{"id":145480,"date":"2026-09-03T16:30:48","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:30:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=145480"},"modified":"2026-09-03T16:57:13","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:57:13","slug":"turms-etrusky-posel-mrtvych","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/turms-etrusky-posel-mrtvych\/","title":{"rendered":"Turms &#8211; Etrusk\u00fd posel boh\u016f a bo\u017estvo mrtv\u00fdch"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"145480\" class=\"elementor elementor-145480 elementor-2608 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Turms - Etrusk\u00fd posel boh\u016f, obdoba \u0159eck\u00e9ho Herma<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Turms je v etrusk\u00e9m n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed poslem boh\u016f a pr\u016fvodcem mrtv\u00fdch do podsv\u011bt\u00ed. Funk\u010dn\u011b odpov\u00edd\u00e1 \u0159eck\u00e9mu Hermovi a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9mu Merkurovi. Tento text popisuje jeho religionistick\u00e9 postaven\u00ed, ikonografick\u00e9 znaky a roli v etrusk\u00e9m eschatologick\u00e9m syst\u00e9mu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Posel tradice Etrusk\u00e1.\">Posel<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/etruske-nabozenstvi-haruspex-disciplina-praxe\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mytologie tradice Etrusk\u00e1.\">Etrusk\u00e1<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Posel boh\u016f a pr\u016fvodce mrtv\u00fdch.\">Posel boh\u016f a pr\u016fvodce mrtv\u00fdch<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na t\\u00e9to str\\u00e1nce nebyly nalezeny \\u017e\\u00e1dn\\u00e9 nadpisy.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-turms-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-turms-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-turms-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_turms-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-147352\" alt=\"Turms \u2013 b\u016fh z etrusk\u00e9 tradice, historicko-ilustrativn\u00ed zobrazen\u00ed\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_turms-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_turms-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_turms-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_turms.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Za\u0159azen\u00ed v etrusk\u00e9m panteonu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Turms pat\u0159\u00ed k v\u00fdrazn\u00fdm boh\u016fm etrusk\u00e9ho panteonu. Je poslem mezi bohy i mezi sv\u011bty, sv\u011btem \u017eiv\u00fdch a mrtv\u00fdch. V t\u00e9to funkci do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry odpov\u00edd\u00e1 \u0159eck\u00e9mu Hermovi Psychopompovi.<\/p><p>Larissa Bonfante a Nancy Thomson de Grummond se Turmsovi v\u011bnovaly ve sv\u00fdch prac\u00edch o etrusk\u00e9m n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed. V etrusk\u00e9m v\u00fdtvarn\u00e9m um\u011bn\u00ed jde o \u010dastou postavu, \u010dasto zobrazovanou na zrcadlech s doprovodn\u00fdm n\u00e1pisem.<\/p><p>Posel boh\u016f Turms n\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed, kter\u00e9 je pro <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdn\u00ed obor, kter\u00fd srovn\u00e1vac\u00edm zp\u016fsobem a bez vyzn\u00e1n\u00ed zkoum\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">religionistiku<\/span> tak zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 proto, \u017ee zprost\u0159edkov\u00e1v\u00e1 mezi \u0159ecko-st\u0159edomo\u0159sk\u00fdm a italsko-\u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdm sv\u011btem tradice. Z\u00e1sadn\u00ed badatelsk\u00e9 p\u0159\u00ednosy poch\u00e1zej\u00ed od Massima Pallottina, Jacquese Heurgona, Sybille Haynesov\u00e9, Maura Cristofaniho a Giovanniho Colonny, jejich\u017e pr\u00e1ce zp\u0159esnily obraz samostatn\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 tradice.<\/p><p>Etrusk\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e1 nauka o Bohu a v\u00ed\u0159e ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologie<\/span> znala jasn\u011b strukturovan\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn boh\u016f ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed nebo kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteon<\/span> s odstup\u0148ovan\u00fdmi hodnostmi a p\u0159esn\u011b rozd\u011blen\u00fdmi \u00fakoly; Turms v n\u011bm m\u011bl pevn\u011b zakotvenou roli posla mezi bohy a mezi sv\u011bty. Zat\u00edmco star\u0161\u00ed studie tento syst\u00e9m popisovaly jako z\u00e1hadn\u00fd nebo ciz\u00ed, dnes se v n\u011bm rozpozn\u00e1v\u00e1 samostatn\u00e1 odr\u016fda st\u0159edomo\u0159sk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.<\/p><p>V n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch d\u011bjin\u00e1ch It\u00e1lie zauj\u00edmali Etruskov\u00e9 zprost\u0159edkuj\u00edc\u00ed postaven\u00ed mezi \u0159eck\u00fdmi vlivy a vznikaj\u00edc\u00edm \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdm n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edm. Tato zprost\u0159edkuj\u00edc\u00ed role, je\u017e se do jist\u00e9 m\u00edry odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed v Turmsov\u011b funkci posla, je z religionistick\u00e9ho hlediska zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b zaj\u00edmav\u00e1.