{"id":145501,"date":"2026-09-03T16:31:00","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:31:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=145501"},"modified":"2026-09-03T16:57:45","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:57:45","slug":"eshmun-buh-leceni-sidon","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/eshmun-buh-leceni-sidon\/","title":{"rendered":"Eshmun \u2013 b\u016fh l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed ze Sidonu"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"145501\" class=\"elementor elementor-145501 elementor-2629 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Eshmun, f\u00e9nick\u00fd b\u016fh l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed a m\u011bstsk\u00fd b\u016fh Sidonu<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Eshmun (f\u00e9nicky <em>\u02be\u0161mn<\/em>) je nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed m\u011bstsk\u00fd b\u016fh Sidonu a jeden z nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch boh\u016f l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed f\u00e9nick\u00e9ho sv\u011bta. Byl ztoto\u017e\u0148ov\u00e1n s \u0159eck\u00fdm Askl\u00e9piem a stoj\u00ed v centru v\u00fdznamn\u00e9ho l\u00e9\u010ditelsk\u00e9ho kultu se slavn\u00fdm Eshmunov\u00fdm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed k uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1mem<\/span> u Sidonu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"B\u016fh tradice F\u00e9nick\u00e1.\">B\u016fh<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/fenicane-a-kartago-baal-tanit\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mytologie tradice F\u00e9nick\u00e1.\">F\u00e9nick\u00e1<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"B\u016fh l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed.\">B\u016fh l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na t\\u00e9to str\\u00e1nce nebyly nalezeny \\u017e\\u00e1dn\\u00e9 nadpisy.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-eshmun-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-eshmun-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-eshmun-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_eshmun-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-147334\" alt=\"Eshmun - b\u016fh z f\u00e9nick\u00e9 tradice, historicky-ilustrativn\u00ed\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_eshmun-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_eshmun-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_eshmun-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_eshmun.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-sec-iwgcomp-eshmun elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"sec-iwgcomp-eshmun\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-col-iwgcomp-eshmun\" data-id=\"col-iwgcomp-eshmun\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcomp-eshmun elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcomp-eshmun\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o boz\u00edch, po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch a \u0159\u00e1du sv\u011bta.\" tabindex=\"0\">M\u00fdtus<\/span><\/strong> o Eshmunovi spojuje f\u00e9nick\u00e9 l\u00e9\u010ditelsk\u00e9 kulty s hel\u00e9nistick\u00fdmi tradicemi Askl\u00e9pia a po stalet\u00ed formoval chr\u00e1mov\u00fd kult v Sidonu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Za\u0159azen\u00ed a stru\u010dn\u00fd profil<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Eshmun pat\u0159\u00ed k nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm f\u00e9nick\u00fdm bo\u017estv\u016fm; je m\u011bstsk\u00fdm bohem Sidonu a pravideln\u011b vystupuje spolu s <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145497\">Astarte<\/a> jako bo\u017esk\u00fd p\u00e1r Sidonu.<\/p><p>Sabatino Moscati ve sv\u00e9 knize <em>Die Ph\u00f6niker<\/em> (1966) uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee Eshmun\u016fv <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factypln\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f v\u016f\u010di bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 postav\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> m\u011bl v Sidonu kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd n\u00e1bo\u017eenskopolitick\u00fd a hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd v\u00fdznam; Eshmun\u016fv <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed k uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> u Bostan esh-Sheikh severov\u00fdchodn\u011b od Sidonu je jednou z nejl\u00e9pe dochovan\u00fdch f\u00e9nick\u00fdch svatyn\u00ed.<\/p><p>Z n\u00e1bo\u017eenskov\u011bdn\u00edho hlediska p\u0159edstavuje Eshmun typ boha l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed, kter\u00fd sez\u00f3nn\u011b um\u00edr\u00e1 a vst\u00e1v\u00e1 z mrtv\u00fdch. Jeho funk\u010dn\u00ed profil je v\u00fdrazn\u011b u\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e profil <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145496\">Baal-Hadada<\/a>: Eshmun je prim\u00e1rn\u011b bohem l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed a ochr\u00e1ncem m\u011bsta, m\u00e9n\u011b bohem po\u010das\u00ed.