{"id":145482,"date":"2026-09-03T16:30:49","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:30:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=145482"},"modified":"2026-09-03T16:57:16","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:57:16","slug":"vanth-etruska-demonka-podsveti","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/vanth-etruska-demonka-podsveti\/","title":{"rendered":"Vanth &#8211; Etrusk\u00e1 d\u00e9monka podsv\u011bt\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"145482\" class=\"elementor elementor-145482 elementor-2610 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vanth - Etrusk\u00e1 ok\u0159\u00eddlen\u00e1 d\u00e9monka a pr\u016fvodkyn\u011b mrtv\u00fdch<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Vanth je v etrusk\u00e9m n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed ok\u0159\u00eddlen\u00e1 d\u00e9monka podsv\u011bt\u00ed, kter\u00e1 se objevuje jako pr\u016fvodkyn\u011b mrtv\u00fdch a posel osudu. Na rozd\u00edl od mu\u017esk\u00e9ho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Duchovn\u00ed bytost, j\u00ed\u017e je p\u0159ipisov\u00e1no \u0161kodliv\u00e9 nebo rozporn\u00e9 p\u016fsoben\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">d\u00e9mona<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145481\">Charuna<\/a> je \u010dasto zobrazov\u00e1na m\u00e9n\u011b hroziv\u011b, sp\u00ed\u0161e jako posel osudu a spole\u010dnice. Toto zobrazen\u00ed popisuje jej\u00ed religionistick\u00e9 postaven\u00ed v etrusk\u00e9m eschatologick\u00e9m syst\u00e9mu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Bytost smrti tradice etrusk\u00e9.\">Bytost smrti<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/etruske-nabozenstvi-haruspex-disciplina-praxe\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mytologie tradice etrusk\u00e9.\">Etrusk\u00e1<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"D\u00e9monka mrtv\u00fdch.\">D\u00e9monka mrtv\u00fdch<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na t\\u00e9to str\\u00e1nce nebyly nalezeny \\u017e\\u00e1dn\\u00e9 nadpisy.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-vanth-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-vanth-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-vanth-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/daemonen_etruskisch_vanth-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-147358\" alt=\"Vanth - d\u00e9moni z etrusk\u00e9 tradice, historicko-ilustra\u010dn\u00ed\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/daemonen_etruskisch_vanth-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/daemonen_etruskisch_vanth-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/daemonen_etruskisch_vanth-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/daemonen_etruskisch_vanth.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Za\u0159azen\u00ed v etrusk\u00e9m panteonu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Vanth pat\u0159\u00ed stejn\u011b jako <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145481\">Charun<\/a> k v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm d\u00e9mon\u016fm etrusk\u00e9ho podsv\u011bt\u00ed. B\u00fdv\u00e1 \u010dasto zobrazov\u00e1na jako pr\u016fvodkyn\u011b mrtv\u00fdch nebo posel osudu. V etrusk\u00e9 eschatologii m\u00e1 pevn\u00e9 m\u00edsto a \u010dasto se objevuje spole\u010dn\u011b s Charunem ve sc\u00e9n\u00e1ch odlou\u010den\u00ed a doprovodu.<\/p><p>Larissa Bonfante a Erika Simon se Vanth zab\u00fdvaly ve sv\u00fdch prac\u00edch o etrusk\u00e9m n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed. V etrusk\u00e9m v\u00fdtvarn\u00e9m um\u011bn\u00ed je to \u010dast\u00e1 postava, objevuj\u00edc\u00ed se zejm\u00e9na na sarkof\u00e1gech a v hrobov\u00fdch malb\u00e1ch.<\/p><p>Etrusk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed, v n\u011bm\u017e m\u00e1 ok\u0159\u00eddlen\u00e1 pr\u016fvodkyn\u011b mrtv\u00fdch Vanth sv\u00e9 m\u00edsto, je religionisticky pr\u00e1v\u011b proto velmi bohat\u00e9, proto\u017ee stoj\u00ed na rozhran\u00ed \u0159ecko-st\u0159edomo\u0159sk\u00e9 a italsko-\u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed znalost\u00ed a vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d generacemi.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradice<\/span>.<\/p><p>Massimo Pallottino, Jacques Heurgon, Sybille Haynes, Mauro Cristofani a Giovanni Colonna ve sv\u00fdch b\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00edch uk\u00e1zali, \u017ee se jedn\u00e1 o samostatnou tradici, nikoli o pouh\u00fd odvozen\u00fd jev.<\/p><p>To, \u017ee Vanth zast\u00e1v\u00e1 p\u0159esn\u011b vymezenou \u00falohu pr\u016fvodkyn\u011b mrtv\u00fdch, odpov\u00edd\u00e1 etrusk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e1 nauka o bohu a v\u00ed\u0159e v r\u00e1mci n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologii<\/span>, kter\u00e1 siln\u011b strukturovala sv\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn boh\u016f n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed nebo kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteon<\/span> a rozd\u011blovala funkce. Star\u0161\u00ed p\u0159edstava o &#8218;tajemn\u00e9&#8216; nebo &#8218;ciz\u00ed&#8216; v\u00ed\u0159e Etrusk\u016f neodpov\u00edd\u00e1 skute\u010dnosti: jde o samostatnou variantu st\u0159edomo\u0159sk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.<\/p><p>Vanth ukazuje p\u0159\u00edkladn\u011b, jak Etruskov\u00e9 v d\u011bjin\u00e1ch italsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed zprost\u0159edkov\u00e1vali mezi \u0159eck\u00fdmi podn\u011bty a formuj\u00edc\u00edm se \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdm n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edm. Tato zprost\u0159edkuj\u00edc\u00ed funkce \u010din\u00ed jej\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed znalost\u00ed a vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d generacemi.