{"id":145498,"date":"2026-09-03T16:30:58","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:30:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=145498"},"modified":"2026-09-03T16:57:40","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:57:40","slug":"melqart-mestsky-buh-tyru","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/melqart-mestsky-buh-tyru\/","title":{"rendered":"Melqart \u2013 m\u011bstsk\u00fd b\u016fh Tyru"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"145498\" class=\"elementor elementor-145498 elementor-2626 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Melqart, f\u00e9nick\u00fd m\u011bstsk\u00fd b\u016fh Tyru a 'Herakles' F\u00e9ni\u010dan\u016f<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Melqart (f\u00e9nicky <em>mlqrt<\/em>, doslova &#8218;kr\u00e1l m\u011bsta&#8216;) je nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed m\u011bstsk\u00fd b\u016fh Tyru a jeden z nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch f\u00e9nick\u00fdch boh\u016f v\u016fbec. \u0158ekov\u00e9 ho identifikovali s Heraklem (&#8218;Herakles-Melqart&#8216;) a v hel\u00e9nisticko-\u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b byl uct\u00edv\u00e1n na mnoha m\u00edstech.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"B\u016fh tradice f\u00e9nick\u00e9.\">B\u016fh<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/fenicane-a-kartago-baal-tanit\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mytologie tradice f\u00e9nick\u00e9.\">F\u00e9nick\u00e1<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"M\u011bstsk\u00fd b\u016fh.\">M\u011bstsk\u00fd b\u016fh<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na t\\u00e9to str\\u00e1nce nebyly nalezeny \\u017e\\u00e1dn\\u00e9 nadpisy.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-melqart-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-melqart-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-melqart-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_melqart-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-147333\" alt=\"Melqart \u2013 bohov\u00e9 z f\u00e9nick\u00e9 tradice, historicko-ilustrativn\u00ed zobrazen\u00ed\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_melqart-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_melqart-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_melqart-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_melqart.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Za\u0159azen\u00ed a stru\u010dn\u00fd profil<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Melqart je hlavn\u00edm bohem f\u00e9nick\u00e9ho mate\u010dn\u00e9ho m\u011bsta Tyru a zauj\u00edm\u00e1 tak kl\u00ed\u010dovou pozici v d\u011bjin\u00e1ch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed oblasti St\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ed.<\/p><p>Corinne Bonnet p\u0159edlo\u017eila ve sv\u00e9 monografii <em>Melqart<\/em> (1988) nejobs\u00e1hlej\u0161\u00ed studii o tomto bohu; ukazuje, \u017ee Melqart byl sou\u010dasn\u011b m\u011bstsk\u00fdm bohem, ochr\u00e1ncem kr\u00e1le, h\u00e9r\u00f3sem a chtonick\u00fdm, vzk\u0159\u00ed\u0161en\u00fdm bohem. Uvnit\u0159 <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/fenicane-a-kartago-baal-tanit\/\">f\u00e9nick\u00e9 tradice<\/a> je centr\u00e1ln\u00edm mu\u017esk\u00fdm hlavn\u00edm bohem tyrsk\u00e9 tradice.<\/p><p>Jeho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bo\u017estva nebo svat\u00e9 bytosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> se \u0161\u00ed\u0159il s tyrsk\u00fdmi koloniemi po cel\u00e9m St\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ed. V Gades (dne\u0161n\u00ed C\u00e1diz ve \u0160pan\u011blsku) se nach\u00e1zel nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed Melqart\u016fv <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u200b\u00edc\u00ed k uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> z\u00e1padn\u011b od samotn\u00e9ho Tyru; p\u0159\u00edtomen byl i v Kart\u00e1gu. Maria Eugenia Aubet ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle <em>The Phoenicians and the West<\/em> (2001) podrobn\u011b zdokumentovala jeho st\u0159edomo\u0159sk\u00e9 \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p><p>Z hlediska d\u011bjin n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed p\u0159edstavuje Melqart typ m\u011bstsk\u00e9ho a kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9ho boha, kter\u00fd je sez\u00f3nn\u011b aktualizov\u00e1n ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u00edm &#8218;probuzen\u00edm&#8216; (<em>egersis<\/em>) na ja\u0159e. Tento sv\u00e1tek probuzen\u00ed je jedn\u00edm z charakteristick\u00fdch religionistick\u00fdch znak\u016f Melqarta a odli\u0161uje ho od jin\u00fdch m\u011bstsk\u00fdch bo\u017estev. Spojen\u00ed s \u0159eck\u00fdm Heraklem vzniklo d\u00edky funk\u010dn\u00edm podobnostem a intenzivn\u00edm \u0159ecko-f\u00e9nick\u00fdm kontakt\u016fm od 8. stolet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l.<\/p><p>N\u00e1padnou zvl\u00e1\u0161tnost\u00ed Melqarta je jeho t\u011bsn\u00e9 propojen\u00ed s tyrsk\u00fdm kr\u00e1lovsk\u00fdm rodem: kr\u00e1l Tyru byl z\u00e1rove\u0148 nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edm Melqartov\u00fdm kn\u011bzem; ro\u010dn\u00ed slavnost probuzen\u00ed konal osobn\u011b kr\u00e1l. Tato jednota politick\u00e9 a ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed \u0161pi\u010dky je z hlediska d\u011bjin n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed srovnateln\u00e1 s egyptsk\u00fdm faraonem nebo \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdm <em>pontifex maximus<\/em>.