{"id":145481,"date":"2026-09-03T16:30:48","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:30:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=145481"},"modified":"2026-09-03T16:57:13","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:57:13","slug":"charun-etrusky-demon-smrti","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/charun-etrusky-demon-smrti\/","title":{"rendered":"Charun \u2013 etrusk\u00fd d\u00e9mon smrti"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"145481\" class=\"elementor elementor-145481 elementor-2609 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Charun \u2013 etrusk\u00fd d\u00e9mon podsv\u011bt\u00ed a pr\u016fvodce mrtv\u00fdch<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Charun je v etrusk\u00e9m n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Duchovn\u00ed bytost, kter\u00e9 je p\u0159isuzov\u00e1no \u0161kodliv\u00e9 nebo dvojzna\u010dn\u00e9 p\u016fsoben\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">d\u00e9mon<\/span> podsv\u011bt\u00ed, kter\u00fd prov\u00e1z\u00ed mrtv\u00e9 na onen sv\u011bt. B\u00fdv\u00e1 zobrazov\u00e1n s kladivem, j\u00edm\u017e ohla\u0161uje hodinu smrti nebo doprov\u00e1z\u00ed um\u00edraj\u00edc\u00ed.<\/p><p>Na rozd\u00edl od \u0159eck\u00e9ho Char\u00f3na (p\u0159evozn\u00edka) je Charun p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Duchovn\u00ed bytost, kter\u00e9 je p\u0159isuzov\u00e1no \u0161kodliv\u00e9 nebo dvojzna\u010dn\u00e9 p\u016fsoben\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">d\u00e9mon<\/span> s vlastn\u00ed tradic\u00ed. Tento v\u00fdklad popisuje jeho religionistick\u00e9 postaven\u00ed v etrusk\u00e9 eschatologii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Bytost smrti tradice Etruskov\u00e9.\">Bytost smrti<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/etruske-nabozenstvi-haruspex-disciplina-praxe\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mytologie tradice Etruskov\u00e9.\">Etruskov\u00e9<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"D\u00e9mon smrti.\">D\u00e9mon smrti<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na t\\u00e9to str\\u00e1nce nebyly nalezeny \\u017e\\u00e1dn\\u00e9 nadpisy.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-charun-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-charun-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-charun-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/daemonen_etruskisch_charun-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-147360\" alt=\"Charun \u2013 d\u00e9mon z etrusk\u00e9 tradice, historicko-ilustrativn\u00ed\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/daemonen_etruskisch_charun-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/daemonen_etruskisch_charun-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/daemonen_etruskisch_charun-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/daemonen_etruskisch_charun.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Za\u0159azen\u00ed v etrusk\u00e9m panteonu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Charun pat\u0159\u00ed mezi v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 d\u00e9mony etrusk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed. Nejde o &#8218;boha&#8216; ve smyslu olympsk\u00e9ho bo\u017estva, n\u00fdbr\u017e o bytost podsv\u011bt\u00ed, kter\u00e1 p\u016fsob\u00ed ve specifick\u00e9 funkci. V etrusk\u00e9 eschatologii m\u00e1 pevn\u00e9 m\u00edsto, \u010dasto po boku d\u00e9monky <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145482\">Vanth<\/a>.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Massimo Pallottino, Jean-Ren\u00e9 Jannot a Larissa Bonfante se Charunem zab\u00fdvali ve sv\u00fdch prac\u00edch o etrusk\u00e9m n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed. Stephan Steingr\u00e4berova kniha <em>Etruscan Painting<\/em> (1986, n\u011bmecky 1985) je v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm pramenem k jeho ikonografick\u00e9 tradici v hrobn\u00ed malb\u011b.<\/span><\/p><p>Kdo chce Charuna pochopit, mus\u00ed etrusk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed ch\u00e1pat jako samostatn\u00fd celek, kter\u00fd zprost\u0159edkov\u00e1v\u00e1 mezi \u0159ecko-st\u0159edomo\u0159sk\u00fdm a it\u00e1licko-\u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdm tradi\u010dn\u00edm prostorem. \u017de tento zprost\u0159edkuj\u00edc\u00ed charakter dnes vystupuje jasn\u011b, vd\u011b\u010d\u00ed v\u011bda prac\u00edm Massima Pallottina, Jacquesa Heurgona, Sybille Haynesov\u00e9, Maura Cristofaniho a Giovanniho Colonny, kte\u0159\u00ed zp\u0159esnili obraz uzav\u0159en\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho sv\u011bta.<\/p><p>Pevn\u00e9 m\u00edsto Charuna v etrusk\u00e9 eschatologii odkazuje na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e1 nauka o Bohu a v\u00ed\u0159e ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologii<\/span>, kter\u00e1 znala jasn\u011b uspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u00e9 hierarchie a p\u0159id\u011blov\u00e1n\u00ed funkc\u00ed. Star\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdklady r\u00e1dy popisovaly etrusk\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn boh\u016f ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed nebo kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteon<\/span> jako &#8218;tajemn\u00fd&#8216; \u010di &#8218;ciz\u00ed&#8216;; ve skute\u010dnosti se jedn\u00e1 o samostatnou podobu st\u0159edomo\u0159sk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed se srozumiteln\u00fdm \u0159\u00e1dem.