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici<\/span> v\u011bdecky obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b zaj\u00edmavou.<\/p><p>Vanthina ok\u0159\u00eddlen\u00e1 podoba byla d\u0159\u00edve rychle p\u0159irovn\u00e1v\u00e1na k \u0159eck\u00fdm p\u0159edloh\u00e1m. Religionisticko-etnologick\u00fd v\u00fdzkum posledn\u00edch desetilet\u00ed v\u0161ak uznal etrusk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed jako uzav\u0159en\u00fd, samostatn\u00fd syst\u00e9m a d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed tendenci odvozovat jej jako &#8218;deriv\u00e1t&#8216; \u0159eck\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed nahradil pe\u010dliv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pohled.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jm\u00e9no a etymologie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jm\u00e9no Vanth je dolo\u017eeno na etrusk\u00fdch v\u00fdtvarn\u00fdch d\u00edlech a n\u00e1pisech. Bezpe\u010dn\u00fd etymologick\u00fd v\u00fdklad nebyl rekonstruov\u00e1n. Helmut Rix ve sv\u00e9 <em>Editio Minor<\/em> tyto doklady zaznamen\u00e1v\u00e1.<\/p><p>Vanth se ob\u010das objevuje v mno\u017en\u00e9m \u010d\u00edsle, co\u017e nazna\u010duje, \u017ee existovalo v\u00edce d\u00e9monek Vanth, podobn\u011b jako existovalo v\u00edce d\u00e9mon\u016f Charun. Tato mno\u017enost je religionisticky zaj\u00edmav\u00e1 z hlediska fenomenologie.<\/p><p>Jm\u00e9no Vanth se objevuje na etrusk\u00fdch v\u00fdtvarn\u00fdch d\u00edlech, je v\u0161ak zaps\u00e1no v jazyce, kter\u00fd je pova\u017eov\u00e1n za izolovan\u00fd v r\u00e1mci jazykov\u00fdch rodin, nebo by mohl n\u00e1le\u017eet k p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dan\u00e9 &#8218;tyrsensk\u00e9&#8216; rodin\u011b spole\u010dn\u011b s lemn\u0161tinou a r\u00e9t\u0161tinou. Od 19. stolet\u00ed se v\u00fdzkum sna\u017e\u00ed tyto texty rozlu\u0161tit, ani\u017e by to dosud zcela dok\u00e1zal.<\/p><p>Helmut Rixova Editio Minor tvo\u0159\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00ed epigrafickou sb\u00edrku etrusk\u00e9ho jazykov\u00e9ho korpusu a dokumentuje tak\u00e9 doklady n\u00e1pis\u016f t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00edch se Vanth. Dnes k n\u00ed p\u0159istupuje jako dopln\u011bk Thesaurus Linguae Etruscae a online datab\u00e1ze ETP (Etruscan Texts Project).<\/p><p>Ot\u00e1zka p\u016fvodu Etrusk\u016f z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 nevyjasn\u011bna: H\u00e9rodotos p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dal p\u0159\u00edchod z L\u00fddie, Dionysios Halikarnassk\u00fd naopak dom\u00e1c\u00ed italsk\u00fd vznik. Pro pochopen\u00ed postav jako Vanth je to religionisticky relevantn\u00ed, nebo\u0165 se t\u00edm otev\u00edr\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka mo\u017en\u00fdch vztah\u016f k maloasijsk\u00fdm kult\u016fm.<\/p><p>\u00dazk\u00e9 propojen\u00ed jazykov\u011bdn\u00e9ho a epigrafick\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu prosp\u00edv\u00e1 i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed znalost\u00ed a vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d generacemi.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici<\/span> Vanth: digit\u00e1ln\u00ed edice etrusk\u00fdch text\u016f v ETP (Etruscan Texts Project) v\u00fdrazn\u011b usnad\u0148uje srovn\u00e1vac\u00ed studie. Marie-Laurence Haack a Vincent Jolivet zde p\u0159inesli z\u00e1sadn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvky.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Popis a ikonografie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Vanth je v etrusk\u00e9m um\u011bn\u00ed zobrazov\u00e1na jako ok\u0159\u00eddlen\u00e1 \u017eena, \u010dasto s pochodn\u00ed nebo kl\u00ed\u010dem. Jej\u00ed pernat\u00e9 k\u0159\u00eddla ji z\u0159eteln\u011b odli\u0161uj\u00ed od \u0159eck\u00e9ho typu Char\u00f3na a p\u0159ibli\u017euj\u00ed ji sp\u00ed\u0161e \u0159eck\u00fdm Eriny\u00edm (F\u00fari\u00edm) nebo postav\u00e1m Er\u00f3ta. Spojen\u00ed s kl\u00ed\u010dem odkazuje na jej\u00ed funkci str\u00e1\u017ekyn\u011b bran podsv\u011bt\u00ed.<\/p><p>Na etrusk\u00fdch sarkof\u00e1gech a hrobov\u00fdch malb\u00e1ch (Tomba dei Vipinana v Tarquinii) se Vanth objevuje v \u0159ad\u011b sc\u00e9n. Jej\u00ed od\u011bv je \u010dasto kr\u00e1tk\u00fd a p\u0159ep\u00e1san\u00fd, co\u017e nazna\u010duje pohybovou volnost. Larissa Bonfante tuto <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nauka o obsahu obraz\u016f a jejich v\u00fdznamu.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografii<\/span> podrobn\u011b zkoumala.<\/p><p>Vanth je zachycena p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm obrazov\u00fdch d\u011bl, a etrusk\u00e9 v\u00fdtvarn\u00e9 um\u011bn\u00ed se z hlediska religionistick\u00e9 fenomenologie ukazuje jako velmi bohat\u00fd zdroj: hlavn\u00edmi prameny jsou zrcadla, v\u00e1zy, hrobov\u00e1 malba a bronzy. Larissa Bonfante ve sv\u00fdch prac\u00edch tuto obrazovou \u0159e\u010d hodnotila jako samostatnou tradici, nikoli pouh\u00fd odvozen\u00fd jev.<\/p><p>Vanth se \u010dasto objevuje v etrusk\u00e9 hrobov\u00e9 malb\u011b z Tarquinie, Cerveteri a Vulci, kter\u00e1 pat\u0159\u00ed k nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm pramen\u016fm etrusk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed a eschatologie. Na obrazech hostin, tance a hudby i v mytologick\u00fdch v\u00fdjevech je onen sv\u011bt zobrazov\u00e1n jako pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed \u017eivota.