<\/p><p>I <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/hetitsko-anatolske-tarhunna-bohove\/\">hetitsk\u00e1 tradice<\/a> znala srovnateln\u00e9 m\u011bstsk\u00e9 a kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 ochrann\u00e9 bohy; bl\u00edzk\u00e9 srovn\u00e1n\u00ed se <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145495\">Sarrumou<\/a> umo\u017e\u0148uje struktur\u00e1ln\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 vhledy do pozdn\u011b bronzov\u00e9 kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 teologie v\u00fdchodn\u00edho St\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jm\u00e9no a etymologie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jm\u00e9no Melqart je slo\u017eeninou slov <em>mlk<\/em> &#8218;kr\u00e1l&#8216; a <em>qrt<\/em> &#8218;m\u011bsto&#8216;, tedy doslova &#8218;kr\u00e1l m\u011bsta&#8216;. T\u00edmto m\u011bstem je Tyros, a Melqart je &#8218;kr\u00e1l Tyru&#8216; v bo\u017esk\u00e9m smyslu.<\/p><p>Tato etymologie je nesporn\u00e1 a jednozna\u010dn\u011b dokumentovan\u00e1 v n\u00e1pisech. V kl\u00ednopisn\u00fdch textech se objevuje jako <em>Milqartu<\/em>, v \u0159eck\u00fdch pramenech jako Melqart nebo Melkart, v hel\u00e9nistick\u00fdch synkretismech jako Herakles-Melqart.<\/p><p>Alternativn\u00ed v\u00fdklad vid\u00ed v <em>mlk<\/em> nejen &#8218;kr\u00e1l&#8216; ve sv\u011btsk\u00e9m smyslu, ale i &#8218;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017estvu vyjad\u0159uj\u00edc\u00ed d\u00edk, prosbu nebo \u00factu.\" tabindex=\"0\">ob\u011btinu<\/span>&#8218; (molkova <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017estvu vyjad\u0159uj\u00edc\u00ed d\u00edk, prosbu nebo \u00factu.\" tabindex=\"0\">ob\u011b\u0165<\/span>), tedy dvoj\u00ed v\u00fdznam t\u00e9ho\u017e ko\u0159ene ve f\u00e9nick\u00e9m jazyce. Tento v\u00fdklad je v\u0161ak ve v\u00fdzkumu m\u00e9n\u011b zast\u00e1v\u00e1n.<\/p><p>Na \u0159eck\u00e9 stran\u011b se jeho jm\u00e9no objevuje jako &#8218;Herakles Tyrios&#8216;, &#8218;Herakles&#8216; nebo v teoforn\u00edm jm\u00e9nu &#8218;Melikartos&#8216;. Identifikace s Heraklem je liter\u00e1rn\u011b dolo\u017eena od 5. stolet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l. (Herodotos 2.44). \u0158eck\u00e1 mytick\u00e1 postava Herakla nese rysy f\u00e9nick\u00e9ho Melqarta, zejm\u00e9na v m\u00fdtech o cest\u011b na &#8218;z\u00e1pad&#8217; a o zabit\u00ed G\u00e9ryona.<\/p><p>Teoforn\u00ed osobn\u00ed jm\u00e9no Hamilkar bylo v Kart\u00e1gu velmi roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9; neslo je n\u011bkolik v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch kart\u00e1ginsk\u00fdch vojev\u016fdc\u016f, mezi nimi Hamilkar Barka, otec Hannibala. Tato jmenn\u00e1 tradice dokl\u00e1d\u00e1 trvaj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00fdznam Melqarta v politick\u00e9m \u017eivot\u011b punsk\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Popis a ikonografie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Melqart se ve f\u00e9nick\u00e9 ikonografii objevuje v\u011bt\u0161inou jako vousat\u00fd mu\u017e v kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 z\u00e1st\u011b\u0159e, se zdvi\u017eenou bojovou sekerou nebo palic\u00ed, n\u011bkdy s lukem, \u010dasto od\u011bn\u00fd lv\u00ed k\u016f\u017e\u00ed. Tato ikonografie lv\u00ed k\u016f\u017ee je historicky v\u00fdznamn\u00e1, proto\u017ee p\u0159\u00edmo p\u0159e\u0161la do \u0159eck\u00e9 tradice Herakla s lv\u00ed k\u016f\u017e\u00ed a kyjem.<\/p><p>Na tyrsk\u00fdch minc\u00edch z hel\u00e9nistick\u00e9 doby se Melqart-Herakles \u010dasto objevuje s kyjem a lv\u00ed k\u016f\u017e\u00ed; na kart\u00e1ginsk\u00fdch st\u00e9l\u00e1ch z tofetu stoj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitostn\u011b vedle <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145500\">Baal-Hammona<\/a>. D\u016fle\u017eitou ikonografickou tradic\u00ed je &#8218;Melqart na mo\u0159sk\u00e9m koni&#8216;, kter\u00e1 dokl\u00e1d\u00e1 jeho spojen\u00ed s lodn\u00ed dopravou a mo\u0159em.<\/p><p>Jeho svat\u00fdm zv\u00ed\u0159etem je lev; na n\u011bkter\u00fdch reli\u00e9fech je zobrazen kr\u00e1\u010dej\u00edc\u00ed po lvu nebo dus\u00edc\u00ed lva. I orel se objevuje jako jeho doprovodn\u00e9 zv\u00ed\u0159e v n\u011bkter\u00fdch pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edch zobrazen\u00edch. Aphakide Bonnet podrobn\u011b zdokumentovala ikonografickou pestrost; ukazuje, \u017ee Melqart si v ka\u017ed\u00e9m st\u0159edomo\u0159sk\u00e9m kontextu vytvo\u0159il pon\u011bkud odli\u0161nou obrazovou tradici.<\/p><p>Na slavn\u00e9 &#8218;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stoj\u00edc\u00ed, popsan\u00e1 nebo vyobrazen\u00e1 kamenn\u00e1 \u010di d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e1 deska.\" tabindex=\"0\">st\u00e9le<\/span> Jechawmilka&#8216;, kr\u00e1le Byblu (5. stolet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l.), se sice Melqart s\u00e1m neobjevuje, ale objevuje se obrazov\u00e1 formule setk\u00e1n\u00ed kr\u00e1le s bohem, kter\u00e1 je typick\u00e1 pro f\u00e9nickou tradici kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9ho boha. Tato ikonografick\u00e1 konvence sah\u00e1 od Tyru p\u0159es Byblos a\u017e po Kart\u00e1go.