<\/p><p>Religi\u00f3zn\u011b-etnologick\u00fd v\u00fdzkum posledn\u00edch desetilet\u00ed pohl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed na etrusk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed jako na uzav\u0159en\u00fd, religionisticko-fenomenologicky samostatn\u00fd syst\u00e9m. M\u00edsto star\u0161\u00edho v\u00fdkladu, kter\u00fd jej ch\u00e1pal jako pouh\u00e9 odvozen\u00ed z \u0159eck\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed, nastoupilo v\u00fdrazn\u011b diferencovan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pojet\u00ed, z n\u011bho\u017e t\u011b\u017e\u00ed i ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed Turmse.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jm\u00e9no a etymologie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jm\u00e9no Turms je dolo\u017eeno na mnoha etrusk\u00fdch zrcadlech a n\u00e1pisech. Spolehliv\u00fd etymologick\u00fd v\u00fdklad se dosud nepoda\u0159ilo rekonstruovat. Epigrafick\u00e9 doklady dokumentuje <em>Editio Minor<\/em> Helmuta Rixe.<\/p><p>Turms se objevuje tak\u00e9 s p\u0159\u00edzviskem Turms Aitas (&#8218;Turms boha Aity&#8216;), co\u017e jej v\u00fdslovn\u011b ozna\u010duje jako pr\u016fvodce boha podsv\u011bt\u00ed <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145483\">Aity<\/a>. Toto spojen\u00ed m\u00e1 z v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho hlediska velk\u00fd v\u00fdznam: ukazuje jeho dvoj\u00ed funkci posla boh\u016f a pr\u016fvodce du\u0161\u00ed zem\u0159el\u00fdch.<\/p><p>Etru\u0161tina stoj\u00ed jazykov\u011b osamocen\u011b; je pova\u017eov\u00e1na za izolovan\u00fd jazyk, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b b\u00fdv\u00e1 hypoteticky \u0159azena do tyrs\u00e9nsk\u00e9 rodiny, k n\u00ed\u017e by mohly pat\u0159it i lemn\u0161tina a r\u00e9t\u0161tina. Na de\u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00ed text\u016f pracuje b\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed od 19. stolet\u00ed, dosud nebylo dokon\u010deno, co\u017e se t\u00fdk\u00e1 i v\u00fdkladu jm\u00e9na Turms.<\/p><p>Z\u00e1sadn\u00ed epigrafickou sb\u00edrkou etrusk\u00e9ho jazykov\u00e9ho korpusu je Editio Minor Helmuta Rixe; jsou v n\u00ed zaznamen\u00e1ny i doklady jm\u00e9na Turms. Dnes ji dopl\u0148uje Thesaurus Linguae Etruscae a online datab\u00e1ze ETP, Etruscan Texts Project.<\/p><p>Ji\u017e ve <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha \u0159eck\u00e9 a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 kultury, zhruba od 800 p\u0159. n. l. do 600 n. l.\" tabindex=\"0\">starov\u011bku<\/span> se n\u00e1zory na p\u016fvod Etrusk\u016f rozch\u00e1zely: H\u00e9rodotos je odvozoval z Lydie, zat\u00edmco Dion\u00fdsios z Halikarnassu v nich vid\u011bl dom\u00e1c\u00ed italick\u00fd n\u00e1rod. Z religionistick\u00e9ho hlediska je tato ot\u00e1zka podstatn\u00e1, proto\u017ee na n\u00ed z\u00e1vis\u00ed, zda etrusk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed vykazuje vztahy k maloasijsk\u00fdm kult\u016fm.<\/p><p>Jazykov\u011bda a epigrafika dnes \u00fazce spolupracuj\u00ed. Digit\u00e1ln\u00ed edice etrusk\u00fdch text\u016f, Etruscan Texts Project (ETP), v\u00fdrazn\u011b usnad\u0148uje srovn\u00e1vac\u00ed v\u00fdzkum, nap\u0159\u00edklad u teonym jako Turms. Pr\u016fkopnick\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvky v tomto sm\u011bru p\u0159edlo\u017eily Marie-Laurence Haackov\u00e1 a Vincent Jolivet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Popis a ikonografie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Turms je v etrusk\u00e9m um\u011bn\u00ed zobrazov\u00e1n jako mlad\u00fd mu\u017e, \u010dasto s cestovn\u00edm kloboukem (petasos), ok\u0159\u00eddlen\u00fdmi sand\u00e1ly a caduceem (heroldskou berlou). Tato <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nauka o obsahu obraz\u016f a jejich v\u00fdznamu.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografie<\/span> byla p\u0159evzata z \u0159eck\u00e9 tradice Herma. Zn\u00e1m\u00e9 jsou etrusk\u00e9 bronzov\u00e9 figurky Turma, kter\u00e9 se zachovaly v n\u011bkolika sb\u00edrk\u00e1ch po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b.<\/p><p>Na etrusk\u00fdch zrcadlech (4.\/3. stol. p\u0159. Kr.) se Turms objevuje v mnoha mytologick\u00fdch sc\u00e9n\u00e1ch, \u010dasto jako pr\u016fvodce um\u00edraj\u00edc\u00edch nebo p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161en\u00fdch hrdin\u016f, jindy jako posel mezi bohy.<\/p><p>Z hlediska religionistiky je etrusk\u00e9 v\u00fdtvarn\u00e9 um\u011bn\u00ed nesm\u00edrn\u011b bohat\u00fdm zdrojem a z\u00e1rove\u0148 hlavn\u00edm pramenem na\u0161ich znalost\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na co se t\u00fd\u010de \u010detn\u00fdch zobrazen\u00ed Turma. Zrcadla, v\u00e1zy, hrobn\u00ed malby a bronzy tvo\u0159\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161inu tohoto materi\u00e1lu. Larissa Bonfante ve sv\u00fdch studi\u00edch zd\u016fraznila, \u017ee tato obrazov\u00e1 \u0159e\u010d je samostatnou tradic\u00ed a nikoli pouze odvozenou.<\/p><p>Prvo\u0159ad\u00fdm pramenem k n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed a eschatologii Etrusk\u016f jsou hrobn\u00ed malby, zachovan\u00e9 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v Tarquinii, Cerveteri a Vulci. Jejich v\u00fdjevy zobrazuj\u00ed hostiny, mytologick\u00e9 epizody i tanec a hudbu; posmrtn\u00fd \u017eivot, do kter\u00e9ho Turms jako pr\u016fvodce du\u0161\u00ed uv\u00e1d\u00ed, se v nich jev\u00ed jako pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed pozemsk\u00e9ho \u017eivota.<\/p><p>Etrusk\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nauka o obsahu obraz\u016f a jejich v\u00fdznamu.