{"id":145479,"date":"2026-09-03T16:30:47","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:30:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=145479"},"modified":"2026-09-03T16:57:12","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:57:12","slug":"voltumna-buh-etruskeho-svazu","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/voltumna-buh-etruskeho-svazu\/","title":{"rendered":"Voltumna &#8211; b\u016fh spolku etrusk\u00e9ho m\u011bstsk\u00e9ho svazu"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"145479\" class=\"elementor elementor-145479 elementor-2607 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Voltumna - b\u016fh spolku etrusk\u00e9 ligy a bo\u017estvo dvan\u00e1cti m\u011bst<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Voltumna (latinsky tak\u00e9 Vertumnus nebo Veltha, etruskicky Veltha nebo Velthune) je nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed b\u016fh spolku etrusk\u00e9 ligy sdru\u017euj\u00edc\u00ed dvan\u00e1ct m\u011bst. Jeho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u00edsto zasv\u011bcen\u00e9 uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bo\u017estva.\" tabindex=\"0\">svatyn\u011b<\/span>, Fanum Voltumnae, se nach\u00e1zela pobl\u00ed\u017e Volsini\u00ed a byla m\u00edstem ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u00edho shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed etrusk\u00e9 ligy. Toto zobrazen\u00ed popisuje jeho n\u00e1bo\u017eenskopolitick\u00e9 a kultovn\u00ed postaven\u00ed v etrusk\u00e9m st\u00e1tn\u00edm \u00fatvaru.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"B\u016fh etrusk\u00e9 tradice.\">B\u016fh<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/etruske-nabozenstvi-haruspex-disciplina-praxe\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mytologie etrusk\u00e9 tradice.\">Etrusk\u00fd<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"B\u016fh spolku a st\u00e1tu.\">B\u016fh spolku a st\u00e1tu<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na t\\u00e9to str\\u00e1nce nebyly nalezeny \\u017e\\u00e1dn\\u00e9 nadpisy.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-voltumna-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-voltumna-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-voltumna-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_voltumna-1-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-147349\" alt=\"Voltumna \u2013 b\u016fh z etrusk\u00e9 tradice, historicko-ilustrativn\u00ed zobrazen\u00ed\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_voltumna-1-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_voltumna-1-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_voltumna-1-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_voltumna-1.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Za\u0159azen\u00ed v etrusk\u00e9m panteonu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Voltumna zauj\u00edm\u00e1 v etrusk\u00e9m <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn boh\u016f ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed nebo kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonu<\/span> zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed postaven\u00ed: nen\u00ed prim\u00e1rn\u011b &#8218;kosmick\u00fdm&#8216; vrchn\u00edm bohem jako <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145476\">Tinia<\/a>, n\u00fdbr\u017e politicko-n\u00e1bo\u017eensky definovan\u00fdm bohem spolku. Jeho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9ho bo\u017estva nebo svat\u00e9 bytosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> byl spojen s instituc\u00ed svazu dvan\u00e1cti m\u011bst (Dodekapolis). M\u011bsto Volsinie bylo str\u00e1\u017ecem jeho svazov\u00e9 svatyn\u011b.<\/p><p>Massimo Pallottino, Mauro Cristofani a Simonetta Stopponi sv\u00fdmi pracemi v\u00fdrazn\u011b ovlivnili b\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed o Voltumnovi. Stopponiny vykop\u00e1vky na Campo della Fiera u Orvieta umo\u017enily pravd\u011bpodobnou lokalizaci Fanum Voltumnae.<\/p><p>B\u016fh spolku Voltumna n\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed, kter\u00e9 je pro <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdn\u00ed obor, kter\u00fd srovn\u00e1vac\u00edm zp\u016fsobem a bez n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 v\u00e1zanosti zkoum\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">religionistiku<\/span> tak zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 proto, \u017ee zprost\u0159edkov\u00e1v\u00e1 mezi \u0159ecko-st\u0159edomo\u0159sk\u00fdm a italsko-\u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdm sv\u011btem tradice. V\u00fdznamn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvky k jeho v\u00fdzkumu poskytli Massimo Pallottino, Jacques Heurgon, Sybille Haynes, Mauro Cristofani a Giovanni Colonna, jejich\u017e pr\u00e1ce zp\u0159esnily obraz samostatn\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 tradice.<\/p><p>Etrusk\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e1 nauka o Bohu a v\u00ed\u0159e ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologie<\/span> znala jasn\u011b strukturovan\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn boh\u016f ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed nebo kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteon<\/span> s odstup\u0148ovan\u00fdmi hodnostmi a rozd\u011blen\u00fdmi pravomocemi, v jeho\u017e r\u00e1mci zauj\u00edmal Voltumna vlastn\u00ed, politicko-n\u00e1bo\u017eensky vymezen\u00e9 postaven\u00ed. Kde star\u0161\u00ed studie vid\u011bly tento syst\u00e9m jako z\u00e1hadn\u00fd nebo ciz\u00ed, dnes v n\u011bm vid\u00edme samostatnou variantu st\u0159edomo\u0159sk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.<\/p><p>V n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch d\u011bjin\u00e1ch It\u00e1lie p\u016fsobili Etruskov\u00e9 jako prost\u0159edn\u00edci mezi \u0159eck\u00fdmi vlivy a vznikaj\u00edc\u00edm \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdm n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edm. Skute\u010dnost, \u017ee etrusk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytost uct\u00edvan\u00e1 jako bo\u017esk\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estvo<\/span> Voltumna \u017eilo d\u00e1l v \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9m Vertumnovi, je p\u0159\u00edkladem t\u00e9to zprost\u0159edkovatelsk\u00e9 role, kter\u00e1 vzbuzuje zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed religionistick\u00fd z\u00e1jem.<\/p><p>Religi\u00f3zn\u011b-etnologick\u00fd v\u00fdzkum posledn\u00edch desetilet\u00ed pohl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed na etrusk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed jako na uzav\u0159en\u00fd, religi\u00f3zn\u011b-fenomenologicky samostatn\u00fd syst\u00e9m. Star\u0161\u00ed tendence ch\u00e1pat je jako pouh\u00e9 odvozen\u00ed \u0159eck\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed ustoupila v\u00fdrazn\u011b diferencovan\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu pohledu, z n\u011bho\u017e profituje i pochopen\u00ed Voltumny.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jm\u00e9no a etymologie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Etrusk\u00e9 jm\u00e9no Veltha, resp. Velthune, je v latin\u011b tlumo\u010deno jako Voltumna nebo Vertumnus. Etymologie je nejist\u00e1; n\u00e1vrhy sahaj\u00ed od &#8218;rostouc\u00ed&#8216; (s odkazem na vertere, &#8218;obracet&#8216;) a\u017e po &#8218;prom\u011bnliv\u00fd&#8216;. Ve v\u00fdzkumu se diskutuje o souvislosti se sez\u00f3nn\u00ed prom\u011bnou vegetace.<\/p><p>Latinsk\u00fd Vertumnus je v \u0158\u00edm\u011b dolo\u017een jako b\u016fh prom\u011bny a vegetace; zda je toto\u017en\u00fd s Voltumnou, nebo se jedn\u00e1 o samostatn\u00e9 \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytost uct\u00edvan\u00e1 jako bo\u017esk\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estvo<\/span>, je p\u0159edm\u011btem diskuse. Etrusk\u00e9 prameny jsou v tomto ohledu bohat\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9.