{"id":145483,"date":"2026-09-03T16:30:49","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:30:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=145483"},"modified":"2026-09-03T16:57:17","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:57:17","slug":"aita-etrusky-buh-podsveti","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/aita-etrusky-buh-podsveti\/","title":{"rendered":"Aita &#8211; Etrusk\u00fd b\u016fh podsv\u011bt\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"145483\" class=\"elementor elementor-145483 elementor-2611 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aita - Etrusk\u00fd H\u00e1des a vl\u00e1dce podsv\u011bt\u00ed<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Aita (tak\u00e9 Eita) je v etrusk\u00e9m n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed bohem podsv\u011bt\u00ed, prot\u011bj\u0161kem \u0159eck\u00e9ho H\u00e1da a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho Pluta. Vl\u00e1dne \u0159\u00ed\u0161i mrtv\u00fdch a je man\u017eelem bohyn\u011b Persipnei (etrusk\u00fd prot\u011bj\u0161ek \u0159eck\u00e9 Persefony). Toto zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed popisuje jeho religionistick\u00e9 postaven\u00ed v etrusk\u00e9m eschatologick\u00e9m syst\u00e9mu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"B\u016fh etrusk\u00e9 tradice.\">B\u016fh<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/etruske-nabozenstvi-haruspex-disciplina-praxe\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mytologie etrusk\u00e9 tradice.\">Etruskov\u00e9<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"B\u016fh podsv\u011bt\u00ed.\">B\u016fh podsv\u011bt\u00ed<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na t\\u00e9to str\\u00e1nce nebyly nalezeny \\u017e\\u00e1dn\\u00e9 nadpisy.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-aita-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-aita-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-aita-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_aita-1-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-147357\" alt=\"Aita \u2013 b\u016fh z etrusk\u00e9 tradice, historicko-ilustra\u010dn\u00ed zobrazen\u00ed\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_aita-1-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_aita-1-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_aita-1-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_aita-1.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Za\u0159azen\u00ed v etrusk\u00e9m panteonu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Aita pat\u0159\u00ed k nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edm boh\u016fm etrusk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed. Nen\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed kapitolsk\u00e9 trojice (Tinia-Uni-Menrva), ale vl\u00e1dcem podsv\u011btn\u00ed \u0159\u00ed\u0161e, kter\u00e1 je v etrusk\u00e9m n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed samostatnou oblast\u00ed. V t\u00e9to funkci stoj\u00ed nad <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145481\">Charunem<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145482\">Vanth<\/a> a <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145485\">Tuchulchou<\/a>.<\/p><p>Larissa Bonfante, Jean-Rene Jannot a Nancy Thomson de Grummond se Aitou v sv\u00fdch prac\u00edch o etrusk\u00e9m n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed systematicky zab\u00fdvali. V etrusk\u00e9m v\u00fdtvarn\u00e9m um\u011bn\u00ed je dolo\u017een m\u00e9n\u011b \u010dasto ne\u017e olymp\u0161t\u00ed bohov\u00e9, av\u0161ak pro pochopen\u00ed etrusk\u00e9 eschatologie je kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd.<\/p><p>Aitu jako vl\u00e1dce etrusk\u00e9ho z\u00e1hrob\u00ed lze za\u0159adit jen tehdy, pokud se etrusk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed ch\u00e1pe jako samostatn\u00fd syst\u00e9m mezi \u0159ecko-st\u0159edomo\u0159skou a italsko-\u0159\u00edmskou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed v\u011bdomost\u00ed a vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed mezi generacemi.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradic\u00ed<\/span>. Tento pohled navazuje na v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00ednosy Massima Pallottina, Jacquesa Heurgona, Sybille Haynesov\u00e9, Maura Cristofaniho a Giovanniho Colonny, kte\u0159\u00ed profil t\u00e9to tradice z\u00e1sadn\u011b vyost\u0159ili.<\/p><p>Aita stoj\u00ed na vrcholu etrusk\u00e9 podsv\u011btn\u00ed oblasti a ukazuje tak, jak v\u00fdrazn\u011b bylo etrusk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn boh\u016f ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed nebo kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteon<\/span> hierarchicky uspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u00e9 a \u010dlen\u011bn\u00e9 podle funkc\u00ed. Na rozd\u00edl od toho, co nazna\u010duj\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00e9 star\u0161\u00ed studie, byl tento <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn boh\u016f ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed nebo kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteon<\/span> samostatnou variantou st\u0159edomo\u0159sk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed, nikoli &#8218;tajupln\u00fd&#8216; ani &#8218;ciz\u00ed&#8216;.