{"id":145440,"date":"2026-09-03T16:30:26","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:30:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=145440"},"modified":"2026-09-03T16:56:06","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T16:56:06","slug":"fenicane-a-kartago-baal-tanit","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/fenicane-a-kartago-baal-tanit\/","title":{"rendered":"F\u00e9ni\u010dan\u00e9 a Kart\u00e1go \u2013 Baal, Tanit a tradice ochrany"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"145440\" class=\"elementor elementor-145440 elementor-2569 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-hero iwg-kultur-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-hl iwg-kultur-hero-left e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fenick\u00e9 bohov\u00e9, Baal, Astarte a kart\u00e1ginsk\u00e9 panteon<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-leadc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-leadc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>F\u00e9ni\u010dan\u00e9, obyvatel\u00e9 v\u00fdchodn\u00edho pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed St\u0159edozemn\u00edho mo\u0159e (dne\u0161n\u00ed Libanon, severn\u00ed Izrael, S\u00fdrie), byli od pozdn\u00edho 2. tis\u00edcilet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l. velk\u00fdmi mo\u0159eplavci a obchodn\u00edky <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha \u0159eck\u00e9 a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 kultury, zhruba 800 p\u0159. n. l. a\u017e 600 n. l.\" tabindex=\"0\">antiky<\/span>. Jejich kolonie, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm Kart\u00e1go (zalo\u017eeno 814 p\u0159. n. l.), Gades a Kart\u00e1go Nova, \u0161\u00ed\u0159ily fenickou n\u00e1bo\u017eenskou tradici po cel\u00e9m St\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ed.<\/p><p>Baal, Astarte, Melqart a Tanit st\u00e1li ve st\u0159edu kultu, kter\u00fd spojoval mo\u0159eplavbu, m\u011bsto a kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p class=\"iwg-kwfix\">Fenick\u00e9 panteon je dochov\u00e1no p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm m\u00edstn\u00edch kult\u016f a koloni\u00ed, jako je Kart\u00e1go.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-hr iwg-kultur-hero-right e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-himg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-himg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hadad-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-147338\" alt=\"Baal Hadad - bohov\u00e9 z f\u00e9nick\u00e9 tradice, historicko-ilustrativn\u00ed\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hadad-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hadad-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hadad-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hadad.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">F\u00e9nicie, m\u011bsta a kolonie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-s0-c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-s0-c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fenick\u00e9 m\u011bstsk\u00e9 st\u00e1ty, Tyros, Sidon, Byblos, Arwad, Berytus, byly z velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti nez\u00e1visl\u00e1 kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed, spojen\u00e1 spole\u010dn\u00fdm jazykem (kanaanejsko-fenick\u00fdm, semitsk\u00fdm) a kulturou. Provozovaly d\u00e1lkov\u00fd obchod po mo\u0159i, v\u00fdrobu purpurov\u00e9ho barviva, skl\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed a obchod s d\u0159evem a kovy.<\/p><p>Jejich kolonie, Kart\u00e1go, Utica, Motya, Tharros, Gades, byly zalo\u017eeny mezi 9. a 7. stolet\u00edm p\u0159. n. l. Kart\u00e1go se vyvinulo ve velkou \u0159\u00ed\u0161i, kter\u00e1 se st\u0159etla s \u0158\u00edmem v punsk\u00fdch v\u00e1lk\u00e1ch a padla v roce 146 p\u0159. n. l.<\/p>\n<p class=\"iwg-kwfix\">Kart\u00e1ginsk\u00e9 panteon, formovan\u00e9 libyjsko-punskou diasporou, obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b zd\u016fraz\u0148uje Baala Hammona a Tanit a je pova\u017eov\u00e1no za nejvlivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed podobu fenick\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho nebe v z\u00e1padn\u00edm St\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Panteon, Baal, Astarte, Melqart, E\u0161mun<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-s1-c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-s1-c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Baal (vlastn\u011b \u201eP\u00e1n\u201c) nen\u00ed jedin\u00fd b\u016fh, ale titul: Baal Shamim (nebe), Baal Hadad (po\u010das\u00ed), Baal Hammon (Kart\u00e1go), Baal Melqart (Tyros). Astarte je nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed bohyn\u011b, l\u00e1ska, plodnost, v\u00e1lka, s vlastn\u00edm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed k uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho nebo v\u00edce bo\u017estev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1mem<\/span> v Sidonu a Aphace.<\/p><p>Melqart (vlastn\u011b Milk-Qart, \u201ekr\u00e1l m\u011bsta\u201c) je ochrann\u00fd b\u016fh Tyru, spojen\u00fd s jarn\u00edm ritu\u00e1lem vzk\u0159\u00ed\u0161en\u00ed. E\u0161mun v Sidonu je b\u016fh l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed, jeho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Svat\u00e9 m\u00edsto zasv\u011bcen\u00e9 uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bo\u017estva.