{"id":145497,"date":"2026-09-03T16:30:58","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:30:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=145497"},"modified":"2026-09-03T16:57:40","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:57:40","slug":"astarte-fenicka-bohyne","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/astarte-fenicka-bohyne\/","title":{"rendered":"Astarte \u2013 f\u00e9nick\u00e1 bohyn\u011b"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"145497\" class=\"elementor elementor-145497 elementor-2625 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Astarte, f\u00e9nick\u00e1 bohyn\u011b l\u00e1sky, v\u00e1lky a kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 moci<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Astarte (f\u00e9nicky <em>\u02bf\u0161trt<\/em>) je nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u017eensk\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytost uct\u00edvan\u00e1 jako bo\u017esk\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estvo<\/span> f\u00e9nick\u00e9ho panteonu a objevuje se v m\u011bstsk\u00fdch st\u00e1tech Sid\u00f3n, Tyros, Byblos, Kition a v cel\u00e9m f\u00e9nick\u00e9m St\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ed. Je bohyn\u00ed l\u00e1sky, v\u00e1lky, kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 moci a plodnosti.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Bohyn\u011b tradice F\u00e9nick\u00e1.\">Bohyn\u011b<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/fenicane-a-kartago-baal-tanit\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mytologie tradice F\u00e9nick\u00e1.\">F\u00e9nick\u00e1<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Vrchn\u00ed bo\u017estvo.\">Vrchn\u00ed bo\u017estvo<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na t\\u00e9to str\\u00e1nce nebyly nalezeny \\u017e\\u00e1dn\\u00e9 nadpisy.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas 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class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-astartepho-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-astartepho-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-astartepho-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_astarte-phoenix-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-147336\" alt=\"Astarte Phoenix - bohov\u00e9 z f\u00e9nick\u00e9 tradice, historicko-ilustrativn\u00ed\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_astarte-phoenix-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_astarte-phoenix-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_astarte-phoenix-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_astarte-phoenix.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Za\u0159azen\u00ed a stru\u010dn\u00fd profil<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Astarte (akkadsky I\u0161tar, ugaritsky \u02bfA\u1e6ftartu) je f\u00e9nick\u00e1 forma jedn\u00e9 z nejstar\u0161\u00edch \u017eensk\u00fdch bohyn\u00ed P\u0159edn\u00edho v\u00fdchodu. Sabatino Moscati ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle <em>Die Ph\u00f6niker<\/em> (1966) uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee Astarte zauj\u00edm\u00e1 \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed postaven\u00ed t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v ka\u017ed\u00e9m f\u00e9nick\u00e9m m\u011bstsk\u00e9m st\u00e1t\u011b, \u010dasto jako man\u017eelka m\u00edstn\u00edho hlavn\u00edho boha.<\/p><p>V Sid\u00f3nu je man\u017eelkou Eshmuna; v Tyru vystupuje vedle <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145498\">Melqarta<\/a>; v Byblosu vedle Baalat. V r\u00e1mci <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/fenicane-a-kartago-baal-tanit\/\">f\u00e9nick\u00e9 tradice<\/a> je zdaleka nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed bohyn\u00ed.<\/p><p>Corinne Bonnet p\u0159edlo\u017eila ve sv\u00e9 monografii <em>Astart\u00e9<\/em> (1996) nejrozs\u00e1hlej\u0161\u00ed studii t\u00e9to <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytost uct\u00edvan\u00e1 jako bo\u017esk\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">bohyn\u011b<\/span>. Ukazuje, \u017ee Astarte m\u011bla velmi \u0161irok\u00fd funk\u010dn\u00ed profil: bohyn\u011b l\u00e1sky a sexuality, bohyn\u011b v\u00e1lky, ochr\u00e1nkyn\u011b kr\u00e1le, patronka mo\u0159eplavc\u016f, l\u00e9\u010ditelsk\u00e1 bohyn\u011b a v n\u011bkter\u00fdch kontextech i chtonicko-podsv\u011btn\u00ed funkce. Tato mnohofunk\u010dnost je typick\u00e1 pro starobabylonsk\u00e9 bohyn\u011b z rodu \u02bfA\u1e6ftart\/I\u0161tar.<\/p><p>N\u00e1bo\u017eensky historicky pat\u0159\u00ed Astarte k z\u00e1padosemitsk\u00e9mu typu bohyn\u011b, kter\u00fd se vyvinul ze starosyrsko-amoritsk\u00e9 tradice A\u1e6ftart. V 1. tis\u00edcilet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l. byla identifikov\u00e1na s \u0159eckou Afroditou; kypersk\u00e1 tradice Afrodity p\u0159\u00edmo navazuje na f\u00e9nickou Astarte, jak ji\u017e poznamenal Herodotos.