<\/p><p>Etru\u0161tina stoj\u00ed jazykov\u011b osamocen\u011b; je pova\u017eov\u00e1na za izolovan\u00fd jazyk nebo je hypoteticky p\u0159i\u0159azov\u00e1na k tyrs\u00e9nsk\u00e9 jazykov\u00e9 rodin\u011b, k n\u00ed\u017e p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b n\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed i lemn\u0161tina a r\u00e9t\u0161tina. Na rozlu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed text\u016f se pracuje od 19. stolet\u00ed a dosud nen\u00ed dokon\u010deno, co\u017e se t\u00fdk\u00e1 i v\u00fdkladu jmen jako Veltha nebo Velthune.<\/p><p>Rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed epigrafickou sb\u00edrkou etrusk\u00e9ho jazykov\u00e9ho korpusu je Editio Minor Helmuta Rixe. Dnes ji dopl\u0148uje Thesaurus Linguae Etruscae a online datab\u00e1ze ETP, Etruscan Texts Project, v nich\u017e lze dohledat i materi\u00e1l k Voltumnovi.<\/p><p>Ji\u017e ve <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha \u0159eck\u00e9 a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 kultury, p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 800 p\u0159. n. l. a\u017e 600 n. l.\" tabindex=\"0\">antice<\/span> se vedly spory o p\u016fvodu Etrusk\u016f: H\u00e9rodotos je odvozoval z L\u00fddie, Dion\u00fdsios z Halikarnassu je pova\u017eoval za dom\u00e1c\u00ed italsk\u00fd n\u00e1rod. Religionisticky je tato ot\u00e1zka d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1, proto\u017ee na n\u00ed z\u00e1vis\u00ed, zda etrusk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed vykazuje vazby na maloasijsk\u00e9 kulty.<\/p><p>Jazykov\u011bda a epigrafika dnes \u00fazce spolupracuj\u00ed. Digit\u00e1ln\u00ed edice etrusk\u00fdch text\u016f, Etruscan Texts Project (ETP), v\u00fdrazn\u011b usnad\u0148uje srovn\u00e1vac\u00ed v\u00fdzkum, nap\u0159\u00edklad teonym jako Veltha. Pr\u016fkopnick\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvky k tomuto t\u00e9matu p\u0159edlo\u017eili Marie-Laurence Haack a Vincent Jolivet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Popis a ikonografie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ikonografick\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed znalost\u00ed a vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d generacemi.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradice<\/span> Voltumny je pom\u011brn\u011b chud\u00e1. Na n\u011bkter\u00fdch etrusk\u00fdch minc\u00edch je vyobrazena mu\u017esk\u00e1 postava, kter\u00e1 je s Voltumnou identifikov\u00e1na. N\u011bkdy nese vegetativn\u00ed symboly &#8211; klasy, kv\u011btiny, hroznov\u00e9 r\u00e9vy &#8211; co\u017e by podpo\u0159ilo vegeta\u010dn\u00ed funkci.<\/p><p>V \u0158\u00edm\u011b je Vertumnus dolo\u017een slavnou sochou ve Vicus Tuscus, kter\u00e1 ho zobrazuje jako putuj\u00edc\u00ed vegeta\u010dn\u00ed bo\u017estvo. Tuto sochu zmi\u0148uje Propertius a dal\u0161\u00ed \u0159\u00edm\u0161t\u00ed auto\u0159i.<\/p><p>Z hlediska fenomenologie n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed je etrusk\u00e9 v\u00fdtvarn\u00e9 um\u011bn\u00ed nesm\u00edrn\u011b bohat\u00e9 a z\u00e1rove\u0148 hlavn\u00edm zdrojem na\u0161ich znalost\u00ed. Zrcadla, v\u00e1zy, hrobn\u00ed malby a bronzy tvo\u0159\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161inu materi\u00e1lu, zat\u00edmco <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed znalost\u00ed a vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d generacemi.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradice<\/span> t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se samotn\u00e9 Voltumny je pom\u011brn\u011b chud\u00e1. Larissa Bonfante ve sv\u00fdch studi\u00edch zd\u016fraznila, \u017ee tato obrazov\u00e1 \u0159e\u010d je samostatnou tradic\u00ed, a nikoli pouze odvozenou.<\/p><p>Prvo\u0159ad\u00fdm pramenem k n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed a eschatologii Etrusk\u016f je hrobn\u00ed malba, dochovan\u00e1 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v Tarquinii, Cerveteri a Vulci. Jej\u00ed obrazy zachycuj\u00ed hostiny, mytologick\u00e9 epizody, tanec a hudbu a vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed p\u0159edstavu z\u00e1hrob\u00ed, kter\u00e9 je poj\u00edm\u00e1no jako pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed pozemsk\u00e9ho \u017eivota.<\/p><p>Etrusk\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nauka o obsahu obraz\u016f a jejich v\u00fdznamu.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografie<\/span> up\u0159ednost\u0148uje kompozice s mnoha postavami, vypr\u00e1v\u011bc\u00ed n\u00e1znaky a symbolicky zhu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 obrazov\u00e9 v\u00fdpov\u011bdi. Rozkl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u00e9to obrazov\u00e9 \u0159e\u010di je \u00fakolem etrusk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 ikonografie.<\/p><p>Pro etrusk\u00e9 v\u00fdtvarn\u00e9 um\u011bn\u00ed je typick\u00e1 hutn\u00e1 vypr\u00e1v\u011bc\u00ed vrstevnatost: u\u017e jedin\u00e9 zrcadlo nebo v\u00e1za m\u016f\u017ee obsahovat n\u011bkolik mytologick\u00fdch odkaz\u016f najednou. Toto zhu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vy\u017eaduje od badatel\u016f pe\u010dlivou anal\u00fdzu dan\u00e9ho obrazov\u00e9ho kontextu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Voltumna a etrusk\u00fd spolek st\u00e1t\u016f<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dvan\u00e1ct etrusk\u00fdch hlavn\u00edch m\u011bst &#8211; Tarquinie, Caere, Vulci, Veje, Clusium, Volsinie, Cortona, Perugia, Arezzo, Volterra, Populonia a Roselle &#8211; tvo\u0159ilo n\u00e1bo\u017eensko-politick\u00fd svaz (dodekapolis), kter\u00fd se ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b sch\u00e1zel u Fanum Voltumnae. Toto shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed slou\u017eilo jak n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm, tak politick\u00fdm \u00fa\u010del\u016fm: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017estvu vyjad\u0159uj\u00edc\u00ed d\u00edky, prosbu nebo uct\u011bn\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">ob\u011bti<\/span>, spolkov\u00e1 rozhodnut\u00ed, spole\u010dn\u00e9 sv\u00e1tky.<\/p><p>Livius (4.23, 5.17) podrobn\u011b popisuje tato setk\u00e1n\u00ed spolku. Byla vzorem pro pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 concilium a z\u00e1sadn\u011b ovlivnila v\u00fdvoj politick\u00fdch instituc\u00ed v It\u00e1lii. V\u011bdecky je Voltumna tak p\u0159\u00edkladem &#8218;politick\u00e9ho boha&#8216;, jeho\u017e <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factypln\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f v\u016f\u010di bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 postav\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> nese st\u00e1tn\u00ed organizace.<\/p><p>Rozvinut\u00e1 vypr\u00e1v\u011bc\u00ed literatura, jakou zn\u00e1me z \u0159eck\u00e9 a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed znalost\u00ed a vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d generacemi.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradice<\/span>, pro etruskou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn dochovan\u00fdch vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o boz\u00edch ur\u010dit\u00e9 kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytologii<\/span> neexistuje. To, co v\u00edme, i o Voltumn\u011b, mus\u00ed b\u00fdt vyvozeno z obrazov\u00fdch zobrazen\u00ed, n\u00e1pis\u016f a zpr\u00e1v \u0159eck\u00fdch a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch autor\u016f. Tato nep\u0159\u00edm\u00e1 pramenn\u00e1 situace vy\u017eaduje zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed metodickou obez\u0159etnost.<\/p><p>Vztah mezi etruskou a \u0159eckou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn dochovan\u00fdch vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o boz\u00edch ur\u010dit\u00e9 kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytologi\u00ed<\/span> je mnohovrstevnat\u00fd. Etruskov\u00e9 sice p\u0159evzali \u0159adu \u0159eck\u00fdch l\u00e1tek, nap\u0159\u00edklad o Achilleovi, Odysseovi a Oidipovi, \u010dasto je ale p\u0159etv\u00e1\u0159eli a kladli vlastn\u00ed d\u016frazy. Jak tento proces p\u0159ej\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed prob\u00edhal, je p\u0159edm\u011btem d\u016fkladn\u00e9ho badatelsk\u00e9ho zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p><p>K etrusk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e1 nauka o Bohu a v\u00ed\u0159e ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologii<\/span> charakteristicky pat\u0159\u00ed rada boh\u016f, consensus deorum. Ani nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed b\u016fh Tinia nejedn\u00e1 s\u00e1m, ale rad\u00ed se s ostatn\u00edmi bohy, mezi n\u011b\u017e pat\u0159\u00ed i Voltumna jako spolkov\u00fd b\u016fh svazu st\u00e1t\u016f. Z hlediska fenomenologie n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed p\u0159edstavuje toto shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161tnost.