\" tabindex=\"0\">svatyn\u011b<\/span> u Bostan e\u0161-\u0160\u0113h byla velk\u00fdm poutn\u00edm m\u00edstem. V Kart\u00e1gu vystupuje Tanit jako \u201etv\u00e1\u0159 Baala\u201c postaven\u00e1 narove\u0148 Baalu Hammonovi.<\/p>\n<p class=\"iwg-kwfix\">V z\u00e1padn\u00edm St\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ed utv\u00e1\u0159elo obraz fenick\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho nebe p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm Kart\u00e1go: libyjsko-punick\u00e1 diaspora postavila do centra sv\u00e9ho kultu Baala Hammona a Tanit.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tanit, Baal Hammon a tofet<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-s2-c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-s2-c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V Kart\u00e1gu se Tanit (Tanit Pene Baal) stala nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed bohyn\u00ed. Jej\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak, kter\u00fd zastupuje ur\u010ditou p\u0159edstavu nebo v\u00fdznam.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span>, stylizovan\u00e1 \u017eensk\u00e1 postava se vzty\u010den\u00fdma rukama, troj\u00faheln\u00edkov\u00fdm trupem a kulatou hlavou, zdobil st\u00e9ly, mozaiky a p\u0159enosn\u00e9 amulety.<\/p><p>Tofetov\u00e1 nalezi\u0161t\u011b v Kart\u00e1gu, Motye a dal\u0161\u00edch punsk\u00fdch koloni\u00edch jsou poh\u0159ebi\u0161t\u011b kojenc\u016f a mal\u00fdch d\u011bt\u00ed s n\u00e1pisy, kter\u00e9 dokl\u00e1daj\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017estvu jako v\u00fdraz d\u00edk\u016f, prosby nebo uct\u011bn\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">ob\u011bti<\/span> Tanit a Baalu Hammonovi. Ot\u00e1zka, zda se skute\u010dn\u011b praktikovaly ob\u011btiny d\u011bt\u00ed (mlk), nebo zda st\u00e9ly p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00ed zem\u0159el\u00e9 d\u011bti, je v religionistice sporn\u00e1.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mytologie, ugaritsk\u00e9 texty jako kl\u00ed\u010d<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-s3-c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-s3-c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fenick\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn dochovan\u00fdch vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o boz\u00edch ur\u010dit\u00e9 kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytologie<\/span> je dochov\u00e1na jen zlomkovit\u011b (Fil\u00f3n z Byblu, eusebiovsk\u00e9 citace). Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdm pramenem je bl\u00edzce p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00e9 Ugarit (Ras \u0160amra, 14. stol. p\u0159. n. l.), kde nalezen\u00e9 hlin\u011bn\u00e9 tabulky p\u0159ed\u00e1vaj\u00ed baalsk\u00fd cyklus: Baal\u016fv boj proti bohu mo\u0159e Jamovi, proti bohu smrti Motovi, jeho smrt a vzk\u0159\u00ed\u0161en\u00ed.<\/p><p>Tato vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed formuj\u00ed pozad\u00ed Hebrejsk\u00e9 bible (kde Baal vystupuje jako soupe\u0159 JHVH) i pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edch m\u00fdt\u016f o Ad\u00f3nisovi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ochrann\u00e9 p\u0159edm\u011bty, o\u010di, ruce, symbol Tanit<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-s4-c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-s4-c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>F\u00e9ni\u010dan\u00e9 a Kartaginci ovl\u00e1dali jemn\u00e9 skl\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed a zlatnictv\u00ed a vyr\u00e1b\u011bli ochrann\u00e9 amulety v obrovsk\u00e9 rozmanitosti: o\u010dn\u00ed talismany (p\u0159edch\u016fdci dne\u0161n\u00edho nazar-boncuk), ru\u010dn\u00ed amulety (p\u0159edch\u016fdci hamsy), p\u0159\u00edv\u011bsky se <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak, kter\u00fd zastupuje ur\u010ditou p\u0159edstavu nebo v\u00fdznam.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbolem<\/span> Tanit, skaraby (z egyptsk\u00e9ho vlivu), figurky boha Bese (rovn\u011b\u017e importovan\u00e9 z Egypta), p\u0159\u00edv\u011bsky ve tvaru p\u016flm\u011bs\u00edce (lunulae). Transkulturn\u00ed dosah fenick\u00fdch ochrann\u00fdch p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f byl obrovsk\u00fd, od \u0160pan\u011blska a\u017e po Mezopot\u00e1mii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x-phoenizisch-s-faq e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"x-phoenizisch-s-faq\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x-phoenizisch-h-faq elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"x-phoenizisch-h-faq\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u010casto kladen\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky o fenick\u00fdch boz\u00edch<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-s4-c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-s4-c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x-phoenizisch-t-faq elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x-phoenizisch-t-faq\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Kolik f\u00e9nick\u00fdch boh\u016f existuje?