<\/p><p>D\u016fle\u017eitou lok\u00e1ln\u00ed specifikac\u00ed je \u201eAstarte z Libanonu\u201c, zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e1 v n\u011bkolika n\u00e1pisech; byla pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b toto\u017en\u00e1 s Astarte z Bejr\u00fatu. V Tyru je tak\u00e9 dolo\u017eena \u201eAstarte mo\u0159e\u201c. Tato mnohost hypost\u00e1z\u00ed je typick\u00e1 pro f\u00e9nick\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed a \u010din\u00ed z Astarte nejdiferencovan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed bohyni panteonu.<\/p><p>Postaven\u00ed Astarte ve f\u00e9nick\u00e9m <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn boh\u016f ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed nebo kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonu<\/span> je srovnateln\u00e9 s postaven\u00edm hetitsk\u00e9 <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145487\">slune\u010dn\u00ed bohyn\u011b z Arinny<\/a> nebo <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145491\">Hebat<\/a> jako nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u017eensk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161sk\u00e9 bohyn\u011b.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jm\u00e9no a etymologie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jm\u00e9no \u02bf\u0161trt (Astarte) je z\u00e1padosemitsk\u00e9 a pat\u0159\u00ed ke ko\u0159eni <em>\u02bf\u0161tr<\/em>, kter\u00fd je z\u00e1kladem i pro \u02bfA\u1e6ftartu (Ugarit) a I\u0161tar (Mezopot\u00e1mie). Etymologie nen\u00ed definitivn\u011b vyjasn\u011bna; jedno pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9 vysv\u011btlen\u00ed spojuje tento ko\u0159en s v\u00fdrazem \u201ehv\u011bzda\u201c a ch\u00e1pe Astarte jako \u201ehv\u011bzdnou bohyni\u201c, pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b s odkazem na jit\u0159n\u00ed hv\u011bzdu (Venu\u0161i).<\/p><p>Ve f\u00e9nick\u00fdch n\u00e1pisech se objevuje jako <em>\u02bf\u0161trt<\/em>, stejn\u011b tak v punsk\u00fdch textech. D\u016fle\u017eitou hel\u00e9nistickou formou je <em>A\u0161tart<\/em> s aramejskou hl\u00e1skovou prom\u011bnou.<\/p><p>V akkad\u0161tin\u011b je identifikov\u00e1na s I\u0161tar; v hel\u00e9nistick\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b s Afroditou nebo H\u00e9rou (podle funk\u010dn\u00edho d\u016frazu); v Egypt\u011b se od Nov\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e objevuje jako samostatn\u00e9 importovan\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytost uct\u00edvan\u00e1 jako bo\u017esk\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estvo<\/span> pod jm\u00e9nem Astarte. I tam si zachov\u00e1v\u00e1 sv\u016fj z\u00e1padosemitsk\u00fd charakter.<\/p><p>\u0158eck\u00e1 Afrodit\u00e9 \u00daranie p\u0159\u00edmo odpov\u00edd\u00e1 f\u00e9nick\u00e9 Astarte; Herodotos odvozuje jej\u00ed kult z F\u00e9nicie p\u0159es Kypr do \u0158ecka. Tato linie d\u011bdictv\u00ed \u010din\u00ed z Astarte jednu z n\u00e1bo\u017eensky historicky nejvlivn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch bohyn\u00ed st\u0159edomo\u0159sk\u00e9ho sv\u011bta.<\/p><p>V n\u011bkter\u00fdch textech je ozna\u010dov\u00e1na tak\u00e9 jako \u201ePan\u00ed nebes\u201c nebo \u201eKr\u00e1lovna nebes\u201c, titul, kter\u00fd se objevuje i v biblick\u00e9m Jeremi\u00e1\u0161ovi (Jer 7,18; 44,17, 19) a je tam kriticky komentov\u00e1n. Tato tradice \u201eKr\u00e1lovny nebes\u201c byla n\u00e1bo\u017eensko-historicky zkoum\u00e1na Saby Caves a p\u0159edstavuje d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 spojen\u00ed mezi kana\u00e1nskou a biblickou n\u00e1bo\u017eenskou histori\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Popis a ikonografie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Astarte se ve f\u00e9nick\u00e9 ikonografii objevuje v n\u011bkolika typech zobrazen\u00ed: jako nah\u00e1 stoj\u00edc\u00ed bohyn\u011b (poloha \u201eastartsk\u00e9 plakety\u201c), jako tr\u016fn\u00edc\u00ed kr\u00e1lovna s korunou polos, jako v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e1 bohyn\u011b s kop\u00edm a \u0161t\u00edtem, jako jezdkyn\u011b na lvu nebo jako nebesk\u00e1 kr\u00e1lovna v r\u00e1mu hv\u011bzd. Tato rozmanitost obraz\u016f odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed jej\u00ed mnohofunk\u010dnost.<\/p><p>Jej\u00edm svat\u00fdm zv\u00ed\u0159etem je lev nebo lvice; v Sid\u00f3nu a Kart\u00e1gu se \u010dasto objevuje tr\u016fn\u00edc\u00ed nebo jedouc\u00ed na lvu. P\u0159i\u0159azov\u00e1na je j\u00ed i holubice, zejm\u00e9na v kypersk\u00fdch a st\u0159edomo\u0159sk\u00fdch kontextech; afroditiny holubice jsou p\u0159\u00edm\u00fdm d\u011bdictv\u00edm f\u00e9nick\u00e9 Astarte. Dal\u0161\u00ed zv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00ed asociac\u00ed je had, kter\u00fd p\u0159edstavuje jej\u00ed chtonickou str\u00e1nku.<\/p><p>V z\u00e1padomediterransk\u00fdch koloni\u00edch, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v Tartessu (\u0160pan\u011blsko), byla Astarte uct\u00edv\u00e1na zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b intenzivn\u011b; slavn\u00e1 bronzov\u00e1 so\u0161ka \u201eAstarte z Carambola\u201c ze 7. stolet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l. ji zobrazuje jako tr\u016fn\u00edc\u00ed bohyni s f\u00e9nick\u00fdm votivn\u00edm n\u00e1pisem. Tak\u00e9 v Seville, C\u00e1dizu a na dal\u0161\u00edch lokalit\u00e1ch byly nalezeny figurky Astarte, kter\u00e9 dokl\u00e1daj\u00ed intenzivn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edtomnost jej\u00edho kultu.