka, \u201enebesk\u00fd h\u0159eb\u201c).<\/p><p>V modern\u00edm kaza\u0161sk\u00e9m st\u00e1tn\u00edm znaku je Pol\u00e1rka z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b vykl\u00e1d\u00e1na jako tengristick\u00e1 reference, co\u017e dob\u0159e ilustruje pnut\u00ed mezi historick\u00fdm n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edm a identitn\u011b politickou konstrukc\u00ed. Toto pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed pat\u0159\u00ed podle Marlene Laruelle (2007) k charakteristick\u00fdm znak\u016fm neo-tengrismu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mytologick\u00e1 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tengri vystupuje jako jednaj\u00edc\u00ed postava v narativn\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn tradovan\u00fdch vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o boz\u00edch jedn\u00e9 kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytologii<\/span> jen z\u0159\u00eddka. Jeho p\u016fsoben\u00ed je sp\u00ed\u0161e \u0159\u00e1dem na pozad\u00ed ne\u017e p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhem. Tam, kde ho vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159ece jen zobrazuj\u00ed, se to d\u011bje ve stvo\u0159itelsk\u00fdch a legitimiza\u010dn\u00edch m\u00fdtech.<\/p><p>V mongolsk\u00e9 Tajn\u00e9 historii (1240) je \u010cingisch\u00e1n legitimizov\u00e1n jako vyvolen\u00fd Tengrim; jeho vzestup je opakovan\u011b zd\u016fvod\u0148ov\u00e1n formul\u00ed <em>M\u00f6ngke Tengri-yin k\u00fcch\u00fcn-t\u00fcr<\/em>, \u201emoc\u00ed v\u011b\u010dn\u00e9ho nebe\u201c.<\/p><p>Igor de Rachewiltz ve sv\u00e9m monument\u00e1ln\u00edm vyd\u00e1n\u00ed nakladatelstv\u00ed Brill (2004) rozpracoval p\u0159esn\u00e9 jazykov\u00e9 u\u017eit\u00ed a teologickou z\u00e1va\u017enost t\u00e9to formule: nep\u0159en\u00e1\u0161\u00ed jen \u00fasp\u011bch, ale i politickou odpov\u011bdnost. Pokud ch\u00e1n ztroskot\u00e1, znamen\u00e1 to, \u017ee se od n\u011bj Tengri odvr\u00e1til.<\/p><p>Altajsk\u00fd stvo\u0159itelsk\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh, kter\u00fd ve 19. stolet\u00ed zaznamenal Wilhelm Radloff, popisuje, jak Tengri (zde v podob\u011b rozd\u011blen\u00e9 postavy <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145509\">\u00dclgena<\/a>) spole\u010dn\u011b s <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145508\">Erlik Khanem<\/a> zved\u00e1 zemi z prvotn\u00edho mo\u0159e, na\u010de\u017e Erlik z p\u0159em\u00edry sebev\u011bdom\u00ed naru\u0161\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d a je vyhn\u00e1n do podsv\u011bt\u00ed.<\/p><p>Tato forma vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed, ponorn\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00e9 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o boz\u00edch, po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch a uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u011bta.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00fdtus<\/span>, spojuje st\u0159edoasijskou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn tradovan\u00fdch vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o boz\u00edch jedn\u00e9 kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytologii<\/span> s rozs\u00e1hl\u00fdmi paleosibi\u0159sk\u00fdmi a severoamerick\u00fdmi tradicemi, co\u017e Mircea Eliade interpretoval jako doklad cirkumpol\u00e1rn\u00ed prastar\u00e9 vrstvy.<\/p><p>V jenisejsk\u00fdch textech z doby K\u00f6k turk\u016f (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Text vyryt\u00fd nebo vytesan\u00fd do pevn\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu.\" tabindex=\"0\">n\u00e1pis<\/span> Bilge kagana) zazn\u00edv\u00e1 stesk: \u201eTurci byli jednotn\u00fdm n\u00e1rodem, proto\u017ee jim Tengri naho\u0159e a svat\u00e1 zem\u011b dole daly \u0159\u00ed\u0161i.