{"id":145484,"date":"2026-09-03T16:30:50","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:30:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=145484"},"modified":"2026-09-03T16:57:17","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:57:17","slug":"sethlans-etrusky-buh-kovaren-ohne","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/sethlans-etrusky-buh-kovaren-ohne\/","title":{"rendered":"Sethlans &#8211; etrusk\u00fd b\u016fh kov\u00e1ren a ohn\u011b"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"145484\" class=\"elementor elementor-145484 elementor-2612 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sethlans - etrusk\u00fd b\u016fh ohn\u011b, kov\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho um\u011bn\u00ed a \u0159emesel<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sethlans je v etrusk\u00e9m n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed bohem kov\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho um\u011bn\u00ed, ohn\u011b a \u0159emesel. Funk\u010dn\u011b odpov\u00edd\u00e1 \u0159eck\u00e9mu H\u00e9faistovi a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9mu Vulk\u00e1novi, av\u0161ak s vlastn\u00edmi specifick\u00fdmi rysy. Tento text popisuje jeho religionistick\u00e9 postaven\u00ed v etrusk\u00e9m <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn boh\u016f ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed nebo kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonu<\/span> a jeho v\u00fdznam pro etruskou \u0159emeslnou kulturu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Kov\u00e1\u0159 tradice Etrusk\u00e1.\">Kov\u00e1\u0159<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/etruske-nabozenstvi-haruspex-disciplina-praxe\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mytologie tradice Etrusk\u00e1.\">Etrusk\u00e1<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Kov\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 a ohniv\u00e9 bo\u017estvo.\">Kov\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 a ohniv\u00e9 bo\u017estvo<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na t\\u00e9to str\\u00e1nce nebyly nalezeny \\u017e\\u00e1dn\\u00e9 nadpisy.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-sethlans-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-sethlans-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-sethlans-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_sethlans-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-147355\" alt=\"Sethlans \u2013 bohov\u00e9 z etrusk\u00e9 tradice, historicko-ilustrativn\u00ed\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_sethlans-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_sethlans-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_sethlans-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_sethlans.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Za\u0159azen\u00ed v etrusk\u00e9m panteonu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sethlans pat\u0159\u00ed mezi v\u00fdzna\u010dn\u00e9 bohy etrusk\u00e9ho panteonu. Je patronem kov\u00e1\u0159\u016f, sl\u00e9va\u010d\u016f bronzu, hrn\u010d\u00ed\u0159\u016f a obecn\u011b \u0159emesln\u00edk\u016f pracuj\u00edc\u00edch s ohn\u011bm. V etrusk\u00e9m bronzov\u00e9m um\u011bn\u00ed, kter\u00e9 v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha \u0159eck\u00e9 a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 kultury, p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b od 800 p\u0159. n. l. do 600 n. l.\" tabindex=\"0\">antice<\/span> pat\u0159ilo k nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdrobn\u00edm v\u00fdkon\u016fm, je jeho patron\u00e1t obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd.<\/p><p>Larissa Bonfante ve sv\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci <em>Etruscan Bronzes<\/em> zpracovala souvislost mezi Sethlansem a etrusk\u00fdm bronzov\u00fdm um\u011bn\u00edm. Tak\u00e9 Jean-Rene Jannot a Nancy Thomson de Grummond se mu v\u011bnuj\u00ed ve sv\u00fdch d\u00edlech o etrusk\u00e9m n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.<\/p><p>Sethlans, kov\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd a ohniv\u00fd b\u016fh, pat\u0159\u00ed k n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed, jeho\u017e religionistick\u00e1 p\u0159ita\u017elivost spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v jeho zprost\u0159edkuj\u00edc\u00ed pozici mezi \u0159ecko-st\u0159edomo\u0159sk\u00fdm a italsko-\u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdm sv\u011btem. Skute\u010dnost, \u017ee je tato etrusk\u00e1 tradice pova\u017eov\u00e1na za samostatnou, je v\u00fdsledkem prac\u00ed autor\u016f Massimo Pallottino, Jacques Heurgon, Sybille Haynes, Mauro Cristofani a Giovanni Colonna.<\/p><p>Sethlans jako jednozna\u010dn\u011b p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fd patron oh\u0148ov\u00e9ho \u0159emesla dokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee etrusk\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e1 nauka o Bohu a v\u00ed\u0159e ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologie<\/span> znala jasn\u011b strukturovan\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn boh\u016f ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed nebo kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteon<\/span> s pevn\u00fdmi hierarchiemi a funk\u010dn\u00edmi oblastmi. D\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed p\u0159edstava o &#8218;mysteri\u00f3zn\u00ed&#8216; nebo &#8218;ciz\u00ed&#8216; v\u00ed\u0159e v bohy je nespr\u00e1vn\u00e1; jde o samostatnou formu st\u0159edomo\u0159sk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.