{"id":145476,"date":"2026-09-03T16:30:46","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:30:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=145476"},"modified":"2026-09-03T16:57:07","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:57:07","slug":"tinia-nejvyssi-buh-etrusku","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/tinia-nejvyssi-buh-etrusku\/","title":{"rendered":"Tinia &#8211; Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed b\u016fh Etrusk\u016f"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"145476\" class=\"elementor elementor-145476 elementor-2604 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tinia - Etrusk\u00fd b\u016fh nebes a nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed b\u016fh, vrha\u010d blesk\u016f<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tinia (psan\u00fd tak\u00e9 Tin, Tina, Tinia) je v etrusk\u00e9m n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed pova\u017eov\u00e1n za nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho boha a vl\u00e1dce nebes. Je etrusk\u00fdm prot\u011bj\u0161kem \u0440\u0438\u043csk\u00e9ho Jupitera a \u0159eck\u00e9ho Zeuse, av\u0161ak s vlastn\u00edmi charakteristikami. Tato str\u00e1nka popisuje jeho religionistick\u00e9 postaven\u00ed v etrusk\u00e9m <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn boh\u016f ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed nebo kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonu<\/span>, jeho ikonografick\u00e9 stopy a jeho roli v ritu\u00e1ln\u00edm \u017eivot\u011b Etrurie.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"B\u016fh tradice Etrusk\u00e1.\">B\u016fh<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/etruske-nabozenstvi-haruspex-disciplina-praxe\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mytologie tradice Etrusk\u00e1.\">Etrusk\u00e1<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Nebesk\u00e9 a nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed bo\u017estvo.\">Nebesk\u00e9 a nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed bo\u017estvo<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na t\\u00e9to str\\u00e1nce nebyly nalezeny \\u017e\\u00e1dn\\u00e9 nadpisy.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tinia-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tinia-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tinia-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_tinia-1-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-147353\" alt=\"Tinia \u2013 b\u016fh z etrusk\u00e9 tradice, historicko-ilustrativn\u00ed zobrazen\u00ed\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_tinia-1-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_tinia-1-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_tinia-1-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_tinia-1.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Za\u0159azen\u00ed v etrusk\u00e9m panteonu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tinia je nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed b\u016fh etrusk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed a p\u0159edseda rady boh\u016f. Je spolu s <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145477\">Uni<\/a> (prot\u011bj\u0161ek Iuno) a <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145478\">Menrvou<\/a> (prot\u011bj\u0161ek Minervy) spojen do kapitolsk\u00e9 trojice, kter\u00e1 byla p\u0159i etrusko-\u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9m p\u0159echodu p\u0159evzata jako trojice Jupiter-Juno-Minerva na \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9m Kapitolu.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>D\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdmi prameny k etrusk\u00e9mu n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed jsou d\u00edlo Massima Pallottina <em>Die Etrusker<\/em> (1942, n\u011bmecky 1965), Larissy Bonfante <em>Etruscan Mythology<\/em> (2006) a Jeana-Ren\u00e9 Jannota <em>Religion in Ancient Etruria<\/em> (2005). Tinia stoj\u00ed ve st\u0159edu ka\u017ed\u00e9 rekonstrukce etrusk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e1 nauka o Bohu a v\u00ed\u0159e ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologie<\/span>.<\/span><\/p><p>Kdo chce Tinii za\u0159adit, mus\u00ed nejprve pochopit zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed postaven\u00ed etrusk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed: le\u017e\u00ed na pr\u016fse\u010d\u00edku mezi \u0159ecky ovlivn\u011bn\u00fdm st\u0159edomo\u0159sk\u00fdm sv\u011btem a vznikaj\u00edc\u00ed italsko-\u0159\u00edmskou kulturou a zprost\u0159edkov\u00e1v\u00e1 mezi ob\u011bma.<\/p><p>Tato mezipolohov\u00e1 situace ji \u010din\u00ed pro <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bda, kter\u00e1 srovn\u00e1vac\u00edm zp\u016fsobem a bez vyzn\u00e1n\u00ed zkoum\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">religionistiku<\/span> tak zaj\u00edmavou. Badatel\u00e9 jako Massimo Pallottino, Jacques Heurgon, Sybille Haynes, Mauro Cristofani a Giovanni Colonna ve sv\u00fdch prac\u00edch uk\u00e1zali, \u017ee se jedn\u00e1 o vnit\u0159n\u011b samostatnou n\u00e1bo\u017eenskou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159enos pozn\u00e1n\u00ed a vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed mezi generacemi.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici<\/span>.<\/p><p>Uvnit\u0159 etrusk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e1 nauka o Bohu a v\u00ed\u0159e ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologie<\/span> byl <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn boh\u016f ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed nebo kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteon<\/span> jasn\u011b strukturov\u00e1n: existovaly odstup\u0148ovan\u00e9 hierarchie, na jejich\u017e vrcholu stoj\u00ed Tinia, a ka\u017ed\u00e9mu bohu byly p\u0159i\u0159azeny ur\u010dit\u00e9 kompetence. Star\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdklady tento syst\u00e9m boh\u016f \u010dasto popisovaly jako z\u00e1hadn\u00fd nebo ciz\u00ed. Ve skute\u010dnosti se v\u0161ak jedn\u00e1 o samostatnou podobu st\u0159edomo\u0159sk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed s pochopiteln\u00fdm vnit\u0159n\u00edm uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00edm.