<\/p><p>Uzav\u0159enou vypr\u00e1v\u011bc\u00ed tradici etrusk\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn dochovan\u00fdch vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o boz\u00edch ur\u010dit\u00e9 kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytologie<\/span> nezanechala; mus\u00ed b\u00fdt rekonstruov\u00e1na z obrazov\u00fdch sc\u00e9n, n\u00e1pis\u016f a druhotn\u00fdch pramen\u016f, co\u017e vy\u017eaduje pe\u010dlivou interpretaci. Pr\u00e1v\u011b u tak chud\u011b dochovan\u00e9 postavy jako Voltumna je p\u0159i tom d\u016fle\u017eitou metodou propojen\u00ed etrusk\u00e9ho n\u00e1pisu, \u0159eck\u00e9ho obrazov\u00e9ho vzoru a kontextov\u00e9ho \u010dten\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fanum Voltumnae<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fanum Voltumnae je nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed etrusk\u00e1 svazov\u00e1 svatyn\u011b. Jej\u00ed p\u0159esn\u00e1 lokalizace byla dlouho sporn\u00e1. Simonetta Stopponi od roku 2000 na m\u00edst\u011b Campo della Fiera u Orvieta vykopala rozs\u00e1hl\u00fd chr\u00e1mov\u00fd komplex, kter\u00fd je dnes s vysokou pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed identifikov\u00e1n jako Fanum Voltumnae.<\/p><p>Are\u00e1l zahrnuje n\u011bkolik <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m\u016f<\/span>, olt\u00e1\u0159\u016f, studn\u00ed a shroma\u017e\u010fovac\u00edch prostor\u016f. N\u00e1lezy sahaj\u00ed od 7. stolet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l. a\u017e do \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 doby. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Svat\u00e9 m\u00edsto zasv\u011bcen\u00e9 uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bo\u017estva.\" tabindex=\"0\">Svatyn\u011b<\/span> slou\u017eila nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u011b zhruba 1000 let jako n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 a politick\u00e9 centrum.<\/p><p>Disciplina Etrusca, uspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u00fd etrusk\u00fd v\u011b\u0161teck\u00fd syst\u00e9m, se d\u011bl\u00ed na v\u011b\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed z vnit\u0159nost\u00ed (haruspicina), v\u00fdklad blesk\u016f (fulguratio) a v\u011b\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed z letu pt\u00e1k\u016f (auspicia). Byla p\u0159evzata \u0158\u00edmany od Etrusk\u016f a z\u016fstala \u017eivou prax\u00ed a\u017e do 4. stolet\u00ed n. l. Podrobn\u00e9 popisy j\u00ed v\u011bnovali Cicero a Seneca.<\/p><p>Disciplina Etrusca se p\u0159ed\u00e1vala v samostatn\u00fdch kn\u011b\u017esk\u00fdch \u0161kol\u00e1ch. Mezi jej\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 spisy pat\u0159ily Libri Rituales, Libri Haruspicini a Libri Fulgurales. Tyto texty se nezachovaly, lze je v\u0161ak \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b rekonstruovat z citac\u00ed \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch autor\u016f, jako byli Cicero, Festus a Macrobius.<\/p><p>Etrusk\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factn\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f v\u016f\u010di bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 postav\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> byl siln\u011b v\u00e1z\u00e1n na jednotliv\u00e1 m\u011bsta. Ka\u017ed\u00e9 z v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch center, tedy Tarquinie, Caere, Vulci, Veje, Clusium, Volsinie, Cortona, Perugia, Arezzo, Volterra, Populonia a Roselle, p\u011bstovalo vlastn\u00ed hlavn\u00ed kulty a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 zvl\u00e1\u0161tnosti. Volsinie zauj\u00edmaly zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed postaven\u00ed, nebo\u0165 opatrovaly svazovou svatyni Voltumny.<\/p><p>Jako uzav\u0159en\u00fd n\u00e1bo\u017eensko-v\u011b\u0161teck\u00fd syst\u00e9m pat\u0159\u00ed Disciplina Etrusca k nejvysp\u011blej\u0161\u00edm v\u011b\u0161teck\u00fdm praktik\u00e1m antick\u00e9ho sv\u011bta. \u0158\u00edman\u00e9 ji systematicky p\u0159evzali a udr\u017eovali a\u017e do pozdn\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Obdob\u00ed \u0159eck\u00e9 a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 kultury, zhruba od 800 p\u0159. n. l. do 600 n. l.\" tabindex=\"0\">antiky<\/span>. Tato kontinuita je z hlediska d\u011bjin n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00e1.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult a ritu\u00e1ly<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kultovn\u00ed praxe ve Fanum Voltumnae zahrnovala <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017estvu vyjad\u0159uj\u00edc\u00ed d\u00edk, prosbu nebo \u00factu.\" tabindex=\"0\">ob\u011bti<\/span> (b\u00fdci, ovce, prasata), modlitby, proces\u00ed a slavnosti. Ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u00ed shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed byla d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdmi n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdmi i politick\u00fdmi ud\u00e1lostmi pro cel\u00fd etrusk\u00fd sv\u011bt.<\/p><p>Po \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9m dobyt\u00ed Volsini\u00ed (264 p\u0159. n. l.) nebyla Voltumnina <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Svat\u00e9 m\u00edsto zasv\u011bcen\u00e9 uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bo\u017estva.\" tabindex=\"0\">svatyn\u011b<\/span> opu\u0161t\u011bna; nad\u00e1le existovala v upraven\u00e9 podob\u011b a byla \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b zapojena do \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factn\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f v\u016f\u010di bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 postav\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultu<\/span>. Tato kontinuita dokl\u00e1d\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd v\u00fdznam Voltumny i po politick\u00e9m z\u00e1niku Etrurie.<\/p><p>Etrusk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1my<\/span> vykazuj\u00ed architektonick\u00e9 zvl\u00e1\u0161tnosti. Charakteristick\u00fd je tzv. tusk\u00e1nsk\u00fd styl, vlastn\u00ed sloupov\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d, kter\u00fd popisuje Vitruvius ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle De Architectura. P\u016fdorysy zd\u016fraz\u0148uj\u00ed cellu a \u0161irokou p\u0159edn\u00ed s\u00ed\u0148 a v\u00fdrazn\u011b se t\u00edm li\u0161\u00ed od \u0159eck\u00fdch vzor\u016f.<\/p><p>Mnoh\u00e9 etrusk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1my<\/span> byly monument\u00e1ln\u011b koncipov\u00e1ny. Iuppiter\u016fv <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> na \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9m Kapitolu byl nap\u0159\u00edklad postaven etrusk\u00fdmi architekty a um\u011blci, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm Vulcou z Vej\u00ed, a je pova\u017eov\u00e1n za architektonick\u00fd d\u016fkaz etrusk\u00e9 religiozity v ran\u00e9m \u0158\u00edm\u011b.<\/p><p>Ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b se svaz dvan\u00e1cti etrusk\u00fdch m\u011bst shroma\u017e\u010foval ve Fanum Voltumnae u Volsini\u00ed, kde se sou\u010dasn\u011b jednalo o n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch i politick\u00fdch z\u00e1le\u017eitostech. Voltumna byl svazov\u00fdm bo\u017estvem tohoto st\u00e1tn\u00edho svazu a jeho v\u00fdznam p\u0159esahoval jednotliv\u00e9 m\u011bstsk\u00e9 kulty.