<\/p><p>Na Sethlansovi je dob\u0159e patrn\u00e1 zprost\u0159edkuj\u00edc\u00ed role Etrusk\u016f: jeho rysy propojuj\u00ed \u0159eck\u00e9 podn\u011bty s vlastn\u00edm profilem a d\u00e1le p\u016fsob\u00ed v \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9m n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed. V italsk\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch d\u011bjin\u00e1ch st\u00e1li Etruskov\u00e9 mezi \u0159eck\u00fdm vlivem a vznikaj\u00edc\u00edm \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdm n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edm, co\u017e je z v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho hlediska obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b zaj\u00edmav\u00e9.<\/p><p>Sethlans byl d\u0159\u00edve t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u00fdhradn\u011b vykl\u00e1d\u00e1n jako etrusk\u00fd H\u00e9faistos. Religionisticko-etnologick\u00fd v\u00fdzkum posledn\u00edch desetilet\u00ed naproti tomu etrusk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed ocenil jako uzav\u0159en\u00fd, n\u00e1bo\u017eensko-fenomenologicky samostatn\u00fd syst\u00e9m a nahradil star\u0161\u00ed tendenci ch\u00e1pat je jako &#8218;derivativn\u00ed&#8216; od \u0159eck\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed diferencovan\u011bj\u0161\u00edm pohledem.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jm\u00e9no a etymologie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jm\u00e9no Sethlans je dolo\u017eeno na etrusk\u00fdch zrcadlech a n\u00e1pisech. Jist\u00fd etymologick\u00fd v\u00fdznam se nepoda\u0159ilo rekonstruovat. Doklady dokumentuje <em>Editio Minor<\/em> Helmuta Rixe.<\/p><p>Sethlans se objevuje tak\u00e9 pod p\u0159\u00edzvisky, kter\u00e1 up\u0159es\u0148uj\u00ed jeho \u0159emesln\u00e9 funkce. V\u00fdzkum diskutuje o mo\u017en\u00e9 souvislosti se severoafrick\u00fdm bohem po\u010das\u00ed Sethem, ale je si v tom nejist\u00fd. Pravd\u011bpodobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je samostatn\u00e1 etrusk\u00e1 etymologie.<\/p><p>Jm\u00e9no Sethlans je epigraficky zaji\u0161t\u011bno, etrusk\u00fd jazyk je v\u0161ak pova\u017eov\u00e1n za jazykov\u011b izolovan\u00fd, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b za \u010dlen p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dan\u00e9 &#8218;tyrsensk\u00e9&#8216; jazykov\u00e9 rodiny, k n\u00ed\u017e by mohly pat\u0159it tak\u00e9 lemn\u0161tina a r\u00e9t\u0161tina. Od 19. stolet\u00ed se v\u00fdzkum sna\u017e\u00ed texty rozlu\u0161tit, ani\u017e by se toto \u00fasil\u00ed dosud poda\u0159ilo dov\u00e9st do konce.<\/p><p>Doklady jm\u00e9na Sethlans na zrcadlech a n\u00e1pisech jsou zaznamen\u00e1ny v Editio Minor Helmuta Rixe, z\u00e1kladn\u00ed epigrafick\u00e9 sb\u00edrce etrusk\u00e9ho jazykov\u00e9ho korpusu. Dopl\u0148kov\u011b jsou dnes k dispozici Thesaurus Linguae Etruscae a online datab\u00e1ze ETP (Etruscan Texts Project).<\/p><p>Diskuse o etymologii Sethlanse souvis\u00ed se \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed ot\u00e1zkou p\u016fvodu Etrusk\u016f. H\u00e9rodotos uv\u00e1d\u011bl jako p\u016fvod L\u00fddii, Dion\u00fdsios z Halikarnassu se p\u0159ikl\u00e1n\u011bl k italsk\u00e9mu vzniku. N\u00e1bo\u017eensko-historicky je to d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9, proto\u017ee na tom z\u00e1visej\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 vazby na maloasijsk\u00e9 kulty.<\/p><p>Spojen\u00ed jazykov\u00e9ho a n\u00e1pisn\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu dnes formuje tak\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci na teonymech, jako je Sethlans. Digit\u00e1ln\u00ed edice etrusk\u00fdch text\u016f v ETP (Etruscan Texts Project) v\u00fdrazn\u011b usnad\u0148uje srovn\u00e1vac\u00ed studie; Marie-Laurence Haack a Vincent Jolivet k tomu p\u0159edlo\u017eili pr\u016fkopnick\u00e9 v\u00fdzkumy.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Popis a ikonografie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sethlans je v etrusk\u00e9m um\u011bn\u00ed zobrazov\u00e1n jako vousat\u00fd mu\u017e s n\u00e1stroji \u2013 kladivem, kle\u0161t\u011bmi, dmychadlem. N\u011bkdy je zobrazen jako kulhaj\u00edc\u00ed, co\u017e je p\u0159\u00edmo p\u0159evzato z \u0159eck\u00e9 tradice H\u00e9faista (H\u00e9faista svrhl Zeus z Olympu a od t\u00e9 doby kulhal).<\/p><p>Na etrusk\u00fdch zrcadlech (4.\/3. stol. p\u0159. n. l.) se Sethlans objevuje v mytologick\u00fdch sc\u00e9n\u00e1ch, \u010dasto s doprovodn\u00fdm n\u00e1pisem. D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 sc\u00e9na jej zobrazuje p\u0159i zrozen\u00ed Menrvy z hlavy Tinie, kde vystupuje jako porodn\u00ed pomocn\u00edk \u2013 p\u0159\u00edm\u00e1 paralela k \u0159eck\u00e9mu H\u00e9faistovi, kter\u00fd tot\u00e9\u017e prov\u00e1d\u00ed p\u0159i zrozen\u00ed Ath\u00e9ny.<\/p><p>Sethlans se vyskytuje p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na zrcadlech a n\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed tak k onomu n\u00e1bo\u017eensko-fenomenologicky bohat\u00e9mu obrazov\u00e9mu fondu Etrusk\u016f, kter\u00fd na\u0161e pozn\u00e1n\u00ed nese prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm zrcadel, v\u00e1z, hrobn\u00ed malby a bronz\u016f. Larissa Bonfante tuto obrazovou \u0159e\u010d ve sv\u00fdch studi\u00edch uznala jako sv\u00e9bytnou tradici, nikoli jako pouze odvozenou.