<\/p><p>Na Charunovi je zprost\u0159edkuj\u00edc\u00ed postaven\u00ed Etrusk\u016f obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 patrn\u00e9: jeho jm\u00e9no je p\u0159ejato z \u0159eck\u00e9ho prost\u0159ed\u00ed, jeho podoba pak p\u016fsob\u00ed d\u00e1l na \u0159\u00edmskou p\u0159edstavivost. Etruskov\u00e9 zprost\u0159edkov\u00e1vali v italsk\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch d\u011bjin\u00e1ch mezi \u0159eck\u00fdm vlivem a vznikaj\u00edc\u00edm \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdm n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edm, co\u017e je z religionistick\u00e9ho hlediska velmi zaj\u00edmav\u00e9.<\/p><p>Star\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdklady r\u00e1dy \u010detly Charuna jen jako etruskou variantu \u0159eck\u00e9ho Char\u00f3na. N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e1 etnologie posledn\u00edch desetilet\u00ed naopak etrusk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed jako celek uznala za uzav\u0159en\u00fd, religionisticko-fenomenologicky samostatn\u00fd syst\u00e9m a tendenci vid\u011bt v n\u011bm pouh\u00fd odvozen\u00fd \u00fatvar \u0159eck\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed nahradila diferencovan\u011bj\u0161\u00edm pohledem.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jm\u00e9no a etymologie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jm\u00e9no Charun je p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00e9 s \u0159eck\u00fdm Char\u00f3nem. Jazykov\u011bdn\u011b se p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee etrusk\u00fd tvar byl p\u0159ejat z \u0159e\u010dtiny. Etrusk\u00e1 tradice v\u0161ak charakter i funkci postavy podstatn\u011b p\u0159etvo\u0159ila: Charun nen\u00ed p\u0159evozn\u00edkem z podsv\u011bt\u00ed H\u00e1dova, n\u00fdbr\u017e samostatn\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Duchovn\u00ed bytost, j\u00ed\u017e je p\u0159isuzov\u00e1no \u0161kodliv\u00e9 nebo dvojzna\u010dn\u00e9 p\u016fsoben\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">d\u00e9mon<\/span> s kladivem a n\u011bkdy i hadem.<\/p><p>V etrusk\u00fdch n\u00e1pisech se jeho jm\u00e9no objevuje na hrobov\u00fdch malb\u00e1ch (Tarquinia, Vulci, Orvieto) a na popelnicov\u00fdch urn\u00e1ch (Volterra, Chiusi, Perugia). Doklady dokumentuje Editio Minor Helmuta Rixe.<\/p><p>Jm\u00e9no Charun je dolo\u017eeno v etrusk\u00e9m p\u00edsmu, samotn\u00fd jazyk je v\u0161ak pova\u017eov\u00e1n za jazykov\u011b izolovan\u00fd, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b nanejv\u00fd\u0161 p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161ej\u00edc\u00ed k hypotetick\u00e9 \u201etyrh\u00e9nsk\u00e9\u201c jazykov\u00e9 rodin\u011b, k n\u00ed\u017e by mohly pat\u0159it i lemn\u0161tina a r\u00e9t\u0161tina. De\u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00ed text\u016f zam\u011bstn\u00e1v\u00e1 badatele od 19. stolet\u00ed a dosud nen\u00ed u konce.<\/p><p>Epigrafick\u00e9 doklady o Charunovi na hrobov\u00fdch malb\u00e1ch a popelnicov\u00fdch urn\u00e1ch zachycuje Editio Minor Helmuta Rixe, z\u00e1kladn\u00ed sb\u00edrka etrusk\u00e9ho jazykov\u00e9ho korpusu. Dnes ji dopl\u0148uje Thesaurus Linguae Etruscae a online datab\u00e1ze ETP (Etruscan Texts Project).<\/p><p>S Charunov\u00fdm jm\u00e9nem p\u0159ejat\u00fdm z \u0159e\u010dtiny souvis\u00ed i star\u00e1 sporn\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka p\u016fvodu Etrusk\u016f. H\u00e9rodotos je odvozoval z L\u00fddie, Dion\u00fdsios z Halikarnassu je pova\u017eoval za p\u016fvodn\u00ed obyvatele It\u00e1lie. N\u00e1bo\u017eensko-historicky je tato debata v\u00fdznamn\u00e1, proto\u017ee otev\u00edr\u00e1 ot\u00e1zku mo\u017en\u00fdch spojen\u00ed s maloasijsk\u00fdmi kulty.<\/p><p>Jazykov\u011bda a epigrafika dnes \u00fazce spolupracuj\u00ed a digit\u00e1ln\u00ed edice etrusk\u00fdch text\u016f v ETP (Etruscan Texts Project) v\u00fdrazn\u011b usnad\u0148uje srovn\u00e1vac\u00ed studie, nap\u0159\u00edklad k r\u016fzn\u00fdm doprovodn\u00fdm n\u00e1pis\u016fm k Charunovi. Pr\u016fkopnick\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce v tomto oboru p\u0159edlo\u017eili Marie-Laurence Haackov\u00e1 a Vincent Jolivet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Popis a ikonografie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Charun je v etrusk\u00e9m um\u011bn\u00ed zobrazov\u00e1n jako hroziv\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Duchovn\u00ed bytost, j\u00ed\u017e se p\u0159isuzuje \u0161kodliv\u00e9 nebo rozporn\u00e9 p\u016fsoben\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">d\u00e9mon<\/span>: vousat\u00fd, s velk\u00fdma u\u0161ima, k\u0159iv\u00fdm nosem, n\u011bkdy s k\u0159\u00eddly a v\u017edy s velk\u00fdm kladivem. Barevn\u00e9 ztv\u00e1rn\u011bn\u00ed je \u010dasto hn\u011bdo\u0161ed\u00e9, co\u017e odpov\u00edd\u00e1 barevnosti podsv\u011bt\u00ed.<\/p><p>Na etrusk\u00fdch hrobov\u00fdch malb\u00e1ch (Tomba dei Carontes v Tarquinii, 4.\/3. stol. p\u0159. Kr.) se Charun objevuje v p\u016fsobiv\u00fdch sc\u00e9n\u00e1ch u br\u00e1ny podsv\u011bt\u00ed. N\u011bkdy je zobrazeno v\u00edce Charun\u016f, dolo\u017eeny jsou p\u0159\u00edzviska jako Charun Chunchulis, Charun Huths a dal\u0161\u00ed. Tato mnohost jmen ukazuje na rozli\u0161en\u00e9 funkce.<\/p><p>Proto\u017ee se pro Charuna zachovalo jen m\u00e1lo vypr\u00e1v\u011bc\u00edch text\u016f, je nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm zdrojem etrusk\u00e9 v\u00fdtvarn\u00e9 um\u011bn\u00ed: zrcadla, v\u00e1zy, hrobov\u00e9 malby a bronzy tvo\u0159\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161inu na\u0161ich znalost\u00ed. Larissa Bonfante ve sv\u00fdch studi\u00edch ocenila tuto obrazovou \u0159e\u010d jako samostatnou tradici, nikoli jen jako odvozenou.<\/p><p>Charun se objevuje p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v etrusk\u00fdch hrobov\u00fdch malb\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 v Tarquinii, Cerveteri a Vulci p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed prvo\u0159ad\u00fd pramen k n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed a eschatologii Etrusk\u016f. Jejich hostinn\u00e9, tane\u010dn\u00ed a hudebn\u00ed sc\u00e9ny i mytologick\u00e9 epizody zobrazuj\u00ed posmrtn\u00fd \u017eivot jako pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed \u017eivota pozemsk\u00e9ho.