<\/p><p>Aita, jeho\u017e jm\u00e9no odkazuje k \u0159eck\u00e9mu H\u00e1dovi, zt\u011bles\u0148uje zprost\u0159edkuj\u00edc\u00ed \u00falohu Etrusk\u016f mezi \u0159eck\u00fdm vlivem a vznikaj\u00edc\u00edm \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdm n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edm. Pr\u00e1v\u011b tato zprost\u0159edkuj\u00edc\u00ed pozice v italsk\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch d\u011bjin\u00e1ch d\u011bl\u00e1 etrusk\u00fd materi\u00e1l religionisticky hodnotn\u00fdm.<\/p><p>Skute\u010dnost, \u017ee je Aita p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fd s \u0159eck\u00fdm H\u00e1dem, vedla star\u0161\u00ed badatele k tomu, \u017ee etrusk\u00e9 z\u00e1hrob\u00ed pova\u017eovali za pouhou kopii. Religionisticko-etnologick\u00fd v\u00fdzkum posledn\u00edch desetilet\u00ed naopak vn\u00edm\u00e1 etrusk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed jako uzav\u0159en\u00fd, n\u00e1bo\u017eensko-fenomenologicky samostatn\u00fd syst\u00e9m a nahradil pohled na pouh\u00fd odvozen\u00fd syst\u00e9m diferencovan\u011bj\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdkladem.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jm\u00e9no a etymologie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jm\u00e9no Aita je p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00e9 s \u0159eck\u00fdm H\u00e1dem. Jazykov\u011b se p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee etrusk\u00e1 forma byla p\u0159ejata z \u0159e\u010dtiny. Dolo\u017eena je i varianta Eita. <em>Editio Minor<\/em> Helmuta Rixe dokumentuje epigrafick\u00e9 doklady.<\/p><p>Aita se ob\u010das objevuje i pod p\u0159\u00edzviskem Aita Tuchulcha, co\u017e napov\u00edd\u00e1 souvislost s <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Duchovn\u00ed bytost, j\u00ed\u017e se p\u0159isuzuje \u0161kodliv\u00fd nebo dvojzna\u010dn\u00fd \u00fa\u010dinek.\" tabindex=\"0\">d\u00e9monem<\/span> Tuchulchou. Tato souvislost je v\u011bdecky zaj\u00edmav\u00e1: ukazuje, \u017ee etrusk\u00e1 podsv\u011btn\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e1 nauka o Bohu a v\u00ed\u0159e ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologie<\/span> zn\u00e1 hustou s\u00ed\u0165 vztah\u016f.<\/p><p>Jm\u00e9no Aita, i s variantou Eita, pat\u0159\u00ed do jazyka, kter\u00fd je jazykov\u011bdn\u011b klasifikov\u00e1n jako izolovan\u00fd, nebo je mo\u017en\u00e9 jej p\u0159i\u0159adit k hypotetick\u00e9 &#8218;tyrs\u00e9nsk\u00e9&#8216; rodin\u011b, k n\u00ed\u017e snad pat\u0159\u00ed i lemn\u0161tina a r\u00e9t\u0161tina. Rozlu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed t\u011bchto text\u016f je otev\u0159en\u00fdm badatelsk\u00fdm t\u00e9matem od 19. stolet\u00ed.<\/p><p>Epigrafick\u00e9 doklady jm\u00e9na Aita a jeho varianty Eita se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed v Editio Minor Helmuta Rixe, z\u00e1kladn\u00ed sb\u00edrce etrusk\u00e9ho jazykov\u00e9ho korpusu. Tato sb\u00edrka je nyn\u00ed dopl\u0148ov\u00e1na Thesaurus Linguae Etruscae a online datab\u00e1z\u00ed ETP (Etruscan Texts Project).<\/p><p>Postaven\u00ed Aity v etrusk\u00e9m z\u00e1hrob\u00ed se dot\u00fdk\u00e1 i nevy\u0159e\u0161en\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky p\u016fvodu Etrusk\u016f. H\u00e9rodotos je odvozoval od L\u00fdd\u016f, Dion\u00fdsios z Halikarnassu je pova\u017eoval za p\u016fvodn\u00ed obyvatele It\u00e1lie. Religionisticky je tato ot\u00e1zka d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1, nebo\u0165 se t\u00fdk\u00e1 mo\u017en\u00fdch vazeb etrusk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed na maloasijsk\u00e9 kulty.<\/p><p>Jazykov\u00fd a epigrafick\u00fd v\u00fdzkum jsou dnes na sob\u011b vz\u00e1jemn\u011b z\u00e1visl\u00e9, a digit\u00e1ln\u00ed edice etrusk\u00fdch text\u016f v ETP (Etruscan Texts Project) usnad\u0148uje srovn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed doklad\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b jmen Aita a Eita. Marie-Laurence Haack a Vincent Jolivet pat\u0159\u00ed mezi kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 badatele v tomto oboru.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Popis a ikonografie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Aita je v etrusk\u00e9m um\u011bn\u00ed zobrazov\u00e1n jako vousat\u00fd, majest\u00e1tn\u00ed mu\u017e, \u010dasto s vl\u010d\u00ed \u010depic\u00ed (Hadeskap) nebo se \u017eezlem. Vl\u010d\u00ed \u010depice je etruskou specifikou, kter\u00e1 v \u0159eck\u00e9m typu Had\u00e9ma nen\u00ed dolo\u017eena ve stejn\u00e9 podob\u011b.<\/p><p>Na etrusk\u00fdch hrobov\u00fdch malb\u00e1ch (Tomba dell&#8217;Orco v Tarquinii) se Aita objevuje v p\u016fsobiv\u00fdch sc\u00e9n\u00e1ch se svou man\u017eelkou Persipnei. Tyto obrazy pat\u0159\u00ed k nejnal\u00e9hav\u011bj\u0161\u00edm sv\u011bdectv\u00edm etrusk\u00e9 eschatologie.