<\/p><p>V Kitionu (Kypr) byl vykop\u00e1n obrovsk\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed k uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> Astarte, kter\u00fd pat\u0159\u00ed k nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm svatyn\u00edm doby \u017eelezn\u00e9 ve St\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ed. Vykop\u00e1vky veden\u00e9 Vassosem Karageorghisem a v ned\u00e1vn\u00e9 dob\u011b Mari\u00ed Iacovou podstatn\u011b roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ily obraz f\u00e9nick\u00e9ho kultu na Kypru.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mytologick\u00e1 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V ugaritsk\u00fdch textech (KTU 1.92 a dal\u0161\u00ed) vystupuje Astart\u00e9 jako bohyn\u011b lovu a pr\u016fvodkyn\u011b <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145496\">Baala<\/a>; v Baalov\u011b cyklu v\u0161ak hraje men\u0161\u00ed roli ne\u017e jej\u00ed sestra <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145504\">Anat<\/a>. Ve f\u00e9nick\u00fdch mytologick\u00fdch zlomc\u00edch, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm u Fil\u00f3na z Byblu (citovan\u00e9ho u Eusebia), vystupuje jako kr\u00e1lovna, kter\u00e1 p\u0159ij\u00ed\u017ed\u00ed s b\u00fdkem do Tyru a zauj\u00edm\u00e1 tam kr\u00e1lovsk\u00fd tr\u016fn.<\/p><p>Fil\u00f3n vypr\u00e1v\u00ed, \u017ee Astart\u00e9 &#8218;nalezla b\u00fd\u010d\u00ed hlavu&#8216; a vlo\u017eila si ji na vlastn\u00ed hlavu, \u010d\u00edm\u017e potvrdila svou bo\u017eskost. Toto vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 egyptskou tradici Hathor a mezopot\u00e1msk\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh Inanny a Anua. Albert Baumgarten kriticky vydal tento materi\u00e1l v d\u00edle <em>The Phoenician History of Philo of Byblos<\/em> (1981).<\/p><p>V hel\u00e9nistick\u00fdch textech je Astart\u00e9 spojov\u00e1na s p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhem o Eur\u00f3p\u011b: Eur\u00f3pa, dcera kr\u00e1le Agenora z Tyru, byla Zeusem v podob\u011b b\u00fdka unesena na Kr\u00e9tu. Toto spojen\u00ed je historicky v\u00fdrazn\u00e9: Astart\u00e9 je z\u00e1rove\u0148 matkou Eur\u00f3py i jej\u00edm bo\u017esk\u00fdm pozad\u00edm. Eur\u00f3psk\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn tradovan\u00fdch vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o boz\u00edch v dan\u00e9 kultu\u0159e.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytologie<\/span> je tak hel\u00e9nsko-f\u00e9nickou synt\u00e9zou.<\/p><p>Z karthaginsk\u00e9 doby se dochovala vazba mezi Astart\u00e9 a hrdinskou postavou Did\u00f3; kr\u00e1lovna Did\u00f3, zakladatelka Karth\u00e1ga, je v n\u011bkter\u00fdch \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch pramenech ch\u00e1p\u00e1na jako &#8218;kn\u011b\u017esk\u00e1 inkarnace&#8216; Astart\u00e9. Tato identifikace je z hlediska d\u011bjin n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed velmi zaj\u00edmav\u00e1.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult a uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi kultovn\u00edmi centry Astart\u00e9 byly Sid\u00f3n (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> Astart\u00e9, postaven\u00fd Eshmunazarem II.), Tyros, Byblos (s Baalat), Kition (Kypr, kde obrovsk\u00fd chr\u00e1m Astart\u00e9 dominoval cel\u00e9mu ostrovu), Kart\u00e1go a st\u0159edomo\u0159sk\u00e9 kolonie. Maria Eugenia Aubet ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle <em>The Phoenicians and the West<\/em> (2001) zdokumentovala jeho st\u0159edomo\u0159sk\u00e9 \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bo\u017estva nebo posv\u00e1tn\u00e9 bytosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kult<\/span> zahrnoval z\u00e1paln\u00e9 ob\u011bti, \u00falitby a takzvanou &#8218;posv\u00e1tnou tane\u010dn\u00ed slavnost&#8216;, zmi\u0148ovanou v n\u011bkter\u00fdch f\u00e9nick\u00fdch pramenech.<\/p><p>Zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed roli hr\u00e1li <em>qedeshim<\/em> a <em>qedeshot<\/em>, zasv\u011bcen\u00ed mu\u017ei a \u017eeny, jejich\u017e p\u0159esn\u00e1 funkce je p\u0159edm\u011btem v\u011bdeck\u00e9 diskuse; Annie Caubet, Corinne Bonnet a Stephanie Budin vystoupily proti star\u0161\u00ed interpretaci jako &#8218;chr\u00e1mov\u00e9 prostituci&#8216;, ani\u017e by byla ot\u00e1zka definitivn\u011b vy\u0159e\u0161ena.<\/p><p>V hel\u00e9nistick\u00e9 dob\u011b byla Astart\u00e9 ztoto\u017en\u011bna s Afroditou; slavn\u00e1 svatyn\u011b Afrodity v Paphosu na Kypru je historicky p\u0159\u00edm\u00fdm pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00edm f\u00e9nick\u00e9ho uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed Astart\u00e9. Tak\u00e9 v Korintu, v Erice (Sic\u00edlie) a na mnoha dal\u0161\u00edch st\u0159edomo\u0159sk\u00fdch m\u00edstech pokra\u010dovala f\u00e9nick\u00e1 tradice Astart\u00e9 pod \u0159eck\u00fdm ozna\u010den\u00edm.