<\/p><p>Vanth \u010dasto vystupuje spole\u010dn\u011b s Charunem ve sc\u00e9n\u00e1ch doprovodu, co\u017e dokl\u00e1d\u00e1 tendenci etrusk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nauka o obsahu obraz\u016f a jejich v\u00fdznamu.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografie<\/span> k v\u00edcepostavov\u00fdm sc\u00e9n\u00e1m, narativn\u00edm souvislostem a symbolick\u00e9mu zhu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed. Tato obrazov\u00e1 \u0159e\u010d tvo\u0159\u00ed samostatnou oblast b\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed v r\u00e1mci etrusk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 ikonografie.<\/p><p>Vanth se ob\u010das objevuje v mno\u017en\u00e9m \u010d\u00edsle a spole\u010dn\u011b s dal\u0161\u00edmi postavami, co\u017e dokl\u00e1d\u00e1 narativn\u00ed hustotu etrusk\u00e9ho v\u00fdtvarn\u00e9ho um\u011bn\u00ed: jedin\u00e9 zrcadlo nebo v\u00e1za m\u016f\u017ee n\u00e9st n\u011bkolik mytologick\u00fdch odkaz\u016f sou\u010dasn\u011b. Toto zhu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vy\u017eaduje od badatel\u016f pe\u010dlivou anal\u00fdzu kontextu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vanth v etrusk\u00e9 eschatologii<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Vanth je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed slo\u017eit\u00e9ho etrusk\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu podsv\u011bt\u00ed. Doprov\u00e1z\u00ed mrtv\u00e9 do podsv\u011bt\u00ed, n\u011bkdy sama, \u010dasto spole\u010dn\u011b s Charunem. Jej\u00ed funkce je sp\u00ed\u0161e funkc\u00ed \u201eposelky osudu&#8220; ne\u017e aktivn\u00ed usmrcuj\u00edc\u00ed bytosti: p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed, kdy\u017e nastane \u010das, a doprov\u00e1z\u00ed.<\/p><p>Jean-Ren\u00e9 Jannot popisuje etruskou p\u0159edstavu podsv\u011bt\u00ed jako dob\u0159e strukturovan\u00fd syst\u00e9m s jasn\u011b p\u0159i\u0159azen\u00fdmi funkcemi d\u00e9mon\u016f. Vanth je v r\u00e1mci tohoto syst\u00e9mu \u017eenskou pr\u016fvodkyn\u00ed, zat\u00edmco Charun je mu\u017esk\u00fdm vykonavatelem.<\/p><p>Etrusk\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn tradovan\u00fdch vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o boz\u00edch v dan\u00e9 kultu\u0159e.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytologie<\/span> se nezachovala v propracovan\u00fdch narativn\u00edch textech, jak je zn\u00e1me z \u0159eck\u00e9 a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 tradice. Obraz Vanth vznik\u00e1 a\u017e souhrnem obrazov\u00fdch pramen\u016f, n\u00e1pis\u016f a \u0159ecko-\u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 druhotn\u00e9 tradice, co\u017e je pramenn\u00e1 situace vy\u017eaduj\u00edc\u00ed metodickou obez\u0159etnost.<\/p><p>Vztah etrusk\u00e9 a \u0159eck\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn tradovan\u00fdch vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o boz\u00edch v dan\u00e9 kultu\u0159e.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytologie<\/span> je v\u00edcevrstevn\u00fd: Etruskov\u00e9 na jedn\u00e9 stran\u011b p\u0159ej\u00edmali \u0159eck\u00e9 m\u00fdty o Achilleovi, Odysseovi \u010di Oidipovi, na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b je sv\u00e9bytn\u011b p\u0159etv\u00e1\u0159eli. Vanth, kter\u00e1 nem\u00e1 p\u0159esn\u00fd \u0159eck\u00fd prot\u011bj\u0161ek, tuto vlastn\u00ed pojet\u00ed dokl\u00e1d\u00e1; adaptace je intenzivn\u011b zkoum\u00e1na.<\/p><p>Vanth se pravideln\u011b objevuje spole\u010dn\u011b s Charunem, co\u017e odpov\u00edd\u00e1 z\u00e1kladn\u00edmu rysu etrusk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e1 nauka o Bohu a v\u00ed\u0159e dan\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologie<\/span>: rad\u011b boh\u016f (consensus deorum). Ani Tinia nejedn\u00e1 s\u00e1m, ale rad\u00ed se s ostatn\u00edmi bohy. Tento koncept je z hlediska religionistick\u00e9 fenomenologie pova\u017eov\u00e1n za specifikum.<\/p><p>Proto\u017ee se mytologick\u00e1 tradice Etrusk\u016f nezachovala v uzav\u0159en\u00fdch vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00edch, mus\u00ed b\u00fdt i funkce Vanth rekonstruov\u00e1na z obrazov\u00fdch sc\u00e9n, n\u00e1pis\u016f a druhotn\u00fdch pramen\u016f. Osv\u011bd\u010dilo se p\u0159itom spojen\u00ed etrusk\u00e9ho popisku, \u0159eck\u00e9ho obrazov\u00e9ho vzoru a kontextov\u00e9ho v\u00fdkladu, kter\u00e9 vy\u017eaduje pe\u010dlivou interpretaci.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mytologick\u00e1 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o Vanth jsou dochov\u00e1na p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm obrazov\u011b. Na sarkof\u00e1gech a hrobov\u00fdch malb\u00e1ch se objevuje ve sc\u00e9n\u00e1ch rozlou\u010den\u00ed: mrtv\u00fd se lou\u010d\u00ed s \u017eiv\u00fdmi, Vanth ho odv\u00e1d\u00ed. V n\u011bkter\u00fdch zobrazen\u00edch sed\u00ed v zamy\u0161len\u00e9 pozici na kameni a \u010dek\u00e1 na smrt \u010dlov\u011bka.<\/p><p>V etrusk\u00e9 adaptaci \u0159eck\u00fdch m\u00fdt\u016f se Vanth objevuje i ve sc\u00e9n\u00e1ch, v nich\u017e nem\u00e1 \u0159eck\u00fd prot\u011bj\u0161ek, nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159i smrti Achillea. Toto samostatn\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed dokl\u00e1d\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eenskou specifiku etrusk\u00e9 tradice.<\/p><p>Disciplina Etrusca, etrusk\u00fd syst\u00e9m v\u011b\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, zahrnovala vnit\u0159kozpyt (haruspicina), v\u00fdklad blesk\u016f (fulguratio) a v\u011b\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed z pta\u010d\u00edho letu (auspicia). P\u0159ed\u00e1na Etrusky \u0158\u00edman\u016fm, z\u016fstala \u017eivou prax\u00ed a\u017e do 4. stolet\u00ed po Kr. a podrobn\u011b ji popsali Cicero a Seneca.