<\/p><p>Aita je v etrusk\u00e9m um\u011bn\u00ed dolo\u017een m\u00e9n\u011b \u010dasto ne\u017e olymp\u0161t\u00ed bohov\u00e9, ale pr\u00e1v\u011b zde se projevuje bohatstv\u00ed etrusk\u00e9ho v\u00fdtvarn\u00e9ho um\u011bn\u00ed, jeho\u017e zrcadla, v\u00e1zy, hrobov\u00e9 malby a bronzy nesou nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st na\u0161ich znalost\u00ed. Larissa Bonfante ocenila tuto obrazovou \u0159e\u010d jako samostatnou, nikoli pouze odvozenou tradici.<\/p><p>Aita pat\u0159\u00ed k nejnal\u00e9hav\u011bj\u0161\u00edm postav\u00e1m etrusk\u00e9 hrobov\u00e9 malby, kter\u00e1 v Tarquinii, Cerveteri a Vulci p\u0159edstavuje prvo\u0159ad\u00fd pramen etrusk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed a eschatologie. Jej\u00ed banketn\u00ed, tane\u010dn\u00ed a hudebn\u00ed sc\u00e9ny i mytologick\u00e9 epizody zobrazuj\u00ed posmrtn\u00fd \u017eivot jako pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed \u017eivota.<\/p><p>Aita je \u010dasto zobrazov\u00e1n v souvislosti s Persipnei a dal\u0161\u00edmi postavami podsv\u011bt\u00ed, co\u017e odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed oblibu etrusk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nauka o obsahu obraz\u016f a jejich v\u00fdznamu.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografie<\/span> pro v\u00edcepostavov\u00e9 sc\u00e9ny, narativn\u00ed souvislosti a symbolick\u00e9 zhu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed. Tato obrazov\u00e1 \u0159e\u010d je p\u0159edm\u011btem etrusk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 ikonografie.<\/p><p>Aita vystupuje ve sc\u00e9n\u00e1ch s Persipnei a d\u00e9mony jako Tuchulcha, a u\u017e to ukazuje narativn\u00ed zhu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed etrusk\u00e9ho v\u00fdtvarn\u00e9ho um\u011bn\u00ed, v n\u011bm\u017e m\u016f\u017ee jedno zrcadlo nebo v\u00e1za obsahovat n\u011bkolik mytologick\u00fdch odkaz\u016f najednou. B\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed tedy mus\u00ed tyto obrazy pe\u010dliv\u011b \u010d\u00edst v kontextu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aita v etrusk\u00e9 eschatologii<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Aita vl\u00e1dne podsv\u011btn\u00ed \u0159\u00ed\u0161i, kter\u00e1 je v etrusk\u00e9 p\u0159edstav\u011b komplexn\u011b strukturovan\u00fdm prostorem. Zesnul\u00ed po smrti vch\u00e1zej\u00ed do \u0159\u00ed\u0161e Aity, kde vedou st\u00ednovou existenci, kter\u00e1 v\u0161ak nem\u00e1 negativn\u00ed konotaci jako \u0159eck\u00e1 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e H\u00e1des.<\/p><p>Etrusk\u00e9 hrobov\u00e9 malby zobrazuj\u00ed zesnul\u00e9 p\u0159i banketu, tanci, v rozhovoru &#8211; obrazy zcela p\u0159\u00edjemn\u00e9ho posmrtn\u00e9ho \u017eivota.<\/p><p>Tato pozitivn\u00ed eschatologie je z hlediska fenomenologie n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed n\u00e1padn\u00e1 a odli\u0161uje etruskou tradici od \u0159eck\u00e9. Jannot tento rozd\u00edl vypracoval v d\u00edle <em>Religion in Ancient Etruria<\/em>.<\/p><p>Souvisl\u00e9 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o Aitovi se nezachovalo, nebo\u0165 etrusk\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn dochovan\u00fdch vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o boz\u00edch v dan\u00e9 kultu\u0159e.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytologie<\/span> nezn\u00e1 rozvinut\u00e9 narativn\u00ed texty jako \u0159eck\u00e1 nebo \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e1. Rekonstruuje se z obrazov\u00fdch pramen\u016f, n\u00e1pis\u016f a \u0159ecko-\u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 druhotn\u00e9 tradice, co\u017e vy\u017eaduje metodickou obez\u0159etnost.<\/p><p>Aita je p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fd s \u0159eck\u00fdm H\u00e1dem, a p\u0159edstavuje tak komplexn\u00ed vztah obou mytologi\u00ed. Etruskov\u00e9 p\u0159evzali mnoho \u0159eck\u00fdch l\u00e1tek o Achillovi, Odysseovi \u010di Oidipovi, ale opat\u0159ili je vlastn\u00edmi interpretacemi. Tato adaptace je p\u0159edm\u011btem intenzivn\u00edho b\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p><p>Aita stoj\u00ed v \u010dele podsv\u011btn\u00edch d\u00e9mon\u016f Charuna, Vanth a Tuchulchy, jedn\u00e1 v\u0161ak v r\u00e1mci teologick\u00e9ho modelu, kter\u00fd plat\u00ed i jinde: rady boh\u016f (consensus deorum). I Tinia se rad\u00ed s ostatn\u00edmi bohy, m\u00edsto aby jednal s\u00e1m. Tento koncept je z hlediska fenomenologie n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed specifikem.<\/p><p>Aitovo postaven\u00ed v podsv\u011bt\u00ed lze odvodit jen proto, \u017ee mytologick\u00e1 tradice Etrusk\u016f se nedochovala v uzav\u0159en\u00fdch vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00edch. Mus\u00ed se naopak rekonstruovat z obrazov\u00fdch sc\u00e9n, n\u00e1pis\u016f a druhotn\u00fdch pramen\u016f. D\u016fle\u017eitou metodou je zde spojen\u00ed etrusk\u00e9ho n\u00e1pisu, \u0159eck\u00e9ho obrazov\u00e9ho vzoru a kontextu\u00e1ln\u00edho \u010dten\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mytologick\u00e1 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Etrusk\u00e1 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o Aitovi se \u010dasto \u0159\u00edd\u00ed \u0159eck\u00fdmi p\u0159edlohami, av\u0161ak s vlastn\u00edmi akcenty. P\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o \u00fanosu Persefony je dolo\u017een na etrusk\u00fdch zrcadlech, kde se Persipnei objevuje jako etrusk\u00e1 Persefona a Aita jako H\u00e1des. Tato adaptace ukazuje jak \u0159eck\u00fd vliv, tak etruskou vlastn\u00ed ra\u017ebu.