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mytologick\u00e1 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>F\u00e9nick\u00e9 m\u00fdty o Melqartovi se dochovaly pouze fragment\u00e1rn\u011b. Eusebios z Kaisareie cituje vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed z Fil\u00f3na z Byblu (Praeparatio Evangelica 1.10), v n\u011bm\u017e je Melqart zobrazen jako h\u00e9ros a o\u017eivovatel. Podle antick\u00fdch zpr\u00e1v Melqart ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b procit\u00e1 p\u0159i probouzec\u00edm sv\u00e1tku (<em>egersis<\/em>), a stoj\u00ed tak v tradici ro\u010dn\u011b um\u00edraj\u00edc\u00edch a vzk\u0159\u00ed\u0161en\u00fdch vegeta\u010dn\u00edch a m\u011bstsk\u00fdch boh\u016f.<\/p><p>Jedno d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed spojuje Melqarta se samotn\u00fdm zalo\u017een\u00edm Tyru: m\u011bl ob\u011bt\u00ed pt\u00e1ka upevnit plovouc\u00ed sk\u00e1ly, na nich\u017e byl Tyros vybudov\u00e1n. Jin\u00e9 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed ho spojuje s vyn\u00e1lezem barven\u00ed purpurem, kl\u00ed\u010dovou hospod\u00e1\u0159skou \u010dinnost\u00ed F\u00e9ni\u010dan\u016f: Melqart\u016fv pes m\u011bl n\u00e1hodn\u011b rozkousnout purpurovou ulitu a t\u00edm objevit purpurov\u00e9 barvivo.<\/p><p>V \u0159eck\u00e9m p\u0159ejet\u00ed jako Herakles-Melqart p\u0159ej\u00edm\u00e1 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed z herakleovsk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn tradovan\u00fdch vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o boz\u00edch v dan\u00e9 kultu\u0159e.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytologie<\/span>, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm epizodu s G\u00e9ryonem, v n\u00ed\u017e Herakles v z\u00e1padn\u00edm St\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ed (na m\u00edst\u011b pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edch Gad\u016f) uloup\u00ed dobytek trojhlav\u00e9mu obru G\u00e9ryonovi. Toto spojen\u00ed je religionisticky v\u00fdmluvn\u00e9, proto\u017ee Gades byly skute\u010dn\u011b f\u00e9nickou koloni\u00ed a nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1padn\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u00edsto zasv\u011bcen\u00e9 uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bo\u017estva.\" tabindex=\"0\">svatyn\u00ed<\/span> Melqarta.<\/p><p>D\u016fle\u017eitou pseudepigrafi\u00ed je &#8218;Sanchunjaton&#8216; (Sankuniath\u00f3n), \u00fadajn\u00fd f\u00e9nick\u00fd kn\u011bz, jeho\u017e d\u00edlo m\u011bl zprost\u0159edkovat Fil\u00f3n z Byblu. Kritick\u00e1 edice Alberta Baumgartena ukazuje, \u017ee materi\u00e1l je z velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti pozdn\u00edm hel\u00e9nistick\u00fdm v\u00fdmyslem, obsahuje v\u0161ak i skute\u010dn\u00e9 zbytky f\u00e9nick\u00e9 mytologick\u00e9 tradice, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm ve vztahu k Melqartovi a genealogii boh\u016f.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult a uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hlavn\u00ed kult Melqarta se soust\u0159edil v Tyru, v nejstar\u0161\u00edm a nejvelkolep\u011bj\u0161\u00edm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba, kter\u00e1 slou\u017e\u00ed uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1mu<\/span> m\u011bsta. H\u00e9rodotos tento <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba, kter\u00e1 slou\u017e\u00ed uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> podrobn\u011b popisuje (2.44) a zmi\u0148uje dva sloupy, jeden ze zlata, druh\u00fd ze smaragdu, kter\u00e9 v noci z\u00e1\u0159ily, pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b jde o proslul\u00fd jev fosforeskuj\u00edc\u00edch miner\u00e1l\u016f zvan\u00fd &#8218;s\u00eew\u00e2n&#8216;.<\/p><p>Hiram I. z Tyru (10. stolet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l.) je s Melqartov\u00fdm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba, kter\u00e1 slou\u017e\u00ed uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1mem<\/span> \u00fazce spojen; podle Josepha Flavia jej postavil ze zlata a bronzu.<\/p><p>Vyvrcholen\u00edm kultu byl v\u00fdro\u010dn\u00ed sv\u00e1tek vzk\u0159\u00ed\u0161en\u00ed; <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Regulovan\u00fd sled symbolick\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f s n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm nebo kulturn\u00edm v\u00fdznamem.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritu\u00e1l<\/span> vedl &#8218;probouze\u010d&#8216; (<em>mqm-\u02belm<\/em>, &#8218;ten, kdo pozdvihuje boha&#8216;). \u00dast\u0159edn\u00ed postavou ritu\u00e1lu byl kr\u00e1l Tyru. Podobn\u00e9 sv\u00e1tky vzk\u0159\u00ed\u0161en\u00ed jsou dolo\u017eeny v Kart\u00e1gu a v Gades; spojuj\u00ed Melqarta historicky s Tamm\u00fazem\/Dumuzim a s Ad\u00f3nisem.<\/p><p>Melqart byl p\u0159\u00edtomen i v Kart\u00e1gu; ro\u010dn\u00ed poplatek Melqartovu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba, kter\u00e1 slou\u017e\u00ed uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1mu<\/span> v Tyru se v Kart\u00e1gu udr\u017eoval je\u0161t\u011b v pozdn\u00ed republice, co\u017e je dokladem t\u011bsn\u00e9ho spojen\u00ed s metropol\u00ed.