\u201c, zakladatelsk\u00fd topos, kter\u00fd odvozuje politickou legitimitu p\u0159\u00edmo z nebes.<\/p><p>Talat Tekin tento <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Text vyryt\u00fd nebo vytesan\u00fd do pevn\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu.\" tabindex=\"0\">n\u00e1pis<\/span> jazykov\u011b rozebral ve sv\u00e9m standardn\u00edm vyd\u00e1n\u00ed (1968) a upozornil na teologick\u00fd charakter jeho formulov\u00e9ho jazyka.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult a uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch uct\u00edvac\u00edch \u00fakon\u016f v\u016f\u010di bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 postav\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kult<\/span> Tengriho byl historicky <strong>st\u00e1tn\u00edm kultem<\/strong>, nikoli chr\u00e1mov\u00fdm kultem. V u\u017e\u0161\u00edm smyslu neexistovaly \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 svatyn\u011b; uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed prob\u00edhalo pod otev\u0159en\u00fdm nebem, \u010dasto na horsk\u00fdch pr\u016fsmyc\u00edch, u kamenn\u00fdch mohyl <em>obo<\/em> nebo nad ho\u0159\u00edc\u00edmi ob\u011btinami kon\u00ed a ovc\u00ed.<\/p><p>Ch\u00e1n p\u0159i tom vystupoval jako prost\u0159edn\u00edk, podobn\u011b jako \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fd <em>tianzi<\/em>, \u201esyn nebes\u201c. Na tuto paralelu d\u016frazn\u011b upozornila Caroline Humphrey v d\u00edle <em>Shamans and Elders<\/em> (1996).<\/p><p>Na \u00farovni lidov\u00e9 v\u00edry se tengrismus prol\u00ednal s rozs\u00e1hl\u00fdm n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edm pomocn\u00fdch duch\u016f, v jeho\u017e st\u0159edu st\u00e1l <em>kam<\/em> (turecky) nebo <em>b\u00f6\u00f6<\/em> (mongolsky), tedy <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd specialista, jemu\u017e se p\u0159isuzuje zprost\u0159edkov\u00e1n\u00ed mezi lidmi a sv\u011btem duch\u016f.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0161aman<\/span>. \u0160amani se na Tengriho neobraceli p\u0159\u00edmo, proto\u017ee byl pova\u017eov\u00e1n za p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 vzd\u00e1len\u00e9ho, ale obraceli se na podp\u016frn\u00e1 bo\u017estva jako <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145507\">Umai<\/a>, na p\u0159edky nebo na duchy zv\u00ed\u0159at s\u00edly.<\/p><p>Tengri z\u016fst\u00e1val nevidenou z\u00e1rukou sv\u011btov\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1du. Tato \u201evzd\u00e1lenost vrchn\u00edho boha\u201c byla v n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 fenomenologii ozna\u010dena jako <em>deus otiosus<\/em>, koncept, kter\u00fd podrobn\u011b rozpracoval Mircea Eliade a po n\u011bm Raffaele Pettazzoni.<\/p><p>S islamizac\u00ed turkick\u00e9ho sv\u011bta od 10. stolet\u00ed byl pojem <em>Tengri<\/em> \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b p\u0159enesen na All\u00e1ha (srov. tatarsk\u00e9 <em>T\u00e4ngre<\/em>), \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b byl vytla\u010den jako pohansk\u00fd p\u0159e\u017eitek.<\/p><p>Na sibi\u0159sk\u00e9 periferii a u Mongol\u016f se <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch uct\u00edvac\u00edch \u00fakon\u016f v\u016f\u010di bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 postav\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> zachoval d\u00e9le; v buddhisticky ovlivn\u011bn\u00e9m Mongolsku od 17. stolet\u00ed byl Tengri postupn\u011b zast\u00edn\u011bn personifikovan\u00fdmi buddhistick\u00fdmi vrchn\u00edmi bo\u017estvy, ani\u017e by zcela zmizel. Toto vrstven\u00ed podrobn\u011b popsal Walther Heissig v d\u00edle <em>Die Religionen der Mongolei<\/em> (1970).