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografie<\/span> preferuje kompozice s mno\u017estv\u00edm postav, vypr\u00e1v\u011bc\u00ed n\u00e1znaky a symbolicky zhu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e1 sd\u011blen\u00ed; i Turms se v takov\u00fdch sc\u00e9n\u00e1ch \u010dasto objevuje. Rozkl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u00e9to obrazov\u00e9 \u0159e\u010di je \u00fakolem etrusk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 ikonografie.<\/p><p>Pro etrusk\u00e9 v\u00fdtvarn\u00e9 um\u011bn\u00ed je typick\u00e1 hust\u00e1 vypr\u00e1v\u011bc\u00ed vrstevnatost. U\u017e jedin\u00e9 zrcadlo nebo v\u00e1za m\u016f\u017ee obsahovat n\u011bkolik mytologick\u00fdch odkaz\u016f najednou, nap\u0159\u00edklad kdy\u017e se Turms objevuje vedle dal\u0161\u00edch postav. Toto zhu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vy\u017eaduje od badatel\u016f pe\u010dlivou anal\u00fdzu obrazov\u00e9ho kontextu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Turms jako posel boh\u016f<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ve sv\u00e9 funkci posla boh\u016f p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1 Turms zpr\u00e1vy mezi olympsk\u00fdmi bohy, mezi bohy a lidmi i mezi \u017eiv\u00fdmi a mrtv\u00fdmi. Na etrusk\u00fdch zrcadlech je \u010dasto zobrazov\u00e1n ve sc\u00e9n\u00e1ch, v nich\u017e mezi sebou komunikuj\u00ed bohov\u00e9 \u2013 Turms v nich vystupuje jako prost\u0159edn\u00edk.<\/p><p>Tato funkce je dob\u0159e zn\u00e1m\u00e1 z tradice Herma a Etruskov\u00e9 ji pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b p\u0159evzali z \u0159eck\u00e9ho m\u00fdtick\u00e9ho okruhu. P\u0159esto vtiskli tomuto motivu vlastn\u00ed rysy, zejm\u00e9na spojen\u00edm s podsv\u011bt\u00edm.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn tradovan\u00fdch vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o boz\u00edch ur\u010dit\u00e9 kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mytologie<\/span> Etrusk\u016f nen\u00ed na rozd\u00edl od \u0159eck\u00e9 nebo \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 dochov\u00e1na v podob\u011b ucelen\u00e9ho vypr\u00e1v\u011bc\u00edho textu. M\u00fdty spojen\u00e9 s Turmem mus\u00ed b\u00fdt rekonstruov\u00e1ny z obrazov\u00fdch zobrazen\u00ed, n\u00e1pis\u016f a \u0159ecko-\u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed tradice. Tato nep\u0159\u00edm\u00e1 pramenn\u00e1 situace vy\u017eaduje zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed metodickou obez\u0159etnost.<\/p><p>Vztah etrusk\u00e9 a \u0159eck\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn tradovan\u00fdch vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o boz\u00edch ur\u010dit\u00e9 kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytologie<\/span> je v\u00edcevrstevn\u00fd. Etruskov\u00e9 na jedn\u00e9 stran\u011b p\u0159ejali \u0159adu \u0159eck\u00fdch l\u00e1tek, nap\u0159\u00edklad o Achilleovi, Odysseovi a Oidipovi, na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b jim dali vlastn\u00ed v\u00fdklad a d\u016frazy. Jak konkr\u00e9tn\u011b tato adaptace prob\u00edhala, nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159i p\u0159enesen\u00ed hermovsk\u00fdch rys\u016f na Turma, je p\u0159edm\u011btem intenzivn\u00edho badatelsk\u00e9ho z\u00e1jmu.<\/p><p>Typick\u00fdm rysem etrusk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e1 nauka o Bohu a v\u00ed\u0159e ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologie<\/span> je rada boh\u016f, consensus deorum. Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed b\u016fh Tinia nejedn\u00e1 s\u00e1m, ale rad\u00ed se s ostatn\u00edmi bohy, a Turms mezi nimi vystupuje jako posel. Z religionistick\u00e9ho hlediska p\u0159edstavuje toto shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161tnost.<\/p><p>Uzav\u0159enou vypr\u00e1v\u011bc\u00ed tradici etrusk\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn tradovan\u00fdch vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o boz\u00edch ur\u010dit\u00e9 kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytologie<\/span> nezanechala; mus\u00ed b\u00fdt sestavena z obrazov\u00fdch sc\u00e9n, n\u00e1pis\u016f a sekund\u00e1rn\u00edch pramen\u016f, co\u017e vy\u017eaduje pe\u010dlivou interpretaci. Proto\u017ee se Turms objevuje p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na zrcadlech, osv\u011bd\u010duje se zde zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b propojen\u00ed etrusk\u00e9ho popisku, \u0159eck\u00e9ho obrazov\u00e9ho vzoru a kontextu\u00e1ln\u00edho \u010dten\u00ed dan\u00e9 sc\u00e9ny.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Turms jako pr\u016fvodce du\u0161\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed eschatologickou funkc\u00ed Turma je doprov\u00e1zet mrtv\u00e9 do podsv\u011bt\u00ed. Na etrusk\u00fdch sarkof\u00e1gech a hrobn\u00edch malb\u00e1ch (Tarquinia, Vulci) b\u00fdv\u00e1 \u010dasto zobrazen spole\u010dn\u011b s dal\u0161\u00edmi pr\u016fvodci du\u0161\u00ed, jako jsou <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145481\">Charun<\/a> a <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145482\">Vanth<\/a>.<\/p><p>Etrusk\u00e1 eschatologie je z v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho hlediska zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b zaj\u00edmav\u00e1, proto\u017ee nab\u00edz\u00ed v\u00fdraznou p\u0159edstavu podsv\u011bt\u00ed (etrusk\u00fd v\u00fdraz, \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b calusna). Turms je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed t\u00e9to p\u0159edstavy. Jean-Ren\u00e9 Jannot ve sv\u00e9 knize <em>Religion in Ancient Etruria<\/em> zpracoval eschatologii systematicky.