<\/p><p>Disciplina Etrusca byla p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1na specializovan\u00fdmi kn\u011b\u017esk\u00fdmi \u0161kolami. Jej\u00edmi nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi texty byly Libri Rituales, Libri Haruspicini a Libri Fulgurales. Nejsou zachov\u00e1ny, ale d\u00edky citac\u00edm u Cicera, Festa a Macrobia je lze \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b rekonstruovat.<\/p><p>Etrusk\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factypln\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f v\u016f\u010di bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 postav\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> byl utv\u00e1\u0159en vztahem k m\u011bstu: Tarquinia, v jej\u00edch\u017e hrobk\u00e1ch se Vanth \u010dasto objevuje, m\u011bla vlastn\u00ed hlavn\u00ed kulty a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 zvl\u00e1\u0161tnosti, stejn\u011b jako Caere, Vulci, Veje, Clusium, Volsinii, Cortona, Perugia, Arezzo, Volterra, Populonia a Roselle.<\/p><p>Disciplina Etrusca tvo\u0159\u00ed souvisl\u00fd n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd a v\u011b\u0161teck\u00fd syst\u00e9m a pat\u0159\u00ed k nejvysp\u011blej\u0161\u00edm v\u011b\u0161teck\u00fdm praktik\u00e1m <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha \u0159eck\u00e9 a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 kultury, p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 800 p\u0159. Kr. a\u017e 600 po Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">antiky<\/span>. Systematicky p\u0159evzata \u0158\u00edmany, byla praktikov\u00e1na a\u017e do pozdn\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha \u0159eck\u00e9 a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 kultury, p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 800 p\u0159. Kr. a\u017e 600 po Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">antiky<\/span>, co\u017e p\u0159edstavuje historicky pozoruhodnou kontinuitu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult a ritu\u00e1ly<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Vanth nebyla &#8222;uct\u00edv\u00e1na&#8220; ve stejn\u00e9m smyslu jako olymp\u0161t\u00ed bohov\u00e9. Jej\u00ed v\u00fdznam se pojil p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm s poh\u0159ebn\u00edm kontextem: zobrazen\u00ed Vanth zdobila sarkof\u00e1gy a popelnice, formule spojen\u00e9 s Vanth se pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b pron\u00e1\u0161ely p\u0159i poh\u0159ebn\u00edch ritu\u00e1lech.<\/p><p>Um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed vyobrazen\u00ed Vanth do hrob\u016f m\u011blo sympatetickou funkci: m\u011blo mrtv\u00e9mu usnadnit cestu do podsv\u011bt\u00ed a zp\u0159\u00edtomnit p\u0159\u00edtomnost t\u00e9to d\u00e9monky.<\/p><p>Architektonicky jsou etrusk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1my<\/span> sv\u00e9bytn\u00e9: tzv. tuscansk\u00fd styl p\u0159edstavuje samostatn\u00fd sloupov\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d, kter\u00fd popisuje Vitruvius ve spise De Architectura. P\u016fdorysy zd\u016fraz\u0148uj\u00ed cellu a \u0161irokou vstupn\u00ed halu a jasn\u011b se tak li\u0161\u00ed od \u0159eck\u00fdch vzor\u016f.<\/p><p>Etrusk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1my<\/span> byly \u010dasto monument\u00e1ln\u00ed. Za architektonick\u00fd doklad etrusk\u00e9 zbo\u017enosti v ran\u00e9m \u0158\u00edm\u011b je pova\u017eov\u00e1n Iuppiter\u016fv <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> na Kapitolu, kter\u00fd vytvo\u0159ili etru\u0161t\u00ed architekti a um\u011blci, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm Vulca z Vej\u00ed.<\/p><p>Etrusk\u00e1 liga dvan\u00e1cti m\u011bst se ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b sch\u00e1zela u Fanum Voltumnae pobl\u00ed\u017e Volsini\u00ed k n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9mu a politick\u00e9mu shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed. Voltumna, spolkov\u00fd b\u016fh etrusk\u00e9ho svazu m\u011bst, m\u011bl p\u0159i tom nad\u0159azen\u00fd n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd v\u00fdznam.<\/p><p>Etrusk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1my<\/span> \u010dasto st\u00e1ly na z\u00e1kladech z tufu, nesly d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9 n\u00e1stavby a byly zdobeny terakotou. Slavn\u00e1 socha Apoll\u00f3na z Vej\u00ed, d\u00edlo Vulcy, je pova\u017eov\u00e1na za hlavn\u00ed architektonick\u00fd a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd doklad t\u00e9to tradice.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ochrann\u00e9 tradice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Vanth byla v ochrann\u00fdch souvislostech vz\u00fdv\u00e1na p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v poh\u0159ebn\u00edch a smute\u010dn\u00edch ob\u0159adech. Nebyla &#8218;ochr\u00e1nkyn\u00ed&#8216; v kladn\u00e9m smyslu, ale nezbytnou pr\u016fvodkyn\u00ed p\u0159i p\u0159echodu ze \u017eivota do smrti.<\/p><p>Apotropaick\u00e9 praktiky proti p\u0159ed\u010dasn\u00e9mu zjeven\u00ed Vanth jsou dolo\u017eeny m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e u Charuna. Celkov\u011b p\u016fsob\u00ed m\u00e9n\u011b hroziv\u011b, sp\u00ed\u0161e jako p\u0159irozen\u011b dan\u00e1 osudov\u00e1 moc.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>K etrusk\u00e9 ochrann\u00e9 praxi pat\u0159ilo mno\u017estv\u00ed apotropaick\u00fdch symbol\u016f: falick\u00e9 amulety, gorgoneiony, symboly o\u010d\u00ed, bully a ur\u010dit\u00e9 formule. Obrazovou \u0159e\u010d t\u011bchto ochrann\u00fdch symbol\u016f zpracovala Larissa Bonfante v d\u00edle Etruscan Mirrors (1980 a d\u00e1le).