<\/p><p>V n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch d\u011bjin\u00e1ch It\u00e1lie p\u0159ipadla Etrusk\u016fm \u00faloha spojovac\u00edho \u010dl\u00e1nku: prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm nich pronikly \u0159eck\u00e9 p\u0159edstavy do oblasti, v n\u00ed\u017e se utv\u00e1\u0159elo \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed. Pr\u00e1v\u011b tato zprost\u0159edkovatelsk\u00e1 role, jej\u00edm\u017e p\u0159\u00edkladem je pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ztoto\u017en\u011bn\u00ed Tinie s Jupiterem, pat\u0159\u00ed k religionisticky nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00edm aspekt\u016fm etrusk\u00e9 kultury.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jm\u00e9no a etymologie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jm\u00e9no Tinia je dolo\u017eeno na mnoha etrusk\u00fdch n\u00e1pisech, nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je na jatern\u00ed replice z Piacenzy (3. stol. p\u0159. Kr.), kter\u00e1 ve 16 sekc\u00edch nebesk\u00e9ho okruhu boh\u016f zmi\u0148uje Tinii v prvn\u00ed i posledn\u00ed sekci &#8211; ohrani\u010duje tedy cel\u00fd nebesk\u00fd okruh boh\u016f. Jist\u00fd etymologick\u00fd v\u00fdklad jm\u00e9na se nepoda\u0159ilo rekonstruovat.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>N\u00e1vrhy pro etymologii sahaj\u00ed od &#8218;den&#8216; (z etrusk\u00e9ho *tin) a\u017e k &#8218;vrchol, \u0161pice&#8216;. Helmut Rix ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle <em>Etruscan Texts: Editio Minor<\/em> (1991) shrom\u00e1\u017edil ve\u0161ker\u00fd epigrafick\u00fd materi\u00e1l. Tinia je vedle jm\u00e9na Tin dolo\u017een i pod p\u0159\u00edvlastky Tinia Calusna (&#8218;Tinia podsv\u011btn\u00ed&#8216;), Tinia Sosnial a Tinia Thufltha, ka\u017ed\u00fd s vlastn\u00ed specifickou funkc\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p>Etru\u0161tina stoj\u00ed jazykov\u011b osamocen\u011b; nelze ji za\u0159adit do \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 jist\u00e9 jazykov\u00e9 rodiny. Jedna hypot\u00e9za ji p\u0159i\u0159azuje k tzv. tyrsensk\u00e9 skupin\u011b, k n\u00ed\u017e by mohly pat\u0159it i lemn\u0161tina a r\u00e9t\u0161tina.<\/p><p>Na de\u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00ed text\u016f se pracuje ji\u017e od 19. stolet\u00ed, definitivn\u00ed uzav\u0159en\u00ed t\u00e9to pr\u00e1ce v\u0161ak je\u0161t\u011b chyb\u00ed, co\u017e se t\u00fdk\u00e1 i v\u00fdkladu teonym jako Tinia.<\/p><p>Jako epigrafick\u00e9 z\u00e1kladn\u00ed d\u00edlo slou\u017e\u00ed Rixova Editio Minor, v n\u00ed\u017e je shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn etrusk\u00fd jazykov\u00fd korpus a v n\u00ed\u017e je tak\u00e9 zdokumentov\u00e1no jm\u00e9no Tinia. Dopl\u0148kov\u011b jsou dnes k dispozici Thesaurus Linguae Etruscae a online datab\u00e1ze ETP, Etruscan Texts Project.<\/p><p>Odkud Etruskov\u00e9 p\u016fvodn\u011b poch\u00e1zeli, je sporn\u00e9 ji\u017e od <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha \u0159eck\u00e9 a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 kultury, zhruba 800 p\u0159. Kr. a\u017e 600 po Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">antiky<\/span>: H\u00e9rodotos je odvozoval z Lydie, Dion\u00fdsios z Halikarnassu je pova\u017eoval za dom\u00e1c\u00ed italick\u00fd n\u00e1rod.<\/p><p>Pro d\u011bjiny n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed je tato debata v\u00fdznamn\u00e1 proto, \u017ee s n\u00ed souvis\u00ed ot\u00e1zka, zda etrusk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed, a tedy i postavy jako Tinia, vykazuj\u00ed spojen\u00ed s maloasijsk\u00fdmi kulty.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Popis a ikonografie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tinia je v etrusk\u00e9m um\u011bn\u00ed zobrazov\u00e1n jako vousat\u00fd mu\u017e, \u010dasto se svazkem blesk\u016f, \u017eezlem nebo lotosovou hol\u00ed. Slavn\u00e9 jsou bronzov\u00e9 sochy, kter\u00e9 jej zobrazuj\u00ed jako sed\u00edc\u00edho nebo stoj\u00edc\u00edho bo\u017esk\u00e9ho mu\u017ee. Jedna v\u00fdznamn\u00e1 so\u0161ka poch\u00e1z\u00ed z Piombina (5. stol. p\u0159. n. l.).<\/p><p>Na etrusk\u00fdch zrcadlech (4.\/3. stol. p\u0159. n. l.) se Tinia \u010dasto objevuje v mytologick\u00fdch sc\u00e9n\u00e1ch, mnohdy s doprovodn\u00fdm n\u00e1pisem. Larissa Bonfante ve sv\u00fdch studi\u00edch o etrusk\u00e9 obrazov\u00e9 \u0159e\u010di zd\u016fraznila tuto ikonografickou rozmanitost. Tinia nese n\u011bkdy <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak, kter\u00fd zastupuje ur\u010ditou p\u0159edstavu nebo v\u00fdznam.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> nebesk\u00e9 klenby nebo je doprov\u00e1zen orly.<\/p><p>Proto\u017ee chyb\u00ed p\u00edsemn\u00e9 mytologick\u00e9 texty, je obrazov\u00e9 um\u011bn\u00ed Etrusk\u016f nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm pramenem i pro zobrazen\u00ed Tinii. Zrcadla, v\u00e1zy, hrobn\u00ed malby a bronzov\u00e9 figurky poskytuj\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161inu na\u0161ich poznatk\u016f a jsou z hlediska religionistick\u00e9 fenomenologie mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b bohat\u00e9. Larissa Bonfante ve sv\u00fdch prac\u00edch zd\u016fraznila, \u017ee tato obrazov\u00e1 \u0159e\u010d tvo\u0159\u00ed samostatnou tradici a nen\u00ed pouze odvozena z \u0159eck\u00fdch vzor\u016f.