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ochrann\u00e9 tradice a politika<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Voltumna byl ochrann\u00fdm bohem cel\u00e9 etrusk\u00e9 ligy. Kdo se obracel na svaz, obracel se na Voltumnu. Toto politicko-n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 sep\u011bt\u00ed je v\u011bdecky zaj\u00edmav\u00e9: ukazuje n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed, kter\u00e9 neorganizovalo jen individu\u00e1ln\u00ed zbo\u017enost, ale i mezist\u00e1tn\u00ed vztahy.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Odvracej\u00edc\u00ed zlo: o znamen\u00edch a p\u0159edm\u011btech, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed zadr\u017eet \u0161kodliv\u00e9 vlivy.\" tabindex=\"0\">Apotropaicky<\/span> byla Voltumna vz\u00fdv\u00e1na p\u0159i zakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed m\u011bst, uzav\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed svazk\u016f a politick\u00fdch smlouv\u00e1ch. Tato praxe se \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b p\u0159enesla i do \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch ritu\u00e1l\u016f zakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed m\u011bst.<\/p><p>K etrusk\u00fdm ochrann\u00fdm zvyk\u016fm pat\u0159\u00ed \u0159ada odvracej\u00edc\u00edch znamen\u00ed: falick\u00e9 amulety, gorgoneiony, o\u010dn\u00ed symboly, bully a ur\u010dit\u00e9 formule. Obrazovou symboliku t\u011bchto apotropaick\u00fdch znamen\u00ed objasnila Larissa Bonfante ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle Etruscan Mirrors, vyd\u00e1van\u00e9m od roku 1980.<\/p><p>Odvracej\u00edc\u00ed symboly byly v etrusk\u00e9 kultu\u0159e velmi roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9, mimo jin\u00e9 oko Tinie, falick\u00e9 amulety a gorgoneiony. Zdobily <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1my<\/span> i hroby, stejn\u011b jako dom\u00e1c\u00ed svatyn\u011b a osobn\u00ed majetek. V \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 i \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed st\u0159edomo\u0159sk\u00e9 lidov\u00e9 v\u00ed\u0159e tato praxe p\u0159e\u017e\u00edvala d\u00e1l.<\/p><p>V etrusk\u00e9m kontextu bylo ochrann\u00e9 jedn\u00e1n\u00ed \u00fazce spojeno s Disciplina Etrusca. P\u0159ed ka\u017ed\u00fdm d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm po\u010dinem, a\u0165 \u0161lo o zalo\u017een\u00ed m\u011bsta, v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 ta\u017een\u00ed nebo stavbu domu, se pomoc\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u00fdklad znamen\u00ed za \u00fa\u010delem pozn\u00e1n\u00ed skryt\u00e9ho nebo budouc\u00edho.\" tabindex=\"0\">v\u011b\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed<\/span> zji\u0161\u0165ovala v\u016fle boh\u016f, co\u017e platilo i pro politick\u00e1 rozhodnut\u00ed svazu kolem Voltumny.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralely v jin\u00fdch kultur\u00e1ch<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Voltumnu lze srovn\u00e1vat s jin\u00fdmi spolkov\u00fdmi bohy: se Zeusem Hellaniem (panhel\u00e9nsk\u00fdm Zeusem), s Diespiterem Latiarisem (latinsk\u00fdm Iuppiterem) nebo s Jahvem v jeho funkci izraelsk\u00e9ho smluvn\u00edho boha. Spojen\u00ed politick\u00e9 konfederace a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factn\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f v\u016f\u010di bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 postav\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultu<\/span> je b\u011b\u017en\u00fd jev v d\u011bjin\u00e1ch antick\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.<\/p><p>Zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b paralela s pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edm Iuppiterem Latiarisem latinsk\u00e9ho spolku je historicky pou\u010dn\u00e1. Oba spolkov\u00e9 kulty se sch\u00e1zely jednou ro\u010dn\u011b na centr\u00e1ln\u00edm m\u00edst\u011b, oba m\u011bly politickou funkci a oba p\u0159e\u017eily politick\u00e9 prom\u011bny.<\/p><p>D\u00edky interpretatio Romana z\u00edskala etrusk\u00e1 bo\u017estva \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e1 jm\u00e9na: Tinia se stal Iuppiterem, Uni Iunonou, Menrva Minervou a Voltumna p\u0159etrval v \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9m Vertumnovi. Takov\u00e1 ztoto\u017en\u011bn\u00ed nebyla zpravidla \u00fapln\u00e1, ale zd\u016fraz\u0148ovala jen d\u00edl\u010d\u00ed aspekty. V\u00fdzkum posledn\u00edch pades\u00e1ti let odhaluje, kter\u00e9 etrusk\u00e9 zvl\u00e1\u0161tnosti se p\u0159i tom zachovaly.<\/p><p>Etrusk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed vykazuje mnoh\u00e9 sty\u010dn\u00e9 body s anatolsk\u00fdmi, f\u00e9nick\u00fdmi a p\u0159edoasijsk\u00fdmi tradicemi. F\u00e9nickou v\u00fdm\u011bnu dokl\u00e1daj\u00ed zejm\u00e9na desky z Pyrgi. Toto propojen\u00ed v r\u00e1mci cel\u00e9ho St\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ed je ji\u017e n\u011bkolik desetilet\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm polem v\u00fdzkumu.<\/p><p>Z pohledu srovn\u00e1vac\u00edho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed pat\u0159\u00ed etrusk\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factn\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f v\u016f\u010di bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 postav\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> do \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed st\u0159edomo\u0159sk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 rodiny a je ve vztahu k \u0158ecku, F\u00e9nicii, Egyptu, Anatolii a Latiu. Toto zasazen\u00ed je v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm polem v\u00fdzkumu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sou\u010dasn\u00fd v\u00fdzkum<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V\u00fdzkum Voltumny za\u017eil od dvac\u00e1t\u00fdch let dvac\u00e1t\u00fdch let (2000. let) obrovsk\u00fd rozmach d\u00edky vykop\u00e1vk\u00e1m na Campo della Fiera (Simonetta Stopponi, Universita di Perugia). Ro\u010dn\u00ed zpr\u00e1vy z vykop\u00e1vek a n\u011bkolik monografi\u00ed dokumentuj\u00ed n\u00e1lezy.<\/p><p>Tak\u00e9 mezioborov\u00e9 studie o etrusk\u00e9 st\u00e1tnosti (Mauro Cristofani, Adriano Maggiani) zahrnuj\u00ed Voltumnu systematicky. Jeho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factn\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f v\u016f\u010di bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 postav\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> je kl\u00ed\u010dem k pochopen\u00ed etrusk\u00e9ho federalismu.<\/p><p>Etrusk\u00fdm n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edm se dnes zab\u00fdv\u00e1 mezin\u00e1rodn\u011b propojen\u00fd v\u00fdzkum. K v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm pracovi\u0161t\u00edm pat\u0159\u00ed univerzity ve Florencii, \u0158\u00edm\u011b (Sapienza), Pise, T\u00fcbingenu a Princetonu. Ro\u010dn\u011b je t\u00e9matu v\u011bnov\u00e1no n\u011bkolik mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch konferenc\u00ed zam\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch na jednotliv\u00e9 aspekty.<\/p><p>Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed projekty zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 na etrusk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed dnes vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed digit\u00e1ln\u00ed metody: trojrozm\u011brn\u00e9 skeny chr\u00e1m\u016f a hrob\u016f, datab\u00e1ze n\u00e1pis\u016f a obrazov\u00fdch pramen\u016f a anal\u00fdzy s\u00eddeln\u00ed struktury pomoc\u00ed GIS. Tyto metody umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed nov\u00e9 poznatky, nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159i lokalizaci kultovn\u00edch m\u00edst, jako je Fanum Voltumnae.<\/p><p>\u0160ir\u0161\u00ed ve\u0159ejnosti je sou\u010dasn\u00fd etrusk\u00fd v\u00fdzkum zprost\u0159edkov\u00e1v\u00e1n prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm v\u00fdstav, nap\u0159\u00edklad ve Vatik\u00e1nsk\u00e9m muzeu, v Museo Nazionale Etrusco di Villa Giulia a v Boston Museum of Fine Arts, a tak\u00e9 prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm \u010detn\u00fdch publikac\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Prameny a stav v\u00fdzkumu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi prameny pro v\u00fdzkum Voltumny jsou archeologick\u00e9 n\u00e1lezy z Campo della Fiera, etrusk\u00e9 n\u00e1pisy, zm\u00ednky u Livia, \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 prameny o Vertumnovi a epigrafick\u00e9 n\u00e1lezy z etrusk\u00fdch m\u011bst.