<\/p><p>Charun se \u010dasto objevuje ve v\u00edcefigurov\u00fdch sc\u00e9n\u00e1ch, nikoli s\u00e1m, nap\u0159\u00edklad vedle Vanth u br\u00e1ny podsv\u011bt\u00ed. V tom se projevuje z\u00e1kladn\u00ed rys etrusk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nauka o obrazov\u00fdch obsaz\u00edch a jejich v\u00fdznamu.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografie<\/span>, kter\u00e1 preferuje v\u00edcefigurov\u00e9 kompozice, narativn\u00ed souvislosti a symbolick\u00e9 zhu\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed, a je tak p\u0159edm\u011btem etrusk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 ikonografie.<\/p><p>Charunova p\u0159\u00edzviska jako Charun Chunchulis nebo Charun Huths ukazuj\u00ed, jak hutn\u011b etrusk\u00e9 v\u00fdtvarn\u00e9 um\u011bn\u00ed pracuje: na jedin\u00e9m zrcadle nebo v\u00e1ze m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt p\u0159\u00edtomno n\u011bkolik mytologick\u00fdch odkaz\u016f najednou. Tato narativn\u00ed hutnost vy\u017eaduje ze strany badatel\u016f pe\u010dlivou kontextovou anal\u00fdzu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Charun v etrusk\u00e9 eschatologii<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Charun je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed komplexn\u00edho eschatologick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu. Na etrusk\u00fdch hrobov\u00fdch malb\u00e1ch a sarkof\u00e1gech je \u010dasto zobrazen u br\u00e1ny podsv\u011bt\u00ed, kde v\u00edt\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edchoz\u00ed. Jeho kladivo symbolicky vyzna\u010duje hranici mezi \u017eivotem a smrt\u00ed.<\/p><p>Jean-Ren\u00e9 Jannot popisuje etruskou p\u0159edstavu podsv\u011bt\u00ed jako samostatnou tradici s vazbami na \u0159eckou p\u0159edstavu H\u00e1du, av\u0161ak s vlastn\u00edmi akcenty. Zejm\u00e9na v\u00fdrazn\u00fd obrazov\u00fd sv\u011bt podsv\u011bt\u00ed je etrusk\u00fdm specifikem. Etruskov\u00e9 si z\u0159ejm\u011b posmrtn\u00fd \u017eivot p\u0159edstavovali jako komplexn\u011b strukturovan\u00fd prostor, v n\u011bm\u017e p\u016fsob\u00ed v\u00edce d\u00e9mon\u016f.<\/p><p>Na rozd\u00edl od \u0159eck\u00e9 nebo \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn tradovan\u00fdch vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o boz\u00edch v dan\u00e9 kultu\u0159e.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytologie<\/span> nen\u00ed etrusk\u00e1 mytologie dochov\u00e1na v rozvinut\u00fdch vypr\u00e1v\u011bc\u00edch textech. Co v\u00edme o Charunovi, rekonstruujeme z obrazov\u00fdch pramen\u016f, n\u00e1pis\u016f a \u0159ecko-\u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed tradice, co\u017e vy\u017eaduje zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed metodickou opatrnost.<\/p><p>Vztah Charuna k \u0159eck\u00e9mu Char\u00f3novi je p\u0159\u00edkladem slo\u017eit\u00e9 interakce obou mytologi\u00ed: Etruskov\u00e9 p\u0159evzali \u010detn\u00e9 \u0159eck\u00e9 l\u00e1tky o Achilleovi, Odysseovi nebo Oidipovi, ale dali jim vlastn\u00ed v\u00fdklad a akcenty. Tato adaptace je p\u0159edm\u011btem intenzivn\u00edho badatelsk\u00e9ho z\u00e1jmu.<\/p><p>Charun v podsv\u011bt\u00ed jedn\u00e1 \u010dasto ve spojen\u00ed s Vanth a dal\u0161\u00edmi d\u00e9mony, z\u0159\u00eddka s\u00e1m. V tom se odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed typick\u00fd prvek etrusk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e1 nauka o bohu a v\u00ed\u0159e dan\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologie<\/span>, toti\u017e rada boh\u016f (consensus deorum): i Tinia se rad\u00ed s ostatn\u00edmi bohy, m\u00edsto aby jednal s\u00e1m. Tento koncept je z hlediska religionistiky specifikem.<\/p><p>Mytologick\u00e1 tradice Etrusk\u016f nen\u00ed dochov\u00e1na v uzav\u0159en\u00fdch vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00edch; i role Charuna se odhaluje a\u017e z obrazov\u00fdch sc\u00e9n, n\u00e1pis\u016f a sekund\u00e1rn\u00edch pramen\u016f. Osv\u011bd\u010den\u00e1 metoda spojuje etrusk\u00fd n\u00e1pis, \u0159eck\u00fd obrazov\u00fd vzor a kontextovou interpretaci, co\u017e u Charunov\u00fdch mnoh\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edzvisek vy\u017eaduje zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 pe\u010dliv\u00fd v\u00fdklad.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mytologick\u00e1 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Na rozd\u00edl od \u0159eck\u00fdch pramen\u016f m\u00e1me jen m\u00e1lo uzav\u0159en\u00fdch vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o Charunovi. Co v\u00edme, poch\u00e1z\u00ed z obrazov\u00fdch zdroj\u016f. Na sarkof\u00e1gech (Tarquinia, Volterra) je Charun \u010dasto zobrazen v lou\u010d\u00edc\u00edch se sc\u00e9n\u00e1ch: zem\u0159el\u00fd se lou\u010d\u00ed s \u017eiv\u00fdmi, Charun ho odv\u00e1d\u00ed do podsv\u011bt\u00ed.<\/p><p>D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 sc\u00e9na zobrazuje Charuna p\u0159i zabit\u00ed Achillea nebo jin\u00fdch mytologick\u00fdch h\u00e9ro\u016f &#8211; v etrusk\u00e9 adaptaci Charun aktivn\u011b zasahuje do d\u011bje, na rozd\u00edl od \u0159eck\u00e9 tradice, kde H\u00e1des jedn\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edmo jen z\u0159\u00eddka.<\/p><p>K etrusk\u00e9mu n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed pat\u0159ila Disciplina Etrusca, v\u011b\u0161tebn\u00fd syst\u00e9m zalo\u017een\u00fd na pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed vnit\u0159nost\u00ed (haruspicina), v\u00fdkladu blesk\u00f9 (fulguratio) a v\u011b\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed z pt\u00e1k\u016f (auspicia). Etruskov\u00e9 ji p\u0159edali \u0158\u00edman\u016fm, kde z\u016fstala \u017eivou prax\u00ed a\u017e do 4. stolet\u00ed n. l.; podrobn\u011b ji popsali Cicero a Seneca.