<\/p><p>Samostatnou etruskou tradic\u00ed je malba v Tomba dell&#8217;Orco, v n\u00ed\u017e jsou Aita a Persipnei zobrazeni v bohat\u00e9m spole\u010denstv\u00ed boh\u016f v posmrtn\u00e9m \u017eivot\u011b. Tato sc\u00e9na je bez \u0159eck\u00e9ho vzoru a pova\u017euje se za etrusk\u00fd vlastn\u00ed v\u00fdtvor.<\/p><p>Disciplina Etrusca byla etrusk\u00fd v\u011b\u0161teck\u00fd syst\u00e9m a sest\u00e1vala z pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed vnit\u0159nost\u00ed (haruspicina), v\u00fdkladu blesk\u016f (fulguratio) a pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed pt\u00e1k\u016f (auspicia). Etruskov\u00e9 ji odevzdali \u0158\u00edman\u016fm, u nich\u017e se praktikovala a\u017e do 4. stolet\u00ed n. l.; Cicero a Seneka ji podrobn\u011b popsali.<\/p><p>Disciplina Etrusca se tradovala ve vlastn\u00edch kn\u011b\u017esk\u00fdch \u0161kol\u00e1ch, jejich\u017e z\u00e1kladn\u00edmi texty byly Libri Rituales, Libri Haruspicini a Libri Fulgurales. Tyto spisy jsou ztraceny, ale d\u00edky citac\u00edm v \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch pramenech, jako jsou Cicero, Festus a Macrobius, je lze z\u010d\u00e1sti rekonstruovat.<\/p><p>Etrusk\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factyhodn\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f v\u016f\u010di bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 postav\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> byl organizov\u00e1n siln\u011b na \u00farovni jednotliv\u00fdch m\u011bst. Ka\u017ed\u00e9 velk\u00e9 m\u011bsto p\u011bstovalo vlastn\u00ed hlavn\u00ed kulty a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 zvl\u00e1\u0161tnosti, tak Tarquinie, Caere, Vulci, Veje, Clusium, Volsinii, Cortona, Perugia, Arezzo, Volterra, Populonia a Roselle, v jejich\u017e hrobech je Aitova \u0159\u00ed\u0161e obrazov\u011b p\u0159\u00edtomna.<\/p><p>Jako uzav\u0159en\u00fd n\u00e1bo\u017eenskodivina\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9m pat\u0159\u00ed Disciplina Etrusca k vysoce rozvinut\u00fdm v\u011b\u0161teck\u00fdm praktik\u00e1m antick\u00e9ho sv\u011bta. \u0158\u00edman\u00e9 ji systematicky p\u0159evzali a praktikovala se a\u017e do pozdn\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha \u0159eck\u00e9 a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 kultury, zhruba od 800 p\u0159. n. l. do 600 n. l.\" tabindex=\"0\">antiky<\/span>, co\u017e je historicky n\u00e1padn\u00e1 kontinuita.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult a ritu\u00e1ly<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Aita nebyl uct\u00edv\u00e1n jako ostatn\u00ed bohov\u00e9 podsv\u011bt\u00ed ve ve\u0159ejn\u011b p\u0159\u00edstupn\u00fdch chr\u00e1mech. Jeho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bo\u017estva nebo posv\u00e1tn\u00e9 bytosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> byl aktivn\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v poh\u0159ebn\u00ed oblasti: p\u0159i poh\u0159bech se pron\u00e1\u0161ely Aitovy formule a jeho obrazy zdobily hrobky a sarkof\u00e1gy.<\/p><p>Mezi specificky etrusk\u00e9 praktiky pat\u0159ily ob\u011btiny do studn\u00ed, kter\u00e9 byly pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za vstupy do podsv\u011bt\u00ed, a rovn\u011b\u017e vkl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f do hrob\u016f jako dar\u016f pro Aitu.<\/p><p>Etrusk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed k uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1my<\/span> jsou architektonicky pozoruhodn\u00e9: tzv. tosk\u00e1nsk\u00fd styl tvo\u0159\u00ed vlastn\u00ed sloupov\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d, kter\u00fd popisuje Vitruvius ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle De Architectura. Jejich p\u016fdorysy zd\u016fraz\u0148uj\u00ed cellu a \u0161irokou vstupn\u00ed halu, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se v\u00fdrazn\u011b li\u0161\u00ed od \u0159eck\u00fdch vzor\u016f.<\/p><p>Etrusk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed k uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1my<\/span> b\u00fdvaly \u010dasto monument\u00e1ln\u00edmi stavbami. Jupiter\u016fv <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed k uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> na \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9m Kapitolu, postaven\u00fd etrusk\u00fdmi architekty a um\u011blci, zejm\u00e9na Vulcou z Vej\u00ed, dokl\u00e1d\u00e1 etruskou religiozitu v ran\u00e9m \u0158\u00edm\u011b.