<\/p><p>Hlub\u0161\u00ed zasazen\u00ed do <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/etruske-nabozenstvi-haruspex-disciplina-praxe\/\">etrusk\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch d\u011bjin<\/a> jako celku ukazuje, jak lze Voltumnu ch\u00e1pat ve vztahov\u00e9m r\u00e1mci s Tini\u00ed, Uni, Menrvou a ostatn\u00edmi Atua, se specifikem, \u017ee je definov\u00e1n prim\u00e1rn\u011b politicko-n\u00e1bo\u017eensky.<\/p><p>Prameny k etrusk\u00e9mu n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed jsou nesourod\u00e9: epigrafick\u00e1 sv\u011bdectv\u00ed, shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00e1 v Editio Minor Helmuta Rixe, archeologick\u00e9 n\u00e1lezy, obrazov\u00e9 prameny a sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed literatura. Tato pestrost vy\u017eaduje mezioborov\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup a nov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdzkum systematicky propojuje filologii, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bda, kter\u00e1 zkoum\u00e1 minul\u00e9 kultury na z\u00e1klad\u011b hmotn\u00fdch n\u00e1lez\u016f.\" tabindex=\"0\">archeologii<\/span>, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bda, kter\u00e1 srovn\u00e1v\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed bez vazby na v\u00edru.\" tabindex=\"0\">religionistiku<\/span> a antropologii.<\/p><p>V\u011bcn\u011b p\u0159im\u011b\u0159en\u00e1 kritika pramen\u016f p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 znalost jak p\u016fvodn\u00edch etrusk\u00fdch sv\u011bdectv\u00ed, tak \u0159ecko-\u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed tradice. Pr\u00e1v\u011b u Voltumny, jeho\u017e \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e1 obdoba Vertumnus zanechala bohat\u0161\u00ed stopy ne\u017e n\u011bkter\u00e9 etrusk\u00e9 prameny, je tento dvoj\u00ed pohled nezbytn\u00fd.<\/p><p>Kdo chce Voltumnu d\u016fkladn\u011b zasadit do n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch d\u011bjin, mus\u00ed m\u00edt p\u0159ehled jak o epigrafick\u00fdch, archeologick\u00fdch a liter\u00e1rn\u00edch pramenech, tak o metod\u00e1ch modern\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bda, kter\u00e1 srovn\u00e1v\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed bez vazby na v\u00edru.\" tabindex=\"0\">religionistiky<\/span>. Toto vrstevnat\u00e9 zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed je ve v\u00fdzkumu standardem.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26cedd68 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp26cedd68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2a98cf47 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2a98cf47\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fanum Voltumnae: spolkov\u00e1 svatyn\u011b etrusk\u00fdch m\u011bst<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2a6b7f9c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2a6b7f9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e7a2c06 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2e7a2c06\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Voltumna, kter\u00e9ho \u0159\u00edm\u0161t\u00ed auto\u0159i naz\u00fdvali tak\u00e9 <em>Vertumnus<\/em>, je pevn\u011b spojen s ur\u010dit\u00fdm kultovn\u00edm m\u00edstem, <em>Fanum Voltumnae<\/em>. \u0158\u00edmsk\u00fd historik Titus Livius opakovan\u011b uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee se z\u00e1stupci etrusk\u00fdch m\u011bst sch\u00e1zeli v tomto <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u00edsto zasv\u011bcen\u00e9 uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bo\u017estva.\" tabindex=\"0\">svatost\u00e1nku<\/span>, aby projedn\u00e1vali spole\u010dn\u00e9 z\u00e1le\u017eitosti, rozhodovali o v\u00e1lce a m\u00edru a po\u0159\u00e1dali n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 sv\u00e1tky spojen\u00e9 s hrami.<\/p><p><em>Fanum Voltumnae<\/em> tak bylo sou\u010dasn\u011b n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm centrem a politick\u00fdm shroma\u017e\u010fovac\u00edm m\u00edstem etrusk\u00e9ho spolku m\u011bst.<\/p><p>P\u0159esn\u00e1 lokalita svatyn\u011b byla dlouho nezn\u00e1m\u00e1 a byla p\u0159edm\u011btem r\u016fzn\u00fdch hypot\u00e9z. Od za\u010d\u00e1tku dvac\u00e1t\u00fdch let dvac\u00e1t\u00e9ho prvn\u00edho stolet\u00ed se badatel\u00e9 soust\u0159ed\u00ed na lokalitu Campo della Fiera u Orvieta, antick\u00e9ho <em>Velzny<\/em> neboli Volsini\u00ed.<\/p><p>Vykop\u00e1vky veden\u00e9 Simonettou Stopponi zde odkryly rozs\u00e1hl\u00fd svaty\u0148ov\u00fd okrsek se z\u00e1klady chr\u00e1m\u016f, olt\u00e1\u0159i, votivn\u00edmi dary a dlouhou histori\u00ed u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed. Ztoto\u017en\u011bn\u00ed s <em>Fanum Voltumnae<\/em> pova\u017euje mnoho badatel\u016f za pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, nen\u00ed v\u0161ak, jako u \u0159ady etrusk\u00fdch n\u00e1lez\u016f, potvrzeno jednozna\u010dn\u00fdm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Text vyryt\u00fd nebo vytesan\u00fd do pevn\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu.\" tabindex=\"0\">n\u00e1pisem<\/span>.<\/p><p>N\u00e1lezy z Campo della Fiera ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee m\u00edsto z\u016fstalo v u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed i po etrusk\u00e9m obdob\u00ed, v dob\u011b \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 a dokonce je\u0161t\u011b v pozdn\u00ed antice.<\/p><p>To odpov\u00edd\u00e1 pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed, \u017ee Voltumn\u016fv <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factypln\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f v\u016f\u010di bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 bytosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> p\u0159etrval i po \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9m dobyt\u00ed Volsini\u00ed a b\u016fh byl v \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 podob\u011b uct\u00edv\u00e1n d\u00e1le jako <em>Vertumnus<\/em>. Spolkov\u00e9 svatyn\u011b ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee etrusk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed nebylo pouze z\u00e1le\u017eitost\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch m\u011bst, ale m\u011blo i nadregion\u00e1ln\u00ed, identitu utv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00edc\u00ed funkci.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d8ceefe e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2d8ceefe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22e8ff58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp22e8ff58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Voltumna, Vertumnus a ot\u00e1zka po povaze boha<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp246f5f53 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp246f5f53\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26b57471 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp26b57471\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O povaze Voltumny neexistuje ve v\u00fdzkumu shoda, co\u017e souvis\u00ed se zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed povahou pramen\u016f.<\/p><p>\u0158\u00edmsk\u00fd u\u010denec Varro ozna\u010duje Voltumnu za nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho boha Etrurie, <em>deus Etruriae princeps<\/em>. Jin\u00e1 sv\u011bdectv\u00ed nazna\u010duj\u00ed boha vegetace \u010di prom\u011bny, co\u017e podporuje zejm\u00e9na \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e1 postava <em>Vertumna<\/em>, spojovan\u00e1 se zm\u011bnou ro\u010dn\u00edch obdob\u00ed a zr\u00e1n\u00edm plod\u016f.<\/p><p>B\u00e1sn\u00edk Properz nech\u00e1v\u00e1 <em>Vertumna<\/em> v proslul\u00e9 elegii promlouvat samotn\u00e9ho a op\u011bvovat jeho schopnost prom\u011bny.