<\/p><p>V Kart\u00e1gu byla Astart\u00e9 pozd\u011bji st\u00e1le v\u00edce zatla\u010dov\u00e1na <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145499\">Tanit<\/a>, ani\u017e by zcela zmizela; v tofetsk\u00fdch n\u00e1pisech se ob\u011b bohyn\u011b ob\u010das objevuj\u00ed spole\u010dn\u011b. Tato konkurence dvou \u017eensk\u00fdch vrchn\u00edch bohyn\u00ed je jedn\u00edm z nejcharakteristi\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00edch rys\u016f punsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ochrann\u00e1 praxe a apotropaick\u00e9 prvky<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Astart\u00e9 byla ochr\u00e1nkyn\u00ed kr\u00e1lovsk\u00fdch rod\u016f, t\u011bhotn\u00fdch \u017een, mo\u0159eplavc\u016f a bojovn\u00edk\u016f. V Sid\u00f3nu se objevuje na kr\u00e1lovsk\u00fdch pe\u010det\u00edch jako ochr\u00e1nkyn\u011b kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9ho domu; slavn\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Text vyryt\u00fd nebo vytesan\u00fd do pevn\u00e9ho nosi\u010de.\" tabindex=\"0\">n\u00e1pis<\/span> kr\u00e1le Eshmunazara II. (5. stolet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l.) ji uv\u00e1d\u00ed spolu s Eshmunem jako nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ochrann\u00e9 bo\u017estvo.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Odvracej\u00edc\u00ed ne\u0161t\u011bst\u00ed: o znamen\u00edch a p\u0159edm\u011btech, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed odvr\u00e1tit \u0161kodliv\u00e9 vlivy.\" tabindex=\"0\">Apotropaicky<\/span> byly figurky Astart\u00e9 um\u00eds\u0165ov\u00e1ny v domech; takzvan\u00e9 &#8218;plakety Astart\u00e9&#8216;, mal\u00e9 terakotov\u00e9 reli\u00e9fy nah\u00e9 \u017eeny, jsou zn\u00e1my v tis\u00edc\u00edch exempl\u00e1\u0159\u00edch z f\u00e9nick\u00fdch nalezi\u0161\u0165. Slou\u017eily pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b k ochran\u011b, vz\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed plodnosti a ochran\u011b dom\u00e1cnosti. Funkce t\u011bchto plaket je p\u0159edm\u011btem badatelsk\u00fdch spor\u016f; jejich \u010detnost je v ka\u017ed\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b dokladem intenzivn\u00edho dom\u00e1c\u00edho uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed Astart\u00e9.<\/p><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">Ve f\u00e9nick\u00fdch cestovn\u00edch ritu\u00e1lech byla Astart\u00e9 vz\u00fdv\u00e1na jako ochr\u00e1nkyn\u011b plavby; kapit\u00e1ni a obchodn\u00edci j\u00ed p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161eli votivn\u00ed dary p\u0159ed mo\u0159sk\u00fdmi plavbami i po nich. Tato &#8218;cestovn\u00ed zbo\u017enost&#8216; je z n\u00e1bo\u017eenskohistorick\u00e9ho hlediska zaj\u00edmav\u00e1, proto\u017ee p\u0159\u00edmo n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem zar\u00e1mov\u00e1v\u00e1 mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed mobilitu f\u00e9nick\u00e9ho sv\u011bta. iWell Guard eviduje Astart\u00e9 jako historickou postavu bez odkazu na aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed slib l\u00e9\u010div\u00e9ho \u00fa\u010dinku.<\/p><p>F\u00e9nick\u00e9 skarabeov\u00e9 pe\u010det\u011b ze 7. a 6. stolet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l. \u010dasto zobrazuj\u00ed motivy Astart\u00e9: nahou stoj\u00edc\u00ed bohyni, Astart\u00e9 na lvu, Astart\u00e9 s lotosov\u00fdm kv\u011btem. Tyto mal\u00e9 pe\u010det\u011b byly no\u0161eny jako osobn\u00ed ochrann\u00e9 amulety a byly ve f\u00e9nick\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b velmi roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralely v jin\u00fdch kultur\u00e1ch<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Astarte pat\u0159\u00ed do velk\u00e9 z\u00e1padosemitsko-mezopot\u00e1msk\u00e9 rodiny bohyn\u00ed \u02bfA\u1e6ftart\/I\u0161tar. Je bl\u00edzce p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00e1 s ugaritskou \u02bfA\u1e6ftartu, mezopot\u00e1mskou I\u0161tar, st\u0159edoaramejskou Atargatis (s vlastn\u00edm samostatn\u00fdm v\u00fdvojem), hurritskou \u0160au\u0161gou a hetitskou I\u0161tar ze \u0160amu\u1e2by. V akkadsk\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed je mnohofunk\u010dnost obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b dob\u0159e dokumentov\u00e1na u I\u0161tar z Uruku.<\/p><p>Z n\u00e1bo\u017eenskohistorick\u00e9ho hlediska je Astarte toto\u017en\u00e1 s \u0159eckou Afroditou; kypersk\u00e1 Afrodita je p\u0159\u00edm\u00fdm pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00edm f\u00e9nick\u00e9 Astarte. I \u0159eck\u00e1 H\u00e9ra, Ath\u00e9na a v n\u011bkter\u00fdch aspektech i Artemis nesou d\u011bdictv\u00ed Astarte. V Kart\u00e1gu se st\u00e1le v\u00edce sl\u00e9v\u00e1 s <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145499\">Tanit<\/a>, kter\u00e1 si vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed vlastn\u00ed samostatnou funkci.<\/p><p>V hebrejsk\u00fdch pramenech se Astarte objevuje jako Ashtoreth, polemicky a negativn\u011b vykreslen\u00e1 (1. Kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e1 11,5; 2. Kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e1 23,13). Tato polemika se obrac\u00ed proti kanaansk\u00e9mu n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed v jeho f\u00e9nick\u00e9 podob\u011b.