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ochrann\u00e1 praxe a apotropaick\u00e9 prvky<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Z v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho hlediska byla ochrann\u00e1 praxe v tengristick\u00e9m komplexu m\u00e9n\u011b prosbou o uzdraven\u00ed a sp\u00ed\u0161e aktem potvrzen\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1du: kdo ctil Tengriho, z\u016fst\u00e1val uvnit\u0159 \u0159\u00e1du, kdo jej poru\u0161il, z n\u011bj vypadl. Apotropaick\u00e9 \u00fakony zahrnovaly zachov\u00e1n\u00ed \u201e\u010distoty\u201c svat\u00fdch hor (poho\u0159\u00ed Bogdo), vyh\u00fdb\u00e1n\u00ed se zne\u010di\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed vody nebo ohn\u011b a pron\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed ritu\u00e1ln\u00edch pozdravn\u00fdch formul\u00ed v\u016f\u010di slunci a nebi.<\/p><p>V dom\u00e1c\u00ed sf\u00e9\u0159e p\u0159evzala <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145507\">Umai<\/a> jako matka a d\u011btsk\u00e1 bohyn\u011b mnoho konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch ochrann\u00fdch funkc\u00ed, kter\u00e9 v jin\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edch b\u00fdvaj\u00ed p\u0159isuzov\u00e1ny samotn\u00e9mu vrchn\u00edmu bo\u017estvu. Tengri z\u016fst\u00e1val vzd\u00e1len\u00fdm pozad\u00edm, na jeho\u017e z\u00e1klad\u011b v\u0161echny tyto drobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ochrann\u00e9 \u00fakony z\u00edsk\u00e1valy smysl. Toto funk\u010dn\u00ed rozd\u011blen\u00ed je n\u00e1bo\u017eensko-sociologicky v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 a systematicky ho popsal Vladimir Basilov v d\u00edle <em>Shamanism in Siberia<\/em> (1984).<\/p><p>Zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed formou uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed Tengriho s apotropaick\u00fdm charakterem je <em>ovoo<\/em>&#8211;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ust\u00e1len\u00fd sled symbolick\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f s n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm nebo kulturn\u00edm v\u00fdznamem.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritu\u00e1l<\/span>: na horsk\u00fdch pr\u016fsmyc\u00edch se navr\u0161uj\u00ed kamenn\u00e9 mohyly, zdob\u00ed modr\u00fdmi l\u00e1tkov\u00fdmi \u0161\u00e1tky (<em>khadag<\/em>) a p\u0159i proj\u00ed\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed se t\u0159ikr\u00e1t obj\u00ed\u017ed\u011bj\u00ed.<\/p><p>Uvnit\u0159 tradice je tento \u00fakon vykl\u00e1d\u00e1n jako prosba o ochranu Tengriho a m\u00edstn\u011b v\u00e1zan\u00fdch duch\u016f; z v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho hlediska z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 prax\u00ed, nikoli d\u016fkazem \u00fa\u010dinku. Toto zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed pat\u0159\u00ed ke klasick\u00fdm popisn\u00fdm v\u00fdsledk\u016fm mongolistiky.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralely v jin\u00fdch kultur\u00e1ch<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Z hlediska fenomenologie n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed se Tengri \u0159ad\u00ed do spektra takzvan\u00fdch \u201enejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edch bytost\u00ed\u201c, kter\u00e9 Wilhelm Schmidt systematicky zpracoval ve sv\u00e9m dvan\u00e1ctisvazkov\u00e9m d\u00edle <em>Ursprung der Gottesidee<\/em> (1912, 1955).<\/p><p>Strukturn\u011b srovnateln\u00e9 jsou: v\u00e9dsk\u00fd <em>Dyaus Pitar<\/em>, \u0159eck\u00fd koncept Zeus-Pater, severogerm\u00e1nsk\u00e9 substr\u00e1tum Tyr, \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fd <em>Tian<\/em> a p\u0159\u00edmo na Sibi\u0159i jakutsk\u00fd <em>\u00dcr\u00fcn Aar Tojon<\/em> jako specializace nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho boha. Typologickou podobnost vykazuj\u00ed i ugrofinsk\u00fd Num a finsk\u00fd Ukko.