{"id":145500,"date":"2026-09-03T16:30:59","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:30:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=145500"},"modified":"2026-09-03T16:57:45","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:57:45","slug":"baal-hammon-kartaginsky-nejvyssi-buh","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/baal-hammon-kartaginsky-nejvyssi-buh\/","title":{"rendered":"Baal-Hammon \u2013 kartaginsk\u00fd nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed b\u016fh"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"145500\" class=\"elementor elementor-145500 elementor-2628 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Baal-Hammon, punsko-kartaginsk\u00fd nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed b\u016fh a Saturnus Africanus<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Baal-Hammon (punsky <em>b\u02bfl \u1e25mn<\/em>) je nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed mu\u017esk\u00fd b\u016fh punsk\u00e9ho Kart\u00e1ga a jeho koloni\u00ed. Pravideln\u011b vystupuje spole\u010dn\u011b s <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145499\">Tanit<\/a> a je p\u0159\u00edjemcem ob\u011btin z tofetu. V \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9m obdob\u00ed byl identifikov\u00e1n se Saturnem.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"B\u016fh tradice f\u00e9nick\u00e9.\">B\u016fh<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/fenicane-a-kartago-baal-tanit\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mytologie tradice f\u00e9nick\u00e9.\">F\u00e9nick\u00e1<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed bo\u017estvo.\">Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed bo\u017estvo<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na t\\u00e9to str\\u00e1nce nebyly nalezeny \\u017e\\u00e1dn\\u00e9 nadpisy.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-baalhammon-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-baalhammon-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-baalhammon-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hammon-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-147335\" alt=\"Baal Hammon \u2013 bohov\u00e9 z f\u00e9nick\u00e9 tradice, historicko-ilustrativn\u00ed zobrazen\u00ed\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hammon-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hammon-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hammon-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hammon.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Za\u0159azen\u00ed a stru\u010dn\u00fd profil<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Baal-Hammon je jedn\u00edm z nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch bo\u017estev z\u00e1padomediter\u00e1nn\u00edho punsk\u00e9ho sv\u011bta. Sabatino Moscati ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle <em>Il mondo dei Fenici<\/em> (1966) uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee Baal-Hammon byl ve f\u00e9nick\u00e9 domovin\u011b sice dolo\u017een, ale zauj\u00edmal druho\u0159ad\u00e9 postaven\u00ed; v Kart\u00e1gu dos\u00e1hl vrcholu panteonu a tuto pozici sd\u00edl\u00ed s <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145499\">Tanit<\/a>. V r\u00e1mci <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/fenicane-a-kartago-baal-tanit\/\">f\u00e9nick\u00e9 tradice<\/a> je prototypick\u00fdm punsk\u00fdm nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edm bohem.<\/p><p>Maria Eugenia Aubet ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle <em>The Phoenicians and the West<\/em> (2001) zdokumentovala jeho roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed po cel\u00e9m St\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ed; svatyn\u011b Baal-Hammona jsou dolo\u017eeny v Kart\u00e1gu, Motyi, Tharrosu, Sulcisu, Hadrumetu a na mnoha dal\u0161\u00edch m\u00edstech. V obdob\u00ed \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho c\u00edsa\u0159stv\u00ed pokra\u010duje jeho kult v podob\u011b Saturna Africana a v numidsko-mauret\u00e1nsk\u00e9 provincii dosahuje pozoruhodn\u00e9 setrvalosti a\u017e do 4. stolet\u00ed n. l.<\/p><p>Z religionisticky-historick\u00e9ho hlediska p\u0159edstavuje Baal-Hammon typ nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho boha s chtonick\u00fdmi i sol\u00e1rn\u00edmi rysy. Marcel Le Glay ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle <em>Saturne africain<\/em> (1966) uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee identifikace s \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdm Saturnem vych\u00e1z\u00ed z dvoj\u00ed povahy Baal-Hammona: je z\u00e1rove\u0148 bohem obil\u00ed a \u00farody (saturnsk\u00fd aspekt) i chtonick\u00fdm otcovsk\u00fdm bohem.<\/p><p>St\u00e9ly z tofetu a \u010detn\u00e9 n\u00e1pisy dokl\u00e1daj\u00ed jeho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factychtiv\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f v\u016f\u010di bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 postav\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> jako kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 religionisticko-historick\u00e9 sv\u011bdectv\u00ed.<\/p><p>P\u0159etrv\u00e1n\u00ed Baal-Hammona v obdob\u00ed \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho c\u00edsa\u0159stv\u00ed v podob\u011b Saturna Africana je jedn\u00edm z nejv\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch p\u0159\u00edklad\u016f n\u00e1bo\u017eenskohistorick\u00e9 kontinuity po politick\u00e9m z\u00e1niku punsk\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu. Ze severoafrick\u00fdch provinci\u00ed se zachovalo v\u00edce ne\u017e dva tis\u00edce st\u00e9l Saturnovi, od 1. do 4. stolet\u00ed n. l.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jm\u00e9no a etymologie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jm\u00e9no <em>b\u02bfl \u1e25mn<\/em> se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z <em>b\u02bfl<\/em> &#8218;p\u00e1n&#8216; a <em>\u1e25mn<\/em>, jeho\u017e etymologie je sporn\u00e1. Jeden v\u00fdklad spojuje <em>\u1e25mn<\/em> s ko\u0159enem <em>\u1e25mm<\/em> &#8218;b\u00fdt hork\u00fd&#8216; a ch\u00e1pe Baal-Hammona jako &#8218;p\u00e1na \u017e\u00e1ru&#8216;, pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b sol\u00e1rn\u00edho r\u00e1zu.<\/p><p>Jin\u00fd v\u00fdklad vid\u00ed v <em>\u1e25mn<\/em> m\u00edstn\u00ed jm\u00e9no &#8218;Hammon&#8216; (mo\u017en\u00e1 m\u00edsto ve F\u00e9nicii) a Baal-Hammona jako &#8218;p\u00e1na z Hammonu&#8216;. T\u0159et\u00ed mo\u017enost spojuje <em>\u1e25mn<\/em> s p\u0159edm\u011bty kadidlov\u00e9ho kultu (&#8218;kadidlov\u00fd olt\u00e1\u0159&#8216;).