<\/p><p>Z v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho hlediska je Astarte pro starov\u011bk\u00fd Izrael konkuren\u010dn\u00edm bo\u017estvem ze stejn\u00e9 kanaansk\u00e9 tradice; biblick\u00fd antia\u0161tartismus je teologickou reakc\u00ed na skute\u010dn\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 sousedstv\u00ed. <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/hetitsko-anatolske-tarhunna-bohove\/\">Hetitsk\u00e9<\/a> paralely nach\u00e1z\u00edme u \u0160au\u0161gy ze \u0160amu\u1e2by.<\/p><p>Identifikace Astarte = Afrodita nen\u00ed historicky nahodil\u00e1; Pausanias a dal\u0161\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha \u0159eck\u00e9 a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 kultury, p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b od 800 p\u0159. n. l. do 600 n. l.\" tabindex=\"0\">anti\u010dt\u00ed<\/span> auto\u0159i dokl\u00e1daj\u00ed odvozen\u00ed \u0159eck\u00e9 Afrodity z f\u00e9nick\u00fdch p\u0159edloh. Standardn\u00ed referenc\u00ed v t\u00e9to ot\u00e1zce jsou studie Waltera Burkerta v d\u00edle <em>Die orientalisierende Epoche<\/em> a Vinciane Pirenne-Delforge.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sou\u010dasn\u00e1 recepce a v\u00fdzkum<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V\u00fdzkum Astarte dosahuje dnes vysok\u00e9 \u00farovn\u011b. Standardn\u00ed referenc\u00ed je monografie Corinne Bonnetov\u00e9 <em>Astart\u00e9<\/em> (1996); Stephanie Budinov\u00e1 v knize <em>The Origin of Aphrodite<\/em> (2003) kriticky pojedn\u00e1v\u00e1 o souvislosti s Afroditou. Sabatino Moscati a Maria Eugenia Aubetov\u00e1 jsou autoritami pro roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed kultu ve St\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ed. Vyd\u00e1n\u00ed f\u00e9nick\u00fdch n\u00e1pis\u016f, kter\u00e9 p\u0159ipravili Charles Krahmalkov a Wolfgang R\u00f6llig, poskytuje prim\u00e1rn\u00ed texty.<\/p><p>V popul\u00e1rn\u00edm pov\u011bdom\u00ed je Astarte zn\u00e1ma p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm d\u00edky ztoto\u017en\u011bn\u00ed s Afroditou a d\u00edky biblick\u00e9 polemice. Duchovn\u00ed obnova v novopohansk\u00e9m smyslu, zejm\u00e9na ve feministick\u00fdch a novopohansk\u00fdch kruz\u00edch od 80. let 20. stolet\u00ed, p\u0159ijala Astarte jako \u201ematku bohyni\u201c; tato modern\u00ed recepce je z n\u00e1bo\u017eenskohistorick\u00e9ho hlediska problematick\u00e1, proto\u017ee zjednodu\u0161uje jej\u00ed historick\u00fd profil.<\/p><p>Z v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho hlediska je Astarte dnes pova\u017eov\u00e1na za jeden z nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f v\u00fdzkumu z\u00e1padosemitsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed. Aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed t\u011b\u017ei\u0161t\u011b badatelsk\u00e9ho z\u00e1jmu le\u017e\u00ed v rozli\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u00edstn\u00edch hypostaz\u00ed Astarte (Astarte ze Sidonu, Tyru, Byblosu, Kitionu), ve vazb\u011b na tradici Afrodity a v ot\u00e1zce <em>qedeshot<\/em> v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9ho bo\u017estva nebo svat\u00e9 bytosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultu<\/span> Astarte. iWell Guard uv\u00e1d\u00ed Astarte jako centr\u00e1ln\u00edho \u010dlena <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn boh\u016f jednoho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed nebo jedn\u00e9 kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonu<\/span>, nikoli jako sou\u010dasnou adres\u00e1tku ochrany.<\/p><p>Aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed archeologick\u00e9 n\u00e1lezy z f\u00e9nick\u00fdch lokalit ve \u0160pan\u011blsku (Sevilla, C\u00e1diz) a v Maroku (Lixus) v\u00fdrazn\u011b roz\u0161i\u0159uj\u00ed obraz jej\u00edho uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed na z\u00e1pad\u011b. V\u00fdzkumy Mar\u00eda Bel\u00e9n Deamosov\u00e9 a Manuely Mar\u00ednov\u00e9 v posledn\u00edch letech zve\u0159ejnily d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 nov\u00e9 d\u016fkazy.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura a prameny<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00fdb\u011br shrnuje nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed standardn\u00ed d\u00edla o v\u00fdzkumu Astarte. Zahrnuje monografie, edice n\u00e1pis\u016f a historick\u00e9 synt\u00e9zy. Monografie Corinne Bonnetov\u00e9 <em>Astart\u00e9<\/em> je vhodn\u00fdm prvn\u00edm vstupem; Budinov\u00e9 studie o Afrodit\u011b se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 \u0159eckou lini\u00ed, Aubetov\u00e1 pak st\u0159edomo\u0159sk\u00fdm roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00edm. Krahmalkovova gramatika f\u00e9nicko-pun\u0161tiny poskytuje jazykov\u011b historick\u00fd materi\u00e1l, Moscatiho klasick\u00e1 synt\u00e9za kulturn\u011b-historick\u00fd r\u00e1mec.