<\/p><p>Etrusk\u00e1 liga zahrnovala dvan\u00e1ct m\u011bst, kter\u00e1 se ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b sch\u00e1zela u Fanum Voltumnae pobl\u00ed\u017e Volsini\u00ed k n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9mu a politick\u00e9mu shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed. Voltumna byl spolkov\u00fdm bohem etrusk\u00e9ho svazu m\u011bst a zauj\u00edmal nad\u0159azen\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 postaven\u00ed.<\/p><p>Etrusk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed k uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1my<\/span> byly \u010dasto stav\u011bny na z\u00e1kladech z tufu, se d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00fdmi n\u00e1stavbami a terakotovou v\u00fdzdobou. Proslul\u00e1 socha Apoll\u00f3na z Vej\u00ed, d\u00edlo Vulcovy ruky, je hlavn\u00edm architektonick\u00fdm a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm sv\u011bdectv\u00edm t\u00e9to tradice.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ochrann\u00e9 tradice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Aita byl v ochrann\u00fdch kontextech vz\u00fdv\u00e1n p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v souvislosti se smutkem a poh\u0159bem. Na rozd\u00edl od olympsk\u00fdch boh\u016f nebyl ochrann\u00fdm patronem v pozitivn\u011b-aktivn\u00edm smyslu, n\u00fdbr\u017e respektovanou moc\u00ed, do jej\u00ed\u017e sf\u00e9ry se nem\u011blo vstupovat p\u0159ed\u010dasn\u011b.<\/p><p>Apotropaick\u00e9 praktiky m\u011bly za c\u00edl zabr\u00e1nit p\u0159ed\u010dasn\u00e9mu &#8218;odchodu do H\u00e1du&#8216;: zdravotn\u00ed ritu\u00e1ly, ochrann\u00e9 formule a no\u0161en\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00fdch amulet\u016f.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Etrusk\u00e1 ochrann\u00e1 praxe znala \u0159adu apotropaick\u00fdch symbol\u016f, mezi nimi falick\u00e9 amulety, gorgoneiony, o\u010dn\u00ed symboly, bully a ur\u010dit\u00e9 formule. Larissa Bonfante zkoumala jejich obrazov\u00fd jazyk v d\u00edle Etruscan Mirrors (1980 a d\u00e1le).<\/span><\/p><p>V etrusk\u00e9 kultu\u0159e byly roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9 apotropaick\u00e9 symboly jako oko Tinia, falick\u00e9 amulety a gorgoneiony. Zdobily <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed k uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1my<\/span>, hroby, dom\u00e1c\u00ed svatyn\u011b a osobn\u00ed p\u0159edm\u011bty a tato praxe p\u0159e\u017e\u00edvala i v \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9m a st\u0159edomo\u0159sk\u00e9m lidov\u00e9m n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.<\/p><p>Ochrann\u00e1 praxe a Disciplina Etrusca byly v etrusk\u00e9m kontextu \u00fazce spojeny. P\u0159ed ka\u017ed\u00fdm v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm krokem, nap\u0159\u00edklad zalo\u017een\u00edm m\u011bsta, vojensk\u00fdm ta\u017een\u00edm nebo stavbou domu, se konzultovala znamen\u00ed.<\/p><p>Ochrann\u00e1 tradice a Disciplina Etrusca byly v etrusk\u00e9m n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed \u00fazce spjaty. Kdo prov\u00e1d\u011blo ochrann\u00fd ritu\u00e1l, \u010dasto z\u00e1rove\u0148 konzultoval haruspika nebo augura. Toto institucion\u00e1ln\u00ed propojen\u00ed je v\u011bdecky pova\u017eov\u00e1no za charakteristick\u00e9.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralely v jin\u00fdch kultur\u00e1ch<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Aita funk\u010dn\u011b odpov\u00edd\u00e1 \u0159eck\u00e9mu H\u00e1dovi, \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9mu Plutovi a Dis Paterovi, jako\u017e i mezopot\u00e1msk\u00e9mu Nergalovi. P\u0159edstava mu\u017esk\u00e9ho vl\u00e1dce podsv\u011bt\u00ed s unesenou man\u017eelkou je ve starov\u011bk\u00e9m St\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ed velmi roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e1.<\/p><p>N\u00e1bo\u017eensko-srovn\u00e1vac\u00edm pohledem je zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 etrusk\u00e9 &#8218;pozitivn\u00ed&#8216; zd\u016frazn\u011bn\u00ed posmrtn\u00e9ho \u017eivota, kter\u00e9 je v \u0159eck\u00e9 tradici vz\u00e1cn\u00e9. Mo\u017en\u00e1 to p\u0159isp\u011blo k pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 p\u0159edstav\u011b &#8218;r\u00e1je&#8216;, av\u0161ak zprost\u0159edkovanou cestou.<\/p><p>S interpretatio Romana z\u00edskali etru\u0161t\u00ed bohov\u00e9 \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e1 jm\u00e9na: Tinia se stal Iuppiterem, Uni Iunonou, Menrva Minervou. Toto ztoto\u017en\u011bn\u00ed bylo v\u011bt\u0161inou selektivn\u00ed a nedokonal\u00e9, a bad\u00e1n\u00ed posledn\u00edch pades\u00e1ti let ukazuje, co z etrusk\u00e9 zvl\u00e1\u0161tnosti z\u016fstalo zachov\u00e1no.<\/p><p>Etrusk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed vykazuje \u010detn\u00e9 vazby na anatolsk\u00e9, f\u00e9nick\u00e9 a bl\u00edzkov\u00fdchodn\u00ed tradice. Desky z Pyrgi dokl\u00e1daj\u00ed f\u00e9nick\u00fd vliv, a toto transmediterr\u00e1nn\u00ed propojen\u00ed pat\u0159\u00ed k d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdm oblastem posledn\u00edch desetilet\u00ed.