<\/p><p>N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm pozad\u00edm Turma je Disciplina Etrusca, v\u011b\u0161tebn\u00fd syst\u00e9m Etrusk\u016f, kter\u00fd znal t\u0159i odv\u011btv\u00ed: prohl\u00eddku vnit\u0159nost\u00ed (haruspicina), v\u00fdklad blesk\u016f (fulguratio) a pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed pt\u00e1k\u016f (auspicia). Etruskov\u00e9 jej p\u0159edali \u0158\u00edman\u016fm, kde z\u016fstal \u017eivou prax\u00ed a\u017e do 4. stolet\u00ed n. l. Podrobn\u011b jej popsali Cicero a Seneca.<\/p><p>Tradovan\u00e9 pozn\u00e1n\u00ed, v n\u011bm\u017e m\u00e1 i takov\u00e1 postava jako Turms sv\u00e9 m\u00edsto, udr\u017eovaly specializovan\u00e9 kn\u011b\u017esk\u00e9 \u0161koly, v nich\u017e se Disciplina Etrusca p\u0159ed\u00e1vala z generace na generaci.<\/p><p>Za jej\u00ed nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed spisy jsou pova\u017eov\u00e1ny Libri Rituales, Libri Haruspicini a Libri Fulgurales. Tyto texty se nezachovaly, ale z citac\u00ed u Cicera, Festa a Macrobia je lze \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b rekonstruovat.<\/p><p>Etrusk\u00fd kult byl siln\u011b v\u00e1z\u00e1n na jednotliv\u00e1 m\u011bsta. Ka\u017ed\u00e9 z velk\u00fdch center, tedy Tarquinia, Caere, Vulci, Veji, Clusium, Volsinii, Cortona, Perugia, Arezzo, Volterra, Populonia a Roselle, m\u011blo sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed hlavn\u00ed kulty a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 zvl\u00e1\u0161tnosti.<\/p><p>V\u00fdznam n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed, v n\u011bm\u017e m\u00e1 Turms sv\u00e9 m\u00edsto, dokl\u00e1d\u00e1 Disciplina Etrusca: jako soudr\u017en\u00fd n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd a v\u011b\u0161tebn\u00fd syst\u00e9m pat\u0159\u00ed k nejvyvinut\u011bj\u0161\u00edm v\u011b\u0161tebn\u00fdm praktik\u00e1m antick\u00e9ho sv\u011bta. \u0158\u00edman\u00e9 ji systematicky p\u0159evzali a jej\u00ed praktikov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159etrvalo a\u017e do pozdn\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha \u0159eck\u00e9 a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 kultury, p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b od 800 p\u0159. Kr. do 600 n. l.\" tabindex=\"0\">antiky<\/span>. Z historick\u00e9ho hlediska si tato kontinuita zaslou\u017e\u00ed pozornost.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult a ritu\u00e1ly<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Turms byl uct\u00edv\u00e1n ve vlastn\u00edch chr\u00e1mech, ov\u0161em ne se stejnou prominenc\u00ed jako Tinia, Uni nebo Menrva.<\/p><p>Jeho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factyhodn\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f v\u016f\u010di bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 postav\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> byl orientov\u00e1n sp\u00ed\u0161e prakticky a pragmaticky: cestuj\u00edc\u00ed, obchodn\u00edci a vyslanci se na n\u011bj odvol\u00e1vali, p\u0159i poh\u0159bech byl vz\u00fdv\u00e1n, aby bezpe\u010dn\u011b doprovodil zem\u0159el\u00e9 do podsv\u011bt\u00ed.<\/p><p>V\u00fdraznou prax\u00ed je vkl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed mal\u00fdch figurek Turma do hrob\u016f. M\u011bly zem\u0159el\u00fdm ukazovat cestu. Takov\u00e9 figurky byly nalezeny v mnoha etrusk\u00fdch hrobech.<\/p><p>Tak\u00e9 stavby, v nich\u017e byla uct\u00edv\u00e1na bo\u017estva jako Turms, nesou sv\u016fj vlastn\u00ed rukopis. Etrusk\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> charakterizuje styl tuscanus se samostatn\u00fdm \u0159\u00e1dem sloup\u016f, kter\u00fd popisuje Vitruvius v d\u00edle De Architectura. V p\u016fdorysu v\u00fdrazn\u011b vystupuje cella a \u0161irok\u00e1 \u010deln\u00ed s\u00ed\u0148, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se tyto stavby z\u0159eteln\u011b odli\u0161uj\u00ed od \u0159eck\u00fdch vzor\u016f.<\/p><p>Chr\u00e1my kultovn\u00edho sv\u011bta, k n\u011bmu\u017e pat\u0159\u00ed i Turms, byly \u010dasto koncipov\u00e1ny monument\u00e1ln\u011b. P\u0159\u00edkladem je Iuppiter\u016fv <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> na Kapitolu v \u0158\u00edm\u011b, kter\u00fd postavili etru\u0161t\u00ed architekti a um\u011blci, v \u010dele s Vulcou z Veje. Je pova\u017eov\u00e1n za architektonick\u00e9 sv\u011bdectv\u00ed etrusk\u00e9 religiozity v ran\u00e9m \u0158\u00edm\u011b.<\/p><p>Pro Turma jako posla boh\u016f je zaj\u00edmav\u00fd nadregion\u00e1ln\u00ed kultovn\u00ed r\u00e1mec, v n\u011bm\u017e byl uct\u00edv\u00e1n: u Fanum Voltumnae pobl\u00ed\u017e Volsini\u00ed se etrusk\u00e1 liga dvan\u00e1cti m\u011bst ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b sch\u00e1zela k n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9mu a z\u00e1rove\u0148 politick\u00e9mu shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed. Voltumna zde p\u016fsobil jako svazov\u00fd b\u016fh spolku st\u00e1t\u016f a m\u011bl n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd v\u00fdznam p\u0159esahuj\u00edc\u00ed jednotliv\u00e9 m\u011bstsk\u00e9 kulty.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ochrann\u00e9 tradice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Turms byl v ochrann\u00fdch souvislostech vz\u00fdv\u00e1n p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm cestuj\u00edc\u00edmi, obchodn\u00edky, posly a v\u011b\u0161tci. Kdo se vyd\u00e1val na cestu, pron\u00e1\u0161el k Turmovi karakia (modlitby); obchodn\u00edci si ho jako ochrann\u00e9ho patrona zapojovali do sv\u00fdch obchodn\u00edch praktik. Roli m\u011bl Turms i v souvislosti s v\u011b\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm, zejm\u00e9na p\u0159i pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed pt\u00e1k\u016f a v\u00fdkladu sn\u016f.