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b13b4ce e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2b13b4ce\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp277df97f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp277df97f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Astarte v sarkof\u00e1gu Eschmunazara a v kr\u00e1lovsk\u00fdch n\u00e1pisech ze Sidonu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp293101c9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp293101c9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26973d69 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp26973d69\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jedn\u00edm z nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch epigrafick\u00fdch pramen\u016f k Astarte je <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Text vyryt\u00fd nebo vytesan\u00fd do pevn\u00e9ho podkladu.\" tabindex=\"0\">n\u00e1pis<\/span> na sarkof\u00e1gu kr\u00e1le Eschmunazara II. ze Sidonu, datovan\u00fd do po\u010d\u00e1tku 5. stolet\u00ed p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem. Samotn\u00fd sarkof\u00e1g je egyptsk\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu a byl nalezen v roce 1855; dnes se nach\u00e1z\u00ed v Louvru. F\u00e9nick\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Text vyryt\u00fd nebo vytesan\u00fd do pevn\u00e9ho podkladu.\" tabindex=\"0\">n\u00e1pis<\/span> pat\u0159\u00ed k nejdel\u0161\u00edm dochovan\u00fdm text\u016fm tohoto jazyka.<\/p><p>V n\u011bm kr\u00e1lovsk\u00fd d\u016fm oznamuje, \u017ee postavil Astarte <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed k uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span>. Je zm\u00edn\u011bna <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Svat\u00e9 m\u00edsto zasv\u011bcen\u00e9 uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bo\u017estva.\" tabindex=\"0\">svatyn\u011b<\/span> <em>Astarte Schem Baal<\/em>, tedy Astarte, jm\u00e9no Baala, v\u00fdraz bl\u00edzk\u00fd spojen\u00ed Tanit pene Baal z punsk\u00fdch n\u00e1pis\u016f, kter\u00fd vyjad\u0159uje teologickou vazbu mezi bohyn\u00ed a bohem.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Text vyryt\u00fd nebo vytesan\u00fd do pevn\u00e9ho podkladu.\" tabindex=\"0\">N\u00e1pis<\/span> d\u00e1le zmi\u0148uje boha Eschmuna a odhaluje tak n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd program sidonsk\u00e9 kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 dynastie.<\/p><p>Druh\u00fdm kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdm pramenem je <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Text vyryt\u00fd nebo vytesan\u00fd do pevn\u00e9ho podkladu.\" tabindex=\"0\">n\u00e1pis<\/span> kr\u00e1le Boda\u0161tarta, rovn\u011b\u017e ze Sidonu, kter\u00fd tak\u00e9 mluv\u00ed o stavebn\u00ed \u010dinnosti ve prosp\u011bch Astarte a Eschmuna. Z t\u011bchto text\u016f vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee Astarte byla hlavn\u00ed bohyn\u00ed Sidonu a m\u011bstsk\u00fd kult byl \u00fazce spojen s legitimizac\u00ed kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9ho domu.<\/p><p>F\u00e9nick\u00e9 kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 n\u00e1pisy jsou tak hodnotn\u00e9 pr\u00e1v\u011b proto, \u017ee na rozd\u00edl od mytologick\u00fdch text\u016f z Ugaritu poch\u00e1zej\u00ed p\u0159\u00edmo z f\u00e9nick\u00e9ho j\u00e1dra a z re\u00e1ln\u00e9ho kultovn\u00edho provozu.<\/p><p>Ukazuj\u00ed Astarte nikoli jako postavu vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed, n\u00fdbr\u017e jako p\u0159\u00edjemkyni chr\u00e1m\u016f, nadac\u00ed a kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 \u00facty. Vyd\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011bchto text\u016f lze nal\u00e9zt ve standardn\u00edch sb\u00edrk\u00e1ch f\u00e9nick\u00fdch n\u00e1pis\u016f, nap\u0159\u00edklad u Herberta Donnera a Wolfganga R\u00f6olliga.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2acdcf65 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2acdcf65\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp28ce0b2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp28ce0b2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Astarte, Afrodita a \u0159eck\u00fd p\u0159eklad bohyn\u011b<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp241006cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp241006cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp21761654 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp21761654\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0158ekov\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed byli s F\u00e9ni\u010dany v kontaktu v cel\u00e9m St\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ed, ztoto\u017e\u0148ovali Astartu se svou vlastn\u00ed bohyn\u00ed l\u00e1sky a kr\u00e1sy Afroditou. Toto ztoto\u017en\u011bn\u00ed je v\u00edc ne\u017e pouh\u00fd p\u0159eklad.<\/p><p>H\u00e9rodotos zmi\u0148uje <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bo\u017estvu zasv\u011bcen\u00e9 svat\u00e9 m\u00edsto.\" tabindex=\"0\">svatyni<\/span> nebesk\u00e9 Afrodity v Askalonu a ozna\u010duje ji za nejstar\u0161\u00ed ze v\u0161ech svatyn\u00ed t\u00e9to bohyn\u011b, z n\u00ed\u017e poch\u00e1z\u00ed i svatyn\u011b na Kypru. T\u00edm v\u00fdslovn\u011b umis\u0165uje p\u016fvod Afrodity do syrsko-f\u00e9nick\u00e9 oblasti.