<\/p><p>A\u010dkoli se Sethlans vyskytuje p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b na zrcadlech, z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 etrusk\u00e1 hrobn\u00ed malba z Tarquinie, Cerveteri a Vulci prvo\u0159ad\u00fdm pramenem k etrusk\u00e9mu n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed a eschatologii. Jej\u00ed vyobrazen\u00ed banket\u016f, tance a hudby i mytologick\u00e9 v\u00fdjevy ukazuj\u00ed posmrtn\u00fd \u017eivot jako pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed \u017eivota pozemsk\u00e9ho.<\/p><p>Sethlans se na zrcadlech objevuje v\u011bt\u0161inou v r\u00e1mci sc\u00e9nick\u00fdch souvislost\u00ed, nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159i zrozen\u00ed Menrvy, a zapad\u00e1 tak do etrusk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nauka o obrazov\u00e9m obsahu a jeho v\u00fdznamu.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografie<\/span>, kter\u00e1 up\u0159ednost\u0148uje v\u00edcefigurov\u00e9 sc\u00e9ny, narativn\u00ed souvislosti a symbolick\u00e9 zhu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed. Tento obrazov\u00fd jazyk je p\u0159edm\u011btem zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed etrusk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 ikonografie.<\/p><p>Zrcadla se Sethlansem \u010dasto spojuj\u00ed na mal\u00e9m prostoru v\u00edce mytologick\u00fdch odkaz\u016f, co\u017e je pro etrusk\u00e9 v\u00fdtvarn\u00e9 um\u011bn\u00ed charakteristick\u00e9: jedin\u00fd kus m\u016f\u017ee n\u00e9st mnoho odkaz\u016f najednou. Tato narativn\u00ed hutnost vy\u017eaduje od badatel\u016f pe\u010dlivou kontextovou anal\u00fdzu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mytologick\u00e1 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Etrusk\u00e9 v\u00fdpravn\u00e9 motivy o Sethlansovi se v\u011bt\u0161inou \u0159\u00edd\u00ed \u0159eck\u00fdmi p\u0159edlohami, av\u0161ak se sv\u00e9bytn\u00fdmi etrusk\u00fdmi akcenty. Zrozen\u00ed Menrvy, vztah Afrodity a H\u00e9faista a kov\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce na bo\u017esk\u00fdch zbran\u00edch jsou v etrusk\u00e9m v\u00fdtvarn\u00e9m um\u011bn\u00ed dolo\u017eeny.<\/p><p>Specificky etrusk\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhy jsou dolo\u017eeny m\u00e9n\u011b dob\u0159e. Na n\u011bkter\u00fdch zrcadlech se Sethlans objevuje ve sc\u00e9n\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 nemaj\u00ed \u0159eckou p\u0159edlohu \u2013 jde o vlastn\u00ed adaptace nebo p\u016fvodn\u00ed v\u00fdtvory etrusk\u00e9 tradice.<\/p><p>Ani k Sethlansovi neexistuj\u00ed propracovan\u00e9 m\u00fdty, proto\u017ee etrusk\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn tradovan\u00fdch vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o boz\u00edch v dan\u00e9 kultu\u0159e.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytologie<\/span> nen\u00ed dochov\u00e1na v podob\u011b rozvinut\u00fdch vypr\u00e1v\u011bc\u00edch text\u016f jako \u0159eck\u00e1 nebo \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e1. Mus\u00ed b\u00fdt rekonstruov\u00e1na z obrazov\u00fdch pramen\u016f, n\u00e1pis\u016f a \u0159ecko-\u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho druhotn\u00e9ho pod\u00e1n\u00ed, co\u017e vy\u017eaduje zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed metodickou opatrnost.<\/p><p>Sethlans je \u00fazce spojen s \u0159eck\u00fdm H\u00e9faistem a ukazuje mnohovrstevn\u00fd vztah obou mytologi\u00ed. Etruskov\u00e9 p\u0159eb\u00edrali \u010detn\u00e9 \u0159eck\u00e9 m\u00fdty o Achilleovi, Odysseovi \u010di Oidipovi a z\u00e1rove\u0148 jim d\u00e1vali vlastn\u00ed akcenty. Tato adaptace je p\u0159edm\u011btem intenzivn\u00edho v\u00fdzkumu.<\/p><p>Sethlans na etrusk\u00fdch zrcadlech vystupuje v kruhu dal\u0161\u00edch boh\u016f, nap\u0159\u00edklad jako porodn\u00ed pomocn\u00edk p\u0159i zrozen\u00ed Menrvy. V tom se projevuje shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed boh\u016f (consensus deorum) jako typick\u00fd prvek etrusk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e1 nauka o Bohu a v\u00ed\u0159e v dan\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologie<\/span>: Tinia nejedn\u00e1 s\u00e1m, ale rad\u00ed se s ostatn\u00edmi. Tento koncept je z hlediska fenomenologie n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161tnost\u00ed.<\/p><p>I pro Sethlanse plat\u00ed: mytologick\u00e1 tradice Etrusk\u016f nen\u00ed dochov\u00e1na v uzav\u0159en\u00fdch vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00edch, n\u00fdbr\u017e je rekonstruov\u00e1na z obrazov\u00fdch sc\u00e9n, n\u00e1pis\u016f a druhotn\u00fdch pramen\u016f. D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 metoda spojuje etrusk\u00fd doprovodn\u00fd n\u00e1pis, \u0159eckou obrazovou p\u0159edlohu a kontextov\u00e9 \u010dten\u00ed, co\u017e vy\u017eaduje pe\u010dlivou interpretaci.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sethlans a etrusk\u00e1 \u0159emesln\u00e1 tradice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Etrusk\u00e1 \u0159emesln\u00e1 kultura byla ve <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha \u0159eck\u00e9 a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 kultury, p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 800 p\u0159. n. l. a\u017e 600 n. l.