<\/p><p>Mimo\u0159\u00e1dnou pramennou hodnotu pro n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed a p\u0159edstavy o posmrtn\u00e9m \u017eivot\u011b Etrusk\u016f m\u00e1 hrobn\u00ed malba, zachovan\u00e1 zejm\u00e9na v Tarquinii, Cerveteri a Vulci. Na st\u011bn\u00e1ch se objevuj\u00ed sc\u00e9ny hostin, mytologick\u00e9 v\u00fdjevy i tane\u010dn\u00ed a hudebn\u00ed motivy. Vypov\u00eddaj\u00ed o posmrtn\u00e9m \u017eivot\u011b, kter\u00fd byl ch\u00e1p\u00e1n jako pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed pozemsk\u00e9ho \u017eivota.<\/p><p>Charakteristick\u00fdm rysem etrusk\u00e9 obrazov\u00e9 tvorby je spojov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00edce postav do sc\u00e9n, n\u00e1znak vypr\u00e1v\u011bc\u00edch souvislost\u00ed a symbolick\u00e9 zhu\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdznam\u016f. I Tinia se pravideln\u011b objevuje v takov\u00fdch v\u00edcepostavov\u00fdch kompozic\u00edch. Vylo\u017eit tento zp\u016fsob zobrazov\u00e1n\u00ed je \u00fakolem etrusk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 ikonografie.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mytologie a mytick\u00e9 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Na rozd\u00edl od \u0159eck\u00e9 a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 tradice m\u00e1me k etrusk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn tradovan\u00fdch vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o boz\u00edch v dan\u00e9 kultu\u0159e.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytologii<\/span> jen fragment\u00e1rn\u00ed prameny. Etruskov\u00e9 sami nesepsali rozs\u00e1hl\u00e1 mytologick\u00e1 d\u00edla. To, co v\u00edme, poch\u00e1z\u00ed z etrusk\u00fdch obrazov\u00fdch pramen\u016f (n\u00e1pisy na zrcadlech, vyobrazen\u00ed na v\u00e1z\u00e1ch, hrobn\u00ed malby) a z \u0159ecko-\u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch druhotn\u00fdch zdroj\u016f.<\/p><p>Je zn\u00e1mo, \u017ee Tinia vys\u00edl\u00e1 t\u0159i druhy blesk\u016f: varovn\u00e9, trestaj\u00edc\u00ed a ni\u010div\u00e9. Toto rozli\u0161en\u00ed je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed Disciplina Etrusca, n\u00e1bo\u017eenskov\u011b\u0161teck\u00e9 v\u011bdy, kterou popisuje Cicero ve spise <em>De Divinatione<\/em>. Etruskov\u00e9 jsou ve <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Obdob\u00ed \u0159eck\u00e9 a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 kultury, zhruba od 800 p\u0159. n. l. do 600 n. l.\" tabindex=\"0\">antice<\/span> pova\u017eov\u00e1ni za odborn\u00edky na v\u00fdklad blesk\u016f (fulguratio).<\/p><p>Na rozd\u00edl od \u0159eck\u00e9 nebo \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn tradovan\u00fdch vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o boz\u00edch v dan\u00e9 kultu\u0159e.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytologie<\/span> nem\u00e1 etrusk\u00e1 mytologie podobu ucelen\u00fdch vypr\u00e1v\u011bc\u00edch text\u016f. Co v\u00edme o m\u00fdtech kolem Tinii, je nutn\u00e9 odvodit z obrazov\u00fdch vyobrazen\u00ed, n\u00e1pis\u016f a zpr\u00e1v \u0159eck\u00fdch a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch autor\u016f. Tato nep\u0159\u00edm\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed v\u011bdomost\u00ed a vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed po generace.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradice<\/span> vy\u017eaduje od b\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b obez\u0159etn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup.<\/p><p>Vztah mezi etruskou a \u0159eckou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn tradovan\u00fdch vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o boz\u00edch v dan\u00e9 kultu\u0159e.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytologi\u00ed<\/span> nelze zredukovat na pouh\u00e9 p\u0159ej\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed. Etruskov\u00e9 sice p\u0159evzali mnoho \u0159eck\u00fdch l\u00e1tek, nap\u0159\u00edklad o Achilleovi, Odysseovi nebo Oidipovi, ale \u010dasto je p\u0159etv\u00e1\u0159eli a stanovovali si vlastn\u00ed d\u016frazy. Jak tento proces osvojov\u00e1n\u00ed prob\u00edhal v jednotlivostech, je p\u0159edm\u011btem podrobn\u00e9ho b\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p><p>Charakteristick\u00fdm rysem etrusk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e1 nauka o Bohu a v\u00ed\u0159e v r\u00e1mci n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologie<\/span> je p\u0159edstava rady boh\u016f, consensus deorum. Tinia nerozhoduje s\u00e1m, n\u00fdbr\u017e se domlouv\u00e1 s ostatn\u00edmi bo\u017estvy. Z religionisticko-fenomenologick\u00e9ho hlediska p\u0159edstavuje tento poradn\u00ed org\u00e1n zvl\u00e1\u0161tnost etrusk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tinia a etrusk\u00e9 v\u011b\u0161teck\u00e9 um\u011bn\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Etruskov\u00e9 vyvinuli vysoce diferencovan\u00fd syst\u00e9m <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u00fdklad znamen\u00ed za \u00fa\u010delem pozn\u00e1n\u00ed skryt\u00e9ho nebo budouc\u00edho.\" tabindex=\"0\">v\u011b\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed<\/span>, kter\u00fd byl v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Obdob\u00ed \u0159eck\u00e9 a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 kultury, zhruba od 800 p\u0159. n. l. do 600 n. l.\" tabindex=\"0\">antice<\/span> ozna\u010dov\u00e1n jako &#8218;Disciplina Etrusca&#8216;. Skl\u00e1dal se ze t\u0159\u00ed hlavn\u00edch oblast\u00ed: pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed vnit\u0159nost\u00ed (haruspicina), v\u00fdkladu blesk\u016f (fulguratio) a v\u011b\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed z pt\u00e1k\u016f. Tinia stoj\u00ed ve st\u0159edu v\u00fdkladu blesk\u016f, nebo\u0165 je to on, kdo blesky vys\u00edl\u00e1.