<\/p><p>Kypr hraje v tomto p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu kl\u00ed\u010dovou roli. Ostrov byl brzy os\u00eddlen F\u00e9ni\u010dany, zejm\u00e9na m\u011bsto Kition, a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factyhodn\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f v\u016f\u010di bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 postav\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> kypersk\u00e9 bohyn\u011b, kterou \u0158ekov\u00e9 uct\u00edvali jako Afroditu, nese z\u0159eteln\u00e9 stopy Astarty.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bo\u017estvu zasv\u011bcen\u00e9 svat\u00e9 m\u00edsto.\" tabindex=\"0\">Svatyn\u011b<\/span> v Pafu na Kypru uct\u00edvala svou kultovn\u00ed podobu ve form\u011b k\u00f3nick\u00e9ho kamene, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00fd, v r\u00e1mci spole\u010denstv\u00ed pravideln\u011b opakovan\u00fd \u00fakon.\" tabindex=\"0\">zvyk<\/span>, kter\u00fd sp\u00ed\u0161e odpov\u00edd\u00e1 p\u0159edoasijsk\u00e9mu ne\u017e \u0159eck\u00e9mu ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed kultu.<\/p><p>Badatel\u00e9 diskutuj\u00ed o tom, do jak\u00e9 m\u00edry je Afrodita v\u016fbec p\u016fvodn\u011b \u0159eck\u00fdm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytost uct\u00edvan\u00e1 jako bo\u017esk\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci n\u011bjak\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estvem<\/span>, nebo zda vznikla p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm p\u0159evzet\u00edm f\u00e9nick\u00e9 Astarty. Walter Burkert ve sv\u00fdch prac\u00edch o orient\u00e1ln\u00edm vlivu na \u0159eck\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed toto spojen\u00ed siln\u011b zd\u016fraznil. Jin\u00ed badatel\u00e9 vid\u00ed sp\u00ed\u0161e sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00ed indoevropsk\u00e9 bohyn\u011b jit\u0159n\u00ed z\u00e1\u0159e s p\u0159edoasijsk\u00fdmi elementy.<\/p><p>Jist\u00e9 je, \u017ee Astarta a Afrodita byly po stalet\u00ed pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za dv\u011b jm\u00e9na bohyn\u011b vn\u00edman\u00e9 jako p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00e9. Pro Astartu to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee jej\u00ed vliv dosahuje daleko za hranice f\u00e9nick\u00fdch m\u011bst a pokra\u010duje v \u0159eck\u00e9m a pozd\u011bji \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9m n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2cd57195 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2cd57195\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b9874d7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2b9874d7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Astarta a A\u0161toret v hebrejsk\u00e9 Bibli<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp23d0ede1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp23d0ede1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e38e53c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2e38e53c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Astart\u00e9 se objevuje v hebrejsk\u00e9 Bibli pod jm\u00e9nem <em>A\u0161toret<\/em>, v mno\u017en\u00e9m \u010d\u00edsle <em>A\u0161tarot<\/em>. Vokalizace tohoto jm\u00e9na je v b\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed pova\u017eov\u00e1na za z\u00e1m\u011brn\u00e9 znetvo\u0159en\u00ed: masoret\u0161t\u00ed u\u010denci m\u011bli p\u016fvodn\u00ed samohl\u00e1sky nahradit samohl\u00e1skami hebrejsk\u00e9ho slova pro hanbu, co\u017e je postup p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dan\u00fd i u jin\u00fdch ciz\u00edch bo\u017estev.<\/p><p>Biblick\u00e9 texty zmi\u0148uj\u00ed A\u0161toret na n\u011bkolika m\u00edstech. V prvn\u00ed knize Kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 je ozna\u010dov\u00e1na jako bohyn\u011b Sido\u0148an\u016f, jej\u00ed\u017e <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bo\u017estva nebo posv\u00e1tn\u00e9 bytosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> m\u011bl povolit kr\u00e1l \u0160alomoun.<\/p><p>\u010casto stoj\u00ed v mno\u017en\u00e9m \u010d\u00edsle vedle Baal\u016f, zt\u011blesn\u011bn\u00ed ciz\u00edch kult\u016f, proti nim\u017e biblick\u00ed auto\u0159i polemizuj\u00ed. Kniha Soudc\u016f a knihy Samuelovy pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed obrat, \u017ee lid slou\u017eil Baal\u016fm a A\u0161tarot\u00e1m.<\/p><p>Tyto doklady jsou z n\u00e1bo\u017eenskohistorick\u00e9ho hlediska d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 ze dvou d\u016fvod\u016f. Za prv\u00e9 zven\u010d\u00ed potvrzuj\u00ed, \u017ee Astart\u00e9 byla skute\u010dn\u011b hlavn\u00ed bohyn\u00ed Sid\u00f3nu, co\u017e dokl\u00e1daj\u00ed i f\u00e9nick\u00e9 kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 n\u00e1pisy z vlastn\u00ed perspektivy. Za druh\u00e9 ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bo\u017estva nebo posv\u00e1tn\u00e9 bytosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> Astart\u00e9 byl roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en i mezi obyvatelstvem izraelsk\u00e9 a judsk\u00e9 oblasti, jinak by prorock\u00e1 polemika nem\u011bla \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd c\u00edl.