<\/h3>\n<p>Z f\u00e9nicko-kana\u00e1nsk\u00fdch pramen\u016f je zn\u00e1mo p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 30-40 boh\u016f jm\u00e9nem, nejl\u00e9pe zdokumentovan\u00fdch texty z Ugaritu (13. stol. p\u0159. n. l.) a biblick\u00fdmi zm\u00ednkami. Hlavn\u00edmi bohy jsou El (otec), Baal (syn hromu), A\u0161era (matka), Astart\u00e9\/Anat (l\u00e1ska\/v\u00e1lka), Melkart (kr\u00e1l-m\u011bstsk\u00fd b\u016fh), E\u0161mun (l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed), Jam (mo\u0159sk\u00fd chaos), Mot (smrt).<\/p>\n<h3>Kdo je Baal v Bibli?<\/h3>\n<p>Baal je v hebrejsk\u00e9 Bibli hlavn\u00edm protivn\u00edkem Jahveho, izrael\u0161t\u00ed proroci bojuj\u00ed proti jeho uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed. Nejslavn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ud\u00e1lost\u00ed je souboj na ho\u0159e Karmel (1. Kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e1 18), kde Elij\u00e1\u0161 poraz\u00ed 450 Baalov\u00fdch kn\u011b\u017e\u00ed. V Nov\u00e9m z\u00e1kon\u011b se Belzebub (Baal-Zebul) stal synonymem pro \u010f\u00e1bla.<\/p>\n<h3>Kdo byli F\u00e9ni\u010dan\u00e9?<\/h3>\n<p>F\u00e9ni\u010dan\u00e9 byli semitsk\u00fd mo\u0159eplaveck\u00fd n\u00e1rod v\u00fdchodn\u00edho St\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ed (dne\u0161n\u00ed Libanon, S\u00fdrie, izraelsk\u00e9 pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed), s m\u011bstsk\u00fdmi st\u00e1ty Tyros, Sidon a Byblos. Zalo\u017eili Kart\u00e1go (v dne\u0161n\u00edm Tunisku, 814 p\u0159. n. l.), kter\u00e9 se rozrostlo v mediter\u00e1nn\u00ed \u0159\u00ed\u0161i, ne\u017e ji roku 146 p\u0159. n. l. zni\u010dil \u0158\u00edm. Jsou vyn\u00e1lezci f\u00e9nick\u00e9 abecedy, p\u0159edlohy \u0159eck\u00e9, latinsk\u00e9, hebrejsk\u00e9 a arabsk\u00e9 abecedy.<\/p>\n<h3>Co je Tofet?<\/h3>\n<p>Tofet (hebr. buben) byla f\u00e9nicko-kart\u00e1ginsk\u00e1 svatyn\u011b, v n\u00ed\u017e byly ob\u011btov\u00e1ny d\u011bti, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v r\u00e1mci molkov\u00fdch ob\u0159ad\u016f zasv\u011bcen\u00fdch Baal Hammonovi. Archeologick\u00e9 n\u00e1lezy z Kart\u00e1ga, Sardinie a Sic\u00edlie ukazuj\u00ed desetitis\u00edce uren s poz\u016fstatky kojenc\u016f. Tato praxe je religionistick\u00fd sporn\u00e1, n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed badatel\u00e9 v n\u00ed vid\u00ed projev vysok\u00e9 kojeneck\u00e9 \u00famrtnosti, jin\u00ed skute\u010dn\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017estvu vyjad\u0159uj\u00edc\u00ed d\u00edky, prosbu nebo \u00factu.\" tabindex=\"0\">ob\u011bti<\/span>. Hebrejsk\u00e1 Bible tuto praxi odsuzuje (Leviticus 18,21) a jako tofet ozna\u010duje \u00fadol\u00ed Hinnom v Jeruzal\u00e9m\u011b.<\/p>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Wie viele ph\u00f6nizische G\u00f6tter gibt es?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Etwa 30-40 namentliche G\u00f6tter sind aus ph\u00f6nizisch-kanaan\u00e4ischen Quellen bekannt, am besten dokumentiert durch die Ugarit-Texte (13. Jh. v. Chr.) und biblische Erw\u00e4hnungen. Hauptg\u00f6tter sind El (Vater), Baal (Donner-Sohn), Aschera (Mutter), Astarte\/Anat (Liebe\/Krieg), Melkart (K\u00f6nig-Stadtgott), Eshmun (Heilung), Yamm (Meer-Chaos), Mot (Tod).\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Wer ist Baal in der Bibel?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Baal ist in der hebr\u00e4ischen Bibel der Hauptgegner Jahwes, die israelitischen Propheten k\u00e4mpfen gegen seine Verehrung. Das ber\u00fchmteste Ereignis ist der Wettstreit auf dem Berg Karmel (1. K\u00f6nige 18), wo Elia 450 Baal-Priester besiegt. Im Neuen Testament wurde Beelzebub (Baal-Zebul) zum Synonym f\u00fcr den Teufel.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Wer waren die Ph\u00f6nizier?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Die Ph\u00f6nizier waren ein semitisches Seefahrer-Volk des \u00f6stlichen Mittelmeers (heute Libanon, Syrien, Israel-K\u00fcste), Stadtstaaten Tyros, Sidon, Byblos. Sie gr\u00fcndeten Karthago (im heutigen Tunesien, 814 v. Chr.), das zu einem mediterranen Reich aufstieg, bis es 146 v. Chr. von Rom zerst\u00f6rt wurde. Erfinder des ph\u00f6nizischen Alphabets, Vorlage des griechischen, lateinischen, hebr\u00e4ischen und arabischen Alphabets.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Was ist der Tophet?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Tophet (hebr. Trommel) waren ph\u00f6nizisch-karthagische Heiligt\u00fcmer, in denen Kinder geopfert wurden, vor allem als Molk-Riten an Baal Hammon. Arch\u00e4ologische Funde aus Karthago, Sardinien und Sizilien zeigen zehntausende S\u00e4uglings-Urnen. Die Praxis ist wissenschaftlich umstritten, manche sehen Kindersterblichkeit, andere echte Opfer. Die hebr\u00e4ische Bibel verurteilt die Praxis (Levitikus 18,21) und nennt das Hinnom-Tal Jerusalem als Tophet.