<\/p><p>Bronzov\u00e1 j\u00e1tra z Piacenzy jsou nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm hmotn\u00fdm dokladem t\u00e9to tradice. Jsou rozd\u011blena do 16 nebesk\u00fdch sekc\u00ed, z nich\u017e ka\u017ed\u00e1 je p\u0159i\u0159azena ur\u010dit\u00e9mu bohu. Tinia je zastoupen hned t\u0159ikr\u00e1t: v sekc\u00edch Tin\/Cilensl, Tin\/Thuf a Tin\/Thne, co\u017e dokl\u00e1d\u00e1 jeho \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed postaven\u00ed. Nejpodrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed rozbor nab\u00edz\u00ed Jannotova kniha <em>Religion in Ancient Etruria<\/em>.<\/p><p>Pod pojmem Disciplina Etrusca se rozum\u00ed uspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u00fd syst\u00e9m etrusk\u00e9ho v\u011b\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed. Skl\u00e1d\u00e1 se ze t\u0159\u00ed oblast\u00ed: pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed vnit\u0159nost\u00ed (haruspicina), v\u00fdkladu blesk\u016f (fulguratio) a v\u011b\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed z pt\u00e1k\u016f (auspicia).<\/p><p>Pr\u00e1v\u011b v\u00fdklad blesk\u016f m\u00e1 \u00fazk\u00fd vztah k Tiniovi jako vys\u00edlateli blesk\u016f. \u0158\u00edman\u00e9 tento syst\u00e9m p\u0159ejali a praktikovali jej a\u017e do 4. stolet\u00ed n. l.; podrobn\u00e9 popisy m\u00e1me d\u00edky Ciceronovi a Senekovi.<\/p><p>Disciplina Etrusca byla vyu\u010dov\u00e1na ve zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edch kn\u011b\u017esk\u00fdch \u0161kol\u00e1ch. Jej\u00ed u\u010den\u00ed bylo zaznamen\u00e1no v knih\u00e1ch, mezi nimi Libri Rituales, Libri Haruspicini a Libri Fulgurales, v nich\u017e byl mimo jin\u00e9 upraven v\u00fdklad Tiniov\u00fdch blesk\u016f.<\/p><p>Tyto spisy se nezachovaly, av\u0161ak lze je \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b rekonstruovat z citac\u00ed u \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch autor\u016f jako Cicero, Festus a Macrobius.<\/p><p>N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd \u017eivot Etrusk\u016f byl \u00fazce spjat s jednotliv\u00fdmi m\u011bsty. Ka\u017ed\u00e9 z velk\u00fdch center, tedy Tarquinia, Caere, Vulci, Veji, Clusium, Volsinii, Cortona, Perugia, Arezzo, Volterra, Populonia a Roselle, udr\u017eovalo vlastn\u00ed hlavn\u00ed kulty a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 zvl\u00e1\u0161tnosti, tak\u017ee i uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed Tinii se m\u00edstn\u011b li\u0161ilo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult a ritu\u00e1ly<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tinia byl uct\u00edv\u00e1n v mnoha etrusk\u00fdch m\u011bstsk\u00fdch chr\u00e1mech. Mezi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 kultovn\u00ed m\u00edsta pat\u0159ily <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed k uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> ve Veii, apoll\u00f3nsk\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed k uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> ve Veii (navr\u017een\u00fd Vulcou) a velk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed k uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1my<\/span> v Tarquinii, Caere a Volsinii. Kapitolskou trojici Iupiter\u2013Iuno\u2013Minerva na \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9m Kapitolu vybudovali Etruskov\u00e9 a p\u0159edstavuje etruskou trojici Tinia\u2013Uni\u2013Menrva.<\/p><p>Ritu\u00e1ly zahrnovaly <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017estvu vyjad\u0159uj\u00edc\u00ed d\u00edky, prosbu nebo uct\u011bn\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">ob\u011bti<\/span> (zejm\u00e9na ob\u011btov\u00e1n\u00ed b\u00fdk\u016f), modlitby a v\u011b\u0161tebn\u00e9 praktiky. Etruskov\u00e9 m\u011bli v\u00fdraznou kn\u011b\u017eskou hierarchii. Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed kn\u011bz byl \u010dasto z\u00e1rove\u0148 politick\u00fdm v\u016fdcem m\u011bsta, co\u017e je propojen\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed a politiky typick\u00e9 pro etruskou spole\u010dnost.<\/p><p>Architektonicky se etrusk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed k uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1my<\/span>, v nich\u017e byl uct\u00edv\u00e1n i Tinia, odli\u0161ovaly tzv. tuscansk\u00fdm stylem, vlastn\u00edm sloupov\u00fdm \u0159\u00e1dem, kter\u00fd popsal Vitruvius ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle De Architectura. Jejich p\u016fdorysy zd\u016fraz\u0148uj\u00ed cellu a \u0161irokou p\u0159edn\u00ed s\u00ed\u0148 a v\u00fdrazn\u011b se li\u0161\u00ed od \u0159eck\u00fdch chr\u00e1mov\u00fdch staveb.<\/p><p>Mnoh\u00e9 etrusk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed k uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1my<\/span> m\u011bly monument\u00e1ln\u00ed rozm\u011bry. Zn\u00e1m\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem je Iupiter\u016fv <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed k uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> na \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9m Kapitolu, na jeho\u017e v\u00fdstavb\u011b se pod\u00edleli etru\u0161t\u00ed stavitel\u00e9 a um\u011blci, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm Vulca z Veii. Proto\u017ee Iupiter odpov\u00edd\u00e1 etrusk\u00e9mu Tiniovi, je tato stavba dokladem etrusk\u00e9 religiozity v ran\u00e9m \u0158\u00edm\u011b.<\/p><p>Svaz dvan\u00e1cti etrusk\u00fdch m\u011bst se ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b sch\u00e1zel u Fanum Voltumnae pobl\u00ed\u017e Volsinii, kde se projedn\u00e1valy n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 i politick\u00e9 z\u00e1le\u017eitosti z\u00e1rove\u0148. Ochrannou bohyn\u00ed tohoto svazu byl Voltumna, jeho\u017e n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd v\u00fdznam p\u0159esahoval kulty jednotliv\u00fdch m\u011bst.