<\/p><p>Disciplina Etrusca se tradovala ve specializovan\u00fdch kn\u011b\u017esk\u00fdch \u0161kol\u00e1ch. Mezi jejich z\u00e1kladn\u00ed texty pat\u0159ily Libri Rituales, Libri Haruspicini a Libri Fulgurales. Tyto spisy jsou ztraceny, ale lze je \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b rekonstruovat z citac\u00ed v \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch pramenech, nap\u0159\u00edklad u Cicerona, Festa a Macrobia.<\/p><p>Etrusk\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factiv\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f v\u016f\u010di bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 postav\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> byl siln\u011b v\u00e1z\u00e1n na jednotliv\u00e9 m\u011bsto. Tarquinia, kde je Charun v hrobov\u00e9 malb\u011b obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 p\u0159\u00edtomen, m\u011bla vlastn\u00ed hlavn\u00ed kulty a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e1 specifika stejn\u011b jako Caere, Vulci, Veji, Clusium, Volsinii, Cortona, Perugia, Arezzo, Volterra, Populonia a Roselle.<\/p><p>Jako koherentn\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd a divina\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9m pat\u0159\u00ed Disciplina Etrusca k vysoce rozvinut\u00fdm v\u011b\u0161tebn\u00fdm praktik\u00e1m antick\u00e9ho sv\u011bta. \u0158\u00edman\u00e9 ji systematicky p\u0159evzali a z\u016fstala v praxi a\u017e do pozdn\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha \u0159eck\u00e9 a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 kultury, zhruba 800 p\u0159. Kr. a\u017e 600 n. l.\" tabindex=\"0\">antiky<\/span> &#8211; historicky pozoruhodn\u00e1 kontinuita, v jej\u00edm\u017e r\u00e1mci d\u00e1le p\u016fsobily i p\u0159edstavy o smrti a jej\u00edch pr\u016fvodc\u00edch, jako byl Charun.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult a ritu\u00e1ly<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Charun nebyl \u201euct\u00edv\u00e1n\u201c v tom smyslu jako olymp\u0161t\u00ed bohov\u00e9. Jeho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bo\u017estva nebo posv\u00e1tn\u00e9 bytosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> se uplat\u0148oval p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v souvislosti s poh\u0159by: p\u0159i poh\u0159ebn\u00edch ob\u0159adech se pron\u00e1\u0161ely formule spojen\u00e9 s Charunem, aby se smrt p\u0159ijala a mrtv\u00fd byl bezpe\u010dn\u011b p\u0159eveden do podsv\u011bt\u00ed.<\/p><p>Sarkof\u00e1gy a popelnicov\u00e9 urny byly \u010dasto zdobeny Charunov\u00fdmi v\u00fdjevy, co\u017e lze ch\u00e1pat jako \u201edoprovod\u201c pro zem\u0159el\u00e9ho. Tato praxe je dolo\u017eena po mnoho stalet\u00ed a dokl\u00e1d\u00e1 Charun\u016fv v\u00fdznam v etrusk\u00e9 poh\u0159ebn\u00ed kultu\u0159e.<\/p><p>Etrusk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1my<\/span> vykazuj\u00ed sv\u00e9bytn\u00e9 architektonick\u00e9 rysy: tzv. tusk\u00e1nsk\u00fd styl tvo\u0159\u00ed vlastn\u00ed sloupov\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d, kter\u00fd popisuje Vitruvius ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle De Architectura. Jejich p\u016fdorysy kladou d\u016fraz na cellu a \u0161irokou p\u0159edn\u00ed s\u00ed\u0148 a v\u00fdrazn\u011b se t\u00edm li\u0161\u00ed od \u0159eck\u00fdch vzor\u016f.<\/p><p>Etrusk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1my<\/span> byly \u010dasto monument\u00e1ln\u00edmi stavbami. Jupiter\u016fv <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> na \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9m Kapitolu vybudovali etru\u0161t\u00ed architekti a um\u011blci, zejm\u00e9na Vulca z Vej\u00ed, a je pova\u017eov\u00e1n za architektonick\u00fd doklad etrusk\u00e9 zbo\u017enosti v ran\u00e9m \u0158\u00edm\u011b.<\/p><p>Etrusk\u00e1 liga dvan\u00e1cti m\u011bst se ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b sch\u00e1zela u Fanum Voltumnae pobl\u00ed\u017e Volsini\u00ed k n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm a politick\u00fdm porad\u00e1m. Voltumna byl spolkov\u00fdm bohem etrusk\u00e9ho st\u00e1tn\u00edho svazu a m\u011bl nad\u0159azen\u00fd n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd v\u00fdznam.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ochrann\u00e9 tradice a apotropaika<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Charun nebyl v ochrann\u00fdch souvislostech vz\u00fdv\u00e1n &#8211; byl sp\u00ed\u0161e t\u00edm, p\u0159ed \u010d\u00edm se lid\u00e9 chr\u00e1nili. Apotropaick\u00e1 praxe se zam\u011b\u0159ovala na to, aby se zabr\u00e1nilo jeho p\u0159ed\u010dasn\u00e9mu zjeven\u00ed: zdravotn\u00ed ritu\u00e1ly, ochrann\u00e9 formule proti nemocem a um\u00eds\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed ochrann\u00fdch p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f v domech.<\/p><p>P\u0159esto mohl b\u00fdt Charun v poh\u0159ebn\u00edm kontextu vz\u00fdv\u00e1n i pozitivn\u011b &#8211; jako nutn\u00fd pr\u016fvodce, kter\u00fd mrtv\u00e9ho bezpe\u010dn\u011b dovede, nikoli jako d\u011bsiv\u00e1 bytost. Tento ambivalentn\u00ed postoj je v\u011bdecky zaj\u00edmav\u00fd.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Etrusk\u00e1 ochrann\u00e1 praxe disponovala \u0159adou apotropaick\u00fdch prost\u0159edk\u016f: falick\u00e9 amulety, obrazy gorgoneionu, o\u010dn\u00ed symboly, bully a ur\u010dit\u00e9 formule. Larissa Bonfante ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle Etruscan Mirrors (1980 a dal\u0161\u00ed) rozkl\u00ed\u010dovala obrazov\u00fd jazyk t\u011bchto ochrann\u00fdch symbol\u016f.