<\/p><p>Apotropaick\u00e9 praktiky v oblasti Turma zahrnovaly no\u0161en\u00ed figurek Turma, um\u00eds\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed Turmov\u00fdch herm\u016f u vchod\u016f dom\u016f a m\u011bst a vz\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ed d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdmi jedn\u00e1n\u00edmi. Tato praxe byla p\u0159evzata z \u0159eck\u00e9 tradice Herma.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Etrusk\u00fd ochrann\u00fd zvykov\u00fd syst\u00e9m disponuje mno\u017estv\u00edm odvracej\u00edc\u00edch znamen\u00ed: falick\u00fdmi amulety, zobrazen\u00edmi gorgoneionu, symboly o\u010d\u00ed, bullami a ur\u010dit\u00fdmi formulemi. Obrazovou \u0159e\u010d t\u011bchto apotropaick\u00fdch symbol\u016f zpracovala Larissa Bonfante ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle Etruscan Mirrors, vych\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edm od roku 1980.<\/span><\/p><p>Podobn\u011b jako jin\u00e9 postavy etrusk\u00e9ho panteonu se i Turms nach\u00e1z\u00ed v prost\u0159ed\u00ed protkan\u00e9m odvracej\u00edc\u00edmi znamen\u00edmi. Oko Tinie, falick\u00e9 amulety a gorgoneia se nach\u00e1zely na chr\u00e1mech a hrobech, stejn\u011b jako na dom\u00e1c\u00edch svatyn\u00edch a osobn\u00edch p\u0159edm\u011btech. Tato praxe p\u0159etrv\u00e1vala i mimo etruskou kulturu, v \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 a \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed mediter\u00e1nn\u00ed lidov\u00e9 v\u00ed\u0159e.<\/p><p>Kdo se bl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed k p\u016fsobnosti Turma, setk\u00e1v\u00e1 se s religiozitou, jej\u00ed\u017e ochrann\u00e9 jedn\u00e1n\u00ed bylo \u00fazce sv\u00e1z\u00e1no s Disciplina Etrusca. Zalo\u017een\u00ed m\u011bsta, vojensk\u00e9 ta\u017een\u00ed nebo stavba domu nebyly zah\u00e1jeny bez p\u0159edchoz\u00edho divina\u010dn\u00edho dotazov\u00e1n\u00ed na v\u016fli boh\u016f.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralely v jin\u00fdch kultur\u00e1ch<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Turms funk\u010dn\u011b odpov\u00edd\u00e1 \u0159eck\u00e9mu Hermovi a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9mu Merkurovi. Spojen\u00ed je \u00fazk\u00e9 jak typologicky, tak historicky: etrusk\u00e1 tradice Turma p\u0159\u00edmo navazuje na \u0159eckou tradici Herma. Etruskov\u00e9 v\u0161ak vtiskli vlastn\u00ed akcenty, zejm\u00e9na v eschatologii.<\/p><p>Z hlediska srovn\u00e1vac\u00ed religionistiky lze Turma spojovat s dal\u0161\u00edmi posly boh\u016f: Anubidem (egyptsk\u00fd, pr\u016fvodce zem\u0159el\u00fdch), Hermem (\u0159eck\u00fd), Merkurem (\u0159\u00edmsk\u00fd), Wotanem\/Odinem v jeho funkci v\u016fdce mrtv\u00fdch (germ\u00e1nsk\u00fd). My\u0161lenka posla boh\u016f jako prost\u0159edn\u00edka mezi sv\u011bty je z hlediska fenomenologie n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed.<\/p><p>Prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm interpretatio Romana z\u00edskala etrusk\u00e1 bo\u017estva \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e1 jm\u00e9na: Tinia se stal Iupiterem, Uni Iunou, Menrva Minervou. Takov\u00e1 ztoto\u017en\u011bn\u00ed zpravidla postihovala jen vybran\u00e9 rysy, nikoli celou postavu. V\u00fdzkum posledn\u00edch pades\u00e1ti let odkr\u00fdv\u00e1, kter\u00e9 etrusk\u00e9 zvl\u00e1\u0161tnosti p\u0159i tom z\u016fstaly zachov\u00e1ny, nap\u0159\u00edklad u posla boh\u016f Turma ve vztahu k Hermovi a Merkurovi.<\/p><p>Skute\u010dnost, \u017ee Turms jako posel boh\u016f stoj\u00ed bl\u00edzko \u0159eck\u00e9mu Hermovi a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9mu Merkurovi, odkazuje na rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 propojen\u00ed: etrusk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed vykazuje \u010detn\u00e9 dotyky s anatolsk\u00fdmi, f\u00e9nick\u00fdmi a bl\u00edzkov\u00fdchodn\u00edmi tradicemi. F\u00e9nick\u00e9 zprost\u0159edkov\u00e1n\u00ed dokl\u00e1daj\u00ed desky z Pyrgi. Toto transmediter\u00e1nn\u00ed propojen\u00ed pat\u0159\u00ed ji\u017e n\u011bkolik desetilet\u00ed k d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm oblastem v\u00fdzkumu.<\/p><p>V pohledu srovn\u00e1vac\u00ed religionistiky n\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed etrusk\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factyhodn\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f v\u016f\u010di bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 postav\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> k \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed mediter\u00e1nn\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 rodin\u011b a je ve vztahu k \u0158ecku, F\u00e9nicii, Egyptu, Anatolii a Latiu. Toto zapojen\u00ed, k n\u011bmu\u017e pat\u0159\u00ed i postava posla Turma, tvo\u0159\u00ed v\u00fdznamnou oblast v\u00fdzkumu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sou\u010dasn\u00fd v\u00fdzkum<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V\u00fdzkum Turmse se za posledn\u00edch 30 let v\u00fdrazn\u011b posunul d\u00edky systematick\u00e9mu vyhodnocov\u00e1n\u00ed etrusk\u00fdch zrcadel (Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum, CSE). Larissa Bonfante ve n\u011bkolika edic\u00edch zrcadel zpracovala obrazy Turmse.