<\/p><p>Na rozd\u00edl od semitsk\u00e9ho stvo\u0159itelsk\u00e9ho boha v\u0161ak Tengri <strong>nelze<\/strong> vypr\u00e1v\u011bt jako osobu; je sp\u00ed\u0161e t\u00edm, co Eliade naz\u00fdv\u00e1 <em>deus otiosus<\/em>: \u201ene\u010dinn\u00fd b\u016fh\u201c, jemu\u017e jsou konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed z\u00e1sahy vzd\u00e1len\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e samotn\u00e1 existence.<\/p><p>Diskuse o pojmu <em>deus otiosus<\/em> prostupuje celou fenomenologii n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed a Raffaele Pettazzoni ji ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle <em>L&#8217;essere supremo nelle religioni primitive<\/em> (1957) obh\u00e1jil proti Wilhelmu Schmidtovi.<\/p><p>Z hlediska d\u011bjin n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed je zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 t\u011bsn\u00fd vztah k \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9mu Tianu: oba pojmy spl\u00fdvaj\u00ed v nebe a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytost uct\u00edvan\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed jako bo\u017esk\u00e1.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estvo<\/span>, oba legitimizuj\u00ed vl\u00e1du (\u201esyn nebes\u201c vs. \u201evyvolen\u00fd Tengriho\u201c) a oba z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed bez zobrazen\u00ed. Zda mezi ob\u011bma proudy existovaly historick\u00e9 kontakty a v jak\u00e9m sm\u011bru p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b p\u016fsobily, je p\u0159edm\u011btem trvaj\u00edc\u00ed diskuse v sinologii a turkologii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sou\u010dasn\u00e1 recepce a v\u00fdzkum<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Od 90. let 20. stolet\u00ed proch\u00e1z\u00ed tengrismus renesanc\u00ed, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v Kazachst\u00e1nu, Kyrgyzst\u00e1nu a ve Vnit\u0159n\u00edm Mongolsku.<\/p><p>Auto\u0159i jako Olzhas Suleimenov a Nurmagambet Ayupov jej poj\u00edmaj\u00ed jako \u201educhovn\u00ed alternativu\u201c k isl\u00e1mu a k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00ed; v Mongolsku existuje v otev\u0159en\u00e9 koexistenci s tibetsk\u00fdm buddhismem. Tuto renesanci kriticky zdokumentovali religionist\u00e9 jako Marlene Laruelle (2007).<\/p><p>Akademick\u00fd v\u00fdzkum tengrismu je dnes interdisciplin\u00e1rn\u00ed. Mezi klasick\u00e9 osobnosti pat\u0159\u00ed Wilhelm Radloff, Vladimir Basilov, Jean-Paul Roux, Andrei Znamenski a pro Mongoly Igor de Rachewiltz s jeho komentovan\u00fdm vyd\u00e1n\u00edm Tajn\u00e9 historie.<\/p><p>Mircea Eliade zakotvil Tengriho ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd syst\u00e9m, v n\u011bm\u017e specialist\u00e9 komunikuj\u00ed se sv\u011btem duch\u016f.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0161amanismu<\/span> jako p\u0159\u00edklad nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed bytosti, j\u00ed\u017e chyb\u00ed aktivn\u00ed \u0161amansk\u00e1 \u010dinnost; Roberte Hamayon tento pohled pozd\u011bji kritizovala a revidovala ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle <em>La chasse \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e2me<\/em> (1990).<\/p><p>Z v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho hlediska je t\u0159eba poznamenat, \u017ee soudob\u00fd neotengrismus je modern\u00ed novotvar a nem\u011bl by b\u00fdt ztoto\u017e\u0148ov\u00e1n s historick\u00fdm stepn\u00edm tengrismem. V\u00fdzkum varuje p\u0159ed naivn\u00ed identifikac\u00ed a doporu\u010duje pe\u010dliv\u00e9 vrstven\u00ed pramen\u016f.