<\/p><p>V Gades st\u00e1l Melqart\u016fv <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba, kter\u00e1 slou\u017e\u00ed uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> na mal\u00e9m ostrov\u011b; popsali jej Polybios, Strab\u00f3n i Silius Italicus. I po \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9m dobyt\u00ed z\u016fstal Gades-Melqart aktivn\u00ed jako <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u00edsto zasv\u011bcen\u00e9 uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bo\u017estva.\" tabindex=\"0\">svatyn\u011b<\/span> Herkula a nav\u0161t\u00edvili jej Hannibal, Caesar i Hadri\u00e1n.<\/p><p>Archeologick\u00fd v\u00fdzkum Melqartova chr\u00e1mu v Tyru je zt\u00ed\u017een modern\u00ed z\u00e1stavbou; v Gades jsou naproti tomu zbytky svatyn\u011b na dne\u0161n\u00edm ostrov\u011b Sancti Petri l\u00e9pe p\u0159\u00edstupn\u00e9. Prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00ed podvodn\u00ed vykop\u00e1vky pod veden\u00edm Antonia S\u00e1eze Romera p\u0159inesly v posledn\u00edch letech d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 nov\u00e9 n\u00e1lezy.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ochrann\u00e1 praxe a apotropaick\u00e9 prvky<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Melqart byl ochrann\u00fdm bohem kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9ho domu, m\u011bsta a lodn\u00ed dopravy. Na tyrsk\u00fdch kr\u00e1lovsk\u00fdch pe\u010det\u00edch se zjevuje jako ochr\u00e1nce; ve f\u00e9nick\u00fdch osobn\u00edch jm\u00e9nech je jeho teofonn\u00ed jm\u00e9no b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 (Hamilkar = &#8218;sluha Melqarta&#8216;, Bomilkar = &#8218;rukou Melqarta&#8216;). Hojnost teoforick\u00fdch jmen s Melqartovou slo\u017ekou sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed o intenzivn\u00ed soukrom\u00e9 zbo\u017enosti.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Odvracej\u00edc\u00ed ne\u0161t\u011bst\u00ed: o znamen\u00edch a p\u0159edm\u011btech, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed zadr\u017eet \u0161kodliv\u00e9 vlivy.\" tabindex=\"0\">Apotropaicky<\/span> se nosili skarabov\u00e9 s Melqartem a mal\u00e9 bronzov\u00e9 so\u0161ky nebo se um\u00eds\u0165ovaly v dom\u00e1cnosti. Slavn\u00e1 Melqartova <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stoj\u00edc\u00ed popsan\u00e1 nebo vyobrazen\u00e1 kamenn\u00e1 \u010di d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e1 deska.\" tabindex=\"0\">st\u00e9la<\/span> z Bred\u017ee (Bredja) v severn\u00ed S\u00fdrii, n\u00e1pisov\u00e9 v\u011bnov\u00e1n\u00ed aramejsk\u00e9ho kr\u00e1le Bar-Hadada Melqartovi, je jedn\u00edm z nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch epigrafick\u00fdch sv\u011bdectv\u00ed Melqartova kultu mimo Tyros.<\/p><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">V n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed zbo\u017enosti byl Melqart nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ochrannou instanc\u00ed; f\u00e9nick\u00fd kapit\u00e1ni a kolonist\u00e9 mu p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161eli votivn\u00ed dary p\u0159i odjezdu i p\u0159i p\u0159\u00edjezdu. Tato cestovn\u00ed zbo\u017enost je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm religionistick\u00fdm rysem f\u00e9nick\u00e9 mobility. iWell Guard uv\u00e1d\u00ed Melqarta jako historicko-historickou postavu bez odkaz\u016f na aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed slib l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed.<\/p><p>V kart\u00e1ginsk\u00fdch chr\u00e1mech 5. a 4. stolet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l. se Melqart objevuje jako druh\u00fd nebo t\u0159et\u00ed b\u016fh po <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145500\">Baal-Hammonovi<\/a> a <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145499\">Tanit<\/a>. Trias boh\u016f f\u00e9nick\u00e9ho mate\u0159sk\u00e9ho m\u011bsta (Baal-\u0160amem, Astart\u00e9, Melqart) byla v Kart\u00e1gu p\u0159eformov\u00e1na do nov\u00e9 konfigurace, ani\u017e by byl Melqart \u00fapln\u011b zatla\u010den do pozad\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralely v jin\u00fdch kultur\u00e1ch<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eenskohistorickou paralelou je \u0159eck\u00e1 identifikace s H\u00e9raklem. Walter Burkert ve sv\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci <em>Die orientalisierende Epoche<\/em> (1984) a v n\u011bkolika pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edch studi\u00edch uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee \u0159eck\u00e1 postava H\u00e9rakla byla siln\u011b ovlivn\u011bna f\u00e9nick\u00fdm Melqartem, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v epizod\u011b s G\u00e9ryonem a u &#8218;Herkulov\u00fdch sloup\u016f&#8216; (Gibraltarsk\u00fd pr\u016fliv), kter\u00e9 byly p\u016fvodn\u011b &#8218;sloupy Melqartovy&#8216;.