\" tabindex=\"0\">antice<\/span> vysoce cen\u011bna. Etrusk\u00e9 bronzov\u00e9 zbo\u017e\u00ed, keramika a zlatnick\u00e9 a st\u0159\u00edbrnick\u00e9 v\u00fdrobky se obchodovaly po cel\u00e9 It\u00e1lii i ve St\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ed. Tato vysoce rozvinut\u00e1 \u0159emesln\u00e1 tradice nalezla sv\u016fj n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd v\u00fdraz v Sethlansovi.<\/p><p>\u0158emesln\u00edci se dovol\u00e1vali Sethlanse jako sv\u00e9ho ochrann\u00e9ho patrona, p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161eli mu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017estvu na projeven\u00ed d\u00edk\u016f, prosby nebo uct\u011bn\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">ob\u011bti<\/span> a stav\u011bli si Sethlansovy so\u0161ky ve sv\u00fdch d\u00edln\u00e1ch. Spojen\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed a hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed je zde z\u0159eteln\u011b viditeln\u00e9.<\/p><p>Etrusk\u00fd v\u011b\u0161tebn\u00ed syst\u00e9m, Disciplina Etrusca, spojoval pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed vnit\u0159nost\u00ed (haruspicina), v\u00fdklad blesk\u016f (fulguratio) a pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed pt\u00e1k\u016f (auspicia). Etruskov\u00e9 jej p\u0159edali \u0158\u00edman\u016fm, kde z\u016fstal \u017eivou prax\u00ed a\u017e do 4. stolet\u00ed n. l.; podrobn\u011b jej popsali Cicero a Seneca.<\/p><p>P\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed Disciplina Etrusca prob\u00edhalo ve specializovan\u00fdch kn\u011b\u017esk\u00fdch \u0161kol\u00e1ch, op\u00edralo se o Libri Rituales, Libri Haruspicini a Libri Fulgurales. Tyto texty jsou ztraceny, ale lze je \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b rekonstruovat z citac\u00ed u Cicerona, Festa a Makrobia.<\/p><p>Etrusk\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factypln\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f v\u016f\u010di bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 postav\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> byl v\u00fdrazn\u011b v\u00e1z\u00e1n na jednotliv\u00e1 m\u011bsta. Veii, odkud poch\u00e1zel um\u011blec Vulca a kter\u00e9 je spojeno s bronza\u0159sk\u00fdm um\u011bn\u00edm pod Sethlansov\u00fdm patron\u00e1tem, m\u011bly vlastn\u00ed hlavn\u00ed kulty, stejn\u011b jako Tarquinie, Caere, Vulci, Clusium, Volsinii, Cortona, Perugia, Arezzo, Volterra, Populonia a Roselle.<\/p><p>Disciplina Etrusca je koherentn\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eensko-v\u011b\u0161tebn\u00ed syst\u00e9m a pat\u0159\u00ed k vysoce rozvinut\u00fdm v\u011b\u0161teck\u00fdm praktik\u00e1m antick\u00e9ho sv\u011bta. \u0158\u00edman\u00e9 ji systematicky p\u0159ejali a praktikovali a\u017e do pozdn\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha \u0159eck\u00e9 a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 kultury, p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 800 p\u0159. n. l. a\u017e 600 n. l.\" tabindex=\"0\">antiky<\/span>, co\u017e je historicky pozoruhodn\u00e1 kontinuita.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult a ritu\u00e1ly<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sethlans byl uct\u00edv\u00e1n ve vlastn\u00edch chr\u00e1mech a kultovn\u00edch m\u00edstech. Zejm\u00e9na ve m\u011bstech s v\u00fdraznou tradic\u00ed zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed kov\u016f &#8211; Populonii, Vetulonii, Volsinii &#8211; byl jeho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9ho bo\u017estva nebo svat\u00e9 bytosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> v\u00fdznamn\u00fd. Populonia byla nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm m\u011bstem etrusk\u00e9ho zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed kov\u016f s t\u011b\u017ebou \u017eeleza z Elby.<\/p><p>Ritu\u00e1ly zahrnovaly <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017estvu vyjad\u0159uj\u00edc\u00ed d\u00edky, prosbu nebo \u00factu.\" tabindex=\"0\">ob\u011bti<\/span> (zejm\u00e9na v\u00edno, chl\u00e9b a mal\u00e9 bronzov\u00e9 figurky), modlitby a ritu\u00e1ly spojen\u00e9 s d\u00edlnami. P\u0159ed otev\u0159en\u00edm nov\u00e9 kov\u00e1rny byl vz\u00fdv\u00e1n Sethlans.<\/p><p>Etrusk\u00e1 chr\u00e1mov\u00e1 architektura, na n\u00ed\u017e se pod patronac\u00ed Sethlanse pod\u00edleli bronzov\u00ed lijci a \u0159emesln\u00edci, se \u0159\u00eddila samostatn\u00fdm tosk\u00e1nsk\u00fdm stylem (tuscanus) s vlastn\u00edm \u0159\u00e1dem sloup\u016f, kter\u00fd popisuje Vitruvius v d\u00edle De Architectura. P\u016fdorysy zd\u016fraz\u0148uj\u00ed cellu a \u0161irokou p\u0159edn\u00ed s\u00ed\u0148 a v\u00fdrazn\u011b se tak li\u0161\u00ed od \u0159eck\u00fdch vzor\u016f.<\/p><p>Etrusk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1my<\/span> byly \u010dasto monument\u00e1ln\u00ed. Chr\u00e1m Iuppitera na \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9m Kapitolu vznikl d\u00edky etrusk\u00fdm architekt\u016fm a um\u011blc\u016fm, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm Vulcovi z Vej\u00ed, jeho\u017e tvorba zt\u011bles\u0148uje ohniv\u00e9 \u0159emeslo pod patronac\u00ed Sethlanse; stavba je pova\u017eov\u00e1na za sv\u011bdectv\u00ed etrusk\u00e9 religiozity v ran\u00e9m \u0158\u00edm\u011b.