<\/p><p>Charles Krahmalkov ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle <em>A Phoenician-Punic Grammar<\/em> (2001) shrom\u00e1\u017edil epigrafick\u00e9 varianty; v n\u00e1pisech se objevuje jako <em>b\u02bfl \u1e25mn<\/em> nebo zkr\u00e1cen\u011b <em>b\u02bfl<\/em>. \u0158eck\u00fd p\u0159epis je \u0392\u03ac\u03b1\u03bb-\u1f08\u03bc\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd (Baal-Ammon), v hel\u00e9nistick\u00e9m obdob\u00ed je ob\u010das (ve stop\u00e1ch) identifikov\u00e1n i s egyptsk\u00fdm Amonem. Nejtrvalej\u0161\u00ed je \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e1 identifikace se Saturnem, kter\u00e1 formuje africko-\u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 d\u011bjiny.<\/p><p>V hebrejsk\u00e9m materi\u00e1lu se Hammon objevuje jako m\u00edstn\u00ed jm\u00e9no v Galileji; zda existuje p\u0159\u00edm\u00e1 historick\u00e1 souvislost, nen\u00ed jasn\u00e9. V aramejsk\u00fdch n\u00e1pisech z Palmyry se vyskytuje b\u016fh <em>\u02bfolam<\/em> s podobn\u00fdmi funkcemi jako Baal-Hammon; ani zde nen\u00ed p\u0159esn\u00fd vztah nesporn\u00fd. Z religionistick\u00e9ho hlediska je Baal-Hammon specificky z\u00e1padn\u00edm v\u00fdvojem.<\/p><p>Dal\u0161\u00ed etymologick\u00e1 hypot\u00e9za spojuje <em>\u1e25mn<\/em> s aramejsk\u00fdm <em>\u1e25mn<\/em> &#8218;slitovat se&#8216;, co\u017e by nazna\u010dovalo teologicky hlubokou konotaci; jazykohistoricky v\u0161ak tato hypot\u00e9za nen\u00ed podlo\u017eena.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Popis a ikonografie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Baal-Hammon se v punsk\u00e9 ikonografii nej\u010dast\u011bji zobrazuje jako tr\u016fn\u00edc\u00ed vousat\u00fd sta\u0159ec s korunou z b\u00fd\u010d\u00edch roh\u016f, dlouh\u00fdm \u0159asen\u00fdm rouchem a \u017eezlem. Tato obrazov\u00e1 tradice je bohat\u011b dolo\u017eena na st\u00e9l\u00e1ch z tofetu a odli\u0161uje ho od <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145496\">Baal-Hadada<\/a>, kter\u00fd se zobrazuje jako mlad\u00fd b\u016fh bou\u0159e se zdvi\u017eenou sekerou. Sta\u0159eck\u00fd profil Baal-Hammona ho teologicky spojuje s ugaritsk\u00fdm Elem a se Saturnem.<\/p><p>Jeho svat\u00fdm zv\u00ed\u0159etem je beran nebo kozel; v punsk\u00fdch ob\u011btn\u00edch ritu\u00e1lech byl beran obl\u00edben\u00fdm ob\u011btn\u00edm zv\u00ed\u0159etem. Na n\u011bkter\u00fdch st\u00e9l\u00e1ch je doprov\u00e1zen sfingami nebo grify.<\/p><p>V Kart\u00e1gu st\u00e1la v m\u011bstsk\u00e9m chr\u00e1mu kolos\u00e1ln\u00ed bronzov\u00e1 socha Baal-Hammona; prameny ji zmi\u0148uj\u00ed v souvislosti s tofetsk\u00fdmi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017estvu jako projev vd\u011bku, prosby nebo \u00facty.\" tabindex=\"0\">ob\u011btinami<\/span> a \u00fadajn\u011b m\u011bla mechanismus, kter\u00fdm ob\u011btn\u00ed zv\u00ed\u0159ata nebo d\u011bti padaly do ohn\u011b pod n\u00ed. Pramenn\u00e1 kritika tohoto tvrzen\u00ed je sporn\u00e1 a dnes se hodnot\u00ed sp\u00ed\u0161e zdr\u017eenliv\u011b.<\/p><p>V hel\u00e9nisticko-\u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9m obdob\u00ed se ikonografie Baal-Hammona postupn\u011b sl\u00e9v\u00e1 se saturnskou tradic\u00ed; pozdn\u011b \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 st\u00e9ly Saturna ze severn\u00ed Afriky (3. a 4. stolet\u00ed n. l.) zobrazuj\u00ed boha jako vousat\u00e9ho starce se srpem, p\u0159esn\u011b po vzoru Saturna. Tato ikonografie Saturna Africana je hlavn\u00edm t\u00e9matem Marcela Le Glaye a je podrobn\u011b rozebr\u00e1na v jeho monografii.<\/p><p>P\u016fsobiv\u00fdm archeologick\u00fdm pramenem jsou \u010detn\u00e9 bronzov\u00e9 so\u0161ky z tofetu, kter\u00e9 zobrazuj\u00ed tr\u016fn\u00edc\u00edho Baal-Hammona se zdvi\u017eenou rukou, gestem ud\u00edlen\u00ed po\u017eehn\u00e1n\u00ed. Tyto so\u0161ky byly ukl\u00e1d\u00e1ny z\u010d\u00e1sti p\u0159\u00edmo v tofetu jako ob\u011btn\u00ed dary, z\u010d\u00e1sti v obydl\u00edch.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mytologick\u00e1 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Samostatn\u00e9 m\u00fdty o Baal-Hammonovi se nezachovaly; podobn\u011b jako u <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145499\">Tanit<\/a> je prim\u00e1rn\u011b kultovn\u011b-ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed postavou. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha \u0159eck\u00e9 a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 kultury, zhruba od 800 p\u0159. n. l. do 600 n. l.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antick\u00e9<\/span> zpr\u00e1vy (Diod\u00f3ros, Polybios, Pl\u00fatarchos, Tertullianus) zmi\u0148uj\u00ed ob\u011btov\u00e1n\u00ed d\u011bt\u00ed v tofetu jako jeho nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed kultovn\u00ed akt.<\/p><p>Diod\u00f3ros (20.14) podrobn\u011b popisuje velkou d\u011btskou ob\u011b\u0165 z roku 310 p\u0159. n. l., kdy bylo Kart\u00e1go oble\u017eeno Agathoklem ze Syrakus; v nouzi bylo ob\u011btov\u00e1no 200 chlapc\u016f z p\u0159edn\u00edch rod\u016f, aby byl usm\u00ed\u0159en hn\u011bv boha.<\/p><p>Historicita t\u011bchto zpr\u00e1v je po generace p\u0159edm\u011btem spor\u016f; jde o \u0159ecko-\u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 polemick\u00e9 prameny, kter\u00e9 je t\u0159eba posuzovat kriticky. Archeologick\u00e9 n\u00e1lezy z tofetu nicm\u00e9n\u011b potvrzuj\u00ed, \u017ee kojenci a mal\u00e9 d\u011bti byli poh\u0159b\u00edv\u00e1ni ve zna\u010dn\u00e9m po\u010dtu; zda v\u017edy jako <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017estvu vyjad\u0159uj\u00edc\u00ed d\u00edky, prosbu nebo \u00factu.\" tabindex=\"0\">ob\u011btiny<\/span>, nebo i jako zem\u0159el\u00ed p\u0159irozenou smrt\u00ed, je p\u0159edm\u011btem tzv. tofetsk\u00e9 kontroverze.<\/p><p>Augustin z Hippa polemizuje v d\u00edle <em>De civitate Dei<\/em> 7.19 proti kult\u016fm Saturna Africana a popisuje d\u011btsk\u00e9 ob\u011bti jako &#8218;crudelis daemonum cultus&#8216;. Tato <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159echodn\u00e1 epocha mezi antikou a st\u0159edov\u011bkem, zhruba 3. a\u017e 7. stolet\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">pozdn\u011b antick\u00e1<\/span> polemika pat\u0159\u00ed ke konstrukci k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9ho Kart\u00e1ga a je t\u0159eba ji \u010d\u00edst historicky obez\u0159etn\u011b, p\u0159esto odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed dlouho trvaj\u00edc\u00ed spojen\u00ed Baal-Hammona s t\u00e9matem d\u011btsk\u00fdch ob\u011bt\u00ed v antick\u00e9m vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed. V\u011bdeck\u00e9 hodnocen\u00ed t\u00e9to praxe z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 sporn\u00e9.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult a uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hlavn\u00edm kultovn\u00edm m\u00edstem Baal-Hammona byl tofet v Kart\u00e1gu; d\u00e1le existovaly tofety v Motyi, Tharrosu, Sulcis, Hadrumetu, Cirt\u011b, Lambafundi a na \u0159ad\u011b dal\u0161\u00edch lokalit. V ka\u017ed\u00e9 z t\u011bchto svatyn\u00ed byl Baal-Hammon hlavn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edjemcem votivn\u00edch dar\u016f, \u010dasto spole\u010dn\u011b s <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145499\">Tanit<\/a>. Votivn\u00ed n\u00e1pisy se \u0159\u00edd\u00ed standardn\u00ed formul\u00ed: &#8218;P\u00e1nu Baal-Hammonovi, proto\u017ee N.N. splnil sv\u016fj slib, nebo\u0165 ho vysly\u0161el&#8216;.