<\/p><p>Toto zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed na l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed a m\u011bstsk\u00e9 funkce je ve f\u00e9nick\u00e9m <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn boh\u016f n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed nebo kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonu<\/span> nezvykl\u00e9 a \u010din\u00ed z Eshmuna samostatnou teologickou postavu. Uvnit\u0159 <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/fenicane-a-kartago-baal-tanit\/\">f\u00e9nick\u00e9 tradice<\/a> je prototypick\u00fdm bohem l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed.<\/p><p>Corinne Bonnetov\u00e1 se v n\u011bkolika studi\u00edch v\u011bnovala ztoto\u017en\u011bn\u00ed Eshmuna s \u0159eck\u00fdm Askl\u00e9piem a jeho teologick\u00fdm d\u016fsledk\u016fm. Toto ztoto\u017en\u011bn\u00ed je liter\u00e1rn\u011b dolo\u017eeno od 5. stolet\u00ed p\u0159. Kr. a vedlo ke vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9mu ovliv\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed obou kultovn\u00edch tradic. V hel\u00e9nistick\u00e9 dob\u011b se Eshmun\u016fv <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed k uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> st\u00e1v\u00e1 nadregion\u00e1ln\u00edm asklepieionem.<\/p><p>Zvl\u00e1\u0161tnost\u00ed Eshmuna je jeho t\u011bsn\u00e9 spojen\u00ed se sidonsk\u00fdm kr\u00e1lovsk\u00fdm rodem. Eshmunazar I., Eshmunazar II., Bod-Eshmun a n\u011bkolik dal\u0161\u00edch sidonsk\u00fdch kr\u00e1l\u016f nese jeho teonym ve sv\u00e9m jm\u00e9n\u011b. Tato onomastick\u00e1 tradice dokl\u00e1d\u00e1 centr\u00e1ln\u00ed postaven\u00ed Eshmuna v d\u011bjin\u00e1ch sidonsk\u00e9 dynastie.<\/p><p>Teologick\u00e9 spojen\u00ed Eshmuna s <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145497\">Astarte<\/a> jako bo\u017esk\u00fd p\u00e1r Sidonu je analogick\u00e9 konstelaci <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145496\">Baal-Hadad<\/a>-Anat nebo <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145500\">Baal-Hammon<\/a>&#8211;<a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145499\">Tanit<\/a> v jin\u00fdch f\u00e9nick\u00fdch m\u011bstsk\u00fdch st\u00e1tech.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jm\u00e9no a etymologie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Etymologie jm\u00e9na Eshmun je sporn\u00e1. Jeden mo\u017en\u00fd v\u00fdklad spojuje <em>\u02be\u0161mn<\/em> s \u010d\u00edslovkou &#8218;osm&#8216; (z\u00e1padosemitsky <em>\u0161mn<\/em>); Eshmun by pak byl &#8218;osm\u00fd&#8216;, pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b jako osm\u00fd syn bo\u017e\u00ed rodiny nebo osm\u00e9 po\u0159adov\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo v seznamu boh\u016f.<\/p><p>Jin\u00fd v\u00fdklad ch\u00e1pe <em>\u02be\u0161mn<\/em> jako spojen\u00ed se slovem pro &#8218;olej&#8216; (<em>\u0161mn<\/em>); Eshmun by pak byl &#8218;pomazan\u00fd&#8216; nebo &#8218;spojen\u00fd s olejem&#8216;, co\u017e by odpov\u00eddalo jeho funkci l\u00e9\u010ditele.<\/p><p>V n\u00e1pisech se vyskytuje jako <em>\u02be\u0161mn<\/em>; v \u0159eck\u00fdch pramenech jako Eshmun (\u1f18\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd nebo \u1f08\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2). Damaskios (6. stolet\u00ed n. Kr.) uv\u00e1d\u00ed ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle <em>Quaestiones Vitae<\/em>, \u017ee Eshmun byl mlad\u00fd mu\u017e z Beir\u00fatu, kter\u00fd si vzal ze \u017ealu z ne\u0161\u0165astn\u00e9 l\u00e1sky \u017eivot ve studni, a po smrti byl uct\u00edv\u00e1n jako b\u016fh.<\/p><p>Tento pozdn\u00ed &#8218;h\u00e9roick\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o boz\u00edch, po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch a \u0159\u00e1du sv\u011bta.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00fdtus<\/span>&#8218; je z n\u00e1bo\u017eenskov\u011bdn\u00edho hlediska zaj\u00edmav\u00fd, proto\u017ee zachycuje ztoto\u017en\u011bn\u00ed s Adonisem a s typem smrteln\u011b-bo\u017esk\u00e9ho h\u00e9roa.<\/p><p>V akkad\u0161tin\u011b a hetit\u0161tin\u011b nebyl Eshmun p\u0159\u00edmo identifikov\u00e1n. Nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je \u0159eck\u00e1 identifikace s Askl\u00e9piem; dosv\u011bd\u010duj\u00ed ji Pausanias a dal\u0161\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Obdob\u00ed \u0159eck\u00e9 a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 kultury, p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 800 p\u0159. Kr. a\u017e 600 n. Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">anti\u010dt\u00ed<\/span> auto\u0159i. V Kart\u00e1gu a v z\u00e1padn\u00edch koloni\u00edch se Eshmun objevuje tak\u00e9, ov\u0161em v\u00fdrazn\u011b m\u00e9n\u011b \u010dasto ne\u017e <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145500\">Baal-Hammon<\/a> nebo <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145499\">Tanit<\/a>.