<\/p><p>Dvan\u00e1ct m\u011bst etrusk\u00e9 ligy se ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b sch\u00e1zelo u Fanum Voltumnae pobl\u00ed\u017e Volsinii k n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm a politick\u00fdm jedn\u00e1n\u00edm. Voltumna, spojeneck\u00fd b\u016fh etrusk\u00e9ho svazu st\u00e1t\u016f, m\u011bl nad\u0159azen\u00fd n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd v\u00fdznam.<\/p><p>Etrusk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1my<\/span> st\u00e1ly \u010dasto na tufov\u00fdch z\u00e1kladech, m\u011bly d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9 n\u00e1stavby a byly zdobeny terakotou. Slavn\u00e1 socha Apoll\u00f3na z Vej\u00ed, vytvo\u0159en\u00e1 Vulcou, jeho\u017e d\u00edlo n\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed k ohniv\u00e9mu \u0159emeslu pod patronac\u00ed Sethlanse, je pova\u017eov\u00e1na za hlavn\u00ed architektonick\u00e9 a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 sv\u011bdectv\u00ed t\u00e9to tradice.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ochrann\u00e9 tradice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sethlans byl v ochrann\u00fdch kontextech vz\u00fdv\u00e1n p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm \u0159emesln\u00edky. Kdo pracoval s ohn\u011bm, kdo pou\u017e\u00edval n\u00e1stroje, kdo vykon\u00e1val technologicky n\u00e1ro\u010dnou pr\u00e1ci, obracel se na Sethlanse. Tato praxe je z hlediska fenomenologie n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed zaj\u00edmav\u00e1: ukazuje, jak b\u016fh n\u00e1bo\u017eensky zakotvuje technickou a \u0159emeslnou praxi.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Odvracej\u00edc\u00ed ne\u0161t\u011bst\u00ed: o znamen\u00edch a p\u0159edm\u011btech, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed odvracet \u0161kodliv\u00e9 vlivy.\" tabindex=\"0\">Apotropaicky<\/span> byl Sethlans vz\u00fdv\u00e1n proti nebezpe\u010d\u00ed po\u017e\u00e1ru. Dom\u00e1c\u00ed svatyn\u011b ve \u0159emeslnicko-pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch \u010dtvrt\u00edch \u010dasto obsahovaly figurky Sethlanse.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>K etrusk\u00e9 ochrann\u00e9 praxi pat\u0159ilo mnoho apotropaick\u00fdch symbol\u016f: falick\u00e9 amulety, gorgoneiony, o\u010dn\u00ed symboly, bully a ur\u010dit\u00e9 formule. Larissa Bonfante zpracovala jejich obrazovou symboliku v d\u00edle Etruscan Mirrors (1980 a d\u00e1le).<\/span><\/p><p>Apotropaick\u00e9 symboly jako oko Tinie, falick\u00e9 amulety a gorgoneiony byly v etrusk\u00e9 kultu\u0159e velmi roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9. Zdobily <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1my<\/span>, hroby, dom\u00e1c\u00ed svatyn\u011b a osobn\u00ed p\u0159edm\u011bty; \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e1 a st\u0159edomo\u0159sk\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 p\u0159edstavy a zvyky roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9 v ka\u017edodenn\u00edm \u017eivot\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">lidov\u00e1 v\u00edra<\/span> tuto praxi d\u00e1le rozv\u00edjela.<\/p><p>Ochrann\u00e1 praxe byla v etrusk\u00e9m kontextu \u00fazce spjata s Disciplina Etrusca. P\u0159ed d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdmi podniky, jako zalo\u017een\u00ed m\u011bsta, v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 ta\u017een\u00ed nebo stavba domu, byla vy\u017e\u00e1d\u00e1na v\u011b\u0161teck\u00e1 rada.<\/p><p>V etrusk\u00e9m n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed jsou ochrann\u00e1 tradice a Disciplina Etrusca \u00fazce spojeny. Kdo vykon\u00e1val ochrann\u00fd ritu\u00e1l, \u010dasto sou\u010dasn\u011b dotazoval haruspika nebo augura. Toto institucion\u00e1ln\u00ed spojen\u00ed je v\u011bdecky charakteristick\u00e9.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralely v jin\u00fdch kultur\u00e1ch<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sethlans funk\u010dn\u011b odpov\u00edd\u00e1 \u0159eck\u00e9mu Hefaistovi a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9mu Vulcanovi. N\u00e1bo\u017eensky srovn\u00e1vac\u00edm pohledem lze jej spojit s dal\u0161\u00edmi bohy kov\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed: Ptahem (egyptsk\u00fd), Tva\u0161trem (v\u00e9dsk\u00fd), V\u00e4in\u00e4m\u00f6inenem (finsk\u00fd v kov\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 funkci), Goibniuem (keltsk\u00fd).<\/p><p>My\u0161lenka kulhaj\u00edc\u00edho boha kov\u00e1\u0159e je z hlediska fenomenologie n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed zaj\u00edmav\u00e1. Mircea Eliade v d\u00edle <em>The Forge and the Crucible<\/em> (1956) tuto tradici systematicky zkoumal a uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee kulh\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dasto odkazuje na ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed inicia\u010dn\u00ed motivy kov\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch zasv\u011bcenc\u016f.<\/p><p>Interpretatio Romana p\u0159epsala etrusk\u00e1 bo\u017estva \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdmi jm\u00e9ny: Tinia se stal Iupiterem, Uni Iunonou, Menrva Minervou. Takov\u00e1 ztoto\u017en\u011bn\u00ed z\u016fst\u00e1vala v\u011bt\u0161inou v\u00fdb\u011brov\u00e1; v\u00fdzkum posledn\u00edch pades\u00e1ti let zkoum\u00e1, co z etrusk\u00e9 zvl\u00e1\u0161tnosti z\u016fstalo zachov\u00e1no.