<\/p><p>Vedle toho existovaly m\u011bstsk\u00e9 Baal-Hammonovy <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed k uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1my<\/span>, nap\u0159\u00edklad v Thinissutu a v samotn\u00e9m Kart\u00e1gu (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed k uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> na n\u00e1vr\u0161\u00ed Byrsa). Sabatino Moscati zdokumentoval punskou chr\u00e1movou architekturu v \u0159ad\u011b publikac\u00ed.<\/p><p>Tyto <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed k uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1my<\/span> se \u0159\u00edd\u00ed trojd\u00edln\u00fdm sch\u00e9matem: n\u00e1dvo\u0159\u00ed, hlavn\u00ed s\u00ed\u0148, svatyn\u011b svat\u00fdch. Uvnit\u0159 st\u00e1la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Zobrazen\u00ed bo\u017estva uct\u00edvan\u00e9 v chr\u00e1mu nebo svatyni.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultovn\u00ed socha<\/span> nebo &#8218;mazzeba&#8216; (svat\u00fd sloup), p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e tento druh\u00fd typ je typick\u00fd pro f\u00e9nickou beztv\u00e1rnost zobrazen\u00ed nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytost uct\u00edvan\u00e1 jako bo\u017esk\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estva<\/span>.<\/p><p>V obdob\u00ed \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho c\u00edsa\u0159stv\u00ed byl Baal-Hammon d\u00e1le uct\u00edv\u00e1n jako Saturnus Africanus; jeho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed k uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> v Kart\u00e1gu byl p\u0159ejmenov\u00e1n a znovu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho aktu odevzd\u00e1n posv\u00e1tn\u00e9mu a t\u00edm vyjmut z b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho \u017eivota.\" tabindex=\"0\">zasv\u011bcen<\/span>.<\/p><p>Po\u010det Saturnov\u00fdch st\u00e9l v severn\u00ed Africe p\u0159evy\u0161uje po\u010det st\u00e9l v\u0161ech ostatn\u00edch \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch bo\u017estev v regionu; Baal-Hammon-Saturnus byl a\u017e do 4. stolet\u00ed n. l. nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytost uct\u00edvan\u00e1 jako bo\u017esk\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estvem<\/span> africk\u00fdch provinci\u00ed. Christianizace a invaze Vandal\u016f jeho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factypln\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f v\u016f\u010di bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 postav\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> ukon\u010dily.<\/p><p>D\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm numismatick\u00fdm pramenem jsou kart\u00e1ginsk\u00e9 tetradrachmy ze 4. a 3. stolet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l., kter\u00e9 na l\u00edci zobrazuj\u00ed Baal-Hammonovu korunu z b\u00fd\u010d\u00edch roh\u016f jako ochrannou formuli. Mince byly ra\u017eeny ve velk\u00e9m mno\u017estv\u00ed pro v\u00fdplatu \u017eoldu kart\u00e1ginsk\u00fdch vojsk a \u0161\u00ed\u0159ily Baal-Hammonovu obrazovou symboliku a\u017e do \u0160pan\u011blska a na Sic\u00edlii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ochrann\u00e1 praxe a apotropaick\u00e9 prvky<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Baal-Hammon byl ochrann\u00fdm bohem m\u011bsta, rodiny a \u00farody. V punsk\u00fdch n\u00e1pisech vystupuje jako p\u0159\u00edjemce slib\u016f <em>n\u0113der<\/em> v t\u00ed\u017eiv\u00fdch \u017eivotn\u00edch situac\u00edch: p\u0159ed cestami, p\u0159ed bitvami, p\u0159i nemocech, p\u0159i porodech. \u010cetnost jeho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prosebn\u00e9 nebo zakl\u00ednac\u00ed osloven\u00ed bo\u017estva \u010di moci.\" tabindex=\"0\">vz\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed<\/span> v soukrom\u00fdch votivn\u00edch darech dokl\u00e1d\u00e1 intenzivn\u00ed osobn\u00ed zbo\u017enost punsk\u00e9ho obyvatelstva.<\/p><p>Na vstupech do dom\u016f a v obytn\u00fdch prostor\u00e1ch byly jeho symboly pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Odvracej\u00edc\u00ed ne\u0161t\u011bst\u00ed: o znamen\u00edch a p\u0159edm\u011btech, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed zamezit \u0161kodliv\u00fdm vliv\u016fm.\" tabindex=\"0\">apotropaicky<\/span>: koruna z b\u00fd\u010d\u00edch roh\u016f, srp a symbol takzvan\u00e9ho &#8218;kadukea&#8216;, kter\u00fd je v punsk\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b pravideln\u011b spojov\u00e1n s Baal-Hammonem. Bronzov\u00e9 so\u0161ky vousat\u00e9ho tr\u016fn\u00edc\u00edho boha s korunou z b\u00fd\u010d\u00edch roh\u016f byly nalezeny v mnoha punsk\u00fdch obydl\u00edch.<\/p><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">Z v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho hlediska je Baal-Hammonova ochrann\u00e1 funkce \u00fazce spjata s uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00edm \u0159\u00ed\u0161e, ale z\u00e1rove\u0148 hluboce zakotvena v osobn\u00edm a rodinn\u00e9m \u017eivot\u011b. Praxe tofetu je t\u0159eba ch\u00e1pat jako zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed formu krizov\u00e9 zbo\u017enosti, ani\u017e by ji bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 dnes v\u011bdecky kladn\u011b hodnotit. iWell Guard uv\u00e1d\u00ed Baal-Hammona jako historicko-religionistickou postavu bez odkaz\u016f na dne\u0161n\u00ed l\u00e9\u010debn\u00e9 sliby.<\/p><p>\u00dazk\u00e9 spojen\u00ed Baal-Hammona s punsk\u00fdm veden\u00edm v\u00e1lky je dob\u0159e dolo\u017eeno; Hannibalova p\u0159\u00edsaha u Baal-Hammonova <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vyv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 m\u00edsto nebo st\u016fl pro ob\u011bti a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 \u00fakony.\" tabindex=\"0\">olt\u00e1\u0159e<\/span> v jeho dev\u00e1t\u00e9m roce \u017eivota, \u017ee bude \u0158\u00edm nav\u017edy pova\u017eovat za nep\u0159\u00edtele, pat\u0159\u00ed k nejslavn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm antick\u00fdm anekdot\u00e1m a navazuje na tradici punsk\u00fdch v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edsah.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralely v jin\u00fdch kultur\u00e1ch<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Baal-Hammon je historicky p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fd s ugaritsk\u00fdm Elem (star\u00fdm otcovsk\u00fdm bohem), s mezopot\u00e1msk\u00fdm Anuem, s \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdm Saturnem a s \u0159eck\u00fdm Kronem. Nejtrvalej\u0161\u00ed je ztoto\u017en\u011bn\u00ed se Saturnem; Marcel Le Glay ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle <em>Saturne africain<\/em> (1966) uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee tento synkretismus z\u00e1sadn\u011b formoval africk\u00fd kult Saturna v obdob\u00ed \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho c\u00edsa\u0159stv\u00ed.