<\/span><\/p><p>V etrusk\u00e9 kultu\u0159e byly roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9 apotropaick\u00e9 symboly jako oko Tinie, falick\u00e9 amulety a gorgoneiony. Zdobily <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed k uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1my<\/span>, hroby, dom\u00e1c\u00ed svatyn\u011b a osobn\u00ed p\u0159edm\u011bty; tato praxe pokra\u010dovala i v \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9m a st\u0159edomo\u0159sk\u00e9m lidov\u00e9m n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.<\/p><p>Etrusk\u00e1 ochrann\u00e1 praxe byla v \u00fazk\u00e9m spojen\u00ed s Disciplina Etrusca. P\u0159ed d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdmi podniky, jako zalo\u017een\u00ed m\u011bsta, v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 ta\u017een\u00ed nebo stavba domu, se pravideln\u011b konzultovala divinace.<\/p><p>V etrusk\u00e9m n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed jsou ochrann\u00e1 tradice a Disciplina Etrusca \u00fazce spojeny. Kdo provedl ochrann\u00fd ob\u0159ad, \u010dasto p\u0159izval z\u00e1rove\u0148 haruspika nebo augura. Toto institucion\u00e1ln\u00ed spojen\u00ed je v\u011bdecky charakteristick\u00e9.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralely v jin\u00fdch kultur\u00e1ch<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Vanth lze v n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9m srovn\u00e1n\u00ed postavit vedle \u0159eck\u00fdch Er\u00edny\u00ed (Furi\u00ed), seversk\u00fdch Valk\u00fdr, k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 tradice &#8218;svat\u00e9ho poh\u0159bu&#8216; nebo \u00edr\u00e1nsk\u00fdch Daen. V\u0161em je spole\u010dn\u00e9, \u017ee jsou \u017eensk\u00fdmi pr\u016fvodkyn\u011bmi zesnul\u00fdch nebo posly osudu.<\/p><p>Specificky etrusk\u00fd rys Vanth je spojen\u00ed k\u0159\u00eddel, pochodn\u011b\/kl\u00ed\u010de a funkce pr\u016fvodkyn\u011b v jedn\u00e9 postav\u011b. Toto zhu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed je n\u00e1bo\u017eenskofenomenologicky jedine\u010dn\u00e9.<\/p><p>Interpretatio Romana p\u0159i\u0159azovala etrusk\u00fdm boh\u016fm \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e1 jm\u00e9na: z Tinie se stal Iupiter, z Uni Iuno, z Menrvy Minerva. Tato identifikace byla obvykle selektivn\u00ed, nikoli \u00fapln\u00e1; v\u00fdzkum posledn\u00edch pades\u00e1ti let zkoum\u00e1, co z etrusk\u00e9 zvl\u00e1\u0161tnosti p\u0159etrvalo.<\/p><p>Anatolsk\u00e9, f\u00e9nick\u00e9 a bl\u00edzkov\u00fdchodn\u00ed tradice se s etrusk\u00fdm n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edm mnohon\u00e1sobn\u011b dot\u00fdkaj\u00ed. F\u00e9nick\u00e9 zprost\u0159edkov\u00e1n\u00ed dokl\u00e1daj\u00ed desky z Pyrgi; tato transst\u0159edomo\u0159sk\u00e1 prov\u00e1zanost je d\u016fle\u017eitou oblast\u00ed v\u00fdzkumu posledn\u00edch desetilet\u00ed.<\/p><p>V n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9m srovn\u00e1n\u00ed lze etrusk\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factypln\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f v\u016f\u010di bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 postav\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> za\u0159adit do st\u0159edomo\u0159sk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 rodiny, spojen\u00e9 s \u0158eckem, F\u00e9nici\u00ed, Egyptem, Anatoli\u00ed a Latiem. Tato prov\u00e1zanost je d\u016fle\u017eitou oblast\u00ed v\u00fdzkumu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sou\u010dasn\u00fd v\u00fdzkum<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V\u00fdzkum Vanth ud\u011blal za posledn\u00edch 30 let pokrok d\u00edky systematick\u00e9mu vyhodnocen\u00ed etrusk\u00fdch sarkof\u00e1g\u016f a hrobov\u00fdch maleb. Erika Simon, Cornelia Weber-Lehmann a Larissa Bonfante p\u0159isp\u011bly d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm d\u00edlem.<\/p><p>Tak\u00e9 feministick\u00e9 d\u011bjiny n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed se zaj\u00edmaj\u00ed o Vanth jako \u017eenskou osudovou postavu, kter\u00e1 neodpov\u00edd\u00e1 klasick\u00fdm stereotyp\u016fm &#8218;matky&#8216; nebo &#8218;milenky&#8216;. Tato perspektiva otev\u00edr\u00e1 nov\u00e9 zp\u016fsoby v\u00fdkladu.<\/p><p>Etrusk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed je dnes p\u0159edm\u011btem mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho v\u00fdzkumu. K d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm centr\u016fm pat\u0159\u00ed univerzity ve Florencii, \u0158\u00edm\u011b (Sapienza), Pise, T\u00fcbingenu a Princetonu; ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b se jednotliv\u00fdmi ot\u00e1zkami tohoto n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed zab\u00fdv\u00e1 n\u011bkolik mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch kongres\u016f.<\/p><p>Sou\u010dasn\u00e9 mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 projekty zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 na etrusk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed pracuj\u00ed s digit\u00e1ln\u00edmi metodami: 3D skenov\u00e1n\u00ed chr\u00e1m\u016f a hrob\u016f, datab\u00e1ze n\u00e1pis\u016f a obrazov\u00fdch pramen\u016f a GIS anal\u00fdzy etrusk\u00e9 s\u00eddeln\u00ed struktury. Z toho vypl\u00fdvaj\u00ed nov\u00e9 poznatky.