\"}}]}<\/script>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u0159echody, pun\u0161tina, novopun\u0161tina, k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-s5-c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-s5-c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Po roce 146 p\u0159. n. l. p\u0159e\u017e\u00edval punsk\u00fd jazyk a n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed v \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch provinci\u00edch Africa a Hispania (n\u00e1pisy dochovan\u00e9 a\u017e do 5. stolet\u00ed). Uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed Saturna v \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 severn\u00ed Africe je pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00edm kultu Baal Hammona. Augustinus z Hippa (354, 430), formovan\u00fd severoafrick\u00fdm prost\u0159ed\u00edm, znal punskou tradici je\u0161t\u011b osobn\u011b. St\u0159edomo\u0159sk\u00e1 tradice <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktiky, kter\u00e9 se pomoc\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edch \u00fakon\u016f nebo formul\u00ed sna\u017e\u00ed ovlivnit b\u011bh v\u011bc\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">magie<\/span> (defixiones, l\u00e1skypln\u00e1 a \u0161kodliv\u00e1 kouzla) m\u00e1 siln\u00e9 punsk\u00e9 ko\u0159eny.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Stav pramen\u016f a v\u00fdzkum<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-s6-c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-s6-c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>F\u00e9nick\u00e9 origin\u00e1ln\u00ed texty jsou kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 n\u00e1pisy, nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jsou sarkof\u00e1g Ahiroma (Byblos), desky z Pyrgi (v Etrurii, trojjazy\u010dn\u00e9), st\u00e9ly z Kart\u00e1ga. D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 modern\u00ed d\u00edla: Sabatino Moscati <em>The Phoenicians<\/em>, Maria Eugenia Aubet <em>The Phoenicians and the West<\/em>, Glenn Markoe. N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 aspekty zpracov\u00e1vaj\u00ed Corinne Bonnet a Paolo Xella.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp291034c7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp291034c7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp266d058f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp266d058f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">M\u011bstsk\u00e9 st\u00e1ty a jejich vlastn\u00ed m\u011bst\u0161t\u00ed bohov\u00e9<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp242aeac8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp242aeac8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22b444d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp22b444d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>F\u00e9nick\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed nelze popsat jako uzav\u0159en\u00fd syst\u00e9m, nebo\u0165 F\u00e9ni\u010dan\u00e9 nikdy nevytvo\u0159ili jednotn\u00fd st\u00e1t. Organizovali se v samostatn\u00fdch m\u011bstsk\u00fdch st\u00e1tech na levantsk\u00e9m pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v Byblu, Sidonu, Tyru a Aradu. Ka\u017ed\u00e9 m\u011bsto m\u011bl svou vlastn\u00ed konstelaci boh\u016f, v jej\u00edm\u017e \u010dele \u010dasto st\u00e1l bo\u017esk\u00fd p\u00e1r tvo\u0159en\u00fd ochrann\u00fdm bohem a bohyn\u00ed.<\/p><p>V Byblu, nejstar\u0161\u00edm z m\u011bst, st\u00e1la v centru Pan\u00ed Byblu, bohyn\u011b, kterou \u0159e\u010dt\u00ed pozorovatel\u00e9 ztoto\u017e\u0148ovali se svou vlastn\u00ed bohyn\u00ed l\u00e1sky. V Sidonu vedly kult <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145501\">E\u0161mun<\/a>, b\u016fh l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed, a bohyn\u011b Astart\u00e9; E\u0161munova <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u00edsto zasv\u011bcen\u00e9 uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bo\u017estva.\" tabindex=\"0\">svatyn\u011b<\/span> u Sidonu je jednou z m\u00e1la stavebn\u011b dob\u0159e dochovan\u00fdch f\u00e9nick\u00fdch svatyn\u00ed.<\/p><p>Tyros uct\u00edval <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/?page_id=145498\">Melqarta<\/a>, jeho\u017e jm\u00e9no v p\u0159ekladu znamen\u00e1 kr\u00e1l m\u011bsta a jen\u017e byl \u00fazce spjat s kr\u00e1lovsk\u00fdm rodem. Jeho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factyhodn\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f v\u011bnovan\u00fdch bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 postav\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> zahrnoval ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u00ed sv\u00e1tek, p\u0159i n\u011bm\u017e se slavilo probuzen\u00ed boha.<\/p><p>Toto v\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00ed boh\u016f na konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed m\u011bsta vysv\u011btluje, pro\u010d byla f\u00e9nick\u00e1 expanze po St\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ed z\u00e1rove\u0148 i n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00edm. Kolonist\u00e9 si s sebou nesli <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factyhodn\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f v\u011bnovan\u00fdch bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 postav\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> sv\u00e9ho mate\u0159sk\u00e9ho m\u011bsta. Melqart z Tyru se tak stal hlavn\u00edm bohem Kart\u00e1ga a byl uct\u00edv\u00e1n a\u017e po Gades v dne\u0161n\u00edm \u0160pan\u011blsku.