<\/p><p>V\u00fdzkum se intenzivn\u011b v\u011bnuje vztahu mezi \u0159eckou tradic\u00ed Herma a etruskou samostatnost\u00ed Turmse. Kde jde o p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 p\u0159ej\u00edmky a kde o vlastn\u00ed etrusk\u00e9 ztv\u00e1rn\u011bn\u00ed? Tato ot\u00e1zka je p\u0159edm\u011btem sou\u010dasn\u00e9 diskuse.<\/p><p>I postavy jako Turms jsou dnes zkoum\u00e1ny v r\u00e1mci mezin\u00e1rodn\u011b veden\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu etrusk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed. Za d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 centra jsou pova\u017eov\u00e1ny univerzity ve Florencii, \u0158\u00edm\u011b (Sapienza), Pise, T\u00fcbingenu a Princetonu. Ro\u010dn\u011b se d\u00edl\u010d\u00edm aspekt\u016fm t\u00e9to oblasti v\u011bnuje n\u011bkolik mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch kongres\u016f.<\/p><p>Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed projekty zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 na etrusk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed dnes vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed digit\u00e1ln\u00ed metody: trojrozm\u011brn\u00e9 skeny chr\u00e1m\u016f a hrobek, datab\u00e1ze n\u00e1pis\u016f a obrazov\u00fdch pramen\u016f a rovn\u011b\u017e GIS anal\u00fdzy struktury os\u00eddlen\u00ed. Tyto metody p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed nov\u00e9 poznatky, a to i k zrcadl\u016fm, na kter\u00fdch je Turms zobrazen.<\/p><p>Poznatky v\u00fdzkumu o etrusk\u00e9m n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed a jeho bo\u017estvech, mezi nimi i o Turmsovi, se dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed k ve\u0159ejnosti prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm v\u00fdstav, nap\u0159\u00edklad ve Vatik\u00e1nsk\u00fdch muze\u00edch, v Museo Nazionale Etrusco di Villa Giulia a v Boston Museum of Fine Arts, a d\u00e1le prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm \u0159ady publikac\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Prameny a stav v\u00fdzkumu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi prameny pro v\u00fdzkum Turmse jsou etrusk\u00e1 zrcadla (zejm\u00e9na s doprovodn\u00fdm n\u00e1pisem), hrobn\u00ed malby, sarkof\u00e1gy a n\u00e1pisy. Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum (n\u011bkolik svazk\u016f) je nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sb\u00edrkou zrcadlov\u00fdch vyobrazen\u00ed.<\/p><p>Hlub\u0161\u00ed zasazen\u00ed do <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/etruske-nabozenstvi-haruspex-disciplina-praxe\/\">etrusk\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch d\u011bjin<\/a> jako celku ukazuje, jak je t\u0159eba Turmse ch\u00e1pat ve vztahov\u00e9m r\u00e1mci s olympsk\u00fdmi bohy a s podsv\u011btn\u00edmi bo\u017estvy Aitou, Charunem a Vanth. Toto propojen\u00ed je pro badatele kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9.<\/p><p>Prameny k etrusk\u00e9mu n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed jsou nesourod\u00e9: epigrafick\u00e9 doklady, shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00e9 v Editio Minor Helmuta Rixe, archeologick\u00e9 n\u00e1lezy, obrazov\u00e9 prameny a odborn\u00e1 literatura. Kdo chce Turmse n\u00e1le\u017eit\u011b uchopit, mus\u00ed tuto rozmanitost zpracovat mezioborov\u011b; nov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdzkum k tomu systematicky propojuje filologii, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bda, kter\u00e1 zkoum\u00e1 minul\u00e9 kultury na z\u00e1klad\u011b hmotn\u00fdch n\u00e1lez\u016f.\" tabindex=\"0\">archeologii<\/span>, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bda, kter\u00e1 zkoum\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed srovn\u00e1vac\u00edm zp\u016fsobem a bez vyzn\u00e1n\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">religionistiku<\/span> a antropologii.<\/p><p>Odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed kritika pramen\u016f vy\u017eaduje znalost jak etrusk\u00fdch p\u016fvodn\u00edch doklad\u016f, tak \u0159ecko-\u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 druhotn\u00e9 tradice. Tento dvoj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup je n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fd, av\u0161ak pro d\u016fv\u011bryhodnou n\u00e1bo\u017eenskohistorickou rekonstrukci Turmse nezbytn\u00fd.<\/p><p>D\u016fkladn\u00e9 historick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed Turmse p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 p\u0159ehled o epigrafick\u00fdch, archeologick\u00fdch a liter\u00e1rn\u00edch pramenech i o p\u0159\u00edstupech modern\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bda, kter\u00e1 zkoum\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed srovn\u00e1vac\u00edm zp\u016fsobem a bez vyzn\u00e1n\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">religionistiky<\/span>. Toto mnohovrstevn\u00e9 zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed je ve v\u00fdzkumu pova\u017eov\u00e1no za standard.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2a1a9a94 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2a1a9a94\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp28f7c7db elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp28f7c7db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Turms na bronzov\u00fdch jatrech z Piacenzy a v etrusk\u00e9 discipl\u00edn\u011b<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp275cc351 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp275cc351\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e49d51b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2e49d51b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdm dokladem etrusk\u00e9ho uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed boh\u016f jsou takzvan\u00e1 bronzov\u00e1 j\u00e1tra z Piacenzy, bronzov\u00fd model ov\u010d\u00edch jater nalezen\u00fd roku 1877 v severn\u00ed It\u00e1lii, rozd\u011blen\u00fd do pol\u00ed a opat\u0159en\u00fd jm\u00e9ny boh\u016f psan\u00fdmi etrusk\u00fdm p\u00edsmem.