<\/p><p>V\u00fdstavy ve Vatik\u00e1nsk\u00e9m muzeu, v Museo Nazionale Etrusco di Villa Giulia a v Boston Museum of Fine Arts p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u00fd etrusk\u00fd v\u00fdzkum \u0161irok\u00e9mu publiku, stejn\u011b jako \u0159ada publikac\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Prameny a stav v\u00fdzkumu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi prameny pro bad\u00e1n\u00ed o Vanth jsou etrusk\u00e9 sarkof\u00e1gy (Tarquinie, Volterra, Chiusi), n\u00e1st\u011bnn\u00e9 malby v hrobk\u00e1ch, poh\u0159ebn\u00ed urny a n\u00e1pisy. Larissa Bonfante ve sv\u00e9 knize <em>Etruscan Mythology<\/em> poskytuje dobr\u00fd p\u0159ehled.<\/p><p>Hlub\u0161\u00ed zasazen\u00ed do <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/etruske-nabozenstvi-haruspex-disciplina-praxe\/\">etrusk\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch d\u011bjin<\/a> jako celku ukazuje, jak je t\u0159eba Vanth ch\u00e1pat ve vztahov\u00e9m r\u00e1mci s Charunem, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145483\">Aitou<\/a> a dal\u0161\u00edmi podsv\u011btn\u00edmi bytostmi. Tato propojenost je pro v\u011bdeck\u00e9 pozn\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1sadn\u00ed.<\/p><p>Pramenn\u00e1 situace k etrusk\u00e9mu n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed je nesourod\u00e1: sah\u00e1 od epigrafick\u00fdch sv\u011bdectv\u00ed, jako je Helmut Rixova Editio Minor, p\u0159es archeologick\u00e9 n\u00e1lezy a obrazov\u00e9 prameny a\u017e po sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed literaturu. Tato mnohost pramen\u016f vy\u017eaduje interdisciplin\u00e1rn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup, a proto nov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed bad\u00e1n\u00ed systematicky propojuje filologii, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bda zkoumaj\u00edc\u00ed minul\u00e9 kultury na z\u00e1klad\u011b hmotn\u00fdch n\u00e1lez\u016f.\" tabindex=\"0\">archeologii<\/span>, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bda, kter\u00e1 zkoum\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed srovn\u00e1vac\u00edm zp\u016fsobem a bez vyznava\u010dsk\u00e9 v\u00e1zanosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">religionistiku<\/span> a antropologii.<\/p><p>Kritika pramen\u016f k etrusk\u00e9mu n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed vy\u017eaduje znalost jak etrusk\u00fdch vlastn\u00edch pramen\u016f, tak \u0159ecko-\u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed tradice. Tato dvoj\u00ed perspektiva je n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e1, ale pro odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed religionistickou rekonstrukci nezbytn\u00e1.<\/p><p>Kdo chce hloub\u011bji zasadit etrusk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 d\u011bjiny, pot\u0159ebuje znalost epigrafick\u00fdch, archeologick\u00fdch a liter\u00e1rn\u00edch pramen\u016f i modern\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bda, kter\u00e1 zkoum\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed srovn\u00e1vac\u00edm zp\u016fsobem a bez vyznava\u010dsk\u00e9 v\u00e1zanosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">religionistiky<\/span>. Takov\u00e9 v\u00edcevrstevn\u00e9 pojet\u00ed je ve v\u00fdzkumu standardem.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2c4ef1fa e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2c4ef1fa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp25c7ac94 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp25c7ac94\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vanth v hrobn\u00ed malb\u011b v Tarquini\u00edch a Orvietu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e7a473e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2e7a473e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2eda3d20 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2eda3d20\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm pramenem pro Vanth nen\u00ed text, n\u00fdbr\u017e v\u00fdtvarn\u00e9 um\u011bn\u00ed etrusk\u00fdch hrobek. V malovan\u00fdch hrobk\u00e1ch v Tarquini\u00edch, nap\u0159\u00edklad v <em>Tomba dell&#8217;Orco<\/em> ze 4. stolet\u00ed p\u0159ed Kristem, a d\u00e1le v <em>Tomba Golini<\/em> u Orvieta se Vanth objevuje jako ok\u0159\u00eddlen\u00e1 \u017eensk\u00e1 postava, kter\u00e1 doprov\u00e1z\u00ed zem\u0159el\u00e9ho na jeho cest\u011b do podsv\u011bt\u00ed.<\/p><p>Zobrazov\u00e1na je v\u011bt\u0161inou jako mlad\u00e1 d\u00edvka, \u010dasto s obna\u017een\u00fdm hrudn\u00edkem, ve vysok\u00fdch bot\u00e1ch a s p\u00e1sy p\u0159ehozen\u00fdmi p\u0159es ramena.<\/p><p>Charakteristick\u00e9 jsou jej\u00ed atributy: ho\u0159\u00edc\u00ed pochode\u0148, kterou osv\u011btluje temnou cestu, had ovinut\u00fd kolem pa\u017ee a p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitostn\u011b kl\u00ed\u010d nebo svitek. K\u0159\u00eddla mohou vyr\u016fstat z ramen nebo ze zad.<\/p><p>Na rozd\u00edl od \u0159eck\u00fdch Eriny\u00ed, se kter\u00fdmi b\u00fdv\u00e1 ob\u010das srovn\u00e1v\u00e1na, nep\u016fsob\u00ed Vanth ve v\u00fdtvarn\u00e9m um\u011bn\u00ed prim\u00e1rn\u011b hroziv\u011b, n\u00fdbr\u017e sp\u00ed\u0161e jako klidn\u00e1 pr\u016fvodkyn\u011b, kter\u00e1 doprov\u00e1z\u00ed p\u0159echod, ani\u017e by za n\u011bj trestala.<\/p><p>\u010casto se objevuje spole\u010dn\u011b s <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145481\">Charunem<\/a>, podsv\u011btn\u00edm d\u00e9monem s kladivem, tak\u017ee tato dvojice tvo\u0159\u00ed opakuj\u00edc\u00ed se motiv etrusk\u00e9 ikonografie posmrtn\u00e9ho \u017eivota. Ve sc\u00e9n\u00e1ch bitev nebo ob\u011btn\u00edch \u00fakon\u016f, nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159i zab\u00edjen\u00ed trojsk\u00fdch zajatc\u016f v Tomba Fran\u00e7ois ve Vulci, stoj\u00ed Vanth vedle jako sv\u011bdkyn\u011b smrti. V\u011bdecky je v\u00fdznamn\u00e9, \u017ee cel\u00fd obraz Vanth mus\u00ed b\u00fdt rekonstruov\u00e1n z t\u00e9to archeologick\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed v\u011bd\u011bn\u00ed a vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d generacemi.