<\/p><p>Religionistick\u00fd v\u00fdzkum, nap\u0159\u00edklad pr\u00e1ce Corinne Bonnetov\u00e9, uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee tito bohov\u00e9 p\u0159itom nez\u016fst\u00e1vali nem\u011bnn\u00ed, ale p\u0159izp\u016fsobovali se m\u00edstn\u00edmu prost\u0159ed\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2eb921f8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2eb921f8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26c47128 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp26c47128\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nesnadn\u00e1 pramenn\u00e1 situace a ztr\u00e1ta f\u00e9nick\u00e9 literatury<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e1fe3e8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2e1fe3e8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp20c4e10a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp20c4e10a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Rekonstrukce f\u00e9nick\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed nar\u00e1\u017e\u00ed na jeden z\u00e1sadn\u00ed probl\u00e9m. F\u00e9ni\u010dan\u00e9 psali na papyrus, kter\u00fd se ve vlhk\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edmo\u0159sk\u00e9m klimatu nezachoval. Vlastn\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e1 literatura, pokud byla rozs\u00e1hl\u00e1, je proto t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 zcela ztracena. Zachovaly se pouze n\u00e1pisy na trval\u00e9m materi\u00e1lu, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm votivn\u00ed, hrobov\u00e9 a stavebn\u00ed n\u00e1pisy na kameni a kovu.<\/p><p>Tyto n\u00e1pisy jsou formulovit\u00e9 a kr\u00e1tk\u00e9. Uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed jm\u00e9na boh\u016f, jm\u00e9na d\u00e1rc\u016f a p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti, ale o m\u00fdtech nebo nauk\u00e1ch vypov\u00eddaj\u00ed jen m\u00e1lo.<\/p><p>Nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm del\u0161\u00edm textem je sarkof\u00e1g kr\u00e1le E\u0161munazara ze Sidonu, jeho\u017e <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Text vyryt\u00fd nebo vytesan\u00fd do pevn\u00e9ho nosi\u010de.\" tabindex=\"0\">n\u00e1pis<\/span> obsahuje kletby proti vykrada\u010d\u016fm hrob\u016f a \u00fadaje o zakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed chr\u00e1m\u016f. Z koloni\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na z Kart\u00e1ga, poch\u00e1z\u00ed tis\u00edce votivn\u00edch st\u00e9l, kter\u00e9 jsou v\u0161ak tak\u00e9 ps\u00e1ny podle pevn\u00e9ho vzoru.<\/p><p>Pro m\u00fdty a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u011bdeck\u00e1 nauka o Bohu a v\u00ed\u0159e ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologii<\/span> jsme odk\u00e1z\u00e1ni na zpr\u00e1vy zven\u010d\u00ed. Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je takzvan\u00e1 F\u00e9nick\u00e1 historie Fil\u00f3na z Byblosu, dochovan\u00e1 pouze ve zlomc\u00edch u c\u00edrkevn\u00edho otce Eusebia. Fil\u00f3n se odvol\u00e1val na star\u0161\u00edho autora jm\u00e9nem Sanchuniath\u00f3n.<\/p><p>Jak spolehliv\u00e9 je toto <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed v\u011bdomost\u00ed a vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d generacemi.\" tabindex=\"0\">pod\u00e1n\u00ed<\/span>, je p\u0159edm\u011btem dlouh\u00e9 odborn\u00e9 diskuse, zejm\u00e9na proto, \u017ee Fil\u00f3n psal v dob\u011b \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho c\u00edsa\u0159stv\u00ed a sv\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly vykl\u00e1dal \u0159ecky. N\u00e1lezy ze severosyrsk\u00e9ho Ugaritu, p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00e9ho, ale star\u0161\u00edho a ne p\u0159\u00edsn\u011b f\u00e9nick\u00e9ho m\u011bsta, poskytuj\u00ed cenn\u00e9 paralely, av\u0161ak nelze je bez dal\u0161\u00edho vztahovat na F\u00e9ni\u010dany.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26d88466 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp26d88466\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp24571bb5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp24571bb5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tofet a debata o d\u011btsk\u00fdch ob\u011btech<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2c4887e6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2c4887e6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp24a9e18f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp24a9e18f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>M\u00e1lo t\u00e9mat f\u00e9nicko-punsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed je tak sporn\u00fdch jako takzvan\u00e9 tofetsk\u00e9 svatyn\u011b. V Kart\u00e1gu a dal\u0161\u00edch z\u00e1padof\u00e9nick\u00fdch s\u00eddlech byly nalezeny ohrazen\u00e9 are\u00e1ly s tis\u00edci uren obsahuj\u00edc\u00edch sp\u00e1len\u00e9 kosti mal\u00fdch d\u011bt\u00ed a mlad\u00fdch zv\u00ed\u0159at. Nad urnami st\u00e1ly votivn\u00ed st\u00e9ly, \u010dasto zasv\u011bcen\u00e9 boh\u016fm Baalu Hammonovi a Tinnit.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha \u0159eck\u00e9 a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 kultury, p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 800 p\u0159. n. l. a\u017e 600 n. l.\" tabindex=\"0\">Anti\u010dt\u00ed<\/span> auto\u0159i, nap\u0159\u00edklad \u0159eck\u00fd historik Diod\u00f3ros, referovali o ritu\u00e1ln\u00edch ob\u011btech d\u011bt\u00ed u Kartaginc\u016f, \u010dasto t\u00f3nem pln\u00fdm pohrd\u00e1n\u00ed. Toto pod\u00e1n\u00ed bylo dlouho pova\u017eov\u00e1no za nep\u0159\u00e1telskou propagandu v\u00edt\u011bz\u016f nad Kart\u00e1gem.