<\/p><p>Probl\u00e9m je v tom, \u017ee tato sv\u011bdectv\u00ed poch\u00e1zej\u00ed z \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 perspektivy a byla formulov\u00e1na stalet\u00ed po vrcholn\u00e9 dob\u011b etrusk\u00e9ho kultu. Zda byl Voltumna p\u016fvodn\u011b bohem vegetace, politick\u00fdm spolkov\u00fdm bohem nebo komplexn\u00edm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytost uct\u00edvan\u00e1 jako bo\u017esk\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estvem<\/span> s n\u011bkolika aspekty, nelze z m\u00e1la etrusk\u00fdch vlastn\u00edch sv\u011bdectv\u00ed rozhodnout.<\/p><p>Samotn\u00e9 jm\u00e9no je podle n\u011bkter\u00fdch badatel\u016f spojov\u00e1no s ko\u0159enem znamenaj\u00edc\u00edm ot\u00e1\u010det nebo m\u011bnit, co\u017e by odpov\u00eddalo t\u00e9matu prom\u011bny, av\u0161ak ani tato etymologie nen\u00ed potvrzen\u00e1.<\/p><p>Voltumna je tak p\u0159\u00edkladem z\u00e1kladn\u00edho probl\u00e9mu etruskologie: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytost uct\u00edvan\u00e1 jako bo\u017esk\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estvo<\/span> m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt dob\u0159e dosv\u011bd\u010deno <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha \u0159eck\u00e9 a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 kultury, p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 800 p\u0159. n. l. a\u017e 600 n. l.\" tabindex=\"0\">antick\u00fdmi<\/span> autory, a p\u0159esto z\u016fstat ve sv\u00e9 p\u016fvodn\u00ed podstat\u011b nejasn\u00e9, proto\u017ee sv\u011bdectv\u00ed jsou pozdn\u00ed, ciz\u00ed a zaujat\u00e9.<\/p><p>Seri\u00f3zn\u00ed pr\u00e1ce proto zpravidla uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed n\u011bkolik v\u00fdklad\u016f vedle sebe, ani\u017e by se p\u0159iklonily k jedin\u00e9mu. Jist\u00e9 je jen v\u00fdsadn\u00ed postaven\u00ed boha jako referen\u010dn\u00edho bodu etrusk\u00e9ho spolku m\u011bst.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (v\u00fdb\u011br)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Simonetta Stopponi: <em>Il Santuario di Voltumna al Campo della Fiera<\/em> (v\u00edce svazk\u016f)<\/li><li>Mauro Cristofani: <em>Gli Etruschi<\/em> (1984)<\/li><li>Massimo Pallottino: <em>Die Etrusker<\/em> (1942)<\/li><li>Larissa Bonfante: <em>Etruscan Mythology<\/em> (2006)<\/li><li>Adriano Maggiani: p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvky k etrusk\u00e9mu n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed<\/li><li>Livius: <em>Ab Urbe Condita<\/em> (4.23, 5.17)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-voltumna e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-voltumna\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-voltumna-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-voltumna-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Voltumna, naz\u00fdvan\u00fd tak\u00e9 Veltha nebo Vertumnus, byl <strong>bo\u017esk\u00fdm<\/strong> ochr\u00e1ncem dvan\u00e1cti m\u011bst etrusk\u00e9ho spolku. Jeho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u00edsto zasv\u011bcen\u00e9 uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bo\u017estva.\" tabindex=\"0\">svatyn\u011b<\/span>, <em>Fanum Voltumnae<\/em> u Volsini\u00ed, slou\u017eila podle Livia jako ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u00ed shroma\u017e\u010fovac\u00ed m\u00edsto z\u00e1stupc\u016f spolku, kde se spole\u010dn\u011b projedn\u00e1valy n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9, politick\u00e9 a pr\u00e1vn\u00ed ot\u00e1zky.<\/p><p>Jako bo\u017esk\u00fd referen\u010dn\u00ed bod ligy tak Voltumna st\u00e1l m\u00e9n\u011b ve st\u0159edu dom\u00e1c\u00edho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factypln\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f v\u016f\u010di bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 bytosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultu<\/span> a v\u00edce v centru st\u00e1tn\u00ed reprezentace, \u010d\u00edm\u017e zaji\u0161\u0165oval ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed pojivo mezi jinak samostatn\u00fdmi m\u011bstsk\u00fdmi st\u00e1ty.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-voltumna e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-voltumna\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-voltumna-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-voltumna-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Etrusk\u00fd <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o boz\u00edch, po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch a \u0159\u00e1du sv\u011bta.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00fdtus<\/span><\/em> uv\u00e1d\u00ed Voltumnu jako nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho spolkov\u00e9ho boha dvan\u00e1cti m\u011bst; v jeho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u00edsto zasv\u011bcen\u00e9 uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bo\u017estva.\" tabindex=\"0\">svatyni<\/span>, Fanum Voltumnae u Volsini\u00ed, se z\u00e1stupci etrusk\u00e9 ligy sch\u00e1zeli ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b k jedn\u00e1n\u00ed a slavnostn\u00edmu kultu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Souvisej\u00edc\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 pojmy: Voltumna Etruskov\u00e9 Fanum Voltumnae liga dodekapolis Volsinie Vertumnus Campo della Fiera.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-voltumna\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard a ochrann\u00e9 tradice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard navazuje na kulturn\u011b-historickou tradici p\u0159enosn\u00fdch ochrann\u00fdch p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f, v tradici <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/etruske-nabozenstvi-haruspex-disciplina-praxe\/\">etrusk\u00e9 kultury<\/a> a mnoha dal\u0161\u00edch kultur po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b. 41 vrstev, ryz\u00ed zlato, platina, st\u0159\u00edbro, vyrobeno v N\u011bmecku. 30denn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo na vr\u00e1cen\u00ed.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">V\u00edce o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">V\u00edce o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Osobn\u00ed zku\u0161enosti se mohou li\u0161it. Nejedn\u00e1 se o zdravotnick\u00fd prost\u0159edek. Nen\u00ed slibem l\u00e9\u010div\u00e9ho \u00fa\u010dinku.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>nen\u00ed zdravotnick\u00fd prost\u0159edek<\/strong> a nenahrazuje l\u00e9ka\u0159skou ani psychoterapeutickou l\u00e9\u010dbu. Religionistick\u00fd obsah p\u0159edstavuje kulturn\u011b-historick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed, nikoli doporu\u010den\u00ed duchovn\u00ed praxe.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2824,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Voltumna etrusk\u00e1 liga","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Voltumna - etrusk\u00fd b\u016fh spolku, m\u00fdtus","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Voltumna je b\u016fh spolku etrusk\u00e9ho m\u011bstsk\u00e9ho svazu, uct\u00edvan\u00fd ve Fanum Voltumnae. Religionistick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed s m\u00fdtem a prameny.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"etruskisch","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-145479","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Voltumna - etrusk\u00fd b\u016fh spolku, m\u00fdtus<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Voltumna je b\u016fh spolku etrusk\u00e9ho m\u011bstsk\u00e9ho svazu, uct\u00edvan\u00fd ve Fanum Voltumnae. Religionistick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed s m\u00fdtem a prameny.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/voltumna-buh-etruskeho-svazu\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Voltumna - b\u016fh spolku etrusk\u00e9ho m\u011bstsk\u00e9ho svazu\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Voltumna je b\u016fh spolku etrusk\u00e9ho m\u011bstsk\u00e9ho svazu, uct\u00edvan\u00fd ve Fanum Voltumnae. Religionistick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed s m\u00fdtem a prameny.