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ochrann\u00e9 tradice a apotropaika<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tinia byl v ochrann\u00fdch souvislostech vz\u00fdv\u00e1n p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm Disciplina Etrusca. Kdo stav\u011bl nov\u00fd d\u016fm, zakl\u00e1dal m\u011bsto nebo se chystal u\u010dinit d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 rozhodnut\u00ed, obracel se na haruspiky (v\u011b\u0161tce z vnit\u0159nost\u00ed) nebo augury (v\u011b\u0161tce z letu pt\u00e1k\u016f). Tato praxe byla siln\u011b institucionalizovan\u00e1 a byla sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed etrusk\u00e9ho st\u00e1tn\u00edho uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p><p>Apotropaick\u00e9 praktiky v \u00fazk\u00e9m smyslu byly u Etrusk\u016f velmi roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9. Uhranut\u00ed se odvracelo pomoc\u00ed falick\u00fdch amulet\u016f, ur\u010dit\u00fdch gest a n\u00e1pis\u016f. Souvislost s Tiniou spo\u010d\u00edvala v tom, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd \u010din se odehr\u00e1val pod ochranou nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho boha. Larissa Bonfante zdokumentovala apotropaickou obrazovou symboliku v n\u011bkolika sv\u00fdch prac\u00edch.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>K etrusk\u00e9mu ochrann\u00e9mu zvykov\u00e9mu pr\u00e1vu pat\u0159\u00ed cel\u00e1 \u0159ada odvracej\u00edc\u00edch, apotropaick\u00fdch znak\u016f: falick\u00e9 amulety, gorgoneiony, o\u010dn\u00ed symboly, bully a ur\u010dit\u00e9 formule. Obrazov\u00fd jazyk t\u011bchto ochrann\u00fdch znak\u016f systematicky zpracovala Larissa Bonfante ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle Etruscan Mirrors, vych\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edm od roku 1980.<\/span><\/p><p>Odvracej\u00edc\u00ed symboly byly v etrusk\u00e9m \u017eivot\u011b v\u0161udyp\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9, mimo jin\u00e9 oko Tinia, falick\u00e9 amulety a gorgoneiony. Um\u00eds\u0165ovaly se na chr\u00e1my, hroby a dom\u00e1c\u00ed svatyn\u011b stejn\u011b jako na osobn\u00ed p\u0159edm\u011bty. Tato praxe pokra\u010dovala i v \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 a \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed st\u0159edomo\u0159sk\u00e9 lidov\u00e9 v\u00ed\u0159e.<\/p><p>Etrusk\u00e1 p\u0159edstava ochrany byla jen t\u011b\u017eko odd\u011bliteln\u00e1 od Disciplina Etrusca. P\u0159ed zah\u00e1jen\u00edm v\u00fdznamn\u00e9ho po\u010dinu, a\u0165 \u0161lo o zalo\u017een\u00ed m\u011bsta, v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 ta\u017een\u00ed nebo stavbu domu, si \u010dlov\u011bk prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u00fdklad znamen\u00ed za \u00fa\u010delem odhalen\u00ed skryt\u00e9ho nebo budouc\u00edho.\" tabindex=\"0\">v\u011b\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed<\/span> ov\u011b\u0159oval v\u016fli boh\u016f, mezi nimi\u017e Tinia zauj\u00edmal nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed m\u00edsto.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralely v jin\u00fdch kultur\u00e1ch<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tinia odpov\u00edd\u00e1 funk\u010dn\u011b \u0159eck\u00e9mu Zeusovi a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9mu Jupiterovi. Toto spojen\u00ed nen\u00ed jen typologick\u00e9, ale i historick\u00e9: Etruskov\u00e9 byli mostem mezi \u0159eck\u00fdm a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdm n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edm. Mnoh\u00e9 \u0159eck\u00e9 m\u00fdty se do \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho sv\u011bta dostaly pr\u00e1v\u011b prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm etrusk\u00e9ho zprost\u0159edkov\u00e1n\u00ed. Kapitolsk\u00e1 trojice v \u0158\u00edm\u011b je p\u0159\u00edm\u00fdm p\u0159evzet\u00edm etrusk\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu Tinia\u2013Uni\u2013Menrva.<\/p><p>Ze srovn\u00e1vac\u00edho n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho hlediska lze Tiniu spojit s dal\u0161\u00edmi indoevropsk\u00fdmi nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edmi nebesk\u00fdmi bohy: Dyaus Pita (v\u00e9dsk\u00fd), Dievas (baltsk\u00fd), Tyr (germ\u00e1nsk\u00fd, p\u016fvodn\u011b b\u016fh nebes). P\u0159edstava nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho vl\u00e1dce nebes je v indoevropsk\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edch velmi roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e1, co\u017e podporuje jak etymologie, tak funkce.<\/p><p>V r\u00e1mci interpretatio Romana z\u00edskala etrusk\u00e1 bo\u017estva \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e1 jm\u00e9na: z Tinie se stal Iupiter, z Uni Iuno, z Menrvy Minerva. Takov\u00e1 ztoto\u017en\u011bn\u00ed v\u0161ak jen z\u0159\u00eddka zachytila celou postavu a zd\u016fraz\u0148ovala pouze vybran\u00e9 rysy.<\/p><p>V\u00fdzkum posledn\u00edch pades\u00e1ti let se sna\u017e\u00ed znovu u\u010dinit viditeln\u00fdm specificky etrusk\u00fd rozm\u011br Tinie a ostatn\u00edch boh\u016f.<\/p><p>Etrusk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed vykazuje mnoh\u00e9 sty\u010dn\u00e9 body s anatolsk\u00fdmi, f\u00e9ni\u010dsk\u00fdmi a p\u0159edoasijsk\u00fdmi tradicemi. Konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed d\u016fkaz f\u00e9ni\u010dsk\u00e9 v\u00fdm\u011bny p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed desky z Pyrgi. Toto propojen\u00ed p\u0159esahuj\u00edc\u00ed cel\u00e9 St\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ed, do kter\u00e9ho je zasazen i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bo\u017estva nebo svat\u00e9 postavy.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> Tinie, pat\u0159\u00ed k d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdm oblastem posledn\u00edch desetilet\u00ed.