<\/p><p>S mezopot\u00e1msk\u00fdm Gilgame\u0161em sd\u00edl\u00ed Melqart <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opakuj\u00edc\u00ed se obsahov\u00fd prvek v um\u011bn\u00ed nebo vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span> smrteln\u011b-nesmrteln\u00e9ho h\u00e9roa s kr\u00e1lovskou funkc\u00ed. V Kart\u00e1gu se z jeho tradice nevyvinula samostatn\u00e1 hlavn\u00ed bo\u017estvo, proto\u017ee kart\u00e1ginsk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed si vytvo\u0159ilo vlastn\u00ed vrchol panteonu s <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145500\">Baal-Hammonem<\/a> a <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145499\">Tanit<\/a>; Melqart v\u0161ak z\u016fstal v\u017edy p\u0159\u00edtomen.<\/p><p>Historicky je Melqart prototypick\u00fdm f\u00e9nick\u00fdm m\u011bstsk\u00fdm a kr\u00e1lovsk\u00fdm bohem. Se <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145495\">Sarrumou<\/a> z <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/hetitsko-anatolske-tarhunna-bohove\/\">hetitsk\u00e9 tradice<\/a> sd\u00edl\u00ed funkci osobn\u00edho ochrann\u00e9ho boha kr\u00e1le; s mezopot\u00e1msk\u00fdm Marduchem funkci znovu o\u017eiven\u00e9ho m\u011bstsk\u00e9ho boha po sez\u00f3nn\u00ed por\u00e1\u017ece. V hel\u00e9nistick\u00e9m <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Splynut\u00ed p\u0159edstav nebo bo\u017estev z r\u016fzn\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch tradic.\" tabindex=\"0\">synkretismu<\/span> se st\u00e1v\u00e1 prototypick\u00fdm &#8218;p\u0159ekladov\u00fdm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytost uct\u00edvan\u00e1 jako bo\u017esk\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estvem<\/span>&#8218; mezi f\u00e9nick\u00fdm a \u0159eck\u00fdm n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edm.<\/p><p>V z\u00e1padn\u00edm St\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ed je Melqart pod \u0159eck\u00fdm jm\u00e9nem H\u00e9rakl\u00e9s p\u0159\u00edtomen v nes\u010detn\u00fdch n\u00e1pisech a na minc\u00edch; p\u0159echody mezi &#8218;Melqartem&#8216; a &#8218;H\u00e9raklem&#8216; jsou v hel\u00e9nistick\u00e9m jazykov\u00e9m \u00fazu \u010dasto plynul\u00e9. V Kart\u00e1gu bylo toto dvoj\u00ed pojmenov\u00e1n\u00ed politicky vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1no k otev\u0159en\u00ed f\u00e9nick\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed \u0159eck\u00fdm spojenc\u016fm.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sou\u010dasn\u00e1 recepce a v\u00fdzkum<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V\u00fdzkum Melqarta dosahuje dnes vysok\u00e9 \u00farovn\u011b. Monografie Corinne Bonnetov\u00e9 <em>Melqart<\/em> (1988) a jej\u00ed pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed studie jsou standardn\u00ed referenc\u00ed; Maria Eugenia Aubetov\u00e1, Sabatino Moscati a H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Saderov\u00e1 p\u0159inesli d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvky k archeologick\u00e9 str\u00e1nce. N\u00e1pisy jsou p\u0159\u00edstupn\u00e9 v edic\u00edch Charlese Krahmalkova a Wolfganga R\u00f6liga.<\/p><p>V popul\u00e1rn\u00ed recepci je Melqart zn\u00e1m p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm d\u00edky ztoto\u017en\u011bn\u00ed s H\u00e9raklem a d\u00edky tart\u00e9sk\u00fdm legend\u00e1m (spojovan\u00fdm s pokladem El Carambolo, &#8218;zlat\u00fdm jablkem Hesperidek&#8216;). V modern\u00edm Libanonu se od 90. let 20. stolet\u00ed s obnovou archeologick\u00fdch lokalit v Tyru stal Melqart znovu kulturn\u00edm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak, kter\u00fd zastupuje p\u0159edstavu nebo v\u00fdznam.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbolem<\/span>.<\/p><p>V\u011bdecky je Melqart dnes pova\u017eov\u00e1n za kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd studijn\u00ed objekt f\u00e9nick\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed, pro <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e1 nauka o Bohu a o v\u00ed\u0159e n\u011bjak\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologii<\/span> m\u011bstsk\u00fdch boh\u016f a pro n\u00e1bo\u017eenskou dynamiku St\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ed. Sou\u010dasn\u00e9 v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 d\u016frazy se soust\u0159ed\u00ed na rozli\u0161en\u00ed m\u00edstn\u00edch hypostaz\u00ed Melqarta, na ikonografick\u00fd p\u0159enos do \u0159eck\u00e9 tradice H\u00e9rakla a na archeologick\u00fd v\u00fdzkum svatyn\u011b v Gades. iWell Guard uv\u00e1d\u00ed Melqarta jako historick\u00e9ho \u010dlena <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn v\u0161ech boh\u016f n\u011bjak\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed nebo kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonu<\/span>.<\/p><p>Tak\u00e9 hel\u00e9nistick\u00e9 mince Tyru a Kart\u00e1ga zobrazuj\u00ed Melqarta, \u010dasto s kyjem, lukem nebo p\u0159\u00edd\u00ed lodi. Tato mincovn\u00ed ikonografie je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm pramenem pro d\u011bjiny Melqartova zobrazov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p><p>Ned\u00e1vn\u00e9 studie Josephine Quinnov\u00e9 a Briana Doaka nov\u011b zkoumaly roli Melqarta v punsk\u00e9 konstrukci identity a v \u0159\u00edmsko-f\u00e9nick\u00e9 kontaktn\u00ed z\u00f3n\u011b.