<\/p><p>S anatolsk\u00fdmi, f\u00e9nick\u00fdmi a bl\u00edzkov\u00fdchodn\u00edmi tradicemi vykazuje etrusk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed \u010detn\u00e9 sty\u010dn\u00e9 body. Desky z Pyrgi dokl\u00e1daj\u00ed f\u00e9nick\u00e9 zprost\u0159edkov\u00e1n\u00ed; toto transmediterr\u00e1nn\u00ed propojen\u00ed je d\u016fle\u017eitou oblast\u00ed v\u00fdzkumu posledn\u00edch desetilet\u00ed.<\/p><p>V n\u00e1bo\u017eensky srovn\u00e1vac\u00edm p\u0159\u00edstupu se etrusk\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factyhodn\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f v\u016f\u010di bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 postav\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> za\u0159azuje do st\u0159edomo\u0159sk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 rodiny, s vazbami na \u0158ecko, F\u00e9nicii, Egypt, Anatolii a Latium. Toto propojen\u00ed je d\u016fle\u017eitou oblast\u00ed v\u00fdzkumu.<\/p><p>N\u00e1bo\u017eensky srovn\u00e1vac\u00edm pohledem m\u00e1 etrusk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed sty\u010dn\u00e9 body s mnoha dal\u0161\u00edmi st\u0159edomo\u0159sk\u00fdmi tradicemi. Je v\u0161ak samostatn\u00e9 a nikoli pouze sm\u00ed\u0161enou formou. Tato samostatnost je poznatkem modern\u00edho v\u00fdzkumu posledn\u00edch 50 let.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sou\u010dasn\u00fd v\u00fdzkum<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V\u00fdzkum Sethlanse profituje z intenzivn\u00edho b\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed o etrusk\u00e9 \u0159emesln\u00e9 tradici. V\u00fdznamn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvky poskytli Larissa Bonfante, Friedhelm Prayon a Andrea Camilli.<\/p><p>V\u00fdzkum spojuje n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bda, kter\u00e1 zkoum\u00e1 minul\u00e9 kultury na z\u00e1klad\u011b hmotn\u00fdch n\u00e1lez\u016f.\" tabindex=\"0\">archeologii<\/span> d\u00edlen a d\u011bjiny technologie. Tato interdisciplin\u00e1rn\u00ed perspektiva otev\u00edr\u00e1 nov\u00e9 poznatky.<\/p><p>Dnes stoj\u00ed etrusk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed v centru z\u00e1jmu mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho v\u00fdzkumu. V\u00fdznamn\u00fdmi centry jsou univerzity ve Florencii, \u0158\u00edm\u011b (Sapienza), Pise, T\u00fcbingenu a Princetonu; n\u011bkolik mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch kongres\u016f ro\u010dn\u011b se v\u011bnuje jednotliv\u00fdm aspekt\u016fm tohoto n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.<\/p><p>Digit\u00e1ln\u00ed metody dnes utv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 projekty v\u011bnovan\u00e9 etrusk\u00e9mu n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed: 3D skeny chr\u00e1m\u016f a hrob\u016f, datab\u00e1ze n\u00e1pis\u016f a obrazov\u00fdch pramen\u016f a anal\u00fdzy GIS etrusk\u00e9 s\u00eddeln\u00ed struktury. Otev\u00edraj\u00ed nov\u00e9 poznatky.<\/p><p>Sou\u010dasn\u00fd etrusk\u00fd v\u00fdzkum je zprost\u0159edkov\u00e1n v\u00fdstavami, nap\u0159\u00edklad ve Vatik\u00e1nsk\u00e9m muzeu, v Museo Nazionale Etrusco di Villa Giulia a v Boston Museum of Fine Arts, i \u0159adou publikac\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Prameny a stav v\u00fdzkumu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi prameny pro bad\u00e1n\u00ed o Sethlansovi jsou etrusk\u00e1 zrcadla s n\u00e1pisy, archeologick\u00e9 n\u00e1lezy z \u0159emeslnick\u00fdch \u010dtvrt\u00ed (Populonia, Vetulonia) a etrusk\u00e9 n\u00e1pisy. Helmut Rix ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle <em>Editio Minor<\/em> shrom\u00e1\u017edil epigrafick\u00fd materi\u00e1l.<\/p><p>Hlub\u0161\u00ed za\u0159azen\u00ed do <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/etruske-nabozenstvi-haruspex-disciplina-praxe\/\">etrusk\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch d\u011bjin<\/a> jako celku ukazuje, jak je t\u0159eba Sethlanse ch\u00e1pat ve vztahov\u00e9m r\u00e1mci s Tiniou, Menrvou a dal\u0161\u00edmi Atua. Toto prov\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00ed je z v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho hlediska z\u00e1sadn\u00ed.<\/p><p>Prameny k etrusk\u00e9mu n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed jsou heterogenn\u00ed: epigrafick\u00e1 sv\u011bdectv\u00ed jako Rixova Editio Minor, archeologick\u00e9 n\u00e1lezy, obrazov\u00e9 prameny a odborn\u00e1 literatura. Tato mnohovrstevnat\u00e1 situace pramen\u016f vy\u017eaduje interdisciplin\u00e1rn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup, a nov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed bad\u00e1n\u00ed systematicky spojuje filologii, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bda zkoumaj\u00edc\u00ed minul\u00e9 kultury na z\u00e1klad\u011b hmotn\u00fdch n\u00e1lez\u016f.\" tabindex=\"0\">archeologii<\/span>, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bda, kter\u00e1 zkoum\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed srovn\u00e1vac\u00edm zp\u016fsobem a bez vyznava\u010dsk\u00e9 v\u00e1zanosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">religionistiku<\/span> a antropologii.