<\/p><p>Ze srovn\u00e1vac\u00edho n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho pohledu pat\u0159\u00ed etrusk\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bo\u017estva nebo svat\u00e9 postavy.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> do \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed st\u0159edomo\u0159sk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 rodiny a je ve vztahu k \u0158ecku, F\u00e9nicii, Egyptu, Anatolii a Laciu. Toto zasazen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se t\u00fdk\u00e1 i uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed nebesk\u00e9ho boha Tinie, tvo\u0159\u00ed v\u00fdznamnou oblast v\u00fdzkumu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sou\u010dasn\u00fd v\u00fdzkum<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Etrusk\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed je dnes p\u0159edm\u011btem intenzivn\u00edho mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho v\u00fdzkumu. Mezi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 instituce pat\u0159\u00ed Istituto Nazionale di Studi Etruschi ed Italici (Florencie), etrusk\u00e9 k\u0159\u00eddlo Vatik\u00e1nsk\u00fdch muze\u00ed a Boston Museum of Fine Arts. V\u00fdznamn\u00fdmi sou\u010dasn\u00fdmi badateli jsou Larissa Bonfante (1931-2019), Nancy Thomson de Grummond, Jean MacIntosh Turfa a Marie-Laurence Haack.<\/span><\/p><p>V\u00fdzkum se za posledn\u00edch 50 let vyvinul od \u010dist\u011b filologicko-archeologick\u00e9ho popisu k interdisciplin\u00e1rn\u00ed religionistick\u00e9 anal\u00fdze. Etrusk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed ji\u017e nad\u00e1le nen\u00ed &#8218;tajemn\u00e9&#8216;, ale v mnoha ohledech dob\u0159e zdokumentovan\u00e9.<\/p><p>Etrusk\u00fdm n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edm, a tedy i takovou centr\u00e1ln\u00ed postavou jako je Tinia, se dnes zab\u00fdv\u00e1 mezin\u00e1rodn\u011b propojen\u00fd v\u00fdzkum. Mezi v\u00fdznamn\u00e1 pracovi\u0161t\u011b pat\u0159\u00ed univerzity ve Florencii, \u0158\u00edm\u011b (Sapienza), Pise, T\u00fcbingenu a Princetonu. Ka\u017ed\u00fd rok se kon\u00e1 n\u011bkolik mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch konferenc\u00ed v\u011bnovan\u00fdch d\u00edl\u010d\u00edm ot\u00e1zk\u00e1m tohoto t\u00e9matu.<\/p><p>P\u0159i sou\u010dasn\u00e9m v\u00fdzkumu etrusk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed se st\u00e1le v\u00edce uplat\u0148uj\u00ed digit\u00e1ln\u00ed metody: trojrozm\u011brn\u00e9 skenov\u00e1n\u00ed chr\u00e1m\u016f a hrobek, datab\u00e1ze n\u00e1pis\u016f a obrazov\u00fdch pramen\u016f, jako\u017e i geografick\u00e9 informa\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9my pro anal\u00fdzu struktury os\u00eddlen\u00ed. Tyto n\u00e1stroje otev\u00edraj\u00ed nov\u00e9 poznatky, a to i ohledn\u011b kultovn\u00edch m\u00edst Tinie.<\/p><p>\u0160ir\u0161\u00ed ve\u0159ejnosti je stav etrusk\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu p\u0159edstavov\u00e1n prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm v\u00fdstav, nap\u0159\u00edklad ve Vatik\u00e1nsk\u00fdch muze\u00edch, v Museo Nazionale Etrusco di Villa Giulia a v Boston Museum of Fine Arts, dopln\u011bn\u00fdch \u0159adou publikac\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Prameny a stav v\u00fdzkumu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi prameny pro v\u00fdzkum Tinie jsou etrusk\u00e9 n\u00e1pisy (Editio Minor Helmuta Rixe), bronzov\u00e1 j\u00e1tra z Piacenzy, etrusk\u00e1 zrcadla s doprovodn\u00fdmi n\u00e1pisy, \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 prameny (Cicero, Plinius, Seneca), \u0159eck\u00e9 prameny (Diod\u00f3ros) a archeologick\u00e9 n\u00e1lezy z velk\u00fdch etrusk\u00fdch m\u011bst.<\/p><p>Hlub\u0161\u00ed zasazen\u00ed do celkov\u00fdch <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/etruske-nabozenstvi-haruspex-disciplina-praxe\/\">d\u011bjin etrusk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed<\/a> ukazuje, \u017ee Tiniu nelze ch\u00e1pat izolovan\u011b, ale ve vztahov\u00e9m r\u00e1mci s Uni, Menrvou a ostatn\u00edmi Atua. Toto propojen\u00ed je z v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho hlediska z\u00e1sadn\u00ed.<\/p><p>Kdo se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 Tiniou a etrusk\u00fdm n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edm, m\u00e1 co do \u010din\u011bn\u00ed s nejednotnou pramennou z\u00e1kladnou: epigrafick\u00fdmi sv\u011bdectv\u00edmi shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00fdmi v Editio Minor Helmuta Rixe, archeologick\u00fdmi n\u00e1lezy, obrazov\u00fdmi prameny a sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed literaturou. Tato mnohotv\u00e1rnost vy\u017eaduje mezioborov\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup, a nov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdzkum systematicky propojuje filologii, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bda, kter\u00e1 zkoum\u00e1 minul\u00e9 kultury na z\u00e1klad\u011b hmotn\u00fdch n\u00e1lez\u016f.\" tabindex=\"0\">archeologii<\/span>, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bda, kter\u00e1 zkoum\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed srovn\u00e1vac\u00edm zp\u016fsobem a bez vyznava\u010dsk\u00e9 v\u00e1zanosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">religionistiku<\/span> a antropologii.<\/p><p>V\u011bcn\u011b p\u0159im\u011b\u0159en\u00e1 kritika pramen\u016f p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 znalost jak etrusk\u00fdch origin\u00e1ln\u00edch sv\u011bdectv\u00ed, tak \u0159ecko-\u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed tradice. Zachovat tento dvoj\u00ed pohled je n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9, av\u0161ak bez n\u011bj nelze n\u00e1le\u017eit\u011b rekonstruovat n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 d\u011bjiny t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se Tinie.