<\/span><\/p><p>Apotropaick\u00e9 symboly jako oko Tinie, falick\u00e9 amulety a gorgoneia byly v etrusk\u00e9 kultu\u0159e velmi roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9. Zdobily <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed k uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1my<\/span>, hroby, dom\u00e1c\u00ed svatyn\u011b a osobn\u00ed p\u0159edm\u011bty, a tato praxe p\u0159etrv\u00e1vala i v \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 a st\u0159edomo\u0159sk\u00e9 lidov\u00e9 v\u00ed\u0159e.<\/p><p>V etrusk\u00e9m kontextu byla ochrann\u00e1 praxe \u00fazce spjata s Disciplina Etrusca. P\u0159ed ka\u017ed\u00fdm v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm podnikem, a\u0165 \u0161lo o zalo\u017een\u00ed m\u011bsta, v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 ta\u017een\u00ed nebo stavbu domu, se vyhled\u00e1vala v\u011b\u0161teck\u00e1 rada.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralely v jin\u00fdch kultur\u00e1ch<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Charun odpov\u00edd\u00e1 funk\u010dn\u011b \u0159eck\u00e9mu Charonovi (p\u0159evozn\u00edkovi do podsv\u011bt\u00ed), ale s vlastn\u00edmi akcenty. N\u00e1bo\u017eensky srovnateln\u00fd je tak\u00e9 s Anubisem (egyptsk\u00fd pr\u016fvodce mrtv\u00fdch), s germ\u00e1nsk\u00fdm d\u00e9monem Hel nebo s mezopot\u00e1msk\u00fdm d\u00e9monem Galla.<\/p><p>Specifikou etrusk\u00e9 charunovsk\u00e9 tradice je v\u00fdrazn\u00fd obrazov\u00fd jazyk a kladivov\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nauka o obsahu obraz\u016f a jejich v\u00fdznamu.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografie<\/span>. Tato symbolika kladiva je v jin\u00fdch st\u0159edomo\u0159sk\u00fdch kultech mrtv\u00fdch dolo\u017eena vz\u00e1cn\u011bji a je pova\u017eov\u00e1na za etruskou zvl\u00e1\u0161tnost.<\/p><p>Prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm interpretatio Romana byla etrusk\u00e1 bo\u017estva p\u0159ejmenov\u00e1na na \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e1 jm\u00e9na: Tinia se stal Iupiterem, Uni Iunou, Menrva Minervou. Toto ztoto\u017en\u011bn\u00ed z\u016fstalo v\u011bt\u0161inou selektivn\u00ed a nedokonal\u00e9; badatel\u00e9 posledn\u00edch pades\u00e1ti let zji\u0161\u0165uj\u00ed, co z etrusk\u00e9 zvl\u00e1\u0161tnosti se zachovalo.<\/p><p>Etrusk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed vykazuje \u010detn\u00e9 dotyky s anatolsk\u00fdmi, foinick\u00fdmi a bl\u00edzkov\u00fdchodn\u00edmi tradicemi. Desky z Pyrgi dokl\u00e1daj\u00ed foinick\u00e9 zprost\u0159edkov\u00e1n\u00ed, a toto transst\u0159edomo\u0159sk\u00e9 propojen\u00ed pat\u0159\u00ed k d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdm oblastem posledn\u00edch desetilet\u00ed.<\/p><p>N\u00e1bo\u017eensky srovnateln\u00fd etrusk\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factn\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f v\u016f\u010di bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 bytosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> pat\u0159\u00ed do st\u0159edomo\u0159sk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 rodiny, s vazbami na \u0158ecko, Foinicii, Egypt, Anatolii a Latium. Toto propojen\u00ed tvo\u0159\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eitou oblast v\u00fdzkumu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sou\u010dasn\u00fd v\u00fdzkum<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>B\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed o Charunovi \u010derp\u00e1 v posledn\u00edch desetilet\u00edch z nov\u00fdch v\u00fdzkum\u016f a systematick\u00e9ho hodnocen\u00ed etrusk\u00fdch sarkof\u00e1g\u016f a hrobov\u00fdch maleb. V\u00fdznamn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvky poskytli Stephan Steingr\u00e4ber, Erika Simon a Cornelia Weber-Lehmann.<\/p><p>V\u00fdzkum se intenzivn\u011b zab\u00fdv\u00e1 vztahem mezi \u0159eckou tradic\u00ed Charona a etruskou sv\u00e9bytnost\u00ed Charuna. Ikonografick\u00e9 rozd\u00edly jsou p\u0159i tom nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm dokladem vlastn\u00edho pojet\u00ed.<\/p><p>Etrusk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed je dnes zkoum\u00e1no mezin\u00e1rodn\u011b. V\u00fdznamn\u00fdmi centry jsou univerzity ve Florencii, \u0158\u00edm\u011b Sapienza, Pise, T\u00fcbingenu a Princetonu, a n\u011bkolik mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch kongres\u016f ro\u010dn\u011b se v\u011bnuje jednotliv\u00fdm aspekt\u016fm tohoto n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.<\/p><p>Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 projekty zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 na etrusk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed dnes vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed digit\u00e1ln\u00ed metody: 3D skenov\u00e1n\u00ed chr\u00e1m\u016f a hrob\u016f, datab\u00e1ze n\u00e1pis\u016f a obrazov\u00fdch pramen\u016f a tak\u00e9 GIS anal\u00fdzy etrusk\u00e9 s\u00eddeln\u00ed struktury. Tyto postupy otev\u00edraj\u00ed nov\u00e9 poznatky.<\/p><p>Dne\u0161n\u00ed etrusk\u00fd v\u00fdzkum je ve\u0159ejnosti zprost\u0159edkov\u00e1n prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm v\u00fdstav, nap\u0159\u00edklad ve Vatik\u00e1nsk\u00e9m muzeu, v Museo Nazionale Etrusco di Villa Giulia a v Boston Museum of Fine Arts, a tak\u00e9 d\u00edky mnoha publikac\u00edm.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Prameny a stav v\u00fdzkumu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi prameny pro bad\u00e1n\u00ed o Charunovi jsou etrusk\u00e9 hrobn\u00ed malby (Tarquinia, Vulci, Orvieto), sarkof\u00e1gy (Volterra, Chiusi, Perugia), popelnicov\u00e9 urny a n\u00e1pisy. Standardn\u00edm d\u00edlem k hrobn\u00ed malb\u011b je <em>Etruscan Painting<\/em> od Stephana Steingr\u00e4bera.<\/p><p>Hlub\u0161\u00ed za\u0159azen\u00ed do celkov\u00fdch d\u011bjin <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/etruske-nabozenstvi-haruspex-disciplina-praxe\/\">etrusk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed<\/a> ukazuje, jak je t\u0159eba Charuna ch\u00e1pat ve vztahov\u00e9 s\u00edti s Vanth, Aitou a dal\u0161\u00edmi podsv\u011btn\u00edmi bytostmi. Toto propojen\u00ed je z v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho hlediska kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9.