<\/p><p>S Kronem sd\u00edl\u00ed Baal-Hammon profil star\u00e9ho otcovsk\u00e9ho boha spojovan\u00e9ho s ob\u011btov\u00e1n\u00edm d\u011bt\u00ed; \u0159eck\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o boz\u00edch, po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch a uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u011bta.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00fdtus<\/span> o Kronovi obsahuje pohlcov\u00e1n\u00ed vlastn\u00edch d\u011bt\u00ed, co\u017e bylo v hel\u00e9nistick\u00e9m vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed spojov\u00e1no s kart\u00e1ginsk\u00fdmi ob\u011b\u0165mi v tofetu. Pl\u00fatarchos (<em>De superstitione<\/em>) toto spojen\u00ed v\u00fdslovn\u011b uv\u00e1d\u00ed.<\/p><p>S <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145489\">Kumarbim<\/a> z <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/hetitsko-anatolske-tarhunna-bohove\/\">chetitsk\u00e9 tradice<\/a> sd\u00edl\u00ed Baal-Hammon typ svr\u017een\u00e9ho \u010di zatla\u010den\u00e9ho otcovsk\u00e9ho boha. Z religionistick\u00e9ho hlediska pat\u0159\u00ed do mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed rodiny starov\u011bk\u00fdch st\u0159edomo\u0159sk\u00fdch otcovsk\u00fdch boh\u016f, jejich\u017e funkci \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b vytla\u010dila mlad\u0161\u00ed generace boh\u016f bou\u0159e. V \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 provincii Africa Proconsularis z\u016fstala tato starobyl\u00e1 st\u0159edomo\u0159sk\u00e1 tradice nezvykle dlouho \u017eiv\u00e1.<\/p><p>Spojen\u00ed mezi Baal-Hammonem a egyptsk\u00fdm Amonem-Reem bylo aktivn\u011b vytv\u00e1\u0159eno v hel\u00e9nistick\u00e9m obdob\u00ed; o\u00e1za S\u00edwa s jej\u00edm Amonov\u00fdm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u00edsto nebo instituce, kde se z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1 bo\u017esk\u00fd v\u00fdrok.\" tabindex=\"0\">or\u00e1kulem<\/span> byla z Kart\u00e1ga dob\u0159e dostupn\u00e1 a n\u011bkter\u00e9 prameny hovo\u0159\u00ed o kart\u00e1ginsk\u00fdch pout\u00edch na toto m\u00edsto. Historick\u00fd v\u00fdznam tohoto synkretismu je sporn\u00fd, ale pozoruhodn\u00fd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sou\u010dasn\u00e1 recepce a v\u00fdzkum<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V\u00fdzkum Baal-Hammona je dnes na vysok\u00e9 \u00farovni. D\u00edlo Marcela Le Glaye <em>Saturne africain<\/em> (1966) je klasickou standardn\u00ed referenc\u00ed; Sabatino Moscati, Maria Eugenia Aubet, H\u00e9l\u00e8ne B\u00e9nichou-Safar a Lawrence Stager p\u0159isp\u011bli d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdmi pracemi k v\u00fdzkumu tofetu. Brian Doak ve sv\u00e9 knize <em>Phoenician Aniconism<\/em> (2015) se v\u011bnuje tradici bez zobrazen\u00ed Baal-Hammona. Studie Josephine Quinn o punsk\u00e9 identit\u011b jsou v posledn\u00edch letech d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvkem.<\/p><p>V popul\u00e1rn\u00ed recepci je Baal-Hammon zn\u00e1m p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm kv\u016fli kontroverzi kolem tofetu a kv\u016fli <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha \u0159eck\u00e9 a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 kultury, p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 800 p\u0159. n. l. a\u017e 600 n. l.\" tabindex=\"0\">antick\u00e9<\/span> k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 polemice; obraz je zkreslen\u00fd a v\u011bdecky m\u00e1lo spravedliv\u00fd. V\u011bdecky diferencovan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdklady najdeme ve zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fdch d\u00edlech.<\/p><p>V\u011bdecky je Baal-Hammon dnes pova\u017eov\u00e1n za kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd p\u0159edm\u011bt studia punsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed, tradice Saturna Africana a st\u0159edomo\u0159sk\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch d\u011bjin. Aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed t\u011b\u017ei\u0161t\u011b v\u00fdzkumu se zam\u011b\u0159uje na bioarcheologickou anal\u00fdzu tofetu, na tradici st\u00e9l Saturna Africana a na ot\u00e1zku berbersk\u00e9 komponenty. iWell Guard jej uv\u00e1d\u00ed jako historick\u00e9ho \u010dlena <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn boh\u016f ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed nebo kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonu<\/span>.<\/p><p>Ned\u00e1vn\u00e9 v\u00fdzkumy Josephine Quinn (<em>In Search of the Phoenicians<\/em>, 2018) znovu otev\u0159ely diskusi o punsk\u00e9 identit\u011b a jej\u00edm n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9m sebeur\u010den\u00ed a zpochybnily roli Baal-Hammona jako &#8218;boha F\u00e9ni\u010dan\u016f&#8216;.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura a prameny<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00fdb\u011br shrnuje nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed standardn\u00ed d\u00edla k v\u00fdzkumu Baal-Hammona. Zahrnuje archeologick\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy, n\u00e1bo\u017eenskohistorick\u00e9 synt\u00e9zy a epigrafick\u00e9 edice. Monografie Marcela Le Glaye je klasickou referenc\u00ed; Moscati a Aubet nab\u00edzej\u00ed punsk\u00fd r\u00e1mec; Doak ikonologickou perspektivu. Nov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed studie Quinn posouv\u00e1 v\u00fdzkum do kritick\u00e9 diskuse o identit\u011b.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2dce0c7c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2dce0c7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22efe76a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp22efe76a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tofet v Kart\u00e1gu a n\u00e1lezy st\u00e9l<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp207c89a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp207c89a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp223f9336 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp223f9336\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hlavn\u00edm sv\u011bdkem kultu Baal Hammona nen\u00ed text, n\u00fdbr\u017e lokalita. Jde o takzvan\u00fd tofet v Kart\u00e1gu, svatyni na okraji antick\u00e9ho m\u011bsta v dne\u0161n\u00ed \u010dtvrti Salammb\u00f4. Vykop\u00e1vky prob\u00edhaly od 20. let 20. stolet\u00ed. Z\u00e1sadn\u00ed byla kampa\u0148 americk\u00e9 archeolo\u017eky a jej\u00edho t\u00fdmu v 70. letech 20. stolet\u00ed pod n\u00e1zvem &#8222;Punic Project&#8220;.<\/p><p>Lokalita obsahuje tis\u00edce mal\u00fdch uren se sp\u00e1len\u00fdmi poz\u016fstatky kojenc\u016f a mlad\u00fdch zv\u00ed\u0159at, nad nimi\u017e byly vzty\u010deny kamenn\u00e9 st\u00e9ly.