<\/p><p>Pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b slou\u017eil jako u\u010debn\u00ed nebo uk\u00e1zkov\u00e1 pom\u016fcka etrusk\u00e9 v\u011b\u0161tby z vnit\u0159nost\u00ed, tzv. <em>haruspicina<\/em>. Na okraji modelu je uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1no \u0161estn\u00e1ct pol\u00ed, dal\u0161\u00edch je uvnit\u0159.<\/p><p>Na tomto p\u0159edm\u011btu se objevuje i <em>Turms<\/em>. Jeho um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed umo\u017e\u0148uje z\u00e1v\u011bry o tom, do jak\u00e9 oblasti etrusk\u00e9ho nebe ho kn\u011b\u017e\u00ed za\u0159azovali a v sousedstv\u00ed jak\u00fdch dal\u0161\u00edch bo\u017estev byl my\u0161len.<\/p><p>Bronzov\u00e1 j\u00e1tra jsou tak vz\u00e1cn\u00fdm pramenem, kter\u00fd nepoch\u00e1z\u00ed z \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 \u010di \u0159eck\u00e9 druhotn\u00e9 tradice, n\u00fdbr\u017e p\u0159\u00edmo z etrusk\u00e9 kultovn\u00ed praxe, tzv. <em>etrusca disciplina<\/em>.<\/p><p>\u010cten\u00ed a v\u00fdklad jater je v\u0161ak obt\u00ed\u017en\u00fd. Etru\u0161tina je \u010diteln\u00e1, ale jen \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b srozumiteln\u00e1, proto\u017ee neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd bl\u00edzce p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fd jazyk. Badatel\u00e9 jako Massimo Pallottino, Ambros Josef Pfiffig a pozd\u011bji Nancy de Grummond p\u0159isp\u011bli k jejich za\u0159azen\u00ed, ani\u017e by byla vyjasn\u011bna v\u0161echna pole a jejich teologick\u00e1 logika. Turms tak stoj\u00ed jako p\u0159\u00edklad z\u00e1kladn\u00edho probl\u00e9mu etruskologie: zn\u00e1me jeho jm\u00e9no a jeho postaven\u00ed v ritu\u00e1ln\u00edm syst\u00e9mu, ale u\u010den\u00ed, kter\u00e9 ho obklopuje, z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 fragment\u00e1rn\u00ed.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2bf77d5d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2bf77d5d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp299e2b58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp299e2b58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pr\u016fvodce du\u0161\u00ed: Turms v etrusk\u00e9 hrobn\u00ed malb\u011b<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2f54e2ee e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2f54e2ee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d5d35f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2d5d35f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Na rozd\u00edl od \u0159eck\u00e9ho Herma, jeho\u017e rozs\u00e1hl\u00e1 liter\u00e1rn\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed v\u011bdomost\u00ed a vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d generacemi.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradice<\/span> ho ukazuje jako bo\u017esk\u00e9ho posla, \u0161ibala a vyn\u00e1lezce, je pro n\u00e1s <em>Turms<\/em> t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u00fdhradn\u011b obrazem.<\/p><p>Jednou z jeho nejv\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch rol\u00ed je role pr\u016fvodce du\u0161\u00ed, <em>psychopompa<\/em>, kter\u00fd vede zem\u0159el\u00e9 do podsv\u011bt\u00ed. Tato funkce vystupuje p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v etrusk\u00e9 hrobn\u00ed malb\u011b a na urn\u00e1ch pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed etrusk\u00e9 doby.<\/p><p>V n\u00e1st\u011bnn\u00fdch malb\u00e1ch etrusk\u00fdch komorov\u00fdch hrobek, nap\u0159\u00edklad v okol\u00ed Tarquinie a ve velk\u00fdch nekropol\u00edch, se objevuje postava s cestovn\u00edm kloboukem a hol\u00ed, kter\u00e1 berou zem\u0159el\u00e9ho za ruku nebo mu p\u0159edch\u00e1z\u00ed.<\/p><p>Tato postava b\u00fdv\u00e1 \u010dasto identifikov\u00e1na s Turmsem, n\u011bkdy s doprovodn\u00fdm n\u00e1pisem, jinde jen na z\u00e1klad\u011b ikonografie. N\u011bkdy nese p\u0159\u00eddomek, kter\u00fd ho v\u00fdslovn\u011b ozna\u010duje jako podsv\u011btn\u00edho pr\u016fvodce, ve v\u00fdzkumu \u010dasto \u010dten\u00fd jako <em>Turms Aitas<\/em>, tedy Turms v okol\u00ed podsv\u011btn\u00edho boha Aity.<\/p><p>Tento siln\u00fd d\u016fraz na funkci pr\u016fvodce mrtv\u00fdch je dobr\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem toho, \u017ee <em>interpretatio<\/em> m\u016f\u017ee sv\u00e1d\u011bt na scest\u00ed. Kdyby se Turms jednodu\u0161e odbyl jako &#8222;etrusk\u00fd Hermes&#8220;, p\u0159ehl\u00e9dlo by se, \u017ee etrusk\u00e9 um\u011bn\u00ed klade d\u016fraz pr\u00e1v\u011b na aspekt spojen\u00fd s posmrtn\u00fdm \u017eivotem, zat\u00edmco zlod\u011bjsk\u00e1 a lstiv\u00e1 str\u00e1nka \u0159eck\u00e9ho Herma je zde jen m\u00e1lo patrn\u00e1. Zda je to d\u016fsledek stavu pramen\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou v Etrurii siln\u011b ur\u010dov\u00e1ny hrobkami, nebo skute\u010dn\u011b odli\u0161n\u00e9ho pojet\u00ed tohoto <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytost uct\u00edvan\u00e1 jako bo\u017esk\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci n\u011bjak\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estva<\/span>, z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 otev\u0159enou badatelskou ot\u00e1zkou. K metodice etrusk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed viz tak\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek o <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/etruske-nabozenstvi-haruspex-disciplina-praxe\/\">etrusk\u00e9 mytologii<\/a>.