<\/p><p>Ze srovn\u00e1vac\u00edho hlediska se etrusk\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factyp\u011bstn\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f v\u016f\u010di bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 postav\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> za\u0159azuje do st\u0159edomo\u0159sk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 rodiny, s vazbami na \u0158ecko, F\u00e9nicii, Egypt, Anatolii a Latium. Toto propojen\u00ed pat\u0159\u00ed k d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdm oblastem.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sou\u010dasn\u00fd v\u00fdzkum<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V\u00fdzkum Aity v posledn\u00edch desetilet\u00edch pokro\u010dil d\u00edky objevov\u00e1n\u00ed nov\u00fdch hrobn\u00edch maleb a sarkof\u00e1g\u016f. D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvky poskytli Stephan Steingr\u00e4ber, Larissa Bonfante a Cornelia Weber-Lehmann.<\/p><p>V\u00fdzkum se zam\u011b\u0159uje na vztah mezi \u0159eckou tradic\u00ed H\u00e1da a etruskou samostatnost\u00ed Aity. Ikonografick\u00e9 a narativn\u00ed rozd\u00edly jsou p\u0159i tom nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm dokladem etrusk\u00e9ho vlastn\u00edho pojet\u00ed.<\/p><p>Etrusk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed je dnes mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdm t\u00e9matem. D\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdmi centry jsou univerzity ve Florencii, \u0158\u00edm\u011b (Sapienza), Pise, T\u00fcbingenu a Princetonu, a n\u011bkolika mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm kongres\u016fm ro\u010dn\u011b se v\u011bnuj\u00ed d\u00edl\u010d\u00edm aspekt\u016fm tohoto t\u00e9matu.<\/p><p>Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 projekty zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 na etrusk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed dnes vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed digit\u00e1ln\u00ed metody: 3D skenov\u00e1n\u00ed chr\u00e1m\u016f a hrob\u016f, datab\u00e1ze n\u00e1pis\u016f a obrazov\u00fdch pramen\u016f a rovn\u011b\u017e GIS anal\u00fdzy etrusk\u00e9 s\u00eddeln\u00ed struktury. Tyto metody otev\u00edraj\u00ed nov\u00e9 poznatky.<\/p><p>Dne\u0161n\u00ed etrusk\u00fd v\u00fdzkum se dost\u00e1v\u00e1 k ve\u0159ejnosti prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm v\u00fdstav, mimo jin\u00e9 ve Vatik\u00e1nsk\u00e9m muzeu, v Museo Nazionale Etrusco di Villa Giulia a v Boston Museum of Fine Arts, jako\u017e i prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm \u010detn\u00fdch publikac\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Prameny a stav v\u00fdzkumu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi prameny pro bad\u00e1n\u00ed o Aitovi jsou Tomba dell&#8217;Orco v Tarquinii, dal\u0161\u00ed hrobn\u00ed malby, etrusk\u00e1 zrcadla s n\u00e1pisy a n\u00e1pisy samotn\u00e9. Standardn\u00edm d\u00edlem k hrobn\u00ed malb\u011b je pr\u00e1ce Stephana Steingr\u00e4bera <em>Etruscan Painting<\/em>.<\/p><p>Hlub\u0161\u00ed za\u0159azen\u00ed do <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/etruske-nabozenstvi-haruspex-disciplina-praxe\/\">etrusk\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch d\u011bjin<\/a> jako celku ukazuje, jak je t\u0159eba Aitu ch\u00e1pat ve vztahov\u00e9 s\u00edti s ostatn\u00edmi podsv\u011btn\u00edmi bytostmi. Toto propojen\u00ed je z v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho hlediska kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9.<\/p><p>Prameny k etrusk\u00e9mu n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed jsou nesourod\u00e9 a op\u00edraj\u00ed se o epigrafick\u00e9 doklady, jako je Editio Minor Helmuta Rixe, archeologick\u00e9 n\u00e1lezy, obrazov\u00e9 prameny a sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed literaturu. Tato pestrost si vy\u017eaduje interdisciplin\u00e1rn\u00ed metody; nov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed bad\u00e1n\u00ed systematicky spojuje filologii, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bda, kter\u00e1 zkoum\u00e1 minul\u00e9 kultury na z\u00e1klad\u011b hmotn\u00fdch n\u00e1lez\u016f.\" tabindex=\"0\">archeologii<\/span>, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bda, kter\u00e1 zkoum\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed srovn\u00e1vac\u00edm zp\u016fsobem a bez vyzn\u00e1n\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">religionistiku<\/span> a antropologii.<\/p><p>Pramenn\u011b kritick\u00e1 pr\u00e1ce k etrusk\u00e9mu n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 stejnou znalost etrusk\u00fdch vlastn\u00edch pramen\u016f i \u0159ecko-\u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 druhotn\u00e9 tradice. Tato dvoj\u00ed perspektiva je n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e1, av\u0161ak pro p\u0159im\u011b\u0159enou religionisticko-historickou rekonstrukci nezbytn\u00e1.<\/p><p>Hlub\u0161\u00ed za\u0159azen\u00ed do etrusk\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch d\u011bjin vy\u017eaduje znalost epigrafick\u00fdch, archeologick\u00fdch a liter\u00e1rn\u00edch pramen\u016f i modern\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bda, kter\u00e1 zkoum\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed srovn\u00e1vac\u00edm zp\u016fsobem a bez vyzn\u00e1n\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">religionistiky<\/span>. Toto v\u00edcevrstv\u00e9 zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed se v bad\u00e1n\u00ed pova\u017euje za standard.