<\/p><p>Bible je zde nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00fdm, ale pr\u00e1v\u011b proto v\u00fdmluvn\u00fdm pramenem. Nep\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1 n\u00e1m <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e9 u\u010den\u00ed o Bohu a v\u00ed\u0159e n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologii<\/span> ctitel\u016f Astart\u00e9, ale zprost\u0159edkovan\u011b dokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee jejich <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bo\u017estva nebo posv\u00e1tn\u00e9 bytosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> byl natolik \u017eiv\u00fd, \u017ee byl po stalet\u00ed vn\u00edm\u00e1n jako n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e1 konkurence.<\/p><p>Ot\u00e1zka, jak se A\u0161toret vztahuje k rovn\u011b\u017e v Bibli zmi\u0148ovan\u00e9 A\u0161e\u0159e, je p\u0159edm\u011btem trvaj\u00edc\u00ed v\u011bdeck\u00e9 diskuse.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (v\u00fdb\u011br)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li>Corinne Bonnet: <em>Astart\u00e9<\/em> (Rom 1996)<\/li><li>Stephanie Budin: <em>The Origin of Aphrodite<\/em> (Bethesda 2003)<\/li><li>Sabatino Moscati: <em>Die Ph\u00f6niker<\/em> (Stuttgart 1966)<\/li><li>Maria Eugenia Aubet: <em>The Phoenicians and the West<\/em> (Cambridge 2001)<\/li><li>Stephanie Budin: <em>The Myth of Sacred Prostitution in Antiquity<\/em> (Cambridge 2008)<\/li><li>Charles Krahmalkov: <em>A Phoenician-Punic Grammar<\/em> (Leiden 2001)<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-astartephoenix e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-astartephoenix\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-astartephoenix-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-astartephoenix-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ve f\u00e9nick\u00e9m <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00e9 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o boz\u00edch, po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch a uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u011bta.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00fdtu<\/span> spojuje Astarta l\u00e1sku, v\u00e1lku a kr\u00e1lovskou vl\u00e1du; jej\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factyhodn\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f v\u016f\u010di bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 postav\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> sah\u00e1 od Sidonu a Tyru a\u017e po Kart\u00e1go a pozd\u011bji ovliv\u0148uje hel\u00e9nistick\u00e9 identifikace s Afroditou a H\u00e9rou.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Souvisej\u00edc\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 pojmy: Astarta F\u00e9ni\u010dan\u00e9 bohyn\u011b l\u00e1ska v\u00e1lka I\u0161tar Afrodita Sidon Tyros.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-astarte-phoenix\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard a ochrann\u00e9 tradice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard navazuje na kulturn\u011b-historickou tradici p\u0159enosn\u00fdch ochrann\u00fdch p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f, v tradici <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/fenicane-a-kartago-baal-tanit\/\">F\u00e9nick\u00e9 kultury<\/a> a mnoha dal\u0161\u00edch kultur po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b. 41 vrstev, ryz\u00ed zlato, platina, st\u0159\u00edbro, vyrobeno v N\u011bmecku. 30denn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo na vr\u00e1cen\u00ed.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">V\u00edce o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">V\u00edce o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 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data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Osobn\u00ed zku\u0161enosti se mohou li\u0161it. Nejedn\u00e1 se o zdravotnick\u00fd prost\u0159edek. Nen\u00ed slibem l\u00e9\u010div\u00e9ho \u00fa\u010dinku.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>nen\u00ed zdravotnick\u00fd prost\u0159edek<\/strong> a nenahrazuje l\u00e9ka\u0159skou ani psychoterapeutickou l\u00e9\u010dbu. Religionistick\u00fd obsah p\u0159edstavuje kulturn\u011b-historick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed, nikoli doporu\u010den\u00ed duchovn\u00ed praxe.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2847,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Astarte f\u00e9nick\u00e1 bohyn\u011b","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Astarte \u2013 f\u00e9nick\u00e1 bohyn\u011b, m\u00fdtus, kult","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Astarte je nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u017eensk\u00e1 bohyn\u011b f\u00e9nick\u00e9ho panteonu, spojovan\u00e1 s l\u00e1skou, v\u00e1lkou a kr\u00e1lovskou 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