<\/p><p>Prameny k etrusk\u00e9mu n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed jsou nesourod\u00e9 a zahrnuj\u00ed epigrafick\u00e9 doklady, jako je Editio Minor Helmuta Rixe, archeologick\u00e9 n\u00e1lezy, obrazov\u00e9 prameny a sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed literaturu. Tato pestrost vy\u017eaduje interdisciplin\u00e1rn\u00ed metody, a nov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed bad\u00e1n\u00ed systematicky spojuje filologii, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bda, kter\u00e1 zkoum\u00e1 minul\u00e9 kultury na z\u00e1klad\u011b hmotn\u00fdch n\u00e1lez\u016f.\" tabindex=\"0\">archeologii<\/span>, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bda, kter\u00e1 zkoum\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed srovn\u00e1vac\u00edm zp\u016fsobem a bez vyznava\u010dsk\u00e9 v\u00e1zanosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">religionistiku<\/span> a antropologii.<\/p><p>Kdo chce etrusk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed pramenn\u011b kriticky poznat, mus\u00ed zn\u00e1t jak etrusk\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed prameny, tak \u0159ecko-\u0159\u00edmskou sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed tradici. Tato dvoj\u00ed perspektiva je n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e1, av\u0161ak pro odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed religionisticko-historickou rekonstrukci nezbytn\u00e1.<\/p><p>Hlub\u0161\u00ed za\u0159azen\u00ed do d\u011bjin etrusk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 znalost epigrafick\u00fdch, archeologick\u00fdch a liter\u00e1rn\u00edch pramen\u016f i modern\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bda, kter\u00e1 zkoum\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed srovn\u00e1vac\u00edm zp\u016fsobem a bez vyznava\u010dsk\u00e9 v\u00e1zanosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">religionistiky<\/span>. Tato v\u00edcevrstv\u00e1 anal\u00fdza je standardem bad\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2f309a89 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2f309a89\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2de4f00c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2de4f00c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Charun v hrobn\u00ed malb\u011b Tarquinie a Vulci<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2c2bd5bf e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2c2bd5bf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp20d29714 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp20d29714\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nejn\u00e1zorn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sv\u011bdectv\u00ed o etrusk\u00e9m smrteln\u00e9m d\u00e9monu Charunovi poch\u00e1zej\u00ed z malovan\u00e9 hrobn\u00ed architektury, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm z Tarquinie a Vulci.<\/p><p>V Tomba dell&#8217;Orco v Tarquinii, jej\u00ed\u017e v\u00fdzdoba poch\u00e1z\u00ed ze 4. stolet\u00ed p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem, se Charun objevuje opakovan\u011b: jako postava s h\u00e1kovit\u00fdm nosem, \u0161edav\u011b bledou nebo modravou k\u016f\u017e\u00ed, \u0161pi\u010dat\u00fdma u\u0161ima a t\u011b\u017ek\u00fdm kladivem, kter\u00e9 je jeho charakteristick\u00fdm atributem. Identifikaci potvrzuj\u00ed popisky, nebo\u0165 jm\u00e9no je vedle postav vyryto etrusk\u00fdm p\u00edsmem.<\/p><p>Zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b v\u00fdmluvn\u00e1 je Fran\u00e7ois-Tombe ve Vulci ze 4. stolet\u00ed. Charun se v n\u00ed objevuje ve sc\u00e9n\u011b zobrazuj\u00edc\u00ed zab\u00edjen\u00ed trojsk\u00fdch zajatc\u016f Achillem.<\/p><p>Charun stoj\u00ed jako pr\u016fvodce smrti mimo samotn\u00e9 d\u011bn\u00ed, ani\u017e by s\u00e1m jednal, jako p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fd sv\u011bdek, kter\u00fd dosv\u011bd\u010duje a uskute\u010d\u0148uje p\u0159echod na onen sv\u011bt. Tato pozice je pro etrusk\u00fd obraz Charuna charakteristick\u00e1: je vykonavatelem a pr\u016fvodcem smrti, nikoli jej\u00edm p\u016fvodcem.<\/p><p>Kladivo, kter\u00e9 Charun t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u017edy nese, je v bad\u00e1n\u00ed vykl\u00e1d\u00e1no r\u016fzn\u011b. Roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00fd n\u00e1zor je spojuje s p\u0159edstavou, \u017ee j\u00edm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Duchovn\u00ed bytost, j\u00ed\u017e se p\u0159isuzuje \u0161kodliv\u00e9 nebo rozporn\u00e9 p\u016fsoben\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">d\u00e9mon<\/span> \u201ezape\u010de\u0165uje&#8220; nebo \u201euzav\u00edr\u00e1&#8220; hrob, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b \u017eivot. Jin\u00ed v n\u011bm vid\u00ed zbra\u0148 nebo n\u00e1stroj k ude\u0159en\u00ed. Tato dvojzna\u010dnost je z\u0159ejm\u011b z\u00e1m\u011brn\u00e1.<\/p><p>V hrobn\u00ed malb\u011b se Charun \u010dasto objevuje spole\u010dn\u011b s Vanth, ok\u0159\u00eddlenou \u017eenskou postavou onoho sv\u011bta, kter\u00e1 b\u00fdv\u00e1 zobrazov\u00e1na p\u0159\u00edv\u011btiv\u011bji.<\/p><p>Dvojice Charun a Vanth tvo\u0159\u00ed opakuj\u00edc\u00ed se ikonografick\u00e9 sch\u00e9ma, kter\u00e9 zobrazuje smrt jako proces prov\u00e1zen\u00fd dv\u011bma dopl\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edmi se mocnostmi. Podobn\u00e9 p\u0159edstavy o onom sv\u011bt\u011b se objevuj\u00ed i v sousedn\u00edch <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/etruske-nabozenstvi-haruspex-disciplina-praxe\/\">italsk\u00fdch kultur\u00e1ch<\/a>, av\u0161ak konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed podoba Charuna je specificky etrusk\u00e1.