<\/p><p>Mnoh\u00e9 z t\u011bchto st\u00e9l nesou votivn\u00ed n\u00e1pisy v punsk\u00e9m p\u00edsmu. Obvykl\u00e1 formule uv\u00e1d\u00ed nejprve <em>Baal Hammona<\/em> a bohyni <em>Tinnit<\/em> (\u010dasto ozna\u010dovanou jako &#8222;Tinnit, tv\u00e1\u0159 Baala&#8220;), pot\u00e9 jm\u00e9no d\u00e1rce a jeho \u017e\u00e1dost.<\/p><p>Tyto n\u00e1pisy jsou nejhutn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm epigrafick\u00fdm pramenem punsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed v\u016fbec a \u010din\u00ed z Baal Hammona nejl\u00e9pe dolo\u017een\u00e9ho kart\u00e1ginsk\u00e9ho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytost uct\u00edvan\u00e1 jako bo\u017esk\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estva<\/span>.<\/p><p>V\u00fdklad tofetu je sporn\u00fd ji\u017e od 19. stolet\u00ed. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha \u0159eck\u00e9 a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 kultury, p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 800 p\u0159. n. l. a\u017e 600 n. l.\" tabindex=\"0\">Anti\u010dt\u00ed<\/span> \u0159e\u010dt\u00ed a \u0159\u00edm\u0161t\u00ed auto\u0159i jako Diod\u00f3ros a Pl\u00fatarchos hovo\u0159\u00ed o kart\u00e1ginsk\u00fdch d\u011btsk\u00fdch ob\u011btech, a \u010d\u00e1st badatel\u016f vid\u00ed v tofetu archeologick\u00e9 potvrzen\u00ed tohoto tvrzen\u00ed.<\/p><p>Opa\u010dn\u00e9 stanovisko, zast\u00e1van\u00e9 mimo jin\u00e9 Sabatinem Moscatim a pozd\u011bji dal\u0161\u00edmi, vykl\u00e1d\u00e1 lokalitu jako poh\u0159ebi\u0161t\u011b pro jinak zem\u0159el\u00e9 mal\u00e9 d\u011bti. Nov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed osteologick\u00e1 vy\u0161et\u0159en\u00ed sp\u00e1len\u00fdch kost\u00ed spor definitivn\u011b nerozhodla. Pro popis Baal Hammona to znamen\u00e1: jeho nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed kultovn\u00ed m\u00edsto je z\u00e1rove\u0148 nejsporn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm n\u00e1lezem punsk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bda, kter\u00e1 zkoum\u00e1 minul\u00e9 kultury na z\u00e1klad\u011b hmotn\u00fdch n\u00e1lez\u016f.\" tabindex=\"0\">archeologie<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d8c90e4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2d8c90e4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp239ab422 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp239ab422\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Interpretatio: Saturn, Kronos a p\u0159e\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed v \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 dob\u011b<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22113ba9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp22113ba9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp234d4277 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp234d4277\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Baal Hammon nezanikl se zni\u010den\u00edm Kart\u00e1ga v roce 146 p\u0159. n. l. V \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 severn\u00ed Africe \u017eil d\u00e1l pod jm\u00e9nem <em>Saturnus Africanus<\/em>, jako jeden z nejroz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u011bji dosv\u011bd\u010den\u00fdch kult\u016f provincie Africa.<\/p><p>Stovky saturnsk\u00fdch st\u00e9l z \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 doby ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee punsk\u00e9 obyvatelstvo nad\u00e1le uct\u00edvalo svou starou hlavn\u00ed bo\u017estvu pod \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdm jm\u00e9nem, s vlastn\u00edmi ikonografick\u00fdmi rysy, nap\u0159\u00edklad b\u016fh pod z\u00e1vojem nebo s kosou.<\/p><p>Ji\u017e \u0158ekov\u00e9 ztoto\u017e\u0148ovali Baala Hammona s <em>Kronem<\/em>, co\u017e hraje roli p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm ve zpr\u00e1v\u00e1ch o ob\u011btov\u00e1n\u00ed d\u011bt\u00ed, nebo\u0165 Kronos po\u017e\u00edral sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed d\u011bti.<\/p><p>\u0158\u00edman\u00e9 pak zvolili Saturna, latinsk\u00fd ekvivalent Krona. Tato <em>interpretatio<\/em> je pro badatele dvojse\u010dnou zbran\u00ed: na jedn\u00e9 stran\u011b ukazuje kontinuitu, na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b p\u0159ekr\u00fdv\u00e1 punskou postavu \u0159ecko-\u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdmi p\u0159edstavami.<\/p><p>Ot\u00e1zku, k\u00fdm byl Baal Hammon p\u016fvodn\u011b, tedy nelze zodpov\u011bd\u011bt jen na z\u00e1klad\u011b pozdn\u00ed rovnice se Saturnem. Diskutuje se o tom, zda p\u0159\u00eddomek <em>Hammon<\/em> odkazuje na m\u00edstn\u00ed jm\u00e9no, nap\u0159\u00edklad na severosyrsk\u00fd Hamath nebo na horu, nebo na semitsk\u00e9 slovo pro &#8222;n\u00e1dobu s \u017ehav\u00fdm uhl\u00edm&#8220; respektive &#8222;kadidlov\u00fd olt\u00e1\u0159&#8220;.<\/p><p>Eric Gubel, Paolo Xella a dal\u0161\u00ed se t\u011bmito ot\u00e1zkami zab\u00fdvali, ani\u017e by bylo dosa\u017eeno shody. Jist\u00e9 je jen to, \u017ee \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e1 saturnsk\u00e1 maska je nejmlad\u0161\u00ed, nikoli p\u016fvodn\u00ed vrstvou t\u00e9to postavy. K z\u00e1padosemitsk\u00e9mu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytost uct\u00edvan\u00e1 jako bo\u017esk\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci n\u011bjak\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estvu<\/span> stejn\u00e9ho jmenn\u00e9ho kmene viz tak\u00e9 <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145502\">Jam<\/a> v ugaritsk\u00e9m <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn boh\u016f ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed nebo kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonu<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (v\u00fdb\u011br)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li>Marcel Le Glay: <em>Saturne africain<\/em> (Paris 1966)<\/li><li>Sabatino Moscati: <em>Il mondo dei Fenici<\/em> (Milano 1966)<\/li><li>Maria Eugenia Aubet: <em>The Phoenicians and the West<\/em> (Cambridge 2001)<\/li><li>H\u00e9l\u00e8ne B\u00e9nichou-Safar: <em>Le tophet de Salammb\u00f4 \u00e0 Carthage<\/em> (\u0158\u00edm 2004)<\/li><li>Brian Doak: <em>Phoenician Aniconism<\/em> (Atlanta 2015)<\/li><li>Josephine Quinn: <em>In Search of the Phoenicians<\/em> (Princeton 2018)<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-baalhammon e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-baalhammon\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-baalhammon-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-baalhammon-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Baal-Hammon vystupuje jako punsko-kart\u00e1ginsk\u00e9 nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed bo\u017estvo, jeho\u017e tofetsk\u00e9 svatyn\u011b v Kart\u00e1gu dokl\u00e1daj\u00ed jeho postaven\u00ed nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ochrann\u00e9 bytosti; v \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 f\u00e1zi je nad\u00e1le uct\u00edv\u00e1n jako Saturnus Africanus.