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp21477b46 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp21477b46\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27adee74 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp27adee74\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aita v hrobn\u00edch malb\u00e1ch v Tarquinii<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2187afd2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2187afd2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2203ee8d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2203ee8d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nejn\u00e1zorn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sv\u011bdectv\u00ed o Aitovi, etrusk\u00e9m vl\u00e1dci podsv\u011bt\u00ed, poch\u00e1zej\u00ed z malovan\u00fdch komorov\u00fdch hrob\u016f v Tarquinii, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm z Tomba dell&#8217;Orco. Tato hrobn\u00ed stavba, vymalovan\u00e1 v n\u011bkolika f\u00e1z\u00edch ve 4. stolet\u00ed p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem, zobrazuje ve druh\u00e9 komo\u0159e podsv\u011btn\u00ed sc\u00e9nu, v n\u00ed\u017e Aita tr\u016fn\u00ed spole\u010dn\u011b se svou man\u017eelkou <em>Phersipnei<\/em>.<\/p><p>Aita nos\u00ed n\u00e1padnou pokr\u00fdvku hlavy z vl\u010d\u00ed k\u016f\u017ee, jej\u00ed\u017e lebka je p\u0159eta\u017eena p\u0159es jeho hlavu jako \u010depice; tento atribut je jeho nejv\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm ikonografick\u00fdm pozn\u00e1vac\u00edm znakem.<\/p><p>N\u00e1pisy v etrusk\u00e9m p\u00edsmu potvrzuj\u00ed identifikaci postav.<\/p><p>Vedle bo\u017esk\u00e9ho p\u00e1ru se objevuj\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed podsv\u011btn\u00ed bytosti, mezi nimi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Duchovn\u00ed bytost, j\u00ed\u017e je p\u0159isuzov\u00e1no \u0161kodliv\u00e9 nebo protikladn\u00e9 p\u016fsoben\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">d\u00e9mon<\/span> <em>Charun<\/em> s kladivem a ok\u0159\u00eddlen\u00e1 <em>Vanth<\/em>. Tomba dell&#8217;Orco tak spojuje \u0159ecky ovlivn\u011bn\u00e9 obrazov\u00e9 motivy, jm\u00e9no <em>Phersipnei<\/em> odpov\u00edd\u00e1 \u0159eck\u00e9 Persefon\u011b, se samostatn\u00fdm etrusk\u00fdm d\u00e9monick\u00fdm sv\u011btem, kter\u00fd v \u0159eck\u00e9 p\u0159edstav\u011b podsv\u011bt\u00ed nem\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edmou obdobu.<\/p><p>Hrobn\u00ed malby jsou jako pramen dvojn\u00e1sob hodnotn\u00e9. Ukazuj\u00ed, jak si Etruskov\u00e9 p\u0159edstavovali vl\u00e1dce \u0159\u00ed\u0161e mrtv\u00fdch. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 zviditel\u0148uj\u00ed kontext, v n\u011bm\u017e tento obraz m\u011bl sv\u00e9 m\u00edsto: v samotn\u00e9m hrob\u011b, p\u0159ed zraky poh\u0159ben\u00fdch i poz\u016fstal\u00fdch.<\/p><p>Bad\u00e1n\u00ed o etrusk\u00e9m sepulkr\u00e1ln\u00edm um\u011bn\u00ed, nap\u0159\u00edklad pr\u00e1ce Stephana Steingr\u00e4bera o hrobn\u00ed malb\u011b, zd\u016fraz\u0148uje, \u017ee tyto obrazy nejsou pouh\u00fdmi ilustrativn\u00edmi mytologick\u00fdmi sc\u00e9nami, n\u00fdbr\u017e v\u00fdpov\u011b\u010fmi o o\u010dek\u00e1van\u00e9m osudu mrtv\u00fdch. Aita se zde jev\u00ed jako garant uspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u00e9ho podsv\u011bt\u00ed, do n\u011bho\u017e je zem\u0159el\u00fd p\u0159ijat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp29b549d0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp29b549d0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27c9a64d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp27c9a64d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Od etrusk\u00e9ho Calu k \u0159ecky ovlivn\u011bn\u00e9mu Aitovi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b6db354 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2b6db354\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp221b3610 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp221b3610\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Bad\u00e1n\u00ed vych\u00e1z\u00ed z toho, \u017ee postava Aity je v\u00fdsledkem v\u00fdvoje, v n\u011bm\u017e byla star\u0161\u00ed dom\u00e1c\u00ed p\u0159edstava o podsv\u011bt\u00ed obohacena o \u0159eck\u00e9 obrazov\u00e9 motivy.<\/p><p>P\u0159ed objeven\u00edm jm\u00e9na Aita, kter\u00e9 odpov\u00edd\u00e1 \u0159eck\u00e9mu H\u00e1dovi, je v etrusk\u00fdch pramenech dolo\u017eena bytost jm\u00e9nem <em>Calu<\/em>, spojovan\u00e1 s \u0159\u00ed\u0161\u00ed mrtv\u00fdch a m\u00edsty asociovan\u00e1 s vlkem. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed badatel\u00e9 v <em>Calu<\/em> spat\u0159uj\u00ed p\u0159edch\u016fdce nebo jin\u00fd aspekt t\u00e9\u017ee p\u0159edstavy.