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2ce4341f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2ce4341f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp235880bc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp235880bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Charun a \u0159eck\u00fd Charon: opatrn\u00e9 srovn\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp280ff0fc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp280ff0fc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp218a251a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp218a251a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jm\u00e9no Charun je zjevn\u011b p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00e9 s \u0159eck\u00fdm p\u0159evozn\u00edkem Charonem, a star\u0161\u00ed bad\u00e1n\u00ed samo sebou vych\u00e1zelo z jednoduch\u00e9ho p\u0159evzet\u00ed. P\u0159i bli\u017e\u0161\u00edm pohledu se v\u0161ak tento vztah ukazuje jako slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, a pr\u00e1v\u011b tento p\u0159\u00edpad se hod\u00ed k tomu, aby ochr\u00e1nil etrusk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed p\u0159ed p\u0159ed\u010dasnou gr\u00e9cizac\u00ed.<\/p><p>\u0158eck\u00fd Charon je p\u0159evozn\u00edk: jeho funkc\u00ed je p\u0159epravovat du\u0161e p\u0159es Acheron, za co\u017e mu n\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed obolos. Je mrzut\u00fd, ale v podstat\u011b je slu\u017eebn\u00edkem podsv\u011bt\u00ed. Etrusk\u00fd Charun naproti tomu \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fdm p\u0159evozn\u00edkem nen\u00ed.<\/p><p>V obrazov\u00fdch pramenech nevesluje a nevyb\u00edr\u00e1 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 p\u0159evozn\u00ed poplatky. Je to hr\u016fzn\u00e1 postava nesouc\u00ed kladivo, p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e1 p\u0159i smrti, kter\u00e1 mrtv\u00e9 prov\u00e1d\u00ed nebo je hl\u00edd\u00e1. Jeho zjev je d\u00e9monick\u00fd a t\u011blesn\u011b hroziv\u00fd, zat\u00edmco Charon je zobrazov\u00e1n sp\u00ed\u0161e jako star\u00fd, zanedban\u00fd mu\u017e.<\/p><p>Nejpravd\u011bpodobn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm vysv\u011btlen\u00edm je, \u017ee Etruskov\u00e9 p\u0159evzali jm\u00e9no z \u0159eck\u00e9ho kulturn\u00edho okruhu, ale spojili jej s vlastn\u00ed, mo\u017en\u00e1 star\u0161\u00ed dom\u00e1c\u00ed p\u0159edstavou o onom sv\u011bt\u011b. Skute\u010dnost, \u017ee Charun se m\u016f\u017ee objevovat v mno\u017en\u00e9m \u010d\u00edsle, tedy \u017ee se objevuje v\u00edce Charun\u016f vedle sebe, nav\u00edc sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed proti pouh\u00e9 kopii \u0159eck\u00e9 jednotliv\u00e9 postavy.<\/p><p>N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed badatel\u00e9 se domn\u00edvaj\u00ed, \u017ee za etrusk\u00fdm Charunem stoj\u00ed cel\u00e1 t\u0159\u00edda smrteln\u00fdch d\u00e9mon\u016f, z nich\u017e jeden byl zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b zd\u016frazn\u011bn p\u0159evzat\u00fdm jm\u00e9nem. Toto srovn\u00e1n\u00ed exempl\u00e1rn\u011b ukazuje, \u017ee etrusk\u00e1 bo\u017estva s \u0159ecky zn\u011bj\u00edc\u00edmi jm\u00e9ny nelze bez dal\u0161\u00edho ztoto\u017e\u0148ovat s jejich \u0159eck\u00fdmi jmenovci.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26a4771c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp26a4771c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp28059f35 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp28059f35\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Charu, Tuchulcha a etrusk\u00fd person\u00e1l podsv\u011bt\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp23562a36 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp23562a36\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26c9a3e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp26c9a3e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Charun je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed mnohotv\u00e1rn\u00e9ho podsv\u011btn\u00edho person\u00e1lu, jeho\u017e p\u0159esn\u00e9 vnit\u0159n\u00ed uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed zn\u00e1me jen v hrub\u00fdch obrysech, a zdaleka nen\u00ed jedin\u00fdm posmrtn\u00fdm d\u00e9monem Etrusk\u016f. Vedle n\u011bj stoj\u00ed Vanth, ok\u0159\u00eddlen\u00e1 pr\u016fvodkyn\u011b, \u010dasto zobrazovan\u00e1 s pochodn\u00ed nebo hadem.<\/p><p>D\u00e1le se objevuje Tuchulcha, obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b d\u011bsiv\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytost, kter\u00e1 v sob\u011b spojuje rysy r\u016fzn\u00fdch tvor\u016f.\" tabindex=\"0\">sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00e1 bytost<\/span> s osl\u00edma u\u0161ima, sup\u00edm zob\u00e1kem a hady, zn\u00e1m\u00e1 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm z Tomba dell&#8217;Orco v Tarquinii, kde ohro\u017euje Th\u00e9sea v podsv\u011bt\u00ed.<\/p><p>Existence tohoto rozr\u016fzn\u011bn\u00e9ho d\u00e9monick\u00e9ho person\u00e1lu vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 ot\u00e1zku po vnit\u0159n\u00ed struktu\u0159e etrusk\u00e9 p\u0159edstavy o posmrtn\u00e9m \u017eivot\u011b. Na rozd\u00edl od \u0159eck\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn tradovan\u00fdch vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o boz\u00edch v dan\u00e9 kultu\u0159e.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytologie<\/span>, kter\u00e1 d\u00edky H\u00e1dovi, Persefon\u011b a rozvinut\u00e9mu okruhu m\u00fdt\u016f disponuje vyprav\u011b\u010dsky bohatou \u0159\u00ed\u0161\u00ed mrtv\u00fdch, se z etrusk\u00fdch pramen\u016f dochovalo jen m\u00e1lo souvisl\u00fdch vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p><p>To, co m\u00e1me, jsou p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm obrazy: sc\u00e9ny na hrobov\u00fdch st\u011bn\u00e1ch, sarkof\u00e1gech a urn\u00e1ch na popel, dopln\u011bn\u00e9 kr\u00e1tk\u00fdmi popisky. Etruskou &#8222;teologii posmrtn\u00e9ho \u017eivota&#8220; z toho lze odvodit jen velmi opatrn\u011b.