<\/p><p>Kritika pramen\u016f v oblasti etrusk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed vy\u017eaduje znalost jak vlastn\u00edch etrusk\u00fdch pramen\u016f, tak \u0159ecko-\u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed tradice. A\u010dkoli je tato dvoj\u00ed perspektiva n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e1, z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 pro odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed religionistickou rekonstrukci nezbytn\u00e1.<\/p><p>Hlub\u0161\u00ed za\u0159azen\u00ed do etrusk\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch d\u011bjin vy\u017eaduje znalost epigrafick\u00fdch, archeologick\u00fdch a liter\u00e1rn\u00edch pramen\u016f stejn\u011b jako modern\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bda, kter\u00e1 zkoum\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed srovn\u00e1vac\u00edm zp\u016fsobem a bez vyznava\u010dsk\u00e9 v\u00e1zanosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">religionistiky<\/span>. Takto v\u00edcevrstevn\u00e9 zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed je ve v\u00fdzkumu standardem.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b0be0db e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2b0be0db\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27aa6866 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp27aa6866\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sethlans na bronzov\u00e9 jatern\u00ed modelu z Piacenzy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp272c8a3c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp272c8a3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b979ccf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2b979ccf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jedn\u00edm z nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch pramen\u016f pro etrusk\u00fd sv\u011bt boh\u016f, a tedy i pro Sethlanse, je takzvan\u00e1 bronzov\u00e1 jatern\u00ed modelu z Piacenzy, bronzov\u00fd model ov\u010d\u00edch jater nalezen\u00fd roku 1877 v P\u00e1dsk\u00e9 n\u00ed\u017ein\u011b.<\/p><p>P\u0159edm\u011bt, dnes ulo\u017een\u00fd v Museo Civico v Piacenze, je rozd\u011blen do pol\u00ed, jejich\u017e okraje jsou opat\u0159eny vyryt\u00fdmi jm\u00e9ny boh\u016f. Slou\u017eil pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b jako u\u010debn\u00ed nebo pomocn\u00e1 pom\u016fcka pro <em>haruspices<\/em>, etrusk\u00e9 v\u011b\u0161tce z jater, kte\u0159\u00ed se sna\u017eili z podoby ob\u011btn\u00edch jater vy\u010d\u00edst v\u016fli boh\u016f.<\/p><p>Na bronzov\u00fdch jatrech se objevuje jm\u00e9no, kter\u00e9 mnoz\u00ed badatel\u00e9 \u010dtou jako <em>Cilens<\/em> nebo je v diskusi spojuj\u00ed se Sethlansem; p\u0159esn\u00e9 ur\u010den\u00ed a \u010dten\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch pol\u00ed je v\u0161ak dodnes p\u0159edm\u011btem v\u00fdzkumu.<\/p><p>Jist\u00e9 je, \u017ee p\u0159edm\u011bt zobrazuje prostorov\u00e9 uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed nebe: ur\u010dit\u00ed bohov\u00e9 jsou p\u0159i\u0159azeni ur\u010dit\u00fdm oblastem nebe, a poloha n\u00e1lezu na ob\u011btn\u00edch jatrech byla vztahov\u00e1na k tomuto uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed. Sethlans jako b\u016fh ohn\u011b a kov\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed by v takov\u00e9m syst\u00e9mu m\u011bl pevn\u00e9 m\u00edsto.<\/p><p>Bronzov\u00e1 jatern\u00ed modelu ukazuje p\u0159\u00edkladn\u011b, s jak\u00fdmi prameny mus\u00ed etruskologie pracovat. Neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 souvisl\u00e1 etrusk\u00e1 mytologick\u00e1 literatura; pozn\u00e1n\u00ed se op\u00edr\u00e1 o n\u00e1pisy, obrazov\u00e1 d\u00edla a podobn\u00e9 ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159edm\u011bty.<\/p><p>Ka\u017ed\u00e9 tvrzen\u00ed o postaven\u00ed Sethlanse v panteonu boh\u016f je tedy rekonstrukc\u00ed z rozpt\u00fdlen\u00fdch, \u010dasto t\u011b\u017eko interpretovateln\u00fdch sv\u011bdectv\u00ed. Bronzov\u00e1 jatern\u00ed modelu z Piacenzy je p\u0159i tom jedn\u00edm z m\u00e1la doklad\u016f, kter\u00fd v\u016fbec umo\u017e\u0148uje rozpoznat systematick\u00e9 uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed boh\u016f, i kdy\u017e jeho jednotliv\u00fd v\u00fdklad z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 sporn\u00fd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2eb9f0e9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2eb9f0e9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2c00c45e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2c00c45e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sethlans a Velchans: etrusk\u00fd b\u016fh kov\u00e1\u0159\u016f a jeho identifikace<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2c8a96c1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2c8a96c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp29d8a867 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp29d8a867\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ztoto\u017en\u011bn\u00ed Sethlanse s \u0159eck\u00fdm H\u00e9faistem a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdm Vulk\u00e1nem je ve v\u00fdzkumu roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9, ale vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 metodologick\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky.<\/p><p>Antick\u00e9 prameny, kter\u00e9 zmi\u0148uj\u00ed etrusk\u00e9 bohy, jsou p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 a maj\u00ed tendenci p\u0159ekl\u00e1dat ciz\u00ed bo\u017estva do d\u016fv\u011brn\u011b zn\u00e1m\u00e9ho \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho sch\u00e9matu. Takov\u00e1 <em>interpretatio<\/em> m\u016f\u017ee odr\u00e1\u017eet skute\u010dnou historickou p\u0159\u00edbuznost, ale m\u016f\u017ee tak\u00e9 zakr\u00fdvat rozd\u00edly.<\/p><p>Pro Sethlanse jako boha ohn\u011b a kov\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm obrazov\u00e1 sv\u011bdectv\u00ed. Na etrusk\u00fdch bronzov\u00fdch zrcadlech, bohat\u00e9m obrazov\u00e9m prameni ze 4. a 3. stolet\u00ed p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem, se objevuj\u00ed sc\u00e9ny s jm\u00e9ny boh\u016f v etrusk\u00e9m n\u00e1pisu.<\/p><p>Na n\u011bkter\u00fdch z t\u011bchto zrcadel je zobrazena postava se jm\u00e9nem Sethlans, n\u011bkdy v souvislosti se zrozen\u00edm <em>Menrvy<\/em> z hlavy <em>Tinie<\/em>, sc\u00e9nou, kter\u00e1 navazuje na \u0159eck\u00fd vzor zrozen\u00ed Ath\u00e9ny, kde H\u00e9faistos otev\u00edr\u00e1 lebku.<\/p><p>Krom\u011b toho stoj\u00ed ot\u00e1zka vztahu k <em>Velchansovi<\/em> nebo <em>Velchovi<\/em>, dal\u0161\u00edmu jm\u00e9nu, kter\u00e9 je ve v\u00fdzkumu spojov\u00e1no s oblast\u00ed ohn\u011b nebo kov\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed. Zda se jedn\u00e1 o dv\u011b jm\u00e9na jednoho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytost uct\u00edvan\u00e1 jako bo\u017esk\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estva<\/span>, o region\u00e1ln\u00ed varianty, nebo o odli\u0161n\u00e9 postavy, nen\u00ed definitivn\u011b vy\u0159e\u0161eno.<\/p><p>Tento n\u00e1lez je typick\u00fd pro etrusk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed: jm\u00e9na boh\u016f jsou dolo\u017eena, jejich p\u0159esn\u00e9 vymezen\u00ed a funkce v\u0161ak lze \u010dasto ur\u010dit jen hypoteticky. Kdo Sethlanse zobrazuje, m\u011bl by identifikaci s H\u00e9faistem a Vulk\u00e1nem ozna\u010dit jako pravd\u011bpodobnou, nikoli v\u0161ak jako prok\u00e1zanou.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (v\u00fdb\u011br)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Larissa Bonfante: <em>Etruscan Bronzes<\/em><\/li><li>Larissa Bonfante: <em>Etruscan Mythology<\/em> (2006)<\/li><li>Jean-Rene Jannot: <em>Religion in Ancient Etruria<\/em> (2005)<\/li><li>Mircea Eliade: <em>The Forge and the Crucible<\/em> (1956)<\/li><li>Massimo Pallottino: <em>Die Etrusker<\/em> (1942)<\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Helmut Rix: <em>Etruscan Texts: Editio Minor<\/em> (1991)<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-sethlans e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-sethlans\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-sethlans-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-sethlans-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V etrusk\u00e9m <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00e9 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o boz\u00edch, po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch a uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u011bta.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00fdtu<\/span><\/em> se Sethlans objevuje jako p\u00e1n ohn\u011b a kov\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed, bl\u00edzce p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fd \u0159eck\u00e9mu H\u00e9faistovi a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9mu Vulcanovi, a je zobrazov\u00e1n na rytin\u00e1ch zrcadel s kladivem a kle\u0161t\u011bmi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Souvisej\u00edc\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 pojmy: Sethlans Etruskov\u00e9 kov\u00e1\u0159 ohe\u0148 Populonia Vetulonia H\u00e9faistos Vulcanus.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-sethlans\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard a ochrann\u00e9 tradice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard navazuje na kulturn\u011b-historickou tradici p\u0159enosn\u00fdch ochrann\u00fdch p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f, v tradici <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/etruske-nabozenstvi-haruspex-disciplina-praxe\/\">etrusk\u00e9 kultury<\/a> a mnoha dal\u0161\u00edch kultur po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b. 41 vrstev, ryz\u00ed zlato, platina, st\u0159\u00edbro, vyrobeno v N\u011bmecku. 30denn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo na vr\u00e1cen\u00ed.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">V\u00edce o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">V\u00edce o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 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Religionistick\u00fd obsah p\u0159edstavuje kulturn\u011b-historick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed, nikoli doporu\u010den\u00ed duchovn\u00ed praxe.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2818,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Sethlans Etruskov\u00e9","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Sethlans - etrusk\u00fd kov\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd b\u016fh, m\u00fdtus","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Sethlans je etrusk\u00fd b\u016fh kov\u00e1ren a ohn\u011b, prot\u011bj\u0161ek \u0159eck\u00e9ho H\u00e9faista. 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