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradice<\/span>. Etruskov\u00e9 nezanechali souvislou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn dochovan\u00fdch vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o boz\u00edch dan\u00e9 kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytologii<\/span>, kter\u00e1 by se n\u00e1m zachovala, a tak je hrobn\u00ed malba spolu s reli\u00e9fn\u00edmi urnami a zrcadly skute\u010dn\u00fdm prim\u00e1rn\u00edm pramenem pro v\u0161e, co lze o t\u00e9to bohyni \u0159\u00edci.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp24932bc4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp24932bc4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d38051c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2d38051c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">N\u00e1pisov\u00e9 doklady a ot\u00e1zka v\u00edce postav Vanth<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e96bb04 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2e96bb04\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b1c1fdf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2b1c1fdf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Vedle v\u00fdtvarn\u00e9ho um\u011bn\u00ed potvrzuj\u00ed existenci Vanth jako pojmenovan\u00e9 postavy n\u00e1pisy. V n\u011bkolika hrobk\u00e1ch a na bronzov\u00fdch zrcadlech je jm\u00e9no <em>van\u03b8<\/em> v etrusk\u00e9m p\u00edsmu um\u00edst\u011bno p\u0159\u00edmo vedle zobrazen\u00e9 postavy, co\u017e stav\u00ed ikonografickou identifikaci na pevn\u00fd z\u00e1klad.<\/p><p>Tyto popisky jsou metodicky rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed, proto\u017ee nepochybn\u011b ur\u010duj\u00ed ok\u0159\u00eddlenou \u017eenskou postavu jako Vanth, ani\u017e by ji bylo t\u0159eba p\u0159enechat modern\u00ed interpretaci.<\/p><p>Zaj\u00edmav\u00fdm jevem je, \u017ee na n\u011bkter\u00fdch vyobrazen\u00edch se objevuje v\u00edce ok\u0159\u00eddlen\u00fdch \u017een, kter\u00e9 mohou b\u00fdt v\u0161echny pops\u00e1ny jako Vanth nebo vystupuj\u00ed ve skupin\u00e1ch.<\/p><p>To ve v\u00fdzkumu vyvolalo ot\u00e1zku, zda je Vanth individu\u00e1ln\u00edm jm\u00e9nem jedin\u00e9 bohyn\u011b, nebo sp\u00ed\u0161e ozna\u010den\u00edm cel\u00e9 t\u0159\u00eddy podsv\u011btn\u00edch bytost\u00ed, podobn\u011b jako \u0159eck\u00e9 slovo pro Erinye ozna\u010duje skupinu.<\/p><p>Jednozna\u010dnou odpov\u011b\u010f materi\u00e1l neumo\u017e\u0148uje; bad\u00e1n\u00ed, nap\u0159\u00edklad u Ingrid Krauskopfov\u00e9 a v p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvc\u00edch <em>Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae<\/em>, ponech\u00e1v\u00e1 ob\u011b mo\u017enosti otev\u0159en\u00e9.<\/p><p>K tomu p\u0159istupuje skute\u010dnost, \u017ee se Vanth p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitostn\u011b objevuje s p\u0159\u00edzvisky nebo ve spojen\u00ed s dal\u0161\u00edmi ozna\u010den\u00edmi bytost\u00ed, co\u017e ukazuje na diferencovanou p\u0159edstavu o podsv\u011btn\u00edch d\u00e9monech. Proto\u017ee je etrusk\u00fd jazyk pouze \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b rozlu\u0161t\u011bn a v\u011bt\u0161ina n\u00e1pis\u016f je kr\u00e1tk\u00e1, z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 mnoho t\u011bchto doklad\u016f obt\u00ed\u017en\u011b vylo\u017eiteln\u00fdch. V\u011bdeck\u00e1 situace je tak dvojn\u00e1sobn\u011b omezen\u00e1: obrazov\u00fd materi\u00e1l je bohat\u00fd, ale ml\u010denliv\u00fd, texty jsou stru\u010dn\u00e9 a jazykov\u011b \u010dasto ne zcela pochopiteln\u00e9. Ka\u017ed\u00e9 tvrzen\u00ed o povaze Vanth je rekonstrukc\u00ed z t\u011bchto dvou mezerovit\u00fdch pramenn\u00fdch lini\u00ed.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2548b519 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2548b519\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp29750e1e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp29750e1e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vanth a etrusk\u00e1 p\u0159edstava o doprov\u00e1zen\u00e9m p\u0159echodu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22032c6f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp22032c6f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp222c0f93 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp222c0f93\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Frekvence, s jakou se Vanth objevuje v hrobov\u00e9m um\u011bn\u00ed, umo\u017e\u0148uje usuzovat na etrusk\u00e9 ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed smrti jako doprov\u00e1zen\u00e9ho p\u0159echodu.<\/p><p>Na rozd\u00edl od \u0159eck\u00e9 p\u0159edstavy, v n\u00ed\u017e se du\u0161e vyd\u00e1v\u00e1 na cestu do H\u00e1du z velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti sama, si Etruskov\u00e9 smrt z\u0159ejm\u011b p\u0159edstavovali jako proces, p\u0159i n\u011bm\u017e je zesnul\u00fd p\u0159ijat a veden bytostmi, jako je Vanth. Jej\u00ed pochode\u0148 je obrazov\u00fdm symbolem t\u00e9to doprovodn\u00e9 funkce.<\/p><p>Na \u010detn\u00fdch vyobrazen\u00edch Vanth kr\u00e1\u010d\u00ed p\u0159ed zesnul\u00fdm nebo jej n\u00e1sleduje, \u010dasto p\u011b\u0161ky vedle vozu nebo kon\u011b, na n\u011bm\u017e mrtv\u00fd putuje do podsv\u011bt\u00ed.<\/p><p>Otev\u00edr\u00e1, jak napov\u00eddaj\u00ed sc\u00e9ny s motivy dve\u0159\u00ed a kl\u00ed\u010d\u016f, br\u00e1ny podsv\u011bt\u00ed. Pat\u0159\u00ed tak k mal\u00e9 skupin\u011b etrusk\u00fdch bytost\u00ed posmrtn\u00e9ho \u017eivota, kter\u00e9 p\u0159echod nedozoruj\u00ed ani nepotrest\u00e1vaj\u00ed, ale umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed a uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1vaj\u00ed ho.