<\/p><p>\u010c\u00e1st badatel\u016f proto vykl\u00e1dala tofety jako oby\u010dejn\u00e1 poh\u0159ebi\u0161t\u011b pro p\u0159ed\u010dasn\u011b zem\u0159el\u00e9 d\u011bti. Jin\u00ed odborn\u00edci, op\u00edraj\u00edc\u00ed se o osteologick\u00e9 anal\u00fdzy a formulace n\u00e1pis\u016f, zast\u00e1vaj\u00ed v\u00fdklad are\u00e1lu jako ob\u011btn\u00edho m\u00edsta, kde byly v mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9 nouzi nebo jako spln\u011bn\u00ed slibu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u0159ed\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm aktem do sf\u00e9ry svat\u00e9ho, a t\u00edm vyjmut\u00ed z b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho.\" tabindex=\"0\">zasv\u011bceny<\/span> d\u011bti.<\/p><p>Sou\u010dasn\u00fd stav bad\u00e1n\u00ed je opatrn\u011b diferencovan\u00fd. Mnoh\u00e9 sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed o tom, \u017ee v tofetu skute\u010dn\u011b prob\u00edhaly ob\u011btn\u00ed \u00fakony, ale \u017ee nem\u011bly ten masov\u00fd, ka\u017edodenn\u00ed charakter, jak\u00fd nazna\u010dovala <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha \u0159eck\u00e9 a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 kultury, p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 800 p\u0159. n. l. a\u017e 600 n. l.\" tabindex=\"0\">antick\u00e1<\/span> polemika. Frekvence, region\u00e1ln\u00ed roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed i p\u0159esn\u00fd ritualn\u00ed pr\u016fb\u011bh z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed nejist\u00e9.<\/p><p>Tento p\u0159\u00edklad ukazuje, jak siln\u011b m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt pohled na n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed formov\u00e1n prameny jeho protivn\u00edk\u016f a jak obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 je posoudit praxi, jej\u00ed\u017e vlastn\u00ed hlas se ztratil.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b4b708f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2b4b708f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2bade67c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2bade67c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0160\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed po St\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ed a dozn\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed tradice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e59e6ee e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2e59e6ee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b3f4ceb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2b3f4ceb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>F\u00e9nick\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed se \u0161\u00ed\u0159ilo spolu s obchodem a zakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00edm koloni\u00ed po cel\u00e9m St\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ed. Osady vznikaly na Kypru, Sic\u00edlii, Sardinii, Malt\u011b, v dne\u0161n\u00edm Tunisku a na ibersk\u00e9m pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed.<\/p><p>V t\u011bchto koloni\u00edch se f\u00e9nick\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factypln\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f v\u016f\u010di bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 postav\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> setk\u00e1val s m\u00edstn\u00edmi tradicemi a vznikaly rozmanit\u00e9 sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00e9 formy. Na Kypru se kult Astarte propojil s m\u00edstn\u00edmi a \u0159eck\u00fdmi p\u0159edstavami, co\u017e se pokl\u00e1d\u00e1 za jednu z p\u0159\u00ed\u010din vzniku \u0159eck\u00e9 Afrodity.<\/p><p>Kart\u00e1go si z tyrsk\u00e9ho d\u011bdictv\u00ed vytvo\u0159ilo vlastn\u00ed punsk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed, v jeho\u017e centru st\u00e1li Baal Hammon a bohyn\u011b Tinnit. Po zni\u010den\u00ed Kart\u00e1ga \u0158\u00edmem v roce 146 p\u0159ed Kristem tyto kulty p\u0159e\u017e\u00edvaly v romanizovan\u00e9 podob\u011b.<\/p><p>Baal Hammon byl ztoto\u017en\u011bn s \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdm Saturnem a v severn\u00ed Africe prosperovaly Saturnovy svatyn\u011b a\u017e do doby c\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00e9. Tak\u00e9 Melqart byl \u010dasto ztoto\u017e\u0148ov\u00e1n s H\u00e9raklem, co\u017e zajistilo uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed na m\u00edstech jako Gades i po f\u00e9nick\u00e9 epo\u0161e.<\/p><p>Nep\u0159\u00edm\u00fd, ale z\u00e1sadn\u00ed p\u0159esah spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v p\u00edsmu. F\u00e9nick\u00e1 abeceda, \u010dist\u011b souhl\u00e1skov\u00e1, byla p\u0159evzata \u0158eky a dopln\u011bna o znaky pro samohl\u00e1sky. P\u0159es \u0159e\u010dtinu a etru\u0161tinu se posl\u00e9ze dostala do latinsk\u00e9ho sv\u011bta.<\/p><p>Historicky v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 je tak\u00e9 to, \u017ee mnoh\u00e1 jm\u00e9na boh\u016f a kultovn\u00ed formy F\u00e9ni\u010dan\u016f byly bl\u00edzce p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00e9 s t\u011bmi u sousedn\u00edch Izraelit\u016f. St\u0159etnut\u00ed s baalov\u00fdm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Souhrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factypln\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f v\u016f\u010di bo\u017estvu nebo svat\u00e9 postav\u011b.