<\/p><p>Siln\u00e1 helenizace Aitovy ikonografie spad\u00e1 do 4. stolet\u00ed p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem, do f\u00e1ze, v n\u00ed\u017e etrusk\u00e1 horn\u00ed vrstva intenzivn\u011b p\u0159ij\u00edmala \u0159eckou obrazovou kulturu. Jm\u00e9no <em>Phersipnei<\/em> pro jeho man\u017eelku, p\u0159evzet\u00ed tr\u016fn\u00edc\u00edch bo\u017esk\u00fdch p\u00e1r\u016f a sc\u00e9ny, jako je setk\u00e1n\u00ed s \u0159eck\u00fdmi h\u00e9roy v podsv\u011bt\u00ed, tento vliv jasn\u011b dokl\u00e1daj\u00ed.<\/p><p>Z\u00e1rove\u0148 se zachoval etrusk\u00fd vlastn\u00ed pod\u00edl, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v doprovodn\u00fdch d\u00e9monech a v charakteristick\u00e9 \u010dapce z vl\u010d\u00ed k\u016f\u017ee, pro ni\u017e \u0159eck\u00e9 zobrazen\u00ed H\u00e1da nem\u00e1 vzor.<\/p><p>Toto vrstven\u00ed d\u011bl\u00e1 z Aity instruktivn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpad pro etrusk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 d\u011bjiny. Etruskov\u00e9 \u0159eck\u00fd obrazov\u00fd materi\u00e1l nep\u0159evzali pasivn\u011b, ale zapojili jej do vlastn\u00edch p\u0159edstav a p\u0159itom si zachovali specifick\u00e9 prvky.<\/p><p>Stav pramen\u016f v\u0161ak neumo\u017e\u0148uje star\u0161\u00ed vrstvu rekonstruovat do detailu; <em>Calu<\/em> z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 t\u011b\u017eko posti\u017eitelnou postavou. Co lze \u0159\u00edci, je, \u017ee Aita nen\u00ed pouh\u00fdm etrusk\u00fdm H\u00e1dem, n\u00fdbr\u017e samostatn\u00fdm \u00fatvarem, v n\u011bm\u017e se spojily star\u0161\u00ed a p\u0159evzat\u00e9 prvky.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (v\u00fdb\u011br)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Larissa Bonfante: <em>Etruscan Mythology<\/em> (2006)<\/li><li>Stephan Steingr\u00e4ber: <em>Etruscan Painting<\/em> (1986)<\/li><li>Jean-Rene Jannot: <em>Religion in Ancient Etruria<\/em> (2005)<\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Nancy Thomson de Grummond: <em>Etruscan Myth, Sacred History, and Legend<\/em> (2006)<\/span><\/li><li>Cornelia Weber-Lehmann: P\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvky k etrusk\u00e9mu sepulkr\u00e1ln\u00edmu um\u011bn\u00ed<\/li><\/ul>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Dal\u0161\u00ed standardn\u00ed d\u00edla v <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/literatura\/\">seznamu literatury<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-aita e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-aita\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-aita-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-aita-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V etrusk\u00e9m <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o boz\u00edch, po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch a uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u011bta.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00fdtu<\/span> vystupuje Aita jako stroh\u00fd vl\u00e1dce podsv\u011bt\u00ed, jeho\u017e obrazov\u00e1 podoba zahrnuje hlavy zakryt\u00e9 vl\u010d\u00ed k\u016f\u017e\u00ed a \u017eezlo a jen\u017e p\u0159edznamen\u00e1v\u00e1 pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed spojen\u00ed s \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdm Dis Paterem.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Souvisej\u00edc\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 pojmy: Aita Etruskov\u00e9 b\u016fh podsv\u011bt\u00ed Persipnei Tomba dell&#8217;Orco vl\u010d\u00ed \u010dapka H\u00e1d\u00e9s Pl\u00fat\u00f3n.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-aita\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard a ochrann\u00e9 tradice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard navazuje na kulturn\u011b-historickou tradici p\u0159enosn\u00fdch ochrann\u00fdch p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f, v tradici <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/etruske-nabozenstvi-haruspex-disciplina-praxe\/\">etrusk\u00e9 kultury<\/a> a mnoha dal\u0161\u00edch kultur po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b. 41 vrstev, ryz\u00ed zlato, platina, st\u0159\u00edbro, vyrobeno v N\u011bmecku. 30denn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo na vr\u00e1cen\u00ed.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">V\u00edce o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">V\u00edce o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-aita-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-aita-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-aita-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-aita-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-aita-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Osobn\u00ed zku\u0161enosti se mohou li\u0161it. Nejedn\u00e1 se o zdravotnick\u00fd prost\u0159edek. Nen\u00ed slibem l\u00e9\u010div\u00e9ho \u00fa\u010dinku.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-aita-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-aita-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>nen\u00ed zdravotnick\u00fd prost\u0159edek<\/strong> a nenahrazuje l\u00e9ka\u0159skou ani psychoterapeutickou l\u00e9\u010dbu. 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