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">V\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 debaty a otev\u0159en\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Studium Tengriho dodnes formuje n\u011bkolik v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch debat. Zaprv\u00e9: byl Tengri p\u016fvodn\u011b jedin\u00fdm nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edm bohem, nebo \u0161lo o kolektivn\u00ed pojem pro celou nebeskou vrstvu? Mongolsk\u00e1 p\u0159edstava \u201e99 Tengri\u201c (33 z\u00e1padn\u00edch b\u00edl\u00fdch, 44 v\u00fdchodn\u00edch \u010dern\u00fdch a 22 mezi nimi) ukazuje na pojet\u00ed v mno\u017en\u00e9m \u010d\u00edsle, zat\u00edmco starot\u00fareck\u00e9 n\u00e1pisy nazna\u010duj\u00ed sp\u00ed\u0161e jednotn\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo.<\/p><p>Walther Heissig tuto diskusi podrobn\u011b vedl ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle <em>Die Religionen der Mongolei<\/em> (1970).<\/p><p>Zadruh\u00e9: jak ch\u00e1pat vztah mezi Tengrim a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd syst\u00e9m, v n\u011bm\u017e specialist\u00e9 komunikuj\u00ed se sv\u011btem duch\u016f.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0161amanismem<\/span>? Roberte Hamayon proti Eliadeho tezi argumentovala, \u017ee <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd syst\u00e9m, v n\u011bm\u017e specialist\u00e9 komunikuj\u00ed se sv\u011btem duch\u016f.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0161amanismus<\/span> nen\u00ed samostatnou \u201earchaickou technikou ext\u00e1ze\u201c, n\u00fdbr\u017e sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed lovecko-p\u0159\u00edbuzensk\u00e9 ekonomie; Tengri je v tomto modelu sp\u00ed\u0161e r\u00e1mcov\u00fdm \u0159\u00e1dem ne\u017e c\u00edlem.<\/p><p>Zat\u0159et\u00ed: jakou roli hraj\u00ed \u00edr\u00e1nsk\u00e9 vlivy? Ch\u00f3t\u00e1nsk\u00fd a sogdsk\u00fd p\u0159enos umo\u017enil splynut\u00ed pojm\u016f, jako je Ahura Mazda, s Tengrim, co\u017e je patrn\u00e9 v pozdn\u00edm komplexu <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145511\">Khormusty<\/a>. Zde se ukazuje, jak obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 je odd\u011blit \u201eautochtonn\u00edho\u201c a \u201esynkretick\u00e9ho\u201c Tengriho, co\u017e je metodologick\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka, je\u017e v kone\u010dn\u00e9m d\u016fsledku plat\u00ed pro cel\u00e9 d\u011bjiny n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed vnit\u0159n\u00ed Asie.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp23e73899 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp23e73899\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2fa99b9c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2fa99b9c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nebe jako zdroj politick\u00e9 legitimity: Tengri ve starotureck\u00fdch n\u00e1pisech<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2c162290 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2c162290\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp268040b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp268040b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nejstar\u0161\u00ed a nejspolehliv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed p\u00edsemn\u00e9 doklady o Tengrim poch\u00e1zej\u00ed ze starotureck\u00fdch runov\u00fdch n\u00e1pis\u016f v \u00fadol\u00ed Orchon na \u00fazem\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00edho Mongolska, kter\u00e9 jsou datov\u00e1ny do 8. stolet\u00ed. Nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed z nich jsou n\u00e1pisy na po\u010dest prince K\u00fcl Tegina a vl\u00e1dce Bilge Kagana.<\/p><p>Jsou ps\u00e1ny vlastn\u00edm p\u00edsmem, kter\u00e9 na konci 19. stolet\u00ed rozlu\u0161til d\u00e1nsk\u00fd jazykov\u011bdec Vilhelm Thomsen, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se poprv\u00e9 zp\u0159\u00edstupnila starotureck\u00e1 historie z dom\u00e1c\u00edch pramen\u016f.