<\/p><p>N\u00e1padn\u00e9 je, \u017ee po\u010det d\u00e9monick\u00fdch postav se v pr\u016fb\u011bhu etrusk\u00fdch d\u011bjin zd\u00e1 nar\u016fstat a jejich zobrazen\u00ed postupn\u011b nab\u00fdv\u00e1 temn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho r\u00e1zu. V pozdn\u00ed f\u00e1zi, zhruba od 4. stolet\u00ed, se hromad\u00ed obrazy hroziv\u00e9ho posmrtn\u00e9ho sv\u011bta.<\/p><p>N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed badatel\u00e9 to spojovali s politick\u00fdmi krizemi etrusk\u00fdch m\u011bst pod tlakem \u0158\u00edma a p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dali st\u00e1le pesimisti\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed nalad\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p><p>Tento v\u00fdklad z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 hypot\u00e9zou, nebo\u0165 z obrazov\u00fdch program\u016f se n\u00e1lady odvozuj\u00ed jen obt\u00ed\u017en\u011b. Jist\u00e9 je naproti tomu, \u017ee Charun si mezi t\u00edmto person\u00e1lem udr\u017eel centr\u00e1ln\u00ed a st\u00e1lou roli: je nej\u010dast\u011bji a nejjednozna\u010dn\u011bji jmenovan\u00fdm etrusk\u00fdm d\u00e9monem smrti.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (v\u00fdb\u011br)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Stephan Steingr\u00e4ber: <em>Etruscan Painting<\/em> (1986)<\/li><li>Jean-Rene Jannot: <em>Religion in Ancient Etruria<\/em> (2005)<\/li><li>Larissa Bonfante: <em>Etruscan Mythology<\/em> (2006)<\/li><li>Massimo Pallottino: <em>Die Etrusker<\/em> (1942)<\/li><li>Erika Simon: <em>Die G\u00f6tter der R\u00f6mer und Etrusker<\/em><\/li><\/ul>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Dal\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00ed d\u00edla v <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/literatura\/\">seznamu literatury<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-charun e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-charun\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-charun-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-charun-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V etrusk\u00e9m <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00e9 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o boz\u00edch, po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch a uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u011bta.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00fdtu<\/span> doprov\u00e1z\u00ed Charun s kladivem a modrou barvou poko\u017eky mrtv\u00e9 na prahu podsv\u011bt\u00ed; jeho obrazov\u00e1 podoba se objevuje v hrobk\u00e1ch v Tarquinii, Chiusi a Orvietu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Souvisej\u00edc\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 pojmy: Charun Etruskov\u00e9 d\u00e9mon smrti kladivo Tarquinie Tomba dei Carontes Vanth Aita.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-charun\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard a ochrann\u00e9 tradice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard navazuje na kulturn\u011b-historickou tradici p\u0159enosn\u00fdch ochrann\u00fdch p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f, v tradici <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/etruske-nabozenstvi-haruspex-disciplina-praxe\/\">etrusk\u00e9 kultury<\/a> a mnoha dal\u0161\u00edch kultur po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b. 41 vrstev, ryz\u00ed zlato, platina, st\u0159\u00edbro, vyrobeno v N\u011bmecku. 30denn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo na vr\u00e1cen\u00ed.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">V\u00edce o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">V\u00edce o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-charun-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-charun-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-charun-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-charun-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-charun-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Osobn\u00ed zku\u0161enosti se mohou li\u0161it. Nejedn\u00e1 se o zdravotnick\u00fd prost\u0159edek. Nen\u00ed slibem l\u00e9\u010div\u00e9ho \u00fa\u010dinku.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-charun-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-charun-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>nen\u00ed zdravotnick\u00fd prost\u0159edek<\/strong> a nenahrazuje l\u00e9ka\u0159skou ani psychoterapeutickou l\u00e9\u010dbu. Religionistick\u00fd obsah p\u0159edstavuje kulturn\u011b-historick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed, nikoli doporu\u010den\u00ed duchovn\u00ed praxe.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2812,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Charun Etruskov\u00e9","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Charun \u2013 etrusk\u00fd d\u00e9mon smrti, m\u00fdtus","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Charun je etrusk\u00fd d\u00e9mon podsv\u011bt\u00ed, pr\u016fvodce mrtv\u00fdch s kladivem. Religionistick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed v\u010detn\u011b m\u00fdtu, kultu a pramen\u016f.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"3","wesen_kultur":"etruskisch","wesen_klasse":"geister","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-145481","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Charun \u2013 etrusk\u00fd d\u00e9mon smrti, m\u00fdtus<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Charun je etrusk\u00fd d\u00e9mon podsv\u011bt\u00ed, pr\u016fvodce mrtv\u00fdch s kladivem. 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