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Souvisej\u00edc\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 pojmy: Baal-Hammon Kart\u00e1go Punsk\u00e9 Saturnus Tofet Ob\u011btov\u00e1n\u00ed d\u011bt\u00ed Africana.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-baal-hammon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard a ochrann\u00e9 tradice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard navazuje na kulturn\u011b-historickou tradici p\u0159enosn\u00fdch ochrann\u00fdch p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f, v tradici <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/fenicane-a-kartago-baal-tanit\/\">F\u00e9nick\u00e9 kultury<\/a> a mnoha dal\u0161\u00edch kultur po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b. 41 vrstev, ryz\u00ed zlato, platina, st\u0159\u00edbro, vyrobeno v N\u011bmecku. 30denn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo na vr\u00e1cen\u00ed.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">V\u00edce o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">V\u00edce o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Osobn\u00ed zku\u0161enosti se mohou li\u0161it. Nejedn\u00e1 se o zdravotnick\u00fd prost\u0159edek. Nen\u00ed slibem l\u00e9\u010div\u00e9ho \u00fa\u010dinku.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>nen\u00ed zdravotnick\u00fd prost\u0159edek<\/strong> a nenahrazuje l\u00e9ka\u0159skou ani psychoterapeutickou l\u00e9\u010dbu. Religionistick\u00fd obsah p\u0159edstavuje kulturn\u011b-historick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed, nikoli doporu\u010den\u00ed duchovn\u00ed praxe.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2848,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Baal-Hammon kartaginsk\u00fd nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed b\u016fh","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Baal-Hammon \u2013 kartaginsk\u00fd nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed b\u016fh, tofet, Saturnus","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Baal-Hammon je nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed mu\u017esk\u00fd b\u016fh Kart\u00e1ga, man\u017eel Tanit a p\u0159\u00edjemce ob\u011btin z tofetu. Religionistick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"phoenizisch","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-145500","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Baal-Hammon \u2013 kartaginsk\u00fd nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed b\u016fh, tofet, Saturnus<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Baal-Hammon je nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed mu\u017esk\u00fd b\u016fh Kart\u00e1ga, man\u017eel Tanit a p\u0159\u00edjemce ob\u011btin z tofetu. Religionistick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/baal-hammon-kartaginsky-nejvyssi-buh\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Baal-Hammon \u2013 kartaginsk\u00fd nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed b\u016fh\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Baal-Hammon je nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed mu\u017esk\u00fd b\u016fh Kart\u00e1ga, man\u017eel Tanit a p\u0159\u00edjemce ob\u011btin z tofetu. Religionistick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/baal-hammon-kartaginsky-nejvyssi-buh\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"iWell Guard\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-09-03T16:57:45+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hammon.webp\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1024\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1536\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/webp\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/cs\\\/baal-hammon-kartaginsky-nejvyssi-buh\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/cs\\\/baal-hammon-kartaginsky-nejvyssi-buh\\\/\",\"name\":\"Baal-Hammon \u2013 kartaginsk\u00fd nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed b\u016fh, tofet, Saturnus\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/cs\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/cs\\\/baal-hammon-kartaginsky-nejvyssi-buh\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/cs\\\/baal-hammon-kartaginsky-nejvyssi-buh\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/05\\\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hammon.webp\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-09-03T16:30:59+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-09-03T16:57:45+00:00\",\"description\":\"Baal-Hammon je nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed mu\u017esk\u00fd b\u016fh Kart\u00e1ga, man\u017eel Tanit a p\u0159\u00edjemce ob\u011btin z tofetu. Religionistick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/cs\\\/baal-hammon-kartaginsky-nejvyssi-buh\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"cs\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/cs\\\/baal-hammon-kartaginsky-nejvyssi-buh\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"cs\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/cs\\\/baal-hammon-kartaginsky-nejvyssi-buh\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/05\\\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hammon.webp\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/05\\\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hammon.webp\",\"width\":1024,\"height\":1536,\"caption\":\"Bohov\u00e9 z f\u00e9nick\u00e9 tradice.\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/cs\\\/baal-hammon-kartaginsky-nejvyssi-buh\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Start\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/cs\\\/?page_id=145107\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Baal-Hammon \u2013 kartaginsk\u00fd nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed b\u016fh\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/cs\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/cs\\\/\",\"name\":\"iWell Guard\",\"description\":\"Schutz vor dunklen Einfl\u00fcssen\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/cs\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/cs\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"cs\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/cs\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Ittermann electronic GmbH\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/cs\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"cs\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/cs\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/05\\\/Ittermann-Logo-1182x237-1.