<\/p><p>V pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed kart\u00e1ginsk\u00e9 tradici se Eshmun objevuje s p\u0159\u00edzviskem &#8218;L\u00e9\u010ditel&#8216; a je p\u0159\u00edmo ztoto\u017e\u0148ov\u00e1n s \u0159eck\u00fdm Askl\u00e9piem. Toto ztoto\u017en\u011bn\u00ed s Askl\u00e9piem formovalo kart\u00e1ginskou l\u00e9\u010ditelskou kulturu a p\u0159etrvalo z\u00e1nik punsk\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu v \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9m obdob\u00ed pod jm\u00e9nem Aesculapius.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Popis a ikonografie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Eshmun se v f\u00e9nick\u00e9 ikonografii zobrazuje jako mladistv\u00fd vousat\u00fd nebo bezvous\u00fd b\u016fh, \u010dasto s hol\u00ed a hadem, l\u00e9\u010debn\u00fdm symbolem par excellence. V hel\u00e9nistick\u00e9 dob\u011b se jeho ikonografie z velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti sjednocuje s askl\u00e9piovskou tradic\u00ed: h\u016fl s obto\u010den\u00fdm hadem, dlouh\u00fd pl\u00e1\u0161\u0165, klidn\u00fd postoj.<\/p><p>Jeho svat\u00fdm zv\u00ed\u0159etem je had; Eshmun\u016fv <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ein Bauwerk, das der Verehrung einer oder mehrerer Gottheiten dient.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> u Sid\u00f3nu m\u011bl skute\u010dn\u011b chovan\u00e9 svat\u00e9 hady, jak dokl\u00e1d\u00e1 Damaskios. Tradice had\u00edch <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ein der Verehrung einer Gottheit gewidmeter heiliger Ort.\" tabindex=\"0\">svatyn\u00ed<\/span> spojuje Eshmuna s \u0159eck\u00fdm askl\u00e9piem v Epidauru, kde byli rovn\u011b\u017e chov\u00e1ni svat\u00ed hadi. Tak\u00e9 kohout se u n\u011bj p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitostn\u011b objevuje jako doprovodn\u00e9 zv\u00ed\u0159e, co\u017e je dal\u0161\u00ed shoda s Askl\u00e9piem.<\/p><p>Eshmun\u016fv <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ein Bauwerk, das der Verehrung einer oder mehrerer Gottheiten dient.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> u Bostan esh-Sheikh je archeologicky dob\u0159e zdokumentov\u00e1n; vykop\u00e1vky pod veden\u00edm Maurice Dunanda a v nov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed dob\u011b pod veden\u00edm Patty Gerstenblith zve\u0159ejnily architekturu chr\u00e1mu, n\u00e1pisy i votivn\u00ed dary.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ein Bauwerk, das der Verehrung einer oder mehrerer Gottheiten dient.\" tabindex=\"0\">Chr\u00e1m<\/span> disponoval l\u00e9\u010debnou l\u00e1zn\u00ed (<em>balneum<\/em>) s tekouc\u00ed vodou z bl\u00edzk\u00e9 hory, v n\u00ed\u017e hledaj\u00edc\u00ed uzdraven\u00ed provozovali ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed om\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed. Tato l\u00e9\u010debn\u00e1 architektura pat\u0159\u00ed k nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm sv\u011bdectv\u00edm f\u00e9nick\u00e9ho l\u00e9\u010ditelsk\u00e9ho kultu.<\/p><p>Mramorov\u00e1 so\u0161ka d\u00edt\u011bte s p\u0159\u00edzviskem &#8218;Chlapec Eshmun\u016fv&#8216;, nalezen\u00e1 v Eshmunov\u011b <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ein Bauwerk, das der Verehrung einer oder mehrerer Gottheiten dient.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1mu<\/span>, je jedn\u00edm z nejslavn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch jednotliv\u00fdch p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f; byla <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Durch eine religi\u00f6se Handlung dem Heiligen \u00fcbergeben und damit aus dem Allt\u00e4glichen herausgehoben.\" tabindex=\"0\">zasv\u011bcena<\/span> Eshmunazarem II. a zobrazuje ikonick\u00fd mladistv\u011b-svat\u00fd charakter boha.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mytologick\u00e1 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>F\u00e9nick\u00e9 m\u00fdty o Eshmunovi se dochovaly jen zlomkovit\u011b. Damaskios pod\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u00fd\u0161e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 hrdinsk\u00e9 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed: Eshmun, kr\u00e1sn\u00fd mlad\u00edk z Bejr\u00fatu, byl pron\u00e1sledov\u00e1n Astartou; aby unikl jej\u00ed l\u00e1sce, s\u00e1m se vykastroval a zem\u0159el. Astarta jeho t\u011blo vzala, p\u0159inesla je zp\u011bt do Bejr\u00fatu a &#8218;vzk\u0159\u00edsila ho k nov\u00e9mu \u017eivotu \u017eivotod\u00e1rn\u00fdm teplem&#8216;.<\/p><p>Toto vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed pat\u0159\u00ed strukturn\u011b k tradici Adonis-Tamm\u00faz: mlad\u00fd smrteln\u011b-bo\u017esk\u00fd h\u00e9ros, jeho smrt, jeho vzk\u0159\u00ed\u0161en\u00ed bohyn\u00ed. N\u00e1bo\u017eensko-historicky se jedn\u00e1 o p\u0159\u00edklad f\u00e9nick\u00e9 varianty motivu &#8218;um\u00edraj\u00edc\u00edho a vzk\u0159\u00ed\u0161en\u00e9ho boha&#8216;, kter\u00fd byl v z\u00e1padn\u00edm St\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en.