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/voltumna-buh-etruskeho-svazu\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"iWell Guard\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-09-03T16:57:12+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_voltumna-1.webp\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1024\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1536\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/webp\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/cs\\\/voltumna-buh-etruskeho-svazu\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/cs\\\/voltumna-buh-etruskeho-svazu\\\/\",\"name\":\"Voltumna - etrusk\u00fd b\u016fh spolku, m\u00fdtus\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/cs\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/cs\\\/voltumna-buh-etruskeho-svazu\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/cs\\\/voltumna-buh-etruskeho-svazu\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/05\\\/goetter_etruskisch_voltumna-1.webp\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-09-03T16:30:47+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-09-03T16:57:12+00:00\",\"description\":\"Voltumna je b\u016fh spolku etrusk\u00e9ho m\u011bstsk\u00e9ho svazu, uct\u00edvan\u00fd ve Fanum Voltumnae. Religionistick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed s m\u00fdtem a prameny.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/cs\\\/voltumna-buh-etruskeho-svazu\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"cs\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/cs\\\/voltumna-buh-etruskeho-svazu\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"cs\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/cs\\\/voltumna-buh-etruskeho-svazu\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/05\\\/goetter_etruskisch_voltumna-1.webp\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/05\\\/goetter_etruskisch_voltumna-1.webp\",\"width\":1024,\"height\":1536,\"caption\":\"B\u016fh z etrusk\u00e9 tradice.\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/cs\\\/voltumna-buh-etruskeho-svazu\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Start\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/cs\\\/?page_id=145107\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Voltumna &#8211; b\u016fh spolku etrusk\u00e9ho m\u011bstsk\u00e9ho svazu\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/cs\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/cs\\\/\",\"name\":\"iWell Guard\",\"description\":\"Schutz vor dunklen Einfl\u00fcssen\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/cs\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/cs\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"cs\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/cs\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Ittermann electronic GmbH\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/cs\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"cs\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/cs\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/05\\\/Ittermann-Logo-1182x237-1.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/05\\\/Ittermann-Logo-1182x237-1.png\",\"width\":1182,\"height\":237,\"caption\":\"Ittermann electronic GmbH\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/cs\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/pantip.com\\\/profile\\\/9367242\",\"https:\\\/\\\/micro.blog\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.diggerslist.com\\\/iwellguard\\\/about\",\"https:\\\/\\\/skitterphoto.com\\\/photographers\\\/2870314\\\/iwell-guard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/iwellguard.wordpress.com\\\/2026\\\/06\\\/06\\\/iwell-guard\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/hub.docker.com\\\/u\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.pinterest.com\\\/iwellguard\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/bit.ly\\\/m\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/entre-vos-mains.alsace.eu\\\/profiles\\\/iwellguard\\\/activity\",\"https:\\\/\\\/gravatar.com\\\/reallybeded8fd34\",\"https:\\\/\\\/naijamatta.com\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.goodreads.com\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/profile.hatena.ne.jp\\\/iwellguard\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/experiment.com\\\/users\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/wakelet.com\\\/@iWellGuard82270\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.chordie.com\\\/forum\\\/profile.php?id=2555664\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.instapaper.com\\\/p\\\/17757966\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.mapleprimes.com\\\/users\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/businesslistingplus.com\\\/profile\\\/iwell-guard\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/telegra.ph\\\/iWell-Guard-06-06\",\"https:\\\/\\\/pbase.com\\\/iwellguard\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/b.hatena.ne.jp\\\/iwellguard\\\/20260607#bookmark-4788405196491818882\",\"https:\\\/\\\/fliphtml5.com\\\/home\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/anyflip.com\\\/homepage\\\/cmiwl#About\",\"https:\\\/\\\/transfur.com\\\/Users\\\/iwellguard\",\"http:\\\/\\\/delphi.larsbo.org\\\/user\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/jobs.lajobsportal.org\\\/profiles\\\/8380803-iwell-guard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/md.chaosdorf.de\\\/s\\\/jfbe5SBdJD\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.lingvolive.com\\\/en-us\\\/profile\\\/9ecaeaca-ce11-4e51-9e71-01d55e2bff36\\\/translations\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.fitday.com\\\/fitness\\\/forums\\\/members\\\/iwellguard.html\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.mymeetbook.com\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/pxhere.com\\\/en\\\/photographer-me\\\/5040798\",\"https:\\\/\\\/disqus.com\\\/by\\\/iwellguard\\\/about\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/pastelink.net\\\/hjwciqwq\",\"https:\\\/\\\/pubhtml5.com\\\/homepage\\\/scjhn\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.bitchute.com\\\/channel\\\/2O2eOKzNqujT\",\"https:\\\/\\\/audiomack.com\\\/iwellguard\"]},{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/cs\\\/voltumna-buh-etruskeho-svazu\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/cs\\\/voltumna-buh-etruskeho-svazu\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Ralf Ittermann\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/cs\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/ee2a27f1cac3406c7c6fb5820cb7349f\"},\"headline\":\"Voltumna &#8211; b\u016fh spolku etrusk\u00e9ho m\u011bstsk\u00e9ho svazu\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-09-03T16:30:47+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-09-03T16:57:12+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/cs\\\/voltumna-buh-etruskeho-svazu\\\/\"},\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/cs\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/cs\\\/voltumna-buh-etruskeho-svazu\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/05\\\/goetter_etruskisch_voltumna-1.webp\",\"inLanguage\":\"cs\",\"description\":\"Voltumna je b\u016fh spolku etrusk\u00e9ho m\u011bstsk\u00e9ho svazu, uct\u00edvan\u00fd ve Fanum Voltumnae. Religionistick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed s m\u00fdtem a prameny.\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Voltumna - etrusk\u00fd b\u016fh spolku, m\u00fdtus","description":"Voltumna je b\u016fh spolku etrusk\u00e9ho m\u011bstsk\u00e9ho svazu, uct\u00edvan\u00fd ve Fanum Voltumnae. Religionistick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed s m\u00fdtem a prameny.