<\/p><p>V t\u011bchto n\u00e1pisech vystupuje Tengri p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm jako zakladatel a garant vl\u00e1dy. Opakuj\u00edc\u00ed se formule v podstat\u011b uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee nebe dosadilo kagana a \u017ee vl\u00e1dce vl\u00e1dne z moci nebes.<\/p><p>Tengri je zde m\u00e9n\u011b p\u0159edm\u011btem rozpracovan\u00e9ho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o boz\u00edch, po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch a uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u011bta.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00fdtu<\/span> ne\u017e uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed moc\u00ed, kter\u00e1 prop\u016fj\u010duje i odn\u00edm\u00e1 politickou autoritu. Podle vyzn\u011bn\u00ed n\u011bkolika pas\u00e1\u017e\u00ed plat\u00ed, \u017ee pokud lid sejde ze spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 cesty, nebe mu odep\u0159e svou podporu.<\/p><p>Toto spojen\u00ed nebesk\u00e9ho boha a legitimizace vl\u00e1dy je charakteristick\u00e9 pro tengrismus, jak jej lze rekonstruovat z nejstar\u0161\u00edch pramen\u016f. Vyvinulo se v pozoruhodn\u00fd historick\u00fd vliv: podobn\u00e9 p\u0159edstavy o nebesk\u00e9m mand\u00e1tu se pozd\u011bji objevuj\u00ed u Mongol\u016f, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e \u010cingisch\u00e1n a jeho n\u00e1stupci op\u00edrali sv\u016fj n\u00e1rok na vl\u00e1du v\u00fdslovn\u011b o v\u016fli v\u011b\u010dn\u00e9ho nebe.<\/p><p>N\u00e1pisy z Orchonu jsou tak vysoce hodnotn\u00e9 nejen jazykov\u011bdn\u011b, ale i z hlediska d\u011bjin n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed a moci, proto\u017ee zachycuj\u00ed Tengriho v jeho st\u00e1totvorn\u00e9 funkci d\u0159\u00edve, ne\u017e pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed prameny tento obraz p\u0159etvo\u0159ily vlivem ciz\u00edch prvk\u016f. P\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00e9 koncepty nebes znaj\u00ed i dal\u0161\u00ed <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/sibirsky-samanismus-tengrismus\/\">vnitroasijsk\u00e9 kultury<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp23886c36 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp23886c36\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2a626ab6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2a626ab6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tengri mezi monoteistick\u00fdm v\u00fdkladem a \u0161amanistick\u00fdm polyteistick\u00fdm kosmem<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp263d60fc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp263d60fc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp24b80099 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp24b80099\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jedna z kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch debat se t\u00fdk\u00e1 ot\u00e1zky, zda m\u00e1 b\u00fdt tengrismus ch\u00e1p\u00e1n jako monoteistick\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed s jedin\u00fdm nebesk\u00fdm bohem, nebo jako mnohovrstevn\u00fd syst\u00e9m s celou \u0159adou duch\u016f a bo\u017estev. Ob\u011b hlediska maj\u00ed sv\u00e9 zast\u00e1nce a odpov\u011b\u010f siln\u011b z\u00e1vis\u00ed na tom, jak\u00e9 prameny a jakou historickou f\u00e1zi si vybereme.<\/p><p>Pro sp\u00ed\u0161e monoteistick\u00fd v\u00fdklad hovo\u0159\u00ed skute\u010dnost, \u017ee Tengri se ve starotureck\u00fdch n\u00e1pisech objevuje jako nad\u0159azen\u00e1, jedine\u010dn\u00e1 moc, k n\u00ed\u017e se vztahuje vl\u00e1da a \u0159\u00e1d sv\u011bta.<\/p><p>N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed auto\u0159i, mimo jin\u00e9 i v okol\u00ed modern\u00edch n\u00e1rodn\u00edch hnut\u00ed v turkicky a mongolsky mluv\u00edc\u00edch zem\u00edch, tento aspekt zd\u016fraz\u0148uj\u00ed a p\u0159edkl\u00e1daj\u00ed tengrismus jako p\u016fvodn\u00ed vysp\u011bl\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed. Tento v\u00fdklad je v\u0161ak nez\u0159\u00eddka ovlivn\u011bn sou\u010dasn\u00fdmi identitn\u011b-politick\u00fdmi z\u00e1jmy a je t\u0159eba jej \u010d\u00edst kriticky.