<\/p><p>D\u016fkladn\u00e9 historick\u00e9 zasazen\u00ed Tinie je mo\u017en\u00e9 jen tehdy, kdy\u017e m\u00e1 badatel p\u0159ehled jak o epigrafick\u00fdch, archeologick\u00fdch a liter\u00e1rn\u00edch pramenech, tak o p\u0159\u00edstupech modern\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bda, kter\u00e1 zkoum\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed srovn\u00e1vac\u00edm zp\u016fsobem a bez vyznava\u010dsk\u00e9 v\u00e1zanosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">religionistiky<\/span>. Tento v\u00edcevrstv\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup je ve v\u00fdzkumu dnes standardem.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26a95d44 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp26a95d44\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2f2cdc09 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2f2cdc09\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bronzov\u00e1 j\u00e1tra z Piacenzy a postaven\u00ed Tinie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2601f2b0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2601f2b0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e620b60 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2e620b60\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jedn\u00edm z nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch pramen\u016f pro postaven\u00ed Tinie v etrusk\u00e9m panteonu nen\u00ed text, ale p\u0159edm\u011bt: takzvan\u00e1 j\u00e1tra z Piacenzy, bronzov\u00fd model ov\u010d\u00edch jater objeven\u00fd roku 1877 v bl\u00edzkosti tohoto severoitalsk\u00e9ho m\u011bsta.<\/p><p>Poch\u00e1zej\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b z 2. nebo 1. stolet\u00ed p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem a slou\u017eila jako u\u010debn\u00ed nebo cvi\u010dn\u00e1 pom\u016fcka pro etruskou v\u011b\u0161tbu z vnit\u0159nost\u00ed, haruspicii.<\/p><p>Povrch modelu je rozd\u011blen do mnoha pol\u00ed, z nich\u017e \u010dty\u0159icet je opat\u0159eno vyryt\u00fdmi jm\u00e9ny boh\u016f v etrusk\u00e9m p\u00edsmu. Vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed okraj je roz\u010dlen\u011bn do \u0161estn\u00e1cti \u00fasek\u016f odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edch \u0161estn\u00e1cti nebesk\u00fdm oblastem, na kter\u00e9 Etruskov\u00e9 rozd\u011blovali oblohu.<\/p><p>Tinia, nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed b\u016fh nebe a blesku, se na modelu objevuje v\u00edcekr\u00e1t, co\u017e nazna\u010duje jeho v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00e9, nikoli v\u0161ak v\u00fdlu\u010dn\u00e9 postaven\u00ed. Jeho jmenn\u00e9 podoby se vyskytuj\u00ed v r\u016fzn\u00fdch pol\u00edch, co\u017e by mohlo ukazovat na odli\u0161n\u00e9 aspekty nebo pravomoci t\u00e9ho\u017e boha.<\/p><p>V\u00fdzkum, po\u010d\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00ed pracemi z 19. stolet\u00ed a pokra\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed d\u00edky etruskolog\u016fm, jako byli Massimo Pallottino a pozd\u011bji Nancy de Grummond, ch\u00e1pe j\u00e1tra jako kl\u00ed\u010d k etrusk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159edstava o stavb\u011b a uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u011bta v r\u00e1mci ur\u010dit\u00e9 kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">kosmologii<\/span>.<\/p><p>Ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee etrusk\u00e1 obloha byla ch\u00e1p\u00e1na jako uspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u00fd syst\u00e9m z\u00f3n, v nich\u017e s\u00eddl\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e1 bo\u017estva, a \u017ee bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 vykl\u00e1dat sm\u011br, z n\u011bho\u017e p\u0159i\u0161el blesk.<\/p><p>Rozlo\u017een\u00ed Tinie do n\u011bkolika pol\u00ed zd\u016fraz\u0148uje, \u017ee jako p\u00e1n blesku st\u00e1l ve st\u0159edu tohoto v\u00fdkladov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu. P\u0159esn\u00fd v\u00fdznam jednotliv\u00fdch pol\u00ed v\u0161ak z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b sporn\u00fd, nebo\u0165 chyb\u00ed dopl\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed texty.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2a7a8bb1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2a7a8bb1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp209a9973 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp209a9973\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">T\u0159i druhy Tiniov\u00fdch blesk\u016f<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e91d0cf e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2e91d0cf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26c3f640 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp26c3f640\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Etrusk\u00e1 nauka, dochovan\u00e1 pouze prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho zprost\u0159edkov\u00e1n\u00ed, se t\u00fdk\u00e1 stup\u0148ovan\u00e9 moci Tinii nad bleskem.<\/p><p>\u0158\u00edmsk\u00fd u\u010denec Seneca ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle <em>Naturales quaestiones<\/em>, op\u00edraje se o etrusk\u00e9 prameny, uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed b\u016fh nemohl voln\u011b disponovat v\u0161emi blesky. N\u011bkter\u00e9 blesky mohl vys\u00edlat s\u00e1m, ale byly m\u00edrn\u00e9 povahy, sp\u00ed\u0161e varovn\u00e9.<\/p><p>Pro t\u011b\u017e\u0161\u00ed blesky si musel Tinia podle dochovan\u00e9 nauky vy\u017e\u00e1dat radu shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed boh\u016f, ozna\u010dovan\u00fdch jako <em>di consentes<\/em> neboli zahalen\u00ed bohov\u00e9. A\u017e s jejich souhlasem mohl vyslat blesk, kter\u00fd skute\u010dn\u011b zp\u016fsobil \u0161kodu.