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (v\u00fdb\u011br)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Larissa Bonfante: <em>Etruscan Mirrors<\/em> (r\u016fzn\u00e9 d\u00edly)<\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Nancy Thomson de Grummond: <em>Etruscan Myth, Sacred History, and Legend<\/em> (2006)<\/span><\/li><li>Jean-Rene Jannot: <em>Religion in Ancient Etruria<\/em> (2005)<\/li><li>Massimo Pallottino: <em>Die Etrusker<\/em> (1942)<\/li><li>Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum (v\u00edce d\u00edl\u016f)<\/li><\/ul>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Dal\u0161\u00ed standardn\u00ed d\u00edla v <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/literatura\/\">seznamu literatury<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-turms e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-turms\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-turms-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-turms-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Turms je etrusk\u00fd posel boh\u016f a v antick\u00fdch pramenech i ve v\u00fdzkumu je pravideln\u011b ch\u00e1p\u00e1n jako postava typu <em>interpretatio<\/em>: vystupuje jako p\u0159\u00edm\u00fd <strong>prot\u011bj\u0161ek<\/strong> \u0159eck\u00e9ho Herma a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho Merkuria (Mercurius).<\/p><p>Na bronzov\u00fdch zrcadlech ze \u010dtvrt\u00e9ho a t\u0159et\u00edho stolet\u00ed p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem m\u00e1 ok\u0159\u00eddlen\u00e9 sand\u00e1ly a herolskou h\u016fl a p\u0159eb\u00edr\u00e1 srovnateln\u00e9 funkce, nap\u0159\u00edklad doprovod zem\u0159el\u00fdch. Toto za\u0159azen\u00ed jako prot\u011bj\u0161ek ukazuje, jak \u00fazce byl etrusk\u00fd sv\u011bt boh\u016f propleten s \u0159ecko-\u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdmi p\u0159edstavami.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-turms e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-turms\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-turms-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-turms-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Etrusk\u00fd <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00fd vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o boz\u00edch, po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch a uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u011bta.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00fdtus<\/span><\/em> ozna\u010duje Turmse jako posla boh\u016f a pr\u016fvodce du\u0161\u00ed, jeho\u017e funkce se \u00fazce shoduje s \u0159eck\u00fdm Hermem; obrazn\u011b je zachytiteln\u00fd na bronzov\u00fdch zrcadlech p\u00e1t\u00e9ho a \u010dtvrt\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Souvisej\u00edc\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 pojmy: Turms Etruskov\u00e9 posel boh\u016f Caduceus Herm\u00e9s Mercurius pr\u016fvodce mrtv\u00fdch Aita.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-turms\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard a ochrann\u00e9 tradice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard navazuje na kulturn\u011b-historickou tradici p\u0159enosn\u00fdch ochrann\u00fdch p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f, v tradici <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/etruske-nabozenstvi-haruspex-disciplina-praxe\/\">etrusk\u00e9 kultury<\/a> a mnoha dal\u0161\u00edch kultur po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b. 41 vrstev, ryz\u00ed zlato, platina, st\u0159\u00edbro, vyrobeno v N\u011bmecku. 30denn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo na vr\u00e1cen\u00ed.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">V\u00edce o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span 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.jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Osobn\u00ed zku\u0161enosti se mohou li\u0161it. Nejedn\u00e1 se o zdravotnick\u00fd prost\u0159edek. Nen\u00ed slibem l\u00e9\u010div\u00e9ho \u00fa\u010dinku.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>nen\u00ed zdravotnick\u00fd prost\u0159edek<\/strong> a nenahrazuje l\u00e9ka\u0159skou ani psychoterapeutickou l\u00e9\u010dbu. Religionistick\u00fd obsah p\u0159edstavuje kulturn\u011b-historick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed, nikoli doporu\u010den\u00ed duchovn\u00ed praxe.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2821,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Turms etrusk\u00fd","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Turms - Etrusk\u00fd posel boh\u016f, m\u00fdtus","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Turms je etrusk\u00fd posel boh\u016f a pr\u016fvodce mrtv\u00fdch, obdoba \u0159eck\u00e9ho Herma. Religionistick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed s prameny.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"1","wesen_kultur":"etruskisch","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-145480","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Turms - Etrusk\u00fd posel boh\u016f, m\u00fdtus<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Turms je etrusk\u00fd posel boh\u016f a pr\u016fvodce mrtv\u00fdch, obdoba \u0159eck\u00e9ho Herma. 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