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultem<\/span>, kter\u00e9 popisuje Star\u00fd z\u00e1kon, je tak z\u00e1rove\u0148 d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm, by\u0165 stranick\u00fdm pramenem k n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed Levanty.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgha-phoenizisch-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgha-phoenizisch-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgha-phoenizisch-h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgha-phoenizisch-h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bytosti t\u00e9to tradice (11)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgha-phoenizisch-gc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgha-phoenizisch-gc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgha-phoenizisch-grid elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgha-phoenizisch-grid\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-wesen-grid\"><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/anat-fenicka-bohyne-valky\/\" aria-label=\"Anat \u2013 F\u00e9nick\u00e1 bohyn\u011b v\u00e1lky\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_anat-phoenix-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Anat \u2013 F\u00e9nick\u00e1 bohyn\u011b v\u00e1lky\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Anat \u2013 F\u00e9nick\u00e1 bohyn\u011b v\u00e1lky<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 K bytosti<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/astarte-fenicka-bohyne\/\" aria-label=\"Astarte \u2013 f\u00e9nick\u00e1 bohyn\u011b\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_astarte-phoenix-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Astarte \u2013 f\u00e9nick\u00e1 bohyn\u011b\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Astarte \u2013 f\u00e9nick\u00e1 bohyn\u011b<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 K bytosti<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/baal-hadad-fenicky-buh-pocasi\/\" aria-label=\"Baal-Hadad \u2013 f\u00e9nick\u00fd b\u016fh po\u010das\u00ed\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hadad-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Baal-Hadad \u2013 f\u00e9nick\u00fd b\u016fh po\u010das\u00ed\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Baal-Hadad \u2013 f\u00e9nick\u00fd b\u016fh po\u010das\u00ed<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 K bytosti<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/baal-hadad-fenicky-buh-pocasi\/\" aria-label=\"Baal-Hadad \u2013 f\u00e9nick\u00fd b\u016fh po\u010das\u00ed\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hadad-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Baal-Hadad \u2013 f\u00e9nick\u00fd b\u016fh po\u010das\u00ed\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Baal-Hadad \u2013 f\u00e9nick\u00fd b\u016fh po\u010das\u00ed<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 K bytosti<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/baal-hammon-kartaginsky-nejvyssi-buh\/\" aria-label=\"Baal-Hammon \u2013 kartaginsk\u00fd nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed b\u016fh\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hammon-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Baal-Hammon \u2013 kartaginsk\u00fd nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed b\u016fh\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Baal-Hammon \u2013 kartaginsk\u00fd nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed b\u016fh<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 K bytosti<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/eshmun-buh-leceni-sidon\/\" aria-label=\"Eshmun \u2013 b\u016fh l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed ze Sidonu\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_eshmun-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Eshmun \u2013 b\u016fh l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed ze Sidonu\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Eshmun \u2013 b\u016fh l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed ze Sidonu<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 K bytosti<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/eshmun-buh-leceni-sidon\/\" aria-label=\"Eshmun \u2013 b\u016fh l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed ze Sidonu\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_eshmun-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Eshmun \u2013 b\u016fh l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed ze Sidonu\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Eshmun \u2013 b\u016fh l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed ze Sidonu<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 K bytosti<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/melqart-mestsky-buh-tyru\/\" aria-label=\"Melqart \u2013 m\u011bstsk\u00fd b\u016fh Tyru\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_melqart-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Melqart \u2013 m\u011bstsk\u00fd b\u016fh Tyru\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Melqart \u2013 m\u011bstsk\u00fd b\u016fh Tyru<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 K bytosti<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/mot-fenicky-buh-smrti\/\" aria-label=\"Mot \u2013 F\u00e9nick\u00fd b\u016fh smrti\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_mot-phoenix-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Mot \u2013 F\u00e9nick\u00fd b\u016fh