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura a prameny<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00fdb\u011br obsahuje nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed standardn\u00ed d\u00edla k v\u00fdzkumu Melqarta. Shrnuje monografie, edice n\u00e1pis\u016f a n\u00e1bo\u017eenskohistorick\u00e9 synt\u00e9zy. Monografie Corinne Bonnetov\u00e9 <em>Melqart<\/em> je prvn\u00edm vstupem do t\u00e9matu; Burkert se v\u011bnuje \u0159eck\u00e9 linii; Aubetov\u00e1 mediter\u00e1nn\u00edmu \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed; Krahmalkov jazykohistorick\u00e9mu materi\u00e1lu. Nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed monografie H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Saderov\u00e9 nab\u00edz\u00ed archeologickou synt\u00e9zu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2ff50c6c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2ff50c6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp202ddb76 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp202ddb76\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Egersis, sv\u00e1tek probuzen\u00ed Melqarta<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2683cd7c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2683cd7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27bc6d8a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp27bc6d8a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Zvl\u00e1\u0161tnost\u00ed kultu Melqarta v Tyru byl ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u00ed sv\u00e1tek, kter\u00fd \u0159eck\u00e9 prameny ozna\u010duj\u00ed jako <em>egersis<\/em>, tedy probuzen\u00ed nebo vzk\u0159\u00ed\u0161en\u00ed boha. Tento pojem nazna\u010duje, \u017ee z\u00e1kladem sv\u00e1tku byla p\u0159edstava, \u017ee Melqart um\u00edr\u00e1 a vrac\u00ed se do \u017eivota.<\/p><p>T\u00edm se Melqart za\u0159azuje do \u0159ady bo\u017estev star\u00e9ho Orientu, jejich\u017e <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factyhodn\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f v\u016f\u010di bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 bytosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> byl spojen s cyklem smrti a n\u00e1vratu, srovnateln\u00fdch s Ad\u00f3nidem nebo mezopot\u00e1msk\u00fdm Dumuzim.<\/p><p>P\u0159esn\u00e9 ritu\u00e1ly egersis jsou zn\u00e1my jen fragment\u00e1rn\u011b. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha \u0159eck\u00e9 a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 kultury, p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b od 800 p\u0159. n. l. do 600 n. l.\" tabindex=\"0\">Anti\u010dt\u00ed<\/span> auto\u0159i zmi\u0148uj\u00ed sp\u00e1len\u00ed obrazu nebo so\u0161ky boha a mluv\u00ed o osob\u011b, kter\u00e1 nesla titul probuzitele boha.<\/p><p>Sv\u00e1tek byl pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b spojen s jarn\u00edm term\u00ednem, a tedy s obnovou p\u0159\u00edrody, av\u0161ak prameny neumo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed jistou rekonstrukci. D\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Text vyryt\u00fd nebo vytesan\u00fd do pevn\u00e9ho nosi\u010de.\" tabindex=\"0\">n\u00e1pis<\/span> z kypersk\u00e9ho Kitionu uv\u00e1d\u00ed <em>mqm \u02belm<\/em>, probuzitele boha, jako kultovn\u00ed \u00fa\u0159ad, \u010d\u00edm\u017e nep\u0159\u00edmo potvrzuje existenci takov\u00e9ho sv\u00e1tku.<\/p><p>Historicky je egersis v\u00fdznamn\u00e1 proto, \u017ee odli\u0161uje Melqarta od pouh\u00e9ho m\u011bstsk\u00e9ho a kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9ho boha a dod\u00e1v\u00e1 mu sp\u00e1sn\u011b-d\u011bjinn\u00fd, cyklick\u00fd charakter. Corinne Bonnetov\u00e1 ve sv\u00e9 monografii o Melqartovi kriticky zhodnotila dostupn\u00fd materi\u00e1l k egersis a varovala p\u0159ed p\u0159ed\u010dasn\u00fdm za\u0159azen\u00edm do star\u0161\u00edho sch\u00e9matu um\u00edraj\u00edc\u00edch a vzk\u0159\u00ed\u0161en\u00fdch boh\u016f.<\/p><p>V\u00fdzkum se shoduje na tom, \u017ee sv\u00e1tek existoval, ale neshoduje se na jeho p\u0159esn\u00e9 podob\u011b. Z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 jedn\u00edm z nejintenzivn\u011bji diskutovan\u00fdch prvk\u016f f\u00e9nick\u00e9ho sv\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edho kalend\u00e1\u0159e.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp25186adb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp25186adb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e3a4f25 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2e3a4f25\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Melqart a H\u00e9rakl\u00e9s, dvojit\u00e1 identita<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp226fa5a4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp226fa5a4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp243726bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp243726bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0158ekov\u00e9 ztoto\u017e\u0148ovali Melqarta d\u016fsledn\u011b se sv\u00fdm h\u00e9roem H\u00e9raklem. Toto ztoto\u017en\u011bn\u00ed bylo tak pevn\u00e9, \u017ee proslul\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u00edsto zasv\u011bcen\u00e9 uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bo\u017estva.\" tabindex=\"0\">svatyn\u011b<\/span> Melqarta v Gadiru, dne\u0161n\u00edm C\u00e1dizu na \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9m atlantick\u00e9m pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed, se v antick\u00fdch pramenech objevuje jako H\u00e9rakl\u016fv chr\u00e1m.<\/p><p>Herkulovy sloupy, tedy Gibraltarsk\u00fd pr\u016fliv, jsou pojmenov\u00e1ny podle tohoto spojen\u00ed; p\u016fvodn\u011b to v\u0161ak z\u0159ejm\u011b byly sloupy Melqartovy.