<\/p><p>Druh\u00e1 tradice spojuje Eshmuna s uzdravov\u00e1n\u00edm prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm bo\u017esk\u00e9ho zjeven\u00ed ve snu (<em>incubatio<\/em>): hledaj\u00edc\u00ed uzdraven\u00ed sp\u00e1vali v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ein Bauwerk, das der Verehrung einer oder mehrerer Gottheiten dient.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1mu<\/span> a ve snu p\u0159ij\u00edmali l\u00e9\u010debn\u00e9 pokyny.<\/p><p>Tato praxe odpov\u00edd\u00e1 \u0159eck\u00e9 askl\u00e9piovsk\u00e9 tradici a v obou kultur\u00e1ch se rozv\u00edjela paraleln\u011b nebo d\u00edky vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9 v\u00fdm\u011bn\u011b. <em>Svat\u00e9 \u0159e\u010di<\/em> Aelia Aristida ze 2. stolet\u00ed n. l. dokumentuj\u00ed tuto inkuba\u010dn\u00ed praxi podrobn\u011b pro Askl\u00e9pia; pro Eshmuna se podobn\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy dochovaly ze Sid\u00f3nu a Bejr\u00fatu.<\/p><p>Fragment\u00e1rn\u00ed f\u00e9nick\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ein in einen festen Tr\u00e4ger eingeritzter oder gemei\u00dfelter Text.\" tabindex=\"0\">n\u00e1pis<\/span> z Kart\u00e1ga zmi\u0148uje Eshmunovu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ein feierlicher religi\u00f6ser Umzug.\" tabindex=\"0\">procesi<\/span> s nos\u00edtky a &#8218;probuzen\u00ed&#8216; v jarn\u00ed den. Tato jarn\u00ed proces\u00ed je historicky spojena se sv\u00e1tkem probuzen\u00ed <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145498\">Melqarta<\/a> a pat\u0159\u00ed do f\u00e9nick\u00e9 jarn\u00ed sv\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed tradice.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult a uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hlavn\u00edm kultovn\u00edm m\u00edstem Eshmuna byl <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ein Bauwerk, das der Verehrung einer oder mehrerer Gottheiten dient.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> u Bostan esh-Sheikh, p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 4 km severov\u00fdchodn\u011b od antick\u00e9ho Sid\u00f3nu. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ein Bauwerk, das der Verehrung einer oder mehrerer Gottheiten dient.\" tabindex=\"0\">Chr\u00e1m<\/span> zalo\u017eil v 6. stolet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l. kr\u00e1l Eshmunazar I. a n\u00e1kladn\u011b jej roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159il Eshmunazar II. (5. stolet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l.).<\/p><p>Slavn\u00fd n\u00e1pis na sarkof\u00e1gu Eshmunazara II. (v Louvru) pat\u0159\u00ed k nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm f\u00e9nick\u00fdm n\u00e1pis\u016fm v\u016fbec; naz\u00fdv\u00e1 Eshmuna &#8218;m\u00fdm p\u00e1nem&#8216; a popisuje jeho kultovn\u00ed v\u00fdznam.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ein Bauwerk, das der Verehrung einer oder mehrerer Gottheiten dient.\" tabindex=\"0\">Chr\u00e1m<\/span> zahrnoval n\u011bkolik komplex\u016f: hlavn\u00ed budovu s nejsv\u011bt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed svatyn\u00ed, l\u00e9\u010debnou l\u00e1ze\u0148 s tekouc\u00ed vodou, n\u00e1dvo\u0159\u00ed s olt\u00e1\u0159i, prostory pro inkubaci a oblasti pro votivn\u00ed dary. Hledaj\u00edc\u00ed uzdraven\u00ed p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161eli dary ve form\u011b bronzov\u00fdch kost\u00ed, hlin\u011bn\u00fdch figurek, n\u00e1pis\u016f a &#8218;zlat\u00fdch u\u0161\u00ed&#8216; (znamen\u00ed d\u00edk\u016f za vysly\u0161en\u00e9 modlitby).<\/p><p>Krom\u011b toho m\u011bl Eshmun svatyn\u011b v Bejr\u00fatu, v Kart\u00e1gu (kde byl ct\u011bn na kopci Byrsa), v Idalionu na Kypru a na n\u011bkolika dal\u0161\u00edch m\u00edstech. V Idalionu se \u010dasto objevuje spole\u010dn\u011b s f\u00e9nickou Astartou a \u0159eckou Afroditou. V Kart\u00e1gu se p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitostn\u011b objevuje vedle <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145500\">Baal-Hammona<\/a>, p\u0159itom si zachov\u00e1v\u00e1 svou samostatnou l\u00e9\u010ditelskou funkci.<\/p><p>Eshmunovy n\u00e1pisy ze Sid\u00f3nu podrobn\u011b dokumentuj\u00ed kn\u011b\u017eskou hierarchii: <em>kohen<\/em> (kn\u011bz), <em>moqim \u02beelim<\/em> (&#8218;probouze\u010d boha&#8216;), slu\u017eebn\u00edci <em>\u02bfbd<\/em> a slu\u017eebnice <em>\u02bemh<\/em>. Tato hierarchie je srovnateln\u00e1 s hierarchi\u00ed Melqartova kultu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ochrann\u00e1 praxe a apotropaick\u00e9 prvky<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>E\u0161mun byl prototypick\u00fdm f\u00e9nick\u00fdm bohem uzdravov\u00e1n\u00ed. Nemocn\u00ed p\u0159ich\u00e1zeli z cel\u00e9 v\u00fdchodn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti St\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ed, aby v jeho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed k uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1mu<\/span> nalezli uzdraven\u00ed. Kl\u00ed\u010dovou roli hr\u00e1la praxe inkubace: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u010clov\u011bk, kter\u00fd podnik\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eensky motivovanou cestu na svat\u00e9 m\u00edsto.