<\/p><p>Naproti tomu etnograficky dokumentovan\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed sibi\u0159sk\u00fdch a st\u0159edoasijsk\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f ukazuj\u00ed bohat\u011b obsazen\u00fd sv\u011bt duch\u016f: bo\u017estva zem\u011b, hor, vod, duchov\u00e9 p\u0159edk\u016f a ochrann\u00ed duchov\u00e9 stoj\u00ed vedle nebe. Tengri je v tomto obraze jednou, by\u0165 v\u00fdraznou, moc\u00ed mezi jin\u00fdmi, a samo nebe m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt rozd\u011bleno do n\u011bkolika vrstev.<\/p><p>Sou\u010dasn\u00fd v\u00fdzkum se p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b p\u0159ikl\u00e1n\u00ed k n\u00e1zoru, \u017ee \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd jednotn\u00fd, po stalet\u00ed nem\u011bnn\u00fd tengrismus neexistoval, ale sp\u00ed\u0161e rodina p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdch p\u0159edstav, kter\u00e9 byly podle doby, oblasti a spole\u010densk\u00e9ho kontextu odli\u0161n\u011b akcentov\u00e1ny. Tengri byl p\u0159itom spojuj\u00edc\u00edm, ale ne pevn\u011b definovan\u00fdm prvkem.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp21a28b01 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp21a28b01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp21ba36c3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp21ba36c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Stav pramen\u016f: ciz\u00ed zpr\u00e1vy, etnografie a probl\u00e9m rekonstrukce<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp245c69c8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp245c69c8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2182fa7e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2182fa7e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V\u00fdzkum Tengriho stoj\u00ed p\u0159ed z\u00e1sadn\u00edm probl\u00e9mem pramen\u016f. Nejstar\u0161\u00ed dom\u00e1c\u00ed sv\u011bdectv\u00ed, orchonsk\u00e9 n\u00e1pisy, jsou stru\u010dn\u00e1 a omezen\u00e1 na vlada\u0159sk\u00fd kontext. Pro d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed dobu a pro v\u011bt\u0161inu oblast\u00ed chyb\u00ed p\u00edsemn\u00e1 vlastn\u00ed sv\u011bdectv\u00ed \u00fapln\u011b, proto\u017ee p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 n\u00e1rody nevytvo\u0159ily vlastn\u00ed p\u00edsemnou kulturu nebo byla jejich <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed v\u011bdomost\u00ed a vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed mezi generacemi.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradice<\/span> \u00fastn\u00ed.<\/p><p>Velk\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st na\u0161ich poznatk\u016f tak poch\u00e1z\u00ed z ciz\u00edch zpr\u00e1v. \u010c\u00ednsk\u00e9 kroniky informuj\u00ed o n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed stepn\u00edch n\u00e1rod\u016f, st\u0159edov\u011bc\u00ed poutn\u00edci jako Vil\u00e9m z Rubruku a Giovanni da Pian del Carpine popsali n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed Mongol\u016f z evropsk\u00e9ho hlediska, per\u0161t\u00ed a arab\u0161t\u00ed auto\u0159i p\u0159inesli dal\u0161\u00ed pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p><p>Tyto prameny jsou cenn\u00e9, ale zabarven\u00e9 perspektivou a pojmy pozorovatel\u016f. K tomu p\u0159istupuje rozs\u00e1hl\u00fd etnografick\u00fd materi\u00e1l z 18. a\u017e 20. stolet\u00ed o sibi\u0159sk\u00fdch a st\u0159edoasijsk\u00fdch n\u00e1rodech, kter\u00fd v\u0161ak dokumentuje ji\u017e siln\u011b prom\u011bn\u011bnou religiozitu, \u010dasto p\u0159ekrytou buddhismem, isl\u00e1mem a pozd\u011bji sov\u011btsk\u00fdm protin\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm tlakem.