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/05\\\/Ittermann-Logo-1182x237-1.png\",\"width\":1182,\"height\":237,\"caption\":\"Ittermann electronic GmbH\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/cs\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/pantip.com\\\/profile\\\/9367242\",\"https:\\\/\\\/micro.blog\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.diggerslist.com\\\/iwellguard\\\/about\",\"https:\\\/\\\/skitterphoto.com\\\/photographers\\\/2870314\\\/iwell-guard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/iwellguard.wordpress.com\\\/2026\\\/06\\\/06\\\/iwell-guard\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/hub.docker.com\\\/u\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.pinterest.com\\\/iwellguard\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/bit.ly\\\/m\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/entre-vos-mains.alsace.eu\\\/profiles\\\/iwellguard\\\/activity\",\"https:\\\/\\\/gravatar.com\\\/reallybeded8fd34\",\"https:\\\/\\\/naijamatta.com\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.goodreads.com\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/profile.hatena.ne.jp\\\/iwellguard\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/experiment.com\\\/users\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/wakelet.com\\\/@iWellGuard82270\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.chordie.com\\\/forum\\\/profile.php?id=2555664\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.instapaper.com\\\/p\\\/17757966\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.mapleprimes.com\\\/users\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/businesslistingplus.com\\\/profile\\\/iwell-guard\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/telegra.ph\\\/iWell-Guard-06-06\",\"https:\\\/\\\/pbase.com\\\/iwellguard\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/b.hatena.ne.jp\\\/iwellguard\\\/20260607#bookmark-4788405196491818882\",\"https:\\\/\\\/fliphtml5.com\\\/home\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/anyflip.com\\\/homepage\\\/cmiwl#About\",\"https:\\\/\\\/transfur.com\\\/Users\\\/iwellguard\",\"http:\\\/\\\/delphi.larsbo.org\\\/user\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/jobs.lajobsportal.org\\\/profiles\\\/8380803-iwell-guard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/md.chaosdorf.de\\\/s\\\/jfbe5SBdJD\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.lingvolive.com\\\/en-us\\\/profile\\\/9ecaeaca-ce11-4e51-9e71-01d55e2bff36\\\/translations\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.fitday.com\\\/fitness\\\/forums\\\/members\\\/iwellguard.html\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.mymeetbook.com\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/pxhere.com\\\/en\\\/photographer-me\\\/5040798\",\"https:\\\/\\\/disqus.com\\\/by\\\/iwellguard\\\/about\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/pastelink.net\\\/hjwciqwq\",\"https:\\\/\\\/pubhtml5.com\\\/homepage\\\/scjhn\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.bitchute.com\\\/channel\\\/2O2eOKzNqujT\",\"https:\\\/\\\/audiomack.com\\\/iwellguard\"]},{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/cs\\\/baal-hammon-kartaginsky-nejvyssi-buh\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/cs\\\/baal-hammon-kartaginsky-nejvyssi-buh\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Ralf Ittermann\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/cs\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/ee2a27f1cac3406c7c6fb5820cb7349f\"},\"headline\":\"Baal-Hammon \u2013 kartaginsk\u00fd nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed b\u016fh\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-09-03T16:30:59+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-09-03T16:57:45+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/cs\\\/baal-hammon-kartaginsky-nejvyssi-buh\\\/\"},\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/cs\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/cs\\\/baal-hammon-kartaginsky-nejvyssi-buh\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/05\\\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hammon.webp\",\"inLanguage\":\"cs\",\"description\":\"Baal-Hammon je nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed mu\u017esk\u00fd b\u016fh Kart\u00e1ga, man\u017eel Tanit a p\u0159\u00edjemce ob\u011btin z tofetu. Religionistick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed.\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Baal-Hammon \u2013 kartaginsk\u00fd nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed b\u016fh, tofet, Saturnus","description":"Baal-Hammon je nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed mu\u017esk\u00fd b\u016fh Kart\u00e1ga, man\u017eel Tanit a p\u0159\u00edjemce ob\u011btin z tofetu. Religionistick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/baal-hammon-kartaginsky-nejvyssi-buh\/","og_locale":"cs_CZ","og_type":"article","og_title":"Baal-Hammon \u2013 kartaginsk\u00fd nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed b\u016fh","og_description":"Baal-Hammon je nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed mu\u017esk\u00fd b\u016fh Kart\u00e1ga, man\u017eel Tanit a p\u0159\u00edjemce ob\u011btin z tofetu. Religionistick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed.","og_url":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/baal-hammon-kartaginsky-nejvyssi-buh\/","og_site_name":"iWell Guard","article_modified_time":"2026-09-03T16:57:45+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1024,"height":1536,"url":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hammon.webp","type":"image\/webp"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/baal-hammon-kartaginsky-nejvyssi-buh\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/baal-hammon-kartaginsky-nejvyssi-buh\/"},"author":{"name":"Ralf Ittermann","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/#\/schema\/person\/ee2a27f1cac3406c7c6fb5820cb7349f"},"headline":"Baal-Hammon \u2013 kartaginsk\u00fd nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed b\u016fh","datePublished":"2026-09-03T16:30:59+00:00","dateModified":"2026-09-03T16:57:45+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/baal-hammon-kartaginsky-nejvyssi-buh\/"},"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/baal-hammon-kartaginsky-nejvyssi-buh\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hammon.webp","inLanguage":"cs","description":"Baal-Hammon je nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed mu\u017esk\u00fd b\u016fh Kart\u00e1ga, man\u017eel Tanit a p\u0159\u00edjemce ob\u011btin z tofetu. Religionistick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed."},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/baal-hammon-kartaginsky-nejvyssi-buh\/","url":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/baal-hammon-kartaginsky-nejvyssi-buh\/","name":"Baal-Hammon \u2013 kartaginsk\u00fd nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed b\u016fh, tofet, Saturnus","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/baal-hammon-kartaginsky-nejvyssi-buh\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/baal-hammon-kartaginsky-nejvyssi-buh\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hammon.webp","datePublished":"2026-09-03T16:30:59+00:00","dateModified":"2026-09-03T16:57:45+00:00","description":"Baal-Hammon je nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed mu\u017esk\u00fd b\u016fh Kart\u00e1ga, man\u017eel Tanit a p\u0159\u00edjemce ob\u011btin z tofetu. Religionistick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/baal-hammon-kartaginsky-nejvyssi-buh\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"cs","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/baal-hammon-kartaginsky-nejvyssi-buh\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"cs","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/baal-hammon-kartaginsky-nejvyssi-buh\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hammon.webp","contentUrl":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hammon.webp","width":1024,"height":1536,"caption":"Bohov\u00e9 z f\u00e9nick\u00e9 tradice."},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/baal-hammon-kartaginsky-nejvyssi-buh\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Start","item":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145107"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Baal-Hammon \u2013 kartaginsk\u00fd nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed b\u016fh"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/#website","url":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/","name":"iWell Guard","description":"Schutz vor dunklen Einfl\u00fcssen","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"cs"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/#organization","name":"Ittermann electronic GmbH","url":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"cs","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Ittermann-Logo-1182x237-1.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Ittermann-Logo-1182x237-1.png","width":1182,"height":237,"caption":"Ittermann electronic GmbH"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/pantip.com\/profile\/9367242","https:\/\/micro.blog\/iwellguard","https:\/\/www.diggerslist.com\/iwellguard\/about","https:\/\/skitterphoto.com\/photographers\/2870314\/iwell-guard","https:\/\/iwellguard.wordpress.com\/2026\/06\/06\/iwell-guard\/","https:\/\/hub.docker.com\/u\/iwellguard","https:\/\/www.pinterest.com\/iwellguard\/","https:\/\/bit.ly\/m\/iwellguard","https:\/\/entre-vos-mains.alsace.eu\/profiles\/iwellguard\/activity","https:\/\/gravatar.com\/reallybeded8fd34","https:\/\/naijamatta.com\/iwellguard","https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/iwellguard","https:\/\/profile.hatena.ne.jp\/iwellguard\/","https:\/\/experiment.com\/users\/iwellguard","https:\/\/wakelet.com\/@iWellGuard82270","https:\/\/www.chordie.com\/forum\/profile.php?id=2555664","https:\/\/www.instapaper.com\/p\/17757966","https:\/\/www.mapleprimes.com\/users\/iwellguard","https:\/\/businesslistingplus.com\/profile\/iwell-guard\/","https:\/\/telegra.ph\/iWell-Guard-06-06","https:\/\/pbase.com\/iwellguard\/iwellguard","https:\/\/b.hatena.ne.jp\/iwellguard\/20260607#bookmark-4788405196491818882","https:\/\/fliphtml5.com\/home\/iwellguard","https:\/\/anyflip.com\/homepage\/cmiwl#About","https:\/\/transfur.com\/Users\/iwellguard","http:\/\/delphi.larsbo.org\/user\/iwellguard","https:\/\/jobs.lajobsportal.org\/profiles\/8380803-iwell-guard","https:\/\/md.chaosdorf.de\/s\/jfbe5SBdJD","https:\/\/www.lingvolive.com\/en-us\/profile\/9ecaeaca-ce11-4e51-9e71-01d55e2bff36\/translations","https:\/\/www.fitday.com\/fitness\/forums\/members\/iwellguard.html","https:\/\/www.mymeetbook.com\/iwellguard","https:\/\/pxhere.com\/en\/photographer-me\/5040798","https:\/\/disqus.com\/by\/iwellguard\/about\/","https:\/\/pastelink.net\/hjwciqwq","https:\/\/pubhtml5.com\/homepage\/scjhn\/","https:\/\/www.bitchute.com\/channel\/2O2eOKzNqujT","https:\/\/audiomack.com\/iwellguard"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/#\/schema\/person\/ee2a27f1cac3406c7c6fb5820cb7349f","name":"Ralf Ittermann","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"cs","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/073c0153e350a5005b68eb752b445fea71f6b24a26da9449ad7e155e6b446c9d?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/073c0153e350a5005b68eb752b445fea71f6b24a26da9449ad7e155e6b446c9d?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/073c0153e350a5005b68eb752b445fea71f6b24a26da9449ad7e155e6b446c9d?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Ralf Ittermann"},"givenName":"Ralf","familyName":"Ittermann","jobTitle":"Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer und redaktioneller Verantwortlicher","url":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/author\/claude\/","description":"Ralf Ittermann ist Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der Ittermann electronic GmbH und redaktioneller Verantwortlicher des iWell-Guard-Lexikons. Er verbindet langj\u00e4hrige Erfahrung in der Pr\u00e4zisionsfertigung mit medialer Praxis und religionsgeschichtlicher Quellenarbeit.","worksFor":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Ittermann electronic GmbH","url":"https:\/\/ittermann.de\/","address":{"@type":"PostalAddress","streetAddress":"K\u00f6hlergasse 16-18","postalCode":"99842","addressLocality":"Ruhla","addressCountry":"DE"}},"knowsAbout":["Religionsgeschichte","Mythologie","Mediale Praxis","Energetische Diagnostik","Schutzpraxis","Volksglauben","Westliche Esoterik"]},{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/baal-hammon-kartaginsky-nejvyssi-buh\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/baal-hammon-kartaginsky-nejvyssi-buh\/"},"author":{"name":"Ralf Ittermann","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/#\/schema\/person\/ee2a27f1cac3406c7c6fb5820cb7349f"},"headline":"Baal-Hammon \u2013 kartaginsk\u00fd nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed b\u016fh","datePublished":"2026-09-03T16:30:59+00:00","dateModified":"2026-09-03T16:57:45+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/baal-hammon-kartaginsky-nejvyssi-buh\/"},"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/baal-hammon-kartaginsky-nejvyssi-buh\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hammon.webp","inLanguage":"cs","description":"Baal-Hammon je nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed mu\u017esk\u00fd b\u016fh Kart\u00e1ga, man\u017eel Tanit a p\u0159\u00edjemce ob\u011btin z tofetu. Religionistick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed."}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/145500","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=145500"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/145500\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2848"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=145500"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=145500"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}