<\/p><p>D\u016fvody pro toto ztoto\u017en\u011bn\u00ed spo\u010d\u00edvaj\u00ed ve spole\u010dn\u00fdch rysech obou postav. Oba plat\u00ed za h\u00e9roy, kte\u0159\u00ed podnikaj\u00ed dlouh\u00e9 cesty, pronikaj\u00ed a\u017e na okraj zn\u00e1m\u00e9ho sv\u011bta a \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed kulturu a \u0159\u00e1d.<\/p><p>Melqart byl uct\u00edv\u00e1n jako ochr\u00e1nce tyrsk\u00e9 kolonizace; kdekoli Tyros zalo\u017eil dce\u0159insk\u00e9 m\u011bsto, od Kart\u00e1ga a\u017e po Gadir, byla mu z\u0159\u00edzena <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u00edsto zasv\u011bcen\u00e9 uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bo\u017estva.\" tabindex=\"0\">svatyn\u011b<\/span>. H\u00e9rakles naopak podle \u0159eck\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh s \u010dasto historick\u00fdm j\u00e1drem a z\u00e1zra\u010dn\u00fdmi rysy.\" tabindex=\"0\">pov\u011bsti<\/span> putuje cel\u00fdm St\u0159edomo\u0159\u00edm. Oba spojuje smrt a jej\u00ed p\u0159ekon\u00e1n\u00ed, Melqart prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm egersis, H\u00e9rakles sv\u00fdm p\u0159ijet\u00edm mezi bohy po smrti na hranici.<\/p><p>Badatel\u00e9 mluv\u00ed o identifikaci, kter\u00e1 p\u016fsobila ob\u011bma sm\u011bry. N\u011bkter\u00e9 rysy \u0159eck\u00e9ho H\u00e9rakla, zejm\u00e9na epizoda s poh\u0159ebn\u00ed hranic\u00ed, mohly b\u00fdt ovlivn\u011bny f\u00e9nick\u00fdm Melqartem. Naopak Melqart se v dvojjazy\u010dn\u00fdch n\u00e1pisech, nap\u0159\u00edklad na slavn\u00e9 f\u00e9nicko-\u0159eck\u00e9 bilingvn\u00ed desce z Malty, p\u0159\u00edmo ztoto\u017e\u0148uje s H\u00e9raklem.<\/p><p>Tento maltsk\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Text vyryt\u00fd nebo vytesan\u00fd do pevn\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu.\" tabindex=\"0\">n\u00e1pis<\/span> byl mimochodem v 18. stolet\u00ed jedn\u00edm z kl\u00ed\u010d\u016f k rozlu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed f\u00e9nick\u00e9ho p\u00edsma. Dvojit\u00e1 identita Melqart-H\u00e9rakles je tak vzorov\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem toho, jak dv\u011b kultury poznaly v jednom a t\u00e9m\u017e <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytost uct\u00edvan\u00e1 jako bo\u017esk\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estvu<\/span> stejnou postavu a propletly sv\u00e9 tradice.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22fd1a8d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp22fd1a8d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2fd95ae4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2fd95ae4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Melqart v d\u011bjin\u00e1ch od Kart\u00e1ga po Tyros<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp274edf27 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp274edf27\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27b9f300 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp27b9f300\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Melqart byl m\u011bstsk\u00fdm bohem Tyru a jeho v\u00fdznam sah\u00e1 daleko za r\u00e1mec n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed a\u017e do politick\u00fdch d\u011bjin f\u00e9nick\u00e9ho z\u00e1padu. Kdy\u017e Tyros v dev\u00e1t\u00e9m stolet\u00ed p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem zalo\u017eil Kart\u00e1go, z\u016fstalo nov\u00e9 m\u011bsto v\u00e1z\u00e1no na boha sv\u00e9 matky.<\/p><p>Kart\u00e1ginsk\u00e9 prameny a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha \u0159eck\u00e9 a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 kultury, p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 800 p\u0159. n. l. a\u017e 600 n. l.\" tabindex=\"0\">antick\u00e9<\/span> zpr\u00e1vy dokl\u00e1daj\u00ed, \u017ee Kart\u00e1go pos\u00edlalo ka\u017ed\u00fd rok des\u00e1t\u00fd d\u00edl sv\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edjm\u016f do Melqartovy <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u00edsto zasv\u011bcen\u00e9 uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bo\u017estva.\" tabindex=\"0\">svatyn\u011b<\/span> v Tyru, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00fd zvyk pravideln\u011b opakovan\u00fd v r\u00e1mci ur\u010dit\u00e9ho spole\u010denstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">zvyk<\/span>, kter\u00fd po stalet\u00ed zviditel\u0148oval n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 a politick\u00e9 pouto mezi koloni\u00ed a mat\u010din\u00fdm m\u011bstem.<\/p><p>Oble\u017een\u00ed Tyru Alexandrem Velik\u00fdm v roce 332 p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem je s Melqartem \u00fazce spjato. Alexandr cht\u011bl ve <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u00edsto zasv\u011bcen\u00e9 uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bo\u017estva.\" tabindex=\"0\">svatyni<\/span> tohoto boha, kter\u00e9ho ch\u00e1pal jako H\u00e9rakla, od n\u011bj\u017e odvozoval sv\u016fj p\u016fvod, p\u0159in\u00e9st ob\u011b\u0165.<\/p><p>Obyvatel\u00e9 Tyru mu odep\u0159eli vstup, co\u017e se stalo spou\u0161t\u011b\u010dem n\u011bkolikam\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00edho, nakonec \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9ho obl\u00e9h\u00e1n\u00ed. Tato epizoda ukazuje, jakou politickou v\u00fdbu\u0161nost mohl m\u00edt p\u0159\u00edstup k m\u011bstsk\u00e9 svatyni.