<\/p><p>Tento v\u00fdklad podporuje um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed vyobrazen\u00ed: Vanth se objevuje na st\u011bn\u00e1ch, ost\u011bn\u00edch dve\u0159\u00ed a sarkof\u00e1z\u00edch, tedy na praz\u00edch samotn\u00e9ho hrobu, kter\u00fd byl v etrusk\u00e9 p\u0159edstav\u011b domem mrtv\u00e9ho a z\u00e1rove\u0148 vstupem do podsv\u011bt\u00ed. Z v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho hlediska je Vanth sp\u00ed\u0161e bytost\u00ed prahu ne\u017e trestaj\u00edc\u00ed postavou. Star\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdzkum ji ob\u010das p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 posp\u00ed\u0161en\u011b ztoto\u017e\u0148oval s mst\u00edc\u00edmi Er\u00ednyemi nebo s and\u011bly smrti; nov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pr\u00e1ce, nap\u0159\u00edklad Nancy de Grummond v <em>Etruscan Myth, Sacred History, and Legend<\/em> (2006), naproti tomu zd\u016fraz\u0148uj\u00ed jej\u00ed klidn\u00fd, doprovodn\u00fd charakter a varuj\u00ed p\u0159ed nekritick\u00fdm p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161en\u00edm \u0159eck\u00fdch \u010di modern\u00edch koncept\u016f na etrusk\u00fd posmrtn\u00fd sv\u011bt.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (v\u00fdb\u011br)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Larissa Bonfante: <em>Etruscan Mythology<\/em> (2006)<\/li><li>Stephan Steingr\u00e4ber: <em>Etruscan Painting<\/em> (1986)<\/li><li>Jean-Rene Jannot: <em>Religion in Ancient Etruria<\/em> (2005)<\/li><li>Erika Simon: <em>Die G\u00f6tter der R\u00f6mer und Etrusker<\/em><\/li><li>Cornelia Weber-Lehmann: P\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvky k etrusk\u00e9mu sepulkr\u00e1ln\u00edmu um\u011bn\u00ed<\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Helmut Rix: <em>Etruscan Texts: Editio Minor<\/em> (1991)<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-vanth e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-vanth\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-vanth-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-vanth-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Etrusk\u00fd <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o boz\u00edch, po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch a uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u011bta.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00fdtus<\/span><\/em> zobrazuje Vanth jako ok\u0159\u00eddlenou pr\u016fvodkyni zesnul\u00fdch, kter\u00e1 pochodn\u00ed a svitkem stvrzuje osud; jej\u00ed vyobrazen\u00ed se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed na sarkof\u00e1z\u00edch a hrobov\u00fdch malb\u00e1ch od \u010dtvrt\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed p\u0159ed Kristem.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Souvisej\u00edc\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 pojmy: Vanth Etruskov\u00e9 d\u00e9monka smrti k\u0159\u00eddla pochode\u0148 kl\u00ed\u010d Charun Tomba dei Vipinana.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-vanth\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard a ochrann\u00e9 tradice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard navazuje na kulturn\u011b-historickou tradici p\u0159enosn\u00fdch ochrann\u00fdch p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f, v tradici <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/etruske-nabozenstvi-haruspex-disciplina-praxe\/\">etrusk\u00e9 kultury<\/a> a mnoha dal\u0161\u00edch kultur po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b. 41 vrstev, ryz\u00ed zlato, platina, st\u0159\u00edbro, vyrobeno v N\u011bmecku. 30denn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo na vr\u00e1cen\u00ed.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">V\u00edce o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">V\u00edce o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Osobn\u00ed zku\u0161enosti se mohou li\u0161it. Nejedn\u00e1 se o zdravotnick\u00fd prost\u0159edek. Nen\u00ed slibem l\u00e9\u010div\u00e9ho \u00fa\u010dinku.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-vanth-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-vanth-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>nen\u00ed zdravotnick\u00fd prost\u0159edek<\/strong> a nenahrazuje l\u00e9ka\u0159skou ani psychoterapeutickou l\u00e9\u010dbu. Religionistick\u00fd obsah p\u0159edstavuje kulturn\u011b-historick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed, nikoli doporu\u010den\u00ed duchovn\u00ed praxe.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2814,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Vanth Etruskov\u00e9","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Vanth - Etrusk\u00e1 d\u00e9monka, m\u00fdtus a kult","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Vanth je etrusk\u00e1 ok\u0159\u00eddlen\u00e1 d\u00e9monka podsv\u011bt\u00ed, pr\u016fvodkyn\u011b mrtv\u00fdch. Religionistick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed s m\u00fdtem a prameny.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"etruskisch","wesen_klasse":"geister","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-145482","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Vanth - Etrusk\u00e1 d\u00e9monka, m\u00fdtus a kult<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Vanth je etrusk\u00e1 ok\u0159\u00eddlen\u00e1 d\u00e9monka podsv\u011bt\u00ed, pr\u016fvodkyn\u011b mrtv\u00fdch. 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