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/voltumna-buh-etruskeho-svazu\/","og_locale":"cs_CZ","og_type":"article","og_title":"Voltumna - b\u016fh spolku etrusk\u00e9ho m\u011bstsk\u00e9ho svazu","og_description":"Voltumna je b\u016fh spolku etrusk\u00e9ho m\u011bstsk\u00e9ho svazu, uct\u00edvan\u00fd ve Fanum Voltumnae. Religionistick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed s m\u00fdtem a prameny.","og_url":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/voltumna-buh-etruskeho-svazu\/","og_site_name":"iWell Guard","article_modified_time":"2026-09-03T16:57:12+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1024,"height":1536,"url":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_voltumna-1.webp","type":"image\/webp"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/voltumna-buh-etruskeho-svazu\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/voltumna-buh-etruskeho-svazu\/"},"author":{"name":"Ralf Ittermann","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/#\/schema\/person\/ee2a27f1cac3406c7c6fb5820cb7349f"},"headline":"Voltumna &#8211; b\u016fh spolku etrusk\u00e9ho m\u011bstsk\u00e9ho svazu","datePublished":"2026-09-03T16:30:47+00:00","dateModified":"2026-09-03T16:57:12+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/voltumna-buh-etruskeho-svazu\/"},"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/voltumna-buh-etruskeho-svazu\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_voltumna-1.webp","inLanguage":"cs","description":"Voltumna je b\u016fh spolku etrusk\u00e9ho m\u011bstsk\u00e9ho svazu, uct\u00edvan\u00fd ve Fanum Voltumnae. Religionistick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed s m\u00fdtem a prameny."},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/voltumna-buh-etruskeho-svazu\/","url":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/voltumna-buh-etruskeho-svazu\/","name":"Voltumna - etrusk\u00fd b\u016fh spolku, m\u00fdtus","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/voltumna-buh-etruskeho-svazu\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/voltumna-buh-etruskeho-svazu\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_voltumna-1.webp","datePublished":"2026-09-03T16:30:47+00:00","dateModified":"2026-09-03T16:57:12+00:00","description":"Voltumna je b\u016fh spolku etrusk\u00e9ho m\u011bstsk\u00e9ho svazu, uct\u00edvan\u00fd ve Fanum Voltumnae. Religionistick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed s m\u00fdtem a prameny.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/voltumna-buh-etruskeho-svazu\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"cs","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/voltumna-buh-etruskeho-svazu\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"cs","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/voltumna-buh-etruskeho-svazu\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_voltumna-1.webp","contentUrl":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_voltumna-1.webp","width":1024,"height":1536,"caption":"B\u016fh z etrusk\u00e9 tradice."},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/voltumna-buh-etruskeho-svazu\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Start","item":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145107"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Voltumna &#8211; b\u016fh spolku etrusk\u00e9ho m\u011bstsk\u00e9ho svazu"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/#website","url":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/","name":"iWell Guard","description":"Schutz vor dunklen Einfl\u00fcssen","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"cs"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/#organization","name":"Ittermann electronic GmbH","url":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"cs","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Ittermann-Logo-1182x237-1.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Ittermann-Logo-1182x237-1.png","width":1182,"height":237,"caption":"Ittermann electronic GmbH"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/pantip.com\/profile\/9367242","https:\/\/micro.blog\/iwellguard","https:\/\/www.diggerslist.com\/iwellguard\/about","https:\/\/skitterphoto.com\/photographers\/2870314\/iwell-guard","https:\/\/iwellguard.wordpress.com\/2026\/06\/06\/iwell-guard\/","https:\/\/hub.docker.com\/u\/iwellguard","https:\/\/www.pinterest.com\/iwellguard\/","https:\/\/bit.ly\/m\/iwellguard","https:\/\/entre-vos-mains.alsace.eu\/profiles\/iwellguard\/activity","https:\/\/gravatar.com\/reallybeded8fd34","https:\/\/naijamatta.com\/iwellguard","https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/iwellguard","https:\/\/profile.hatena.ne.jp\/iwellguard\/","https:\/\/experiment.com\/users\/iwellguard","https:\/\/wakelet.com\/@iWellGuard82270","https:\/\/www.chordie.com\/forum\/profile.php?id=2555664","https:\/\/www.instapaper.com\/p\/17757966","https:\/\/www.mapleprimes.com\/users\/iwellguard","https:\/\/businesslistingplus.com\/profile\/iwell-guard\/","https:\/\/telegra.ph\/iWell-Guard-06-06","https:\/\/pbase.com\/iwellguard\/iwellguard","https:\/\/b.hatena.ne.jp\/iwellguard\/20260607#bookmark-4788405196491818882","https:\/\/fliphtml5.com\/home\/iwellguard","https:\/\/anyflip.com\/homepage\/cmiwl#About","https:\/\/transfur.com\/Users\/iwellguard","http:\/\/delphi.larsbo.org\/user\/iwellguard","https:\/\/jobs.lajobsportal.org\/profiles\/8380803-iwell-guard","https:\/\/md.chaosdorf.de\/s\/jfbe5SBdJD","https:\/\/www.lingvolive.com\/en-us\/profile\/9ecaeaca-ce11-4e51-9e71-01d55e2bff36\/translations","https:\/\/www.fitday.com\/fitness\/forums\/members\/iwellguard.html","https:\/\/www.mymeetbook.com\/iwellguard","https:\/\/pxhere.com\/en\/photographer-me\/5040798","https:\/\/disqus.com\/by\/iwellguard\/about\/","https:\/\/pastelink.net\/hjwciqwq","https:\/\/pubhtml5.com\/homepage\/scjhn\/","https:\/\/www.bitchute.com\/channel\/2O2eOKzNqujT","https:\/\/audiomack.com\/iwellguard"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/#\/schema\/person\/ee2a27f1cac3406c7c6fb5820cb7349f","name":"Ralf Ittermann","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"cs","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/073c0153e350a5005b68eb752b445fea71f6b24a26da9449ad7e155e6b446c9d?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/073c0153e350a5005b68eb752b445fea71f6b24a26da9449ad7e155e6b446c9d?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/073c0153e350a5005b68eb752b445fea71f6b24a26da9449ad7e155e6b446c9d?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Ralf Ittermann"},"givenName":"Ralf","familyName":"Ittermann","jobTitle":"Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer und redaktioneller Verantwortlicher","url":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/author\/claude\/","description":"Ralf Ittermann ist Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der Ittermann electronic GmbH und redaktioneller Verantwortlicher des iWell-Guard-Lexikons. Er verbindet langj\u00e4hrige Erfahrung in der Pr\u00e4zisionsfertigung mit medialer Praxis und religionsgeschichtlicher Quellenarbeit.","worksFor":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Ittermann electronic GmbH","url":"https:\/\/ittermann.de\/","address":{"@type":"PostalAddress","streetAddress":"K\u00f6hlergasse 16-18","postalCode":"99842","addressLocality":"Ruhla","addressCountry":"DE"}},"knowsAbout":["Religionsgeschichte","Mythologie","Mediale Praxis","Energetische Diagnostik","Schutzpraxis","Volksglauben","Westliche Esoterik"]},{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/voltumna-buh-etruskeho-svazu\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/voltumna-buh-etruskeho-svazu\/"},"author":{"name":"Ralf Ittermann","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/#\/schema\/person\/ee2a27f1cac3406c7c6fb5820cb7349f"},"headline":"Voltumna &#8211; b\u016fh spolku etrusk\u00e9ho m\u011bstsk\u00e9ho svazu","datePublished":"2026-09-03T16:30:47+00:00","dateModified":"2026-09-03T16:57:12+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/voltumna-buh-etruskeho-svazu\/"},"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/voltumna-buh-etruskeho-svazu\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_voltumna-1.webp","inLanguage":"cs","description":"Voltumna je b\u016fh spolku etrusk\u00e9ho m\u011bstsk\u00e9ho svazu, uct\u00edvan\u00fd ve Fanum Voltumnae. Religionistick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed s m\u00fdtem a prameny."}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/145479","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=145479"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/145479\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2824"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=145479"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=145479"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}