<\/p><p>I v \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 dob\u011b z\u016fstal Melqart\u016fv <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factov\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f v\u011bnovan\u00fdch bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 postav\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> \u017eiv\u00fd. Septimius Severus poch\u00e1zel ze severoafrick\u00e9ho Lepcis Magna, p\u016fvodn\u011b f\u00e9nick\u00e9 zalo\u017een\u00ed s vlastn\u00edm Melqartov\u00fdm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factov\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f v\u011bnovan\u00fdch bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 postav\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultem<\/span>, a jeho dynastie podporovala f\u00e9nick\u00e9 tradice.<\/p><p>Corinne Bonnetov\u00e1 zmapovala tuto dlouhou historii od \u010dasn\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prehistorick\u00e1 epocha po dob\u011b bronzov\u00e9, charakteristick\u00e1 zpracov\u00e1n\u00edm \u017eeleza.\" tabindex=\"0\">doby \u017eelezn\u00e9<\/span> a\u017e do c\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00e9 doby a uk\u00e1zala, \u017ee Melqart z\u016fstal po celou dobu bohem m\u011bsta, vl\u00e1dy a kolonizace. Jeho p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh je tak z\u00e1rove\u0148 kapitolou d\u011bjin f\u00e9nick\u00e9 expanze po cel\u00e9m St\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (v\u00fdb\u011br)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li>Corinne Bonnet: <em>Melqart<\/em> (Leuven\/Namur 1988)<\/li><li>Sabatino Moscati: <em>Die Ph\u00f6niker<\/em> (Stuttgart 1966)<\/li><li>Maria Eugenia Aubet: <em>The Phoenicians and the West<\/em> (Cambridge 2001)<\/li><li>Walter Burkert: <em>Die orientalisierende Epoche<\/em> (Heidelberg 1984)<\/li><li>H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Sader: <em>The History and Archaeology of Phoenicia<\/em> (Atlanta 2019)<\/li><li>Charles Krahmalkov: <em>A Phoenician-Punic Grammar<\/em> (Leiden 2001)<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-melqart e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-melqart\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-melqart-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-melqart-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o boz\u00edch, po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch a \u0159\u00e1du sv\u011bta.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00fdtus<\/span><\/em> o Melqartovi spojuje jeho ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u00ed smrt v ohni a jeho vzk\u0159\u00ed\u0161en\u00ed s <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factov\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f v\u011bnovan\u00fdch bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 postav\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultem<\/span> Tyru a ovlivnil f\u00e9nick\u00e9 svatyn\u011b od Gadesu a\u017e po Kart\u00e1go.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Souvisej\u00edc\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 pojmy: Melqart Tyros F\u00e9ni\u010dan\u00e9 H\u00e9rakles Gades m\u011bstsk\u00fd b\u016fh egersis vzk\u0159\u00ed\u0161en\u00ed.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-melqart\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard a ochrann\u00e9 tradice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard navazuje na kulturn\u011b-historickou tradici p\u0159enosn\u00fdch ochrann\u00fdch p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f, v tradici <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/fenicane-a-kartago-baal-tanit\/\">F\u00e9nick\u00e9 kultury<\/a> a mnoha dal\u0161\u00edch kultur po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b. 41 vrstev, ryz\u00ed zlato, platina, st\u0159\u00edbro, vyrobeno v N\u011bmecku. 30denn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo na vr\u00e1cen\u00ed.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">V\u00edce o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">V\u00edce o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Osobn\u00ed zku\u0161enosti se mohou li\u0161it. Nejedn\u00e1 se o zdravotnick\u00fd prost\u0159edek. Nen\u00ed slibem l\u00e9\u010div\u00e9ho \u00fa\u010dinku.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>nen\u00ed zdravotnick\u00fd prost\u0159edek<\/strong> a nenahrazuje l\u00e9ka\u0159skou ani psychoterapeutickou l\u00e9\u010dbu. Religionistick\u00fd obsah p\u0159edstavuje kulturn\u011b-historick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed, nikoli doporu\u010den\u00ed duchovn\u00ed praxe.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2850,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Melqart Tyros F\u00e9ni\u010dan\u00e9","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Melqart \u2013 m\u011bstsk\u00fd b\u016fh Tyru, m\u00fdtus, kult, Herakles","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Melqart, 'kr\u00e1l m\u011bsta', je f\u00e9nick\u00fd m\u011bstsk\u00fd b\u016fh Tyru, kter\u00e9ho \u0158ekov\u00e9 identifikovali s Heraklem. 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