<\/p><p>Rekonstrukce historick\u00e9ho tengrismu mus\u00ed tyto nesourod\u00e9 prameny propojit, a to s sebou nese zna\u010dn\u00e1 rizika. Existuje poku\u0161en\u00ed odvozovat z pozdn\u00edch etnografick\u00fdch pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed jednotn\u00fd prap\u016fvodn\u00ed stav nebo dopl\u0148ovat stru\u010dn\u00e9 n\u00e1pisy materi\u00e1lem ze stepn\u00ed etnografie.<\/p><p>Metodicky obez\u0159etn\u00fd v\u00fdzkum proto pe\u010dliv\u011b rozli\u0161uje mezi t\u00edm, co je pro danou dobu a oblast skute\u010dn\u011b dolo\u017eeno, a t\u00edm, co z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 rekonstrukc\u00ed a hypot\u00e9zou. Pro Tengriho to znamen\u00e1: z\u00e1kladn\u00ed funkce nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed nebesk\u00e9 moci je dob\u0159e dolo\u017eena, propracovan\u00e9 detaily mnoha popis\u016f je v\u0161ak t\u0159eba \u010d\u00edst s v\u00fdhradou.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (v\u00fdb\u011br)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Jean-Paul Roux: <em>La religion des Turcs et des Mongols<\/em> (Payot 1984)<\/li><li>Vladimir Basilov: <em>Shamanism in Siberia<\/em> (1984)<\/li><li>Wilhelm Radloff: <em>Aus Sibirien<\/em> (1893)<\/li><li>Mircea Eliade: <em>Le chamanisme et les techniques archa\u00efques de l&#8217;Ekstase<\/em> (1951)<\/li><li>Igor de Rachewiltz: <em>The Secret History of the Mongols<\/em> (Brill 2004)<\/li><li>Andrei Znamenski: <em>Shamanism and Western Imagination<\/em> (2007)<\/li><li>Marlene Laruelle: <em>Tengrism<\/em> (2007)<\/li><li>Talat Tekin: <em>A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic<\/em> (1968)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Souvisej\u00edc\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 pojmy: Tengri M\u00f6ngke K\u00f6ke Tengri K\u00f6kt\u00fcrken Orchon Bilge Kagan deus otiosus.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-tengri\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard a ochrann\u00e9 tradice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard navazuje na kulturn\u011b-historickou tradici nositeln\u00fdch ochrann\u00fdch p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f, v tradici <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/sibirsky-samanismus-tengrismus\/\">Sibi\u0159e \/ tengrismu<\/a> a mnoha dal\u0161\u00edch kultur po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b. 41 vrstev, ryz\u00ed zlato, platina, st\u0159\u00edbro, vyrobeno v N\u011bmecku. 30denn\u00ed lh\u016fta na vr\u00e1cen\u00ed.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">V\u00edce o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">V\u00edce o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-ccb 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elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Osobn\u00ed zku\u0161enosti se mohou li\u0161it. Nejedn\u00e1 se o zdravotnick\u00fd prost\u0159edek. Nen\u00ed slibem l\u00e9\u010div\u00e9ho \u00fa\u010dinku.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>nen\u00ed zdravotnick\u00fd prost\u0159edek<\/strong> a nenahrazuje l\u00e9ka\u0159skou ani psychoterapeutickou l\u00e9\u010dbu. Religionistick\u00fd obsah p\u0159edstavuje kulturn\u011b-historick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed, nikoli doporu\u010den\u00ed duchovn\u00ed praxe.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2857,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Tengri nebesk\u00fd b\u016fh tengrismus","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Tengri \u2013 nebesk\u00fd b\u016fh stepn\u00edch n\u00e1rod\u016f, m\u00fdtus a prameny","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Tengri je v\u011b\u010dn\u00fd nebesk\u00fd b\u016fh turecko-mongolsk\u00fdch a sibi\u0159sk\u00fdch Tengrist\u016f. 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