\" tabindex=\"0\">poutn\u00edci<\/span> sp\u00e1vali v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed k uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1mu<\/span>, \u010dasto na zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edch ko\u017ee\u0161in\u00e1ch, a ve snu p\u0159ij\u00edmali uzdravuj\u00edc\u00ed pokyny.<\/p><p>R\u00e1no kn\u011b\u017e\u00ed sen vylo\u017eili; uzdraven\u00ed nast\u00e1valo \u010dasto u\u017e samotn\u00fdm sn\u011bn\u00edm, ritu\u00e1ln\u00edmi koupelemi nebo p\u0159edepsan\u00fdmi rostlinn\u00fdmi prost\u0159edky.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Odvracej\u00edc\u00ed ne\u0161t\u011bst\u00ed: o znamen\u00edch a p\u0159edm\u011btech, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed odvracet \u0161kodliv\u00e9 vlivy.\" tabindex=\"0\">Apotropn\u011b<\/span> se v domech stav\u011bly E\u0161munovy so\u0161ky; slavn\u00e9 \u201esidonsk\u00e9 figurky chlapc\u016f\u201c z E\u0161munova <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed k uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1mu<\/span> (sb\u00edrka N\u00e1rodn\u00edho muzea v Bejr\u00fatu) zobrazuj\u00ed mal\u00e9 chlapce nebo d\u00edvky, pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b votivn\u00ed dary za uzdraven\u00ed nemocn\u00fdch d\u011bt\u00ed. N\u00e1pisy na t\u011bchto soch\u00e1ch potvrzuj\u00ed jejich funkci jako vzdan\u00fdch d\u00edk\u016f nebo proseb.<\/p><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">Ve f\u00e9nick\u00fdch osobn\u00edch jm\u00e9nech se E\u0161munovo theonymum objevuje velmi \u010dasto: E\u0161munazar \u201eE\u0161mun pom\u00e1h\u00e1\u201c, E\u0161munpalat \u201eE\u0161mun zachra\u0148uje\u201c, Bod-E\u0161mun \u201erukou E\u0161muna\u201c. \u010cetnost theoforn\u00edch jmen ukazuje na intenzivn\u00ed osobn\u00ed zbo\u017enost. iWell Guard uv\u00e1d\u00ed E\u0161muna jako historicko-religionistickou postavu bez vztahu k sou\u010dasn\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edslib\u016fm uzdraven\u00ed; kult uzdravov\u00e1n\u00ed je historick\u00fd jev, kter\u00fd je v\u011bdecky rekonstruov\u00e1n, nikoli prakticky p\u0159eb\u00edr\u00e1n.<\/p><p>V uzdravovac\u00edch ritu\u00e1lech se nav\u00edc p\u0159edepisovaly rostlinn\u00e9 prost\u0159edky; f\u00e9ni\u010dt\u00ed kn\u011b\u017e\u00ed disponovali farmakologick\u00fdmi znalostmi, kter\u00e9 se p\u0159ed\u00e1valy ve form\u011b l\u00e9\u010debn\u00fdch text\u016f. Fragmenty takov\u00fdch text\u016f lze rozpoznat v n\u00e1pisech E\u0161munova <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed k uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1mu<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralely v jin\u00fdch kultur\u00e1ch<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed historickou paralelou je \u0159eck\u00fd Askl\u00e9pios; identifikace je liter\u00e1rn\u011b dolo\u017eena od 5. stolet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l. Askl\u00e9pios je synem Apoll\u00f3na, zru\u010dn\u00fdm l\u00e9\u010ditelem s hol\u00ed a hadem jako atributy. Shody mezi ob\u011bma jsou tak v\u00fdrazn\u00e9, \u017ee je pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9 vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9 ovlivn\u011bn\u00ed. T\u011bmito souvislostmi se zab\u00fdvaly Stephanie Budin, Corinne Bonnet a Mary Bachvarova.<\/p><p>V mezopotamsk\u00e9 oblasti odpov\u00edd\u00e1 E\u0161mun \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b bohu uzdravov\u00e1n\u00ed Damu a bohu Ninazu; v hetitsk\u00e9m materi\u00e1lu neexistuje p\u0159\u00edm\u00fd paraleln\u00ed b\u016fh, existuj\u00ed v\u0161ak uzdravovac\u00ed ritu\u00e1ly spojen\u00e9 s hurrijskou tradic\u00ed Kamru\u0161epy. <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/hetitsko-anatolske-tarhunna-bohove\/\">Hetitsk\u00e1 tradice<\/a> m\u011bla svou vlastn\u00ed l\u00e9\u010ditelskou kulturu prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm \u201estar\u00fdch \u017een\u201c (<em>\u1e2aAR.\u1e2aAR<\/em>), ani\u017e by m\u011bla specifick\u00e9ho boha uzdravov\u00e1n\u00ed v takov\u00e9m smyslu, jako je j\u00edm E\u0161mun.<\/p><p>S Adonisem sd\u00edl\u00ed E\u0161mun h\u00e9rosovsk\u00fd mytolog\u00e9m smrti a znovuo\u017eiven\u00ed bohyn\u00ed. Oba pat\u0159\u00ed k z\u00e1padosemitsk\u00e9 tradici vegeta\u010dn\u00edho h\u00e9roa, k n\u00ed\u017e pat\u0159\u00ed i <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145498\">Melkart<\/a>. Religionisticky je tato h\u00e9rosovsk\u00e1 rodina d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm historick\u00fdm jevem f\u00e9nick\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prehistorick\u00e1 epocha po dob\u011b bronzov\u00e9, charakterizovan\u00e1 zpracov\u00e1n\u00edm \u017eeleza.