<\/p><p>T\u0159et\u00ed, je\u0161t\u011b ni\u010div\u011bj\u0161\u00ed druh blesku mohl vyslat jen se souhlasem vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch, skryt\u00fdch boh\u016f, a takov\u00fd blesk trvale zm\u011bnil stav v\u011bc\u00ed.<\/p><p>Tato t\u0159\u00edstup\u0148ov\u00e1 nauka je z n\u00e1bo\u017eenskohistorick\u00e9ho hlediska pozoruhodn\u00e1, proto\u017ee zapojuje nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho boha do s\u00edt\u011b rad a omezen\u00ed, m\u00edsto aby mu p\u0159isuzovala neomezenou moc. Tinia je mocn\u00fd, ale nikoli sv\u00e9voln\u00fd; jeho nejz\u00e1va\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1sahy jsou v\u00e1z\u00e1ny na spole\u010dn\u00fd souhlas.<\/p><p>Badatel\u00e9 upozornili, \u017ee tento model odpov\u00edd\u00e1 etrusk\u00e9 p\u0159edstav\u011b d\u016fsledn\u011b uspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u00e9ho, vylo\u017eiteln\u00e9ho sv\u011bta, jak se projevuje i v oboru vykl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed blesk\u016f.<\/p><p>Nauka je v\u0161ak dochov\u00e1na pouze prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch autor\u016f, jako je Seneca, a v n\u00e1znac\u00edch u jin\u00fdch spisovatel\u016f. Nelze s jistotou rozhodnout, do jak\u00e9 m\u00edry Seneca p\u0159esn\u011b vystihuje etruskou p\u0159edstavu, nebo ji ji\u017e p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u00ed do \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch kategori\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (v\u00fdb\u011br)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Massimo Pallottino: <em>Die Etrusker<\/em> (1942, deutsch 1965)<\/span><\/li><li>Larissa Bonfante: <em>Etruscan Mythology<\/em> (2006)<\/li><li>Jean-Rene Jannot: <em>Religion in Ancient Etruria<\/em> (2005)<\/li><li>Cicero: <em>De Divinatione<\/em><\/li><\/ul>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Dal\u0161\u00ed standardn\u00ed d\u00edla v <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/literatura\/\">seznamu literatury<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-tinia e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-tinia\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-tinia-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-tinia-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Etrusk\u00fd <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dochovan\u00e9 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o boz\u00edch, po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch a uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u011bta.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00fdtus<\/span><\/em> ukazuje Tinii jako nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho vl\u00e1dce nebes, kter\u00fd t\u0159emi druhy blesk\u016f zaji\u0161\u0165oval sv\u011btov\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d; pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed latinsk\u00e9 prameny, jako Seneca, dochov\u00e1vaj\u00ed tuto nauku o <em>fulgura<\/em> z etrusk\u00fdch disciplin\u00e1rn\u00edch knih.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Souvisej\u00edc\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 pojmy: Tinia Etruskov\u00e9 Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed b\u016fh Blesk Disciplina Etrusca Piacenza Jupiter Tinia Calusna.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-tinia\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard a ochrann\u00e9 tradice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard navazuje na kulturn\u011b-historickou tradici p\u0159enosn\u00fdch ochrann\u00fdch p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f, v tradici <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/etruske-nabozenstvi-haruspex-disciplina-praxe\/\">etrusk\u00e9 kultury<\/a> a mnoha dal\u0161\u00edch kultur po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b. 41 vrstev, ryz\u00ed zlato, platina, st\u0159\u00edbro, vyrobeno v N\u011bmecku. 30denn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo na vr\u00e1cen\u00ed.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">V\u00edce o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">V\u00edce o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Osobn\u00ed zku\u0161enosti se mohou li\u0161it. Nejedn\u00e1 se o zdravotnick\u00fd prost\u0159edek. Nen\u00ed slibem l\u00e9\u010div\u00e9ho \u00fa\u010dinku.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>nen\u00ed zdravotnick\u00fd prost\u0159edek<\/strong> a nenahrazuje l\u00e9ka\u0159skou ani psychoterapeutickou l\u00e9\u010dbu. Religionistick\u00fd obsah p\u0159edstavuje kulturn\u011b-historick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed, nikoli doporu\u010den\u00ed duchovn\u00ed praxe.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2820,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Tinia Etruskov\u00e9","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Tinia - Etrusk\u00fd nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed b\u016fh, m\u00fdtus a kult","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Tinia je nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed b\u016fh etrusk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed, vrha\u010d blesk\u016f a prot\u011bj\u0161ek \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho Jupitera. Religionistick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"etruskisch","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-145476","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Tinia - Etrusk\u00fd nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed b\u016fh, m\u00fdtus a kult<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Tinia je nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed b\u016fh etrusk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed, vrha\u010d blesk\u016f a prot\u011bj\u0161ek \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho Jupitera. 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