smrti\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Mot \u2013 F\u00e9nick\u00fd b\u016fh smrti<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 K bytosti<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/reshef-fenicky-buh-moru-valky\/\" aria-label=\"Reshef \u2013 f\u00e9nick\u00fd b\u016fh moru a v\u00e1lky\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_reshef-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Reshef \u2013 f\u00e9nick\u00fd b\u016fh moru a v\u00e1lky\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Reshef \u2013 f\u00e9nick\u00fd b\u016fh moru a v\u00e1lky<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 K bytosti<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/tanit-hlavni-bohyne-kartaga\/\" aria-label=\"Tanit \u2013 hlavn\u00ed bohyn\u011b Kart\u00e1ga\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_tanit-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Tanit \u2013 hlavn\u00ed bohyn\u011b Kart\u00e1ga\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Tanit \u2013 hlavn\u00ed bohyn\u011b Kart\u00e1ga<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 K bytosti<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cs\/yam-fenicky-buh-more\/\" aria-label=\"Yam \u2013 f\u00e9nick\u00fd b\u016fh mo\u0159e\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_yam-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Yam \u2013 f\u00e9nick\u00fd b\u016fh mo\u0159e\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Yam \u2013 f\u00e9nick\u00fd b\u016fh mo\u0159e<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 K bytosti<\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-phoenizisch e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-phoenizisch\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-phoenizisch-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-phoenizisch-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>F\u00e9nick\u00e1 <em>ochrann\u00e1 praxe<\/em> spojovala amulety ze sklovit\u00e9 pasty, symboly Tanit a hlavy Besa s dom\u00e1c\u00edmi olt\u00e1\u0159i pro Baala a Astart\u00e9; archeologick\u00e9 n\u00e1lezy z Kart\u00e1ga, Sidonu a Sardinie dokl\u00e1daj\u00ed hustou s\u00ed\u0165 ka\u017edodenn\u00edch ochrann\u00fdch znak\u016f.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-kwd-c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-kwd-c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Souvisej\u00edc\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 pojmy: F\u00e9ni\u010dan\u00e9 Kart\u00e1go Tyros Sidon Byblos Baal Tanit Melkart Astart\u00e9 E\u0161mun Moloch Tofet Punsk\u00e9.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-phoenizisch\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ochrann\u00e9 p\u0159edm\u011bty v t\u00e9to kulturn\u00ed tradici<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>F\u00e9nicko-punsk\u00e1 tradice vytv\u00e1\u0159ela amulety s okem (p\u0159edch\u016fdce nazar-boncuk), p\u0159\u00edv\u011bsky s rukou (p\u0159edch\u016fdce hamsy), \u0161perky se <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak, kter\u00fd zastupuje ur\u010ditou p\u0159edstavu nebo v\u00fdznam.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbolem<\/span> Tanit, skaraby a p\u0159\u00edv\u011bsky ve tvaru m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00edho srpku (lunula), jednu z nejvlivn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch tradic p\u0159enosn\u00e9 ochrany v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha \u0159eck\u00e9 a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 kultury, p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 800 p\u0159. n. l. a\u017e 600 n. l.\" tabindex=\"0\">antice<\/span>.<\/p><div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard navazuje na tuto kulturn\u011b-historickou linii p\u0159enosn\u00fdch ochrann\u00fdch p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f, v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 materi\u00e1lov\u00e9 architektu\u0159e, vyr\u00e1b\u011bn\u00fd v N\u011bmecku. 41 vrstev, ryz\u00ed zlato, platina, st\u0159\u00edbro. 30denn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo na vr\u00e1cen\u00ed.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=kultur-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">V\u00edce o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">V\u00edce o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Osobn\u00ed zku\u0161enosti se mohou li\u0161it. Nejedn\u00e1 se o zdravotnick\u00fd prost\u0159edek. Nen\u00ed slibem l\u00e9\u010div\u00e9ho \u00fa\u010dinku.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>nen\u00ed zdravotnick\u00fd prost\u0159edek<\/strong> a nenahrazuje l\u00e9ka\u0159skou ani psychoterapeutickou l\u00e9\u010dbu. Religionistick\u00fd obsah p\u0159edstavuje kulturn\u011b-historick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed, nikoli doporu\u010den\u00ed duchovn\u00ed praxe.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2845,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"fenick\u00e9 bohyn\u011b","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Fenick\u00e9 bohov\u00e9 \u2013 Baal, Astarte, Kart\u00e1go | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Bohov\u00e9 F\u00e9ni\u010dan\u016f a Kartaginc\u016f: Baal Hammon, Astarte (Tanit), Melkart, El, A\u0161era. 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