\" tabindex=\"0\">doby \u017eelezn\u00e9<\/span>.<\/p><p>Tak\u00e9 <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/hetitsko-anatolske-tarhunna-bohove\/\">hetitsk\u00e1 l\u00e9\u010ditelsk\u00e1 kultura<\/a> a jej\u00ed tradice, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm ritu\u00e1ly \u201estar\u00e9 \u017eeny\u201c a inkuba\u010dn\u00ed praktiky, vykazuj\u00ed funk\u010dn\u00ed shody s E\u0161munov\u00fdm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factyhodn\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f v\u016f\u010di bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 postav\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultem<\/span>. Volkert Haas zdokumentoval starobyl\u00e9 anatolsk\u00e9 uzdravovac\u00ed ritu\u00e1ly v d\u00edle <em>Materia Magica et Medica Hethitica<\/em> (2003); p\u0159\u00edmou religionistickou souvislost nelze prok\u00e1zat, struktur\u00e1ln\u00ed paralely jsou v\u0161ak pou\u010dn\u00e9.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sou\u010dasn\u00e1 recepce a v\u00fdzkum<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V\u00fdzkum E\u0161muna dosahuje dnes vysok\u00e9 \u00farovn\u011b. Vykop\u00e1vky chr\u00e1mu Maurice Dunanda z 60. let 20. stolet\u00ed jsou klasickou standardn\u00ed referenc\u00ed; Patty Gerstenblith a H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Sader v archeologick\u00e9m v\u00fdzkumu nav\u00e1zaly. V\u00fdzkumy Corinne Bonnetov\u00e9 k asklepijsk\u00e9mu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Splynut\u00ed p\u0159edstav nebo bo\u017estev z r\u016fzn\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch tradic.\" tabindex=\"0\">synkretismu<\/span> jsou d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 z hlediska religionistick\u00e9ho srovn\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p><p>V popul\u00e1rn\u00ed recepci je E\u0161mun zn\u00e1m d\u00edky sv\u00e9mu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed k uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1mu<\/span> u Sidonu; <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed k uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> je dnes archeologick\u00fdm m\u00edstem a turistickou atrakc\u00ed. Sarkof\u00e1g E\u0161munazara v Louvru pat\u0159\u00ed k nejslavn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm f\u00e9nick\u00fdm staro\u017eitnostem v\u016fbec.<\/p><p>V\u011bdecky je E\u0161mun dnes pova\u017eov\u00e1n za kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd p\u0159edm\u011bt studia f\u00e9nick\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed uzdravov\u00e1n\u00ed, st\u0159edomo\u0159sk\u00e9 asklepijsk\u00e9 tradice a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e1 nauka o Bohu a v\u00ed\u0159e n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologie<\/span> smrteln\u011b-bo\u017esk\u00e9ho h\u00e9roa. Aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed t\u011b\u017ei\u0161t\u011b v\u00fdzkumu spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v edici nov\u00fdch E\u0161munov\u00fdch n\u00e1pis\u016f, v anal\u00fdze votivn\u00edch dar\u016f z <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed k uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1mu<\/span> a v ot\u00e1zce p\u0159esn\u00e9ho historick\u00e9ho vztahu k Askl\u00e9piovi.<\/p><p>Aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdzkumy H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Sader a Marka Smithe k f\u00e9nick\u00e9mu n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed zasazuj\u00ed E\u0161muna do \u0161ir\u0161\u00edho religionistick\u00e9ho kontextu: jako p\u0159edstavitele mlad\u0161\u00ed generace boh\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prehistorick\u00e1 epocha po dob\u011b bronzov\u00e9, charakterizovan\u00e1 zpracov\u00e1n\u00edm \u017eeleza.\" tabindex=\"0\">dob\u011b \u017eelezn\u00e9<\/span> diferencuj\u00ed specifick\u00e9 funkce, je\u017e byly v pozdn\u00ed dob\u011b bronzov\u00e9 je\u0161t\u011b soust\u0159ed\u011bny v jedn\u00e9 ruce.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura a prameny<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00fdb\u011br shrnuje nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed standardn\u00ed d\u00edla k v\u00fdzkumu E\u0161muna. Zahrnuje publikace o chr\u00e1mu, edice n\u00e1pis\u016f a historick\u00e9 synt\u00e9zy. Dunandova publikace o chr\u00e1mu je klasickou referenc\u00ed; Bonnetov\u00e1 a Sader poskytuj\u00ed f\u00e9nickou a religionistickou kontextualizaci; Aubetov\u00e1 mediterrann\u00ed roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed; Krahmalkov jazykov\u011b-historick\u00fd materi\u00e1l.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp29b4c80e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp29b4c80e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp20285701 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp20285701\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">E\u0161munova svatyn\u011b v Bustan e\u0161-\u0160ejch u Sidonu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d64a737 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2d64a737\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2cff5052 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2cff5052\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed archeologick\u00fd n\u00e1lez t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se <em>Eschmuna<\/em> se nach\u00e1z\u00ed p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b t\u0159i kilometry severov\u00fdchodn\u011b od Sidonu v dne\u0161n\u00edm Libanonu, na m\u00edst\u011b naz\u00fdvan\u00e9m Bustan e\u0161-\u0160ejch. Zde bylo od roku 1900, nejprve osmansk\u00fdmi a n\u011bmeck\u00fdmi, pozd\u011bji libanonsk\u00fdmi a francouzsk\u00fdmi archeology, odkryto rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u00edsto zasv\u011bcen\u00e9 uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bo\u017estva.\" tabindex=\"0\">svatyn\u011b<\/span>.<\/p><p>Monument\u00e1ln\u00edm j\u00e1drem je velk\u00e1 podiov\u00e1 terasa z pe\u010dliv\u011b opracovan\u00fdch kv\u00e1dr\u016f, postaven\u00e1 pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b za sidonsk\u00e9ho kr\u00e1le Boda\u0161tarta na konci 6. stolet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u00edsto zasv\u011bcen\u00e9 uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bo\u017estva.\" tabindex=\"0\">Svatyn\u011b<\/span> je v\u00fdznamn\u00e1 t\u00edm, \u017ee nab\u00edz\u00ed vz\u00e1cn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 spojen\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytost uct\u00edvan\u00e1 jako bo\u017esk\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estva<\/span>, kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 moci a stavebn\u00edho n\u00e1pisu. N\u011bkolik stavebn\u00edch n\u00e1pis\u016f uv\u00e1d\u00ed Boda\u0161tarta jako zakladatele a Eschmuna jako boha, jemu\u017e tento komplex v\u011bnoval.<\/p><p>Eschmun tak nen\u00ed jen jm\u00e9nem z bo\u017esk\u00fdch seznam\u016f, ale <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytost uct\u00edvan\u00e1 jako bo\u017esk\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estvem<\/span> s datovatelnou, panovn\u00edkem podporovanou monument\u00e1ln\u00ed stavbou. \u00dast\u0159edn\u00ed roli hr\u00e1la voda: are\u00e1l prot\u00ednaj\u00ed kan\u00e1ly, n\u00e1dr\u017ee a prameny, co\u017e odpov\u00edd\u00e1 l\u00e9\u010ditelsk\u00e9mu v\u00fdkladu boha.<\/p><p>K proslul\u00fdm n\u00e1lez\u016fm pat\u0159\u00ed \u201eTr\u016fn Astart\u00e9\u201c, pr\u00e1zdn\u00fd bo\u017esk\u00fd tr\u016fn odkazuj\u00edc\u00ed na t\u011bsn\u00e9 spojen\u00ed Eschmuna s sidonskou m\u011bstskou bohyn\u00ed, a \u0159ada d\u011btsk\u00fdch so\u0161ek, kter\u00e9 jsou vykl\u00e1d\u00e1ny jako votivn\u00ed dary, mo\u017en\u00e1 v souvislosti s uzdraven\u00edm nebo ochranou. V\u00fdsledky vykop\u00e1vek publikovali mimo jin\u00e9 Maurice Dunand a pozd\u011bji Rolf Stucky.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b8a42e7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2b8a42e7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2c75b921 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2c75b921\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Eschmun a Askl\u00e9pios: antick\u00e9 ztoto\u017en\u011bn\u00ed a jeho hranice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp265ed336 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp265ed336\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp222bef1c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp222bef1c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>U\u017e <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha \u0159eck\u00e9 a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 kultury, zhruba od 800 p\u0159. n. l. do 600 n. l.\" tabindex=\"0\">anti\u010dt\u00ed<\/span> auto\u0159i ztoto\u017e\u0148ovali <em>Eshmuna<\/em> s \u0159eck\u00fdm bohem l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed <em>Askl\u00e9piem<\/em>. Tato <em>interpretatio graeca<\/em> je dob\u0159e dosv\u011bd\u010dena, nap\u0159\u00edklad u autora tradovan\u00e9ho jako Fil\u00f3n z Byblu, kter\u00fd v \u0159eck\u00e9m jazyce pod\u00e1v\u00e1 f\u00e9nick\u00e9 tradice, a vysv\u011btluje, pro\u010d byl Eshmun ve star\u0161\u00ed badatelsk\u00e9 literatu\u0159e \u010dasto prost\u011b ozna\u010dov\u00e1n jako \u201ef\u00e9nick\u00fd Askl\u00e9pios\u201c.<\/p><p>Toto ztoto\u017en\u011bn\u00ed je u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 a z\u00e1rove\u0148 nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9. U\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 proto, \u017ee potvrzuje l\u00e9\u010ditelskou str\u00e1nku Eshmuna: voda svatyn\u011b, zasv\u011bcov\u00e1n\u00ed d\u011bt\u00ed a antick\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy o uzdraven\u00edch odpov\u00eddaj\u00ed bohu, k n\u011bmu\u017e se lid\u00e9 obraceli v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nemoci.<\/p><p>Nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 proto, \u017ee sv\u00e1d\u00ed k prom\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed cel\u00e9ho \u0159eck\u00e9ho obrazu Askl\u00e9pia na Eshmuna, v\u010detn\u011b had\u00ed ikonografie a praxe inkubace, pro n\u011b\u017e ve f\u00e9nick\u00fdch n\u00e1lezech nem\u00e1me v\u0161ude p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 doklady.<\/p><p>Samostatnou badatelskou ot\u00e1zkou je p\u016fvod jm\u00e9na. Roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00fd, ale nepotvrzen\u00fd n\u00e1vrh jej spojuje se semitsk\u00fdm slovem pro \u201eolej\u201c nebo \u201emastn\u00fd olej\u201c, a tedy s maz\u00e1n\u00edm jako l\u00e9\u010debn\u00fdm prost\u0159edkem; jin\u00e9 v\u00fdklady v n\u011bm vid\u00ed \u010d\u00edseln\u00fd odkaz (\u201eosm\u00fd\u201c). \u017d\u00e1dn\u00e1 z t\u011bchto etymologi\u00ed nen\u00ed obecn\u011b uzn\u00e1van\u00e1. Jist\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e etymologie je pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed, \u017ee Eshmun se v Sid\u00f3nu vy\u0161vihl na hlavn\u00ed bo\u017estvo a v punsk\u00fdch n\u00e1pisech, nap\u0159\u00edklad vztahuj\u00edc\u00edch se k Kart\u00e1gu, se objevuje vedle <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145500\">Baal-Hammona<\/a>. B\u016fh tedy nebyl m\u00edstn\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161tnost\u00ed, ale <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factn\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f v\u016f\u010di bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 postav\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultem<\/span> roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00fdm po cel\u00e9 f\u00e9nick\u00e9 oblasti.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (v\u00fdb\u011br)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li>Maurice Dunand: <em>Le temple d&#8217;Echmoun \u00e0 Sidon<\/em> (Paris 1965)<\/li><li>Sabatino Moscati: <em>Die Ph\u00f6niker<\/em> (Stuttgart 1966)<\/li><li>Corinne Bonnet: <em>Les enfants de Cadmos<\/em> (Paris 2015)<\/li><li>H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Sader: <em>The History and Archaeology of Phoenicia<\/em> (Atlanta 2019)<\/li><li>Maria Eugenia Aubet: <em>The Phoenicians and the West<\/em> (Cambridge 2001)<\/li><li>Charles Krahmalkov: <em>A Phoenician-Punic Grammar<\/em> (Leiden 2001)<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Souvisej\u00edc\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 pojmy: Eshmun Sidon b\u016fh l\u00e9\u010ditel F\u00e9ni\u010dan\u00e9 Askl\u00e9pios <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> Bostan e\u0161-\u0160ejch.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-eshmun\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard a ochrann\u00e9 tradice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard navazuje na kulturn\u011b-historickou tradici p\u0159enosn\u00fdch ochrann\u00fdch p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f, v tradici <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/fenicane-a-kartago-baal-tanit\/\">F\u00e9nick\u00e9 kultury<\/a> a mnoha dal\u0161\u00edch kultur po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b. 41 vrstev, ryz\u00ed zlato, platina, st\u0159\u00edbro, vyrobeno v N\u011bmecku. 30denn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo na vr\u00e1cen\u00ed.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">V\u00edce o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">V\u00edce o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Osobn\u00ed zku\u0161enosti se mohou li\u0161it. Nejedn\u00e1 se o zdravotnick\u00fd prost\u0159edek. Nen\u00ed slibem l\u00e9\u010div\u00e9ho \u00fa\u010dinku.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>nen\u00ed zdravotnick\u00fd prost\u0159edek<\/strong> a nenahrazuje l\u00e9ka\u0159skou ani psychoterapeutickou l\u00e9\u010dbu. Religionistick\u00fd obsah p\u0159edstavuje kulturn\u011b-historick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed, nikoli doporu\u010den\u00ed duchovn\u00ed praxe.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2849,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Eshmun Sidon b\u016fh l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed F\u00e9ni\u010dan\u00e9","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Eshmun \u2013